Entrance question List at least five thing humans
classify.
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What if no one knew who or what you were? What if you did not
have a name?
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What are some ways you are classified? Gender Age Social
security number Income State/ are of residence Profession
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Connection to the past In early ancient Greece a philosopher
started the thinking of classifying organisms based on
characteristics. It was once thought that there were only two
kingdoms: Plants and animals.
Linnaeus His two prime contributions were: A. Establish
conventions for the naming of living organisms using binomial
nomenclature (the genus name followed by the species name) B.
Developing an hierarchical system for classification of organisms.
Linnaeus' conventions would become universally accepted in the
scientific world.
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Carolus Linnaeus A Swedish scientist that founded the science
of taxonomy.
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Taxonomy Is the science of naming and classifying
organisms.
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Why do scientists classify living things?
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To make it easier to organize, find, and share information and
eliminate confusion. Without this naming system if I told you to
pet Felis domesticus, if you picked the wrong one you could be
injured.
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Classification The division of organisms into groups, or
classes, based on their characteristics.
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Classifying The more levels shared, the more organisms have in
common. As you move down, there are fewer kinds of organisms in
each group, but organism look similar and have more in common with
one another.
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Scientists around the world use the system of binomial
nomenclature to identify all living organism. This system assigns
the Latin words as the scientific name.
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Scientific name The system that assigns the Latin words genus
(capitalized) and species (lowercase)
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Cont The first part of an organisms scientific name is Genus
and the second part is Species. Together these two names identify
one kinds of organism. House Cat genus: Felis Species:
domesticus
Binomial nomenclature the system of assigning two- part Latin
or Latinized scientific names to plants, animals, and
microorganisms, with the first word denoting the genus and the
second the species.
For a long time, all life on Earth was divided into five
kingdoms. Now many scientists say there are six kingdoms. They have
divided the first kingdom into two separate groups.
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Each kingdom is divided into many phyla. Phyla are divided into
classes. Classes are divided into orders. Orders are divided in
families. Families are divided into genera Genera are divided into
species. These divisions are based on characteristics. Lets look at
these groups.
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Levels of Classification( know this in order) Kingdom Phylum
Class Order Family Genus Species
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Make a sentence to help you remember the groups in order.
K-king P-Phillip C-came O-over F-for G-great S-spaghetti
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Kingdom Largest group or level of classification Organized
according to certain traits
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The Six Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria( ancient ) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no
nucleus Makes its own food/autotroph They do not have cell walls
The term archae means ancient Some move from place to place Lives
in extreme environments (hot, cold, salty and acidic)
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Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms,
especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from
inorganic materials.
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Types of archeabacteria Methanogens- Produce methane and die if
exposed to oxygen. Halophiles- live in very salty lakes and ponds.
Thermophiles- live in extreme heat or cold.
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A boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. The
orange-red coloration is caused by dense colonies of photosynthetic
cyanobacteria Halophiles/thermophiles
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Eubacteria (true) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no nucleus Makes
or obtains own food(can be considered heterotrophic or autotrophic)
Live in neutral conditions Some move from place to place Contains
all prokaryotic cells except archaebacteria Known as decomposers
They may be helpful or harmful
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Heterotroph getting nutrients through food digestion: obtaining
nourishment by digesting plant or animal matter, as animals do, as
opposed to photosynthesizing food, as plants do
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E. coli
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Exit question How do scientists classify organisms?
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Entrance question What do scientist use to name organisms?
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Protista Kingdom Mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms Makes
or obtains own food Classified by the way they obtain energy Some
move from place to place
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Protozoa
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Paramecium/uses cilia for movement
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Cilia microscopic hairlike process extending from the surface
of a cell or unicellular organism.
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Contractile vacuole membrane-bound organelle found in certain
protists that periodically expands, filling with water, and then
contracts, expelling its contents to the cell exterior.
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Euglena/uses flagella for movement
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Flagella A long, threadlike appendage, especially a whip-like
extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions
as an organ of locomotion.
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Amoeba/uses pseudopods for movement
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Pseudopods A temporary foot-like extension of a one-celled
organism used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in
food.
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Protists The three groups of protists are: Fungus like
Plant-like Animal-like
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Algae
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Fungi They are eukaryotic heterotrophs that can act as
decomposers. The kingdom includes mushrooms, mold, and yeasts. All
fungi except yeast are multicellular. Fungi obtain energy by
absorbing materials. Fungi have no chloroplasts, but do have cell
walls.
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Fungus Kingdom Has one or many cells Has a nucleus/eukaryotic
Absorbs food/heterotroph Cannot move from place to place sessile Do
not have chloroplasts or cell walls Reproduce by spores
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Spore asexual reproductive structure: a small, usually one-
celled reproductive structure produced by seedless plants, algae,
fungi, and some protozoans that is capable of developing into a new
organism.
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Spores
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Examples of fungi are mushrooms, molds and yeast.
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It is used in Hindu rituals this mushroom could cause
hallucinations. Liberty cap grown in the UK
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Slime mold
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Mold Molds
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Yeast small single-celled fungus: a small single-celled fungus
that ferments sugars and other carbohydrates and reproduces by
budding. Genus Saccharomyces.
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Plant Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a
nucleus/eukaryotic Makes its own food using chloroplasts
/autotrophic Has a cell wall made of cellulose Cannot move from
place to place/sessile
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Cellulose A stringy, fibrous substance that forms the main
material in the cell walls of plants.cell walls
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Plant kingdom Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms
that primarily produce their own food through photosynthesis. Lets
look at how they obtain their food and energy.
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Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms,
especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from
inorganic materials.
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Photosynthesis carbohydrate production using light and
chlorophyll: a process by which green plants and other organisms
turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen, using
light energy trapped by chlorophyll.
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Producers organism that makes its food: an organism that
manufactures its own food from simple inorganic substances, e.g. a
green plant They are plants.
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Animal Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a
nucleus/eukaryotic Does not make own food/heterotrophic Moves from
place to place/highly mobile Has a advance nervous system to
respond to the environment Reproduce sexually or asexually
Interdependent on other organisms/consumers
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Consumers organism that feeds on others: include herbivorous
and carnivorous animals, which feed on plants and other animals
respectively, and also organisms such as worms, fungi, and
bacteria, which feed on nonliving organic material.
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Heterotroph getting nutrients through food digestion: obtaining
nourishment by digesting plant or animal matter, as animals do, as
opposed to photosynthesizing food, as plants do
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Summary Classifying organisms helps in three ways. 1. Allows
scientists to keep track of organisms 2. Helps people communicate
by using one naming system 3. helps to organize information for
further study.