CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGSCLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

There are about There are about 1,5 million kinds of 1,5 million kinds of organisms all over organisms all over the earth. are the earth. are classifed according classifed according to their properties. to their properties. This process is called This process is called classification. classification.

What is classification?What is classification? Classification is the process of grouping the Classification is the process of grouping the

organisms according to their properties. organisms according to their properties. The science of classification is The science of classification is taxonomy.taxonomy.

Functions of the classification:Functions of the classification: It enables to study organisms easilyIt enables to study organisms easily It enables to identify organisms easily.It enables to identify organisms easily.

HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?ORGANISMS?

AristoAristo Modern scientistsModern scientists

Natural classificationNatural classification In natural classification relatedness of two In natural classification relatedness of two

organisms are determined organisms are determined By anatomical structures. By anatomical structures. Like homologous organs Like homologous organs

that look and function different but same in structure.that look and function different but same in structure.(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat)(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat)

By physiological structures.By physiological structures.Like metabolic reactions Like metabolic reactions and systems in their body.and systems in their body.

By embryological developments.By embryological developments. By biochemical(genetic) structures. By biochemical(genetic) structures. Like protein Like protein

similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences)similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences)

Molecular similarities(DNA, protein)Molecular similarities(DNA, protein) Embryological developmentEmbryological development

Physiological structuresPhysiological structuresHomologous organsHomologous organs

HistoryHistory Linnaeus classified organisms according to their Linnaeus classified organisms according to their

similarities in their structure. He divided similarities in their structure. He divided organisms into 12.000 species.organisms into 12.000 species.

Species: the group of living things having similar Species: the group of living things having similar structures and can breed with each other (can structures and can breed with each other (can reproduce and form fertile organisms)reproduce and form fertile organisms)

Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal) name Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal) name to each living thing. The first one is the to each living thing. The first one is the genus,genus, the the second one is second one is speciesspecies name. name.

FelisFelis leo leo FelisFelis domesticusdomesticus

The following organisms are named according to the The following organisms are named according to the binominal nomenclature. Which of them are closely related?binominal nomenclature. Which of them are closely related?

I. Quercus albaI. Quercus alba II. Certex quercusII. Certex quercus III. Basella rubraIII. Basella rubra IV.Quercus rubraIV.Quercus rubra

The most related organisms should be in the same genus.

If both genus and species name is same so they are same. But if they have same species name but different genus name, they are not related in their genus and species level.

Organisms are classified into larger Organisms are classified into larger groups. Species is the smallest one , groups. Species is the smallest one , kingdom is the largest one.kingdom is the largest one.

KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

Kingdom contains the largest Kingdom contains the largest number of different organisms. The number of different organisms. The number of organisms get smaller number of organisms get smaller from kingdom to species.from kingdom to species. But the similarities within But the similarities within

organisms are greatest in species organisms are greatest in species and the similarities get less from and the similarities get less from species to kingdom.species to kingdom.

King Phillip Charles Organized Football Game in Scotland

Number of organisms increasesNumber of organisms increases (similarities decreases)(similarities decreases)

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesKingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Similarities increasesSimilarities increases

(Number of organisms decreases)(Number of organisms decreases)

Question:Question: I. KingdomI. Kingdom II. PhylumII. Phylum III. ClassIII. Class IV. OrderIV. Order V. FamilyV. Family VI. Genus VI. Genus

VII. SpeciesVII. Species

X, Y and Z species are found in following levels:X, Y and Z species are found in following levels:X-YX-Y I, II, IIII, II, IIIX-ZX-Z I, II, III, IVI, II, III, IVZ-YZ-Y I, II, III, IV, VI, II, III, IV, VWhich of the following is not true according to this information. Which of the following is not true according to this information. a. Y and Z species are found in same Order.a. Y and Z species are found in same Order.b. X, Y and Z species are in the same genus. b. X, Y and Z species are in the same genus. c. X, Y and Z species are in the same class.c. X, Y and Z species are in the same class.d. Z and Y species are found in same family.d. Z and Y species are found in same family.e. Z is closely related to Y than species X.e. Z is closely related to Y than species X.

Monera

VIRUSESVIRUSES

Viruses are between living and nonliving Viruses are between living and nonliving things, things,

because they don’t have metabolism. They because they don’t have metabolism. They don’t have life functions.don’t have life functions.

They can do their life functions only in a They can do their life functions only in a host host cell.cell. They use the host cell’s organelles and They use the host cell’s organelles and metabolism. They are metabolism. They are obligate intracellular obligate intracellular parasites.parasites.

A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), they are surrounded by or RNA), they are surrounded by protein coat. They don’t have any protein coat. They don’t have any organelles or cytoplasm. They can organelles or cytoplasm. They can have capsule surrounding protein have capsule surrounding protein coat. Some viruses infect bacteria, coat. Some viruses infect bacteria, they are called bacteriophages. they are called bacteriophages.

Viruses can be classified according Viruses can be classified according to their nucleic acid type.to their nucleic acid type.

Mostly animal viruses have DNA Mostly animal viruses have DNA and plant viruses have RNA.and plant viruses have RNA.

A disease-causing entity on the borderline between life and non-life. Viruses are capable of reproducing only within a living host cell. They effectively reprogram the cells they invade, turning the cellular machinery into a biological factory for manufacturing fresh copies of themselves. For more details, see viral reproduction. The simplest viruses consist of a single helical strand of RNA coated with protein molecules.

Life cycle of a VirusLife cycle of a Virus 1. Virus attaches a host 1. Virus attaches a host

cell membranecell membrane 2. melts down the cell 2. melts down the cell

membrane and injects membrane and injects viral DNA or RNAviral DNA or RNA

3. İntegrates viral DNA to 3. İntegrates viral DNA to host cell DNAhost cell DNA

4. mRNA synthesized 4. mRNA synthesized from host DNAfrom host DNA

5. Viral proteins synthesized, new virus formed

6. Virus breaks down the host cell , infects other cells.

1. Kingdom: Bacteria- archaebacteria 1. Kingdom: Bacteria- archaebacteria (MONERA)(MONERA)

Monera kingdom contains organisms with Monera kingdom contains organisms with prokaryotic prokaryotic cells. cells.

Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran. Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran. They don’t have They don’t have nucleus and other membranednucleus and other membraned organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But have extra DNA particles-plasmids. have extra DNA particles-plasmids. They can do They can do aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings of cell membrane.of cell membrane.

Uses of plasmids Uses of plasmids in recombinant in recombinant DNA technology.DNA technology.

Distinct Traits of EubacteriaDistinct Traits of Eubacteria Cell Wall-Cell Wall- The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a

carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan.carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan.Gene Structure- Gene Structure- Eubacteria have genes which lack introns, Eubacteria have genes which lack introns, making them different from Archeabacteria. making them different from Archeabacteria.

Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides.like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides.

Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals.

Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria.

We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics.We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. What do they eat?What do they eat? Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and

heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other, heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other, photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food.photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food.

Importance of bacteriaImportance of bacteria

Useful bacteria are important for recycling of Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. plant bodies into minerals.

Most of the bacteria are important in industry. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. with the help of the bacteria.

We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics.We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. Some bacteria causes diseases.Some bacteria causes diseases.

Distinct Traits of ArcheabacteriaDistinct Traits of Archeabacteria Archeabacteria Archeabacteria are strong bacteria that are capable of living are strong bacteria that are capable of living

in extreme environments, such as thermal vents, in extreme environments, such as thermal vents, gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and swamps(methanogens).swamps(methanogens).

Distinct Traits of ArcheabacteriaDistinct Traits of ArcheabacteriaSince Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they Since Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they do not havedo not have the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but they still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular they still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular and can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic. and can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments in the DNA. in the DNA.

Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles.those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles.

It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s eukaryotes.eukaryotes.

1. Methanogens: 1. Methanogens: the“methane-makers”the“methane-makers”Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result give off Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result give off methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. Methanococcus jannaschiiMethanococcus jannaschii, isolated from the deep sea Methanogens are , isolated from the deep sea Methanogens are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment. Methanogens may decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment. Methanogens may someday be used to produce methane as fuel!someday be used to produce methane as fuel!

2. Extreme Halophiles: 2. Extreme Halophiles: the “salt lovers”the “salt lovers”Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean water. Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds. Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds.

3. Extreme Thermophiles:3. Extreme Thermophiles: “heat / cold lovers” “heat / cold lovers”Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for hyperthermophiles!) or Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at roon temperature). near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at roon temperature). Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. Thermus Thermus aquaticusaquaticus and and Pyrococcus furiosisPyrococcus furiosis and two species. and two species.

Autotrophs

Can produce food or organic compounds(glucose, aminoacid, lipids) from inorganic molecules

I. Photosynthesis: Plants, bacteria and algae that use sunlight energy to use CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. Have chlorophyll(prokaryotes) or chloroplasts(eukaryotes).

II. Chemosynthesis: Bacteria that live in soil, which use oxidation of inorganic compounds to get energy to make glucose from CO2. They don’t have chlorophyll.

Heterotrophs

Can’t produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules.

Take in organic compounds from autotrophs or heterotrophs.

I. Saprophytes: breakdown dead bodies.

II. Mutualistic:2 organisms that are dependent to each other.

III. Parasitic :2 organisms that live together but one harms the other.

Different types of bacteriaDifferent types of bacteria

2. Kingdom:PROTISTA2. Kingdom:PROTISTA Kingdom protista include unicellular or very Kingdom protista include unicellular or very

simple multicellular organisms. simple multicellular organisms. All of them are All of them are eukaryoteseukaryotes with true nucleus. with true nucleus. They can be autotroph or heterotroph.They can be autotroph or heterotroph. Paramecium Amoeba EuglenaParamecium Amoeba Euglena

They are classified as their way of movement

They are classified as their cell number.

ProtozoaProtozoaHeterotroph, move

Sarcodines-amoeba

Flagellates-trypanosoma

Sporozoans-plasmodium

Ciliata-paramecium

AlgaeAlgae

Have plastids, autotrophs

Unicellular algae-euglena

Multicellular algae-red, brown, green algae

Fungi-likeFungi-like

Have flagella, centrioles, cellulose cell wall

Slime mold

Mostly they live in Mostly they live in fresh waterfresh water and they are and they are threatened with excess water entering their threatened with excess water entering their cell. They have a specialized organ cell. They have a specialized organ Contractile Contractile vacuole vacuole to throw out water.to throw out water.

MulticellularityMulticellularity Some unicellular organisms start Some unicellular organisms start

to live together. In that way they to live together. In that way they share their jobs and live share their jobs and live effectively. Volvox one of the effectively. Volvox one of the colonies which is important colonies which is important during evolution.during evolution.

http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/bilgipaket/canlilar/protista/phytomastigo.htm

3. Kingdom:3. Kingdom: FUNGI FUNGI

Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular( mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. multicellular( mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. They are known as They are known as decomposers and recyclers of decomposers and recyclers of nutrientsnutrients. They break down food by secreting . They break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules.the resulting small food molecules.

Fungi have common properties with plants: They Fungi have common properties with plants: They have cell wall like plants(chitin).have cell wall like plants(chitin).

They have common properties with animals:They have common properties with animals:

They are heterotrophs, they don’t have chloroplasts, They are heterotrophs, they don’t have chloroplasts, store sugar as glycogen.store sugar as glycogen.

They can be parasitic (live depending on a host and They can be parasitic (live depending on a host and give harm on it)or saprophytic (they obtain their food give harm on it)or saprophytic (they obtain their food from the decaying bodies of plants and animals )from the decaying bodies of plants and animals )

They reproduce by spores.They reproduce by spores.

LICHENSLICHENS

Some types of fungi live together with other Some types of fungi live together with other organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and algae. They live together algae. They live together mutually.mutually. Both of Both of them benefit from the relationship.them benefit from the relationship.

4. Kingdom: Plants4. Kingdom: Plants They are autotrophs. They are autotrophs. They have cellulose cell wall.They have cellulose cell wall. Kingdom contains many different species.Kingdom contains many different species.

Classification of plantsClassification of plants Nonvascular plants: don’t carry Nonvascular plants: don’t carry

vascular tissues. They are small vascular tissues. They are small plants like moss, liverworts.plants like moss, liverworts.

Vascular plants: carry vascular Vascular plants: carry vascular tissues. They can produce seeds or tissues. They can produce seeds or not.not. Seedless plants : can’t produce seed, Seedless plants : can’t produce seed,

they reproduce by spores. Ex. fernsthey reproduce by spores. Ex. ferns

Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by seeds.ex. Pines, Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by seeds.ex. Pines, flowering plantsflowering plants

Gymnosperms: their seeds are not covered(naked) ex. Pine . Gymnosperms: their seeds are not covered(naked) ex. Pine . They don’t have real flower.They don’t have real flower.

Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by tissues(fruit). Ex. Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by tissues(fruit). Ex. Lilium. They have flowersLilium. They have flowers

5. Kingdom: Animals5. Kingdom: Animals They are Heterotrophs.They are Heterotrophs. Mostly they have well developed body Mostly they have well developed body

systems.systems.

(phylum) (phylum)

classes classes

Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton. Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton. Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for movement.movement. Sponges: are simplest of animals.Sponges: are simplest of animals.

Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydraCoelenterates: jellyfish, hydra

Annelids(worms):Annelids(worms):

Planaria, taenia, earthworm

Mollusca:snail, slug, Mollusca:snail, slug,

musselmussel

Echinoderms: sea urchinEchinoderms: sea urchin

sea starsea star

Arthropods: spider, insectsArthropods: spider, insects

Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body systems are complex.systems are complex. Fishes:Fishes:

Cartilaginous fishCartilaginous fish

Bony fishBony fish

Amphibians:Amphibians:

Reptiles:Reptiles:

Lizard, snake, turtleLizard, snake, turtle

Birds:Birds: Mammals:Mammals:

Heart chambers

Circulation

Bodytemperature Blood in heart Respira-

tionExcretory

wasteFertilisation and

development

Fish 2 Closed Poikilothermic

Not oxygenated Gill Amonnia

External fertilization

External developmant

Amphibia 3 Closed Poikilothermi

c

MixedOxygenated and not oxygenated

Larvae Gill-Adult -Lung +Skin

AmonniaUrea

External fertilization

External development

Reptile3 Half split

Closed Poikilothermic

Partly MixedOxygenated and not oxygenated

Lung Uric acidInternal

fertilizationExternal development

Bird 4 Closed homeothermic

Separate Oxygenated and not oxygenated

Lung Uric acidInternal

fertilizationExternal development

Mammal 4 Closed homeothermic

Separate Oxygenated and notoxygenated

Lung Ürea

Internal fertilization

İnternal developemntExcept marsupials and egg laying mammal platypus