Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

(six kingdoms)

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Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.

Classification Classification is an important

– In understanding how organisms are related and how they are different.

– So that we can work with the diversity of life

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.

2

Aristotle

His classification system was based on structural

differences that were seen.

3

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 4

Swedish Botantist

•Based his classification on characteristics of organisms

that were similar.

Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.

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Binomial Nomenclature

Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used.

The scientific name of an organism is based

on a two-word system called binomial nomenclature.

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Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”)

Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”)

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Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass

•The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). •The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word,

species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).

Binomial nomenclature 8

Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together.

9 In addition to (1) appearance and (2) behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms.

Eight levels of classification 10

Least alike

Most alike

Domain

Species is the most specific

Taxon:

Group or level of classification

GROUP NAME

ORGANISM

HUMAN CHIMPANZ

EE HOUSE

CAT LION HOUSEFLY

KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda

CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect

ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera

FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae

GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca

SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica

Scientific Name

Homo sapiens

Pan troglodyt

es

Felis domestica

Felis leo Musca domestica

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Example: Human Classification

a. homo Sapiens

b. Homo sapiens

c. Homo Sapiens

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How would you write the scientific name?

CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food) Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Order Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Family Centrarchida (sunfishes) Genus Micropterus (types of bass) Species salmoides (largemouth bass)

Largemouth Bass: Micropterus salmoides

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14

KINGDOMS OF LIFE

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EuBacteria

Archae-

bacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Six Kingdoms of Life

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OLD NAME:

MONERA

Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: Three Domains:

Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic.

Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.

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•Eubacteria (true bacteria) & Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membrane-bound organelles. •Microscopic & unicellular. •Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. •Heterotropic & autotrophic

•unicellular and multicellular organisms with a variety of characteristics •eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. •Heterotropic and autotrophic •Most are microscopic.

18 Bacteria Protista

•Consumers that stay put. •Unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment.

Fungi

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Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Autotrophic-some parasitic- some carnivore.

Multicellular consumers-heterotrophic Cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others.

Plantae Animalia

6 Kingdoms of Life 20

Evolutionary

relationship

between the

kingdoms.

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A cladogram is a tree-like

diagram showing

evolutionary relationships. Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related.

Tree of Life

22.3

Illustrate relationships

22.1

Wacky People Key

1a Two feet 2

1b Some other number of feet 3

2a Does not look at all human 4

2b Looks a lot like a human 5

3a One leg 6

3b Three or four legs 7

4a Fly-like Mosk Cara

4b Not fly-like 8

5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita

5b Not a girl 9

6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella

6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles

7a Three legs 10

7b Four legs 11

8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate

8b Clawed feet 12

9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum

9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile

10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk

10b Some other appearance 13

11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt

11b No arms or pinchers 14

12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon

12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy

13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide

13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox

14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos

14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus

EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients belongs to the kingdom

A Animalia

B Fungi

C Plantae

D Protista

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The study of animals is known as

A botany

B ecology

C taxonomy

D zoology

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In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, was proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics with members of which taxonomic level?

A class

B family

C order

D phylum

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One main difference between

members of the Kingdoms Plantae

and Animalia is the ability to

A obtain energy

B reproduce

C move

D exchange gases

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The table shows an early method of classifying animals.

Which of the following best illustrates why the modern Linnaean classification system has replaced the system developed by Aristotle? A) Flying insects fly over both land and water. B) Eating habits of reptiles and some land mammals are different. C) Sea snake bones are similar to those of reptiles that live on land. D) Birds are warm-blooded like mammals.

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A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the

A viruses

B protists

C eubacteria

D archaebacteria

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The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?

A bacterium

B mushroom

C mouse

D virus

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Mrs. Hilliard, may I be excused? My brain is full.