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ClassificationClassification
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In the following few slides, you will findIn the following few slides, you will find14 different organisms, each of them labeled 14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. with a letter.
In your groups, write down two main In your groups, write down two main classification (example red/green).classification (example red/green).
Then place the corresponding letters underThen place the corresponding letters underthe correct classification.the correct classification.
The Classification Game!!The Classification Game!!
Divide into groups of 3 Divide into groups of 3 or 4or 4
I
B
H
L M
A D
F
C
N
G
E
K
J
One Possible SolutionOne Possible Solution
PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
????????
Did You Have Problems??Did You Have Problems??
There were actually several different ways There were actually several different ways to goto goabout classifying these 14 organisms. You about classifying these 14 organisms. You might might have done color, shape, size, number of have done color, shape, size, number of legs… the possibilities are endless. You legs… the possibilities are endless. You might have encountered one or two that might have encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two really did not fit into either of your two classifications, what should you do when classifications, what should you do when this happens? Make a new classification of this happens? Make a new classification of course! And this is what scientist have course! And this is what scientist have done as well through the years.done as well through the years.
The Challenge
• Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far.
• They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.
• 1. Why Classify?– To study the diversity of life– To organize and name organisms
• Ex: supermarket
• 2. Why give scientific names?– Common names are misleading
Finding Order in Diversity
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jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!
Some organisms have several common names
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This cat is commonly known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
Origin of Scientific Names
• By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing.
• Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species.
• They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.
Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclaturea. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective)
Rules for naming organisms
1. Written is Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesGo to Section:
Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy
Least specific
Most specific
1. Which of the following contains all of the others?
a. Family c. Class
b. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:
a. Family c. Order
b. Genus d. Species
Binomial Nomenclature Example• For example, the polar bear is named
Ursus maritimus.
• The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species.
• In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.
Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.
Kingdom Country
Phylum State
Class County
Order Town
Family Neighborhood
Genus Street
Species House Number
SPECIES
Modern Classification
• Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities.
• Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Modern Classification
• Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent.
• Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis Genus: Canis
Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships.
• They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.
Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae.
• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.
The Five Kingdom SystemMonera
bacteria
Protista
Amoeba, slime mold
Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Plantae flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants
Animalia mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges
The Six Kingdom System
• In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups.
• As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.
The Three-Domain System
• Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently.
• This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.
The Three Domains
• The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following:
• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals
• Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
EubacteriaArchae-bacteria
Protista Plantae Animalia
The six-kingdom system
Fungi
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
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As we move from the kingdom level
to the species level, more and more members are
removed.
Each level is more specific.
Cladogram• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be
related
• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.
Derived Characters• Derived characters are traits that are shared by some
species but not by others• The more closely related species are, the more
derived characters they will share• Derived characters are shown as hash marks
Nodes• Each place where a branch splits is called a node.• Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor
shared by a clade.
What do the house cat and the turtle have in common?
What does the leopard have in common with the wolf?
What organisms are most closely related?
1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2
b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3
2. a. Body is round shape……
b. Body is elongated……
Lady bug
Grasshopper
3. a. Wings point toward the back………
b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4
Housefly
4. a. Wings are large and broad…….
b. Wings are long and thin…...
Butterfly
Dragonfly
A tool used to determine the identity of an organism
EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY
MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
1. a. Needle leaves go to 2 b. Non-needle leaves go to 3
2. a. Needles are clustered Pine b. Needles are in singlets Spruce
3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf) go to 4 b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”) go to 7 4. a. Smooth edged go to 5 b. Jagged edge go to 6 5. a. Leaf edge is smooth Magnolia b. Leaf edge is lobed White Oak 6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like Elm b. Leaf edge is large and thorny Holly
7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs
Examples Methanogens
Thermophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria
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E. coli
Streptococcus
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Kingdom Protista
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Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,
The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom
Kingdom Fungi
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Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar
Nutrition Heterotroph
Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold
Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS
Kingdom Plantae
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Ferns : seedless vascular
Sunflowers: seeds in flowers
Douglas fir: seeds in cones
Mosses growing on trees
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Kingdom Animalia
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Sage grouse
Poison dart frog
Bumble bee
Sponge
Jellyfish
Hydra
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals