Classification and Definitions of Textures and Mineral Structures in Ores

7/18/2019 Classification and Definitions of Textures and Mineral Structures in Ores

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1951 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 46, pp. 578-591

C!SSI"IC!#I$% !%& &E"I%I#I$%S $" #E'#()ES !%& *I%E)!S#)(C#()ES I% $)ES.

G. *. SC+!)#.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

!st/0ct................................................................................................................578Int/o2ction.......................................................................................................... 578Comments on p/evio2s p2lic0tions.................................................................... 579Cl0ssific0tion........................................................................................................ 583

ist of tet2/es..................................................................................................... 581&efinitions 0n comments .................................................................................. 58iliog/0py......................................................................................................... 591

ABSTRACT.

#e mic/oscopic st2y of o/es 0s een etensive 2/ing te p0st fo/tyye0/s, 2t 0 s0tisf0cto/y cl0ssific0tion 0n efinition of tet2/0l te/ms 0snot een fo/tcoming. ! p/elimin0/y list of tet2/0l te/ms t0en f/om telite/0t2/e 0n 0//0nge in g/o2ps 0cco/ing to o/igin is given e/eit.#e te/ms 0/e efine 0n /ief comments 0e e/e esi/0le.)efe/ences to p2lic0tions e/e te te/ms 0/e 2se 0/e given fo/ e0c to

pe/mit /e0y 0ccess to 0ition0l 0t0 on 0 given tet2/e.

INTRODUCTION.

#+Eintensive mic/oscopic st2y of op0:2e o/es st0/te ne0/ te eginning of tep/esent cent2/y. In te (nite St0tes 0 fe p0pe/s 0ppe0/e p/evio2s to 191; 0n int0t ye0/ te p2lic0tion of Singe0l0tion 0s /es2lte. #is is p0/tic2l0/ly t/2e of te te/ms 2se fo/ tet2/es

0n mine/0l st/2ct2/es. In f0ct te sit20tion seems p/ecisely t0t st0te y C/oss,Iing, ?i/sson 0n 0sington fo/ igneo2s /ocs in 1936. #ey s0y, @#ev0g2eness t0t c0/0cte/i>es esc/iptions 0n conceptions of tet2/es of igneo2s/ocs is 2e in p0/t to 0 l0c of system0tic t/e0tment of te s2=ect y

pet/og/0pe/s, 0n 0 conse:2ent ine0ctness in te te/minology y ic efiniteconceptions m0y e ep/esse. It is 0lso 2e to te int/ic0cies of te tet2/es to eesc/ie 0n to tei/ ive/sity.@

In esc/iing o/es, tet2/e 0n st/2ct2/e 0ve een 2se inte/c0nge0ly 0n tosome etent tey 0/e inte/c0nge0le. #is is o2n to e conf2sing. #e/e 0ve

een fe se/io2s 0ttempts to o/g0ni>e 0n efine te te/ms 2se

578


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CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF TEXTURES. 579

fo/ tet2/es of o/es 0n te /ite/ oes not no of 0 list t0t is complete. In

!me/ic0n geology te te/m st/2ct2/e, en 2se ito2t :20lific0tion, 2s20lly

/efe/s to te l0/ge/ fe0t2/es of /ocs incl2ing o/es. S2c fe0t2/es incl2e eing,

=oints, f02lts, fols, 0n so on. !s 0 /2le, tese st/2ct2/es 0/e not impo/t0nt in

mic/oscopic st2ies, 0lto2g mic/oscopic f02lts, fols 0n f/0ct2/es 0ve eenose/ve.

#et2/e /efe/s to te si>e, s0pe 0n 0//0ngement of g/0ins of one o/ mo/e

mine/0ls ic m0e 2p te o/e o/ /oc. In /ocs te fe0t2/es t0t ete/mine te

tet2/e 0/eA c/yst0llinity, g/0n2l0/ity 0n f0/icB oeve/, o/e mine/0ls 0/e /0/ely, if

eve/, 0mo/po2s so c/yst0llinity is not 0 v0/i0le in o/es.

*ine/0l st/2ct2/eoning of 0 c/yst0l. #e te/m >one is not 0l0ys 2se in

tis /est/icte sense, 2t is 2se fo/ 0 fe0t2/e confine to 0 single mine/0l s2c 0s

spe/2litic st/2ct2/e ic m0y e 0n 0gg/eg0te of 0 l0/ge n2me/ of min2te

neeles. In m0l0cite, fo/ e0mple, v0/i0tion in colo/ m0y give >oning 0t /igt

0ngles to te neeles. Spe/2litic 0gg/eg0tes 0/e not 0l0ys confine to 0 single

mine/0l, fo/ e0mple, 0lte/n0ting >ones of c/ysocoll0 0n :20/t>. #is is te m0ss

tet2/e of E0/s. #ese compleities emp0si>e te iffic2lty involve in 0ny

logic0l cl0ssific0tion 0se on p/ecise efinitions. E0/s gets 0/o2n te

iffic2lty y /efe//ing to 0ll 0//0ngements eteen o/ in mine/0ls of o/es 0s

tet2/es 0n not 2sing te te/m st/2ct2/e.

COMMENTS ON PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS.

#e fi/st gene/0l o/ to e p2lise in Englis on te mic/oscopic st2y of

o/e mine/0ls 0s 0n e/ een0tion, sc0ly, 0n >on0l. #e 2s0ge of te te/ms tet2/e 0n st/2ct2/e y0n e/ een is essenti0lly t0t inic0te y te efinitions given 0ove.

!s f0/ 0s non, te fi/st p0pe/ to p/o2ce 0 cl0ssific0tion of tet2/es 0sp2lise y G/igo/iev D1 1 in )2ssi0n it 0n Englis 0st/0ct. #et2/e 0nst/2ct2/e e/e 2se in te sense 0opte in )2ssi0n 0n Ge/m0n. #et2/e /efe/s tofe0t2/es isce/ne y te 2n0ie eye 0n st/2ct2/e to te inte/n0l f0/ic visile2ne/ te mic/oscope. G/igo/iev


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I. St/2ct2/es of eposition.1. G/0n2l0/, . po/py/itic, ;. g/0pic, 4. s2g/0pic, 5. >one, 6. 0ne,7. oolitic.

II. St/2ct2/es of 2nmiing.1. Cell, . l0ttice, ;. em2lsion, 4. g/0pic, 5. mottle.

III. St/2ct2/es of /epl0cement.

1. "ilifo/m, , cell, ;. s/ee, 4. seleton, 5. g/0pic, 6. l0ttice, 7. >one,8. en/itic, 9. cement.I. *et0colloi st/2ct2/es.

1. Collofo/m, . pe/litic, ;. spe/2litic, 4. 0ne, 5. >one, 6. gel. .St/2ct2/es of p/ess2/e.

1. )2mple, . c/2se, ;. 0ne, 4. g/0n2l0/.

#e net impo/t0nt cont/i2tion to te gene/0l st2y of o/es, in cont/0st top0pe/s on specific p/olems o/ ist/icts, is Scneie/on 0n )0mo/mi/osopie, p2lise in 19;1. #e g/e0t/0nge of tet2/es 0n mine/0l st/2ct2/es in o/es 0/e e02tif2lly ill2st/0te 0n most

of te tet2/es liste in te cl0ssific0tion given elo ill e fo2n 0mong te ;5mic/opotog/0ps.)ecently te !2st/0l0si0n Instit2te of *ining 0n *et0ll2/gy 0s p2lise 0

oo entitle #et2/es of te $/e *ine/0ls 0n #ei/ Signific0nce D1947 p/ep0/ey !. . E0/s. #e tet2/es 0/e ill2st/0te y 1;1 ecellent mic/opotog/0ps.E0/s< compil0tion goes 0 long 0y to m0e 0v0il0le 0 system0tic t/e0tment ofo/e tet2/es 0n it is 2nfo/t2n0te t0t it is not mo/e /e0ily 0v0il0le in te (niteSt0tes. #e o/g0ni>0tion of E0/s< m0te/i0l, oeve/, oes not offe/ 0cl0ssific0tion of tet2/es on 0 simple 0sis. "o/ e0mple, C0pte/ 1 is entitle @#etet2/e of te n0tive met0ls@ 0n C0pte/ , @?/im0/y >oning 0n 0ning in oie0n s2lpie o/es.@ #e fi/st c0pte/, 0s ell 0s te secon, te/efo/e incl2es

>oning o/ 0ning 0s te mic/opotog/0ps so. #is iffic2lty stim2l0te te/ite/ to t/y to o/g0ni>e 0 simple cl0ssific0tion.

en te m0n2sc/ipt fo/ tis p0pe/ 0s ne0/ing completion, 0stin


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#e cl0ssific0tion 0s p/esente elo incl2es p/0ctic0lly 0ll of te tet2/0lte/ms t0t 0ve een 2se in p0pe/s p2lise in Englis 0n eite/ efine o/ill2st/0te s2fficiently to pe/mit 0 /e0son0ly p/ecise efinition. %o completelylogic0l cl0ssific0tion 0s seeme possile 2t te p/esent 0//0ngement is p/esente

in te ope t0t 0 ette/ one m0y e s2ggeste. *e0nile it so2l e 2sef2l tost2ents in g0ining 0 /e0son0le ie0 of te /0nge of tet2/es in o/es 0n 0some0t p/ecise efinition of e0c.

It so2l e emp0si>e t0t in te cl0ssific0tion p/im0/y 0n secon0/y 0/e2se p2/ely in 0 tet2/0l sense 0n o not 0ve te signific0nce of ypogene 0ns2pe/gene.

#e n2me/ of te/ms liste is l0/ge 2t oes not necess0/ily cove/ eve/y/el0tionsip fo2n in te mic/oscopic st2y of o/es. #e v0/i0tions in o/es,

p0/tic2l0/ly tose /es2lting f/om /epl0cement, 0/e so g/e0t t0t it seems 2nlielyt0t s0tisf0cto/y te/ms c0n e s2ggeste to cove/ eve/y possiility. )0te/ t0ninc/e0se te n2me/ of te/ms, it seems est to epen on esc/iption e/e no

tet2/0l te/m in c2//ent 2s0ge seems to fit, 0n fo/ tis /e0son ne tet2/0l n0mes0/e 0voie in tis p0pe/. *ost tet2/es fo2n in igneo2s /ocs 0lso occ2/ inm0gm0tic o/es 0n it 0s not seeme necess0/y to incl2e tem 2nless tey 0pplyto ote/ o/es. 0stin D19, pp. ;-1;, gives 0n ecellent isc2ssion of igneo2s /octet2/es fo2n in m0gm0tic o/es.

LIST O& TE'TURES.

Primary.1. 0ne tet2/e2. C0/ies tet2/e3. Cement tet2/eF/epl0cement of cement y o/e in mine/0ls

4. Coc0e o/ /ing tet2/e5. Collofo/m, gel, o/ colloi0l tet2/e, eiseg0ng /ing tet2/e6. Com tet2/e7. C/yst0llog/0pic tet2/e8. &en/itic, pse2oen/itic, ice floe/ tet2/e9. &i00sic tet2/e10.E:2ig/0n2l0/, g/0n2l0/, 0llot/iomo/pic, polye/0l o/ mos0ic tet2/e11."i/o2s, fe0te/y o/ pl2mose tet2/e12."oli0te tet2/e1.;. G/0n2le tet2/eF/o2ne g/0ins, /o2ning is p/im0/y in o/igin.14.G/0pic, mic/og/0pic, my/meetic, o/ pse2oe2tectic tet2/e, 0lso s2-

g/0pic tet2/e15.+e//ingone tet2/e

16.*ottle tet2/e17.*2t20l o2n0/y tet2/e18.$olitic, pisolitic, conc/etion0/y, concent/ic, sc0ly, pellet, f/0moi0l tet2/e19.?o/py/itic 0n po/py/ol0stic tet2/e20.)osette tet2/e21.Spe/2litic o/ /0i0ting 0gg/eg0te tet2/e22.i/e tet2/e

Sec!"ary.1. o o/ tet2/e2. /ecci0te, @eploing-om@ o/ c/2se tet2/e3. Co/e o/ 0toll tet2/e, 0lso t2e/cle tet2/e4. "ilifo/m tet2/e


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58 G. M. SCHWARTZ.

5. G/0n2l0te mylonitic o/ mic/o/ecci0te tet2/e6. Ice-c0e tet2/e7. $/g0nic o/ cell tet2/e8. )elict tet2/e9. )im tet2/e, 0lso /e0ction /im tet2/e

10.)2mple tet2/e11.Sept0/i0n tet2/e, syne/esis o/ s/in0ge c/0cs tet2/e12.Se//0te tet2/e13.S/ee tet2/e o/ s/e-lie tet2/e14.#/0nsl0tion tinning tet2/e15.eine 0n /etic2l0te tet2/e16.+e//ingone tet2/e17.*et0colloi o/ c/0cle tet2/e

E#$%&'(i! Te#('re%.

1. C/yst0llog/0pic o/ o/iente inte/g/ot tet2/es(a) 0ttice, l0mell0/ o/ im0nst0tten tet2/e(b) #/i0ng2l0/ tet2/e

(c) Se/i0te tet2/e2. Cell, cell2l0/, net o/ mes tet2/e3. Em2lsion tet2/e4. $le0ne/-le0f tet2/e5. ?se2oe2tectic o/ g/0pic tet2/e6. E2tectoi tet2/e

Mi!era& S(r'c('re%.

1. Cle0v0ge st/2ct2/e2. +e//ingone st/2ct2/e3. 0mell0/ tinning st/2ct2/e4. ?olysyntetic tinning st/2ct2/e5. on0l st/2ct2/e6. Seleton tet2/e

&E"I%I#I$%S !%& C$**E%#S.

"olloing 0/e efinitions of e0c tet2/e. )efe/ence to te fig2/es in tis p0pe/ follote n0me of te tet2/e. "olloing te efinitions 0/e comments, e/e tese seemeesi/0le, 0n fin0lly 0 /efe/ence is given e/e te tet2/e is 2se 0n 2s20lly ill2st/0te.

Primary Te#('re%.

1.)a!"e" (e#('re. D"ig. 1. Commonly 0 st/2ct2/e, especi0lly en on 0 l0/ge sc0le.!lte/n0ting 0ns of v0/ying mine/0ls o/ v0/ying colo/ itin 0 mine/0l. #e/e 0/e seve/0lins fo/me in iffe/ent 0ys. C/2stifie 0ning, collofo/m 0ning, /ytmic 0ning0/e e0mples. C/2stifie 0ning evelops in 0 fiss2/e 0n m0y e symmet/ic0l. Sc0llopeo/ collofo/m 0ning m0y /es2lt f/om colloi0l eposition. *0ny mine/0ls 0/e involveincl2ing seve/0l s2lpies. D18, pp. 17-18.

2.Carie% (e#('re. Sc0llop-lie cont0cts o/ smoot conc0ve 0n conve o2n0/ies.!2n0nt eteen m0ny common mine/0ls s2c 0s c0lcopy/ite, o/nite, sp0le/ite,tet/0e/ite, py//otite. D16, p. 589B 18, p. 137.

3.Ceme!( (e#('re. D"ig. . Cement0tion o/ /epl0cement of cement in 0 s0nstone o/conglome/0te y o/e mine/0ls. D1, p. 55.

4.Cc*a"e r ri!+ (e#('re. "/0gments of /ocs o/ o/e enclose y s2ccessive c/2sts ofote/ mine/0ls. *0y /esemle /osette tet2/e. D18, p. 17B 19, p. 17 0n ?I. ;.

. CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF TEXTURES. 58;


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5. C&&,rm- +e& r c&&i"a& (e#('re. D"ig. ;. ! se/ies of concent/ic o/ sc0llopel0ye/s it c2/v0t2/e conve to0/ te yo2nge/ s2/f0ce. E0mplesA c/ysocoll0,m0l0cite, 0>2/ite, c0lceony, goetite, psilomel0ne, 0n m0ny ote/s. #is tet2/e iscommon in o/es in ic s2pe/gene p/ocesses 0ve een 0ctive. Spe/2litic, coc0e0n /osette tet2/es 0/e closely /el0te. D19, p. 6 2ses te te/m colloi0l tet2/es tocove/ te ole /0nge of tet2/es t0t m0y 0ve fo/me y o/igin0l eposition in 0colloi0l st0te. See 0stin, *emoi/ 45, c0pte/s ; 0n 4 fo/ isc2ssion of colloi0leposition 0n o/e tet2/es, 0lso seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es in E0/s.

6. Cm (e#('re. Inivi20l c/yst0ls it long 0es no/m0l to 0lls of 0 vein.20/t> most common e0mple. D18, p. 17B 19, p. 15.

7. Cry%(a&&+ra/0ic (e#('re. D"ig. 4. #e c/yst0llog/0pic pl0nes of te ostmine/0l cont/ol te ist/i2tion of incl2sions o/ veinlets. "o/ms y /epl0cement 0nespeci0lly y e-sol2tion. *0ny types s2c 0s l0mell0/, t/i0ng2l0/, etc. come 2ne/ tisgene/0l e0ing. D13, p. 56.

8.De!"ri(ic- /%e'""e!(ri(ic r ice ,&er (e#('re. D"ig. 5. *ine/0ls it/0ncing t/ee-lie fo/m. 0n e/ een 2ses pse2oen/itic 0pp0/ently ec02se m0nyfo/m y /epl0cement /0te/ t0n 0s f/ee g/ot s2c 0s, m0ng0nese oie on /ocs2/f0ces. #is :20lific0tion oes not seem necess0/y fo/ 0 tet2/e. E0mplesA %0tivesilve/ in c0/on0te, 0lso v0/io2s 0/senies 0n some s2lpies in c0/on0te. 0n e/een, seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es.

e 0n te g/0insl0c c/yst0l f0ces. D13, p. 56B 5, p. ;7B 18, p. 111.

11.Fir'%- ,ea(0ery r /&'m%e (e#('re. Elong0te l0es it se//0te o/ fi/o2seges, /esemling 0 fe0te/ o/ pl2me. E0mplesA 0/senic, 2/t>ite, covel-lite. D13,"igs. 8, 59.

12.F&ia(e (e#('re. D"ig. 8. ?l0ty mine/0ls in p0/0llel 0//0ngement.13.Gra!'&e (e#('re. D"ig. 9. ite/0lly g/0n2le me0ns 0 sm0ll g/0in. Gene/0lly ov0l

o/ /o2ne g/0ins in 0 m0t/i 2t g/0ins 0/e not of cl0stic o/igin 0n l0c inte/n0lst/2ct2/e. (se especi0lly fo/ te /o2n o/ ov0l g/0ins in i/on fo/m0tion. D1, ?l0te I'.#e f0lse oolites of C0ye2 m2c /esemle g/0n2le tet2/e of 0e S2pe/io/ o/es.

D19, ?I. 17, "ig. 4.14.Gra/0ic- micr+ra/0ic- myrme*e(ic r /%e'"e'(ec(ic (e#('re3 a&% %'$

+ra/0ic (e#('re. D"igs. 13 0n 11. C2/ve l0mell0/ inte/g/ots /esemling somee2tectic inte/g/ots fo2n in met0l 0lloys. In g/0pic g/0nite p0/ti0l c/yst0llog/0piccont/ol m0es 0 p0tte/n s2ggesting c2neifo/m o/ /2nic c0/0cte/s. #e tet2/es incl2e0/e igly comple 0n 0ve een esc/ie 0s tisting tong2es of te s2lpies itsmoot cont0cts 0n te em0yments 0n tong2es t2/n s0/ply to fo/m oos. S2-g/0pic is 2se fo/ poo/ly evelope e0mples mo/e o/ less /esemling typic0l g/0picinte/g/ots. *y/meetic s2ggests te o/m-lie n0t2/e of some e0mples. #etet2/es 0/e consie/e y v0/io2s 02to/s to o/igin0te y sim2lt0neo2s eposition, y2nmiing 0n y /epl0cement. #/2e e2tectics 0/e p/o0ly /0/e o/ l0cing in o/es. D13,p. 56B 1;, p. 1;7B 8, p. 4.

15.Herri!+!e (e#('re. D"ig. ;. ong n0//o spine it mo/e o/ less

symmet/ic0lly 0//0nge >ones o/ spines on e0c sie. )el0te to en/itic 0n seletontet2/es, 0n m0y /esemle fe0te/y o/ pl2mose tet2/es. *0y 0lso occ2/ 0s 0 st/2ct2/eitin g/0ins. "o/ms y /epl0cement 0n 2/ing p/im0/y c/yst0lli>0tion. E0mplesA%0tive silve/, n0tive coppe/, ilmenite in sinte/. D18, pp. 4 0n 7.

16.M((&e" (e#('re. Some0t inefinite 0gg/eg0te of to types of c0lcocite,2s20lly /efe//e to 0s l2e 0n ite c0lcocite. E0/s 2ses te te/m fo/ 0n e-sol2tion tet2/e simil0/ to em2lsion tet2/e. D18, p. 83B 1, p. 5;.

17. M'('a& '!"ary (e#('re. #o o/ mo/e mine/0ls ose cont0cts 0/esmoot /eg2l0/ c2/ves t0t so no p/o=ections f/om one mine/0l into te ote/.*0y 0lso e secon0/y. D1;, p. 163.

584 G. M. SCHWARTZ.


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?)I*!)H#E'#()ES.

"IG. 1. 0ne tet2/e. G0len0-sp0le/ite o/e, S2lliv0n *ine, . C. %0t2/0l si>e.

"IG. . Cement tet2/e. S0n g/0ins cemente y g0len0, Cole


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EC$%$*IC GE$$GH, ol.

46SC+!)#, ?l0te


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"IG. 9. G/0n2le tet2/e. G/0n2les of m0gnetite in :20/t>. E0st *es0i ist/ict, *inn.

X47."IG. 13. G/0pic o/ my/meetic tet2/e. &omeyite in met0llic coppe/. Syntetic.

"IG. 11. S2g/0pic tet2/e. G0len0 in o/nite. 2tte 0n S2pe/io/ *ine, *ont. ' ;.

"IG. 1. *2t20l o2n0/y tet2/e. ?y//otite 0n sp0le/ite. S2lliv0n *ine, . C. '83.

"IG. 1;. $olitic tet2/e. I/on o/e, Clevel0n ist/ict, Engl0n. #in section. ' 7;.

"IG. 14. ?o/py/ol0stic tet2/e. *0gnetite c/yst0ls emee in =0spe/. %emo 0/e0,l0c +ills, S. &. ' 133.

"IG. 15. )osette tet2/e. )osettes of 0/senies it 0 co/e of n0tive silve/, /eit02ptite0n nicollite. Co0lt, $nt. ' 45.

"IG. 16. Spe/2litic tet2/e. Spe/2lites of m0l0cite in coppe/ oie o/e. !=o, !/i>. '17.

586 G. M. SCHWARTZ.


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SEC$%&!)H#E'#()ES

"IG. 17. oo/ tet2/e. imonite oo/ it /emn0nts of c2p/ite. isee, !/i>.' 53.

"IG. 18. /ecci0te o/ @eploing om@ tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite f/0gments in c0/on0te,I/on C0p *ine, Gloe, !/i>. ' 53.

"IG. 19. Co/e o/ 0toll tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite in o/nite. S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. '133.

"IG. 3. G/0n2l0te, mylonitic o/ mic/o/ecci0 tet2/e. o/nite 0n c0lcopy/ite ing0ng2e. 2tte, *ont. ' 5;5.

"IG. 1. Ice-c0e tet2/e. ?y/ite p0/tly /epl0ce y c0lcocite. $l &ominion *ine,Gloe, !/i>. ' 133.

"IG. . $/g0nic o/ cell tet2/e. C0lcocite /epl0cement of oo. ' 15.

"IG. ;. )elict tet2/e. )emn0nts of m0gnetite in 0 g/0in l0/gely fepl0ce y em0tite.S0n *0n2el 0/e0, !/i>. ' ;43.

"IG. 4. )im tet2/e. )ims of em0tite 0/o2n m0gnetite g/0ins. I/on o/e sinte/.)e0ing I/on Comp0ny. ' ;33.

EC$%$*IC GE$$GH, ol. 46 SC+!)#, ?l0te ;


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14/21

EC$%$*IC GE$$GH, ol.

46

SC+!)#, ?l0te

4


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"IG. 5. )2mple tet2/e. +em0tite. 0e 00nin, 2eec. ' 1."IG. 6. Sept0/i0n tet2/e. C0lcocite. 2tte, *ont. ' 15.

"IG. 7. Se//0te tet2/e. ?y//otite penet/0te y g0ng2e 0n py/ite fo/ming 0 se//0teo2n0/y. S0nt0 E2l0li0, *eico. ' 153.

"IG. 8. S/e-lie tet2/e. o/nite s/es in c0lcocite. 2tte, *ont. '53.

"IG. 9. #/0nsl0tion tinning tet2/e. Ilmenite in m0gnetite Detce. Sept Isle, 2eec.' 133.

"IG. ;3. eine tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite c2t y veinlets of c0lcocite. C0mpell *ine,isee, !/i>. ' 83.

"IG. ;1. )etic2l0te tet2/e. o/nite /epl0ce 0long cle0v0ge y 0 neto/ of c0lcocite.elmont *ine, 2tte, *ont. ' 133.

"IG. ;. +e//ingone tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite /epl0ce y o/nite t0t evelopee//ingone tet2/e. S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. ' 53.


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588 G. M. SCHWARTZ.

E'-S$(#I$%#E'#()ES.

"IG. 55. 0ttice, l0mell0/ o/ im0nst0tten tet2/e. C0lcocite l0es it o/nite.eon0/ *ine, 2tte, *ont. ' 833.

"IG. ;4. #/i0ng2l0/ tet2/e. Ilmenite in m0gnetite Detce. #2ce/ 0e, *inn. ' 133.

"IG. ;5. Se/i0te tet2/e. Ilmenite pl0tes of to si>es in m0gnetite Detce. &2l2tg0/o, Coo Co2nty, *inn. ' 133..

"IG. 54. Cell, net, o/ mes tet2/e. Sp0le/ite it py//otite fo/ming neto/ 0longg/0in o2n0/ies. Cooy *ine, #0elm0, 0s. ' 133.

"IG. 57. Em2lsion tet2/e. !llemontite. !/senic in 0ntimony. !llemont, "/0nce. ' 33.

"IG. ;8. $le0ne/-le0f tet2/e. o/nite incl2sions in c0lcocite. S2sie Isl0n, 0eS2pe/io/. ' 833.

"IG. ;9. ?se2oe2tectic o/ g/0pic tet2/e, possily e2tectoi. !llemontite, !llemont,"/0nce. D!fte/ 0n e/ een. ' 85.

"IG. 43. E2tectoi tet2/e. C0lcocite 0n o/nite. *2f2li/0 *ine, So2te/n )oesi0.' 733.


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18.O&i(ic- /i%&i(ic- c!cre(i!ary- c!ce!(ric- /e&&e(- ,rami"a& a!" %ca&y (e#('re.D"ig. 1;. #e/e is g/e0t v0/iety in tese tet2/es, 2t tey 0/e c0/0cte/i>e y concent/icsells of sligtly v0/ying p/ope/ties no/m0lly 0s 0 /es2lt of v0/i0tion 2/ing g/ot. Closely/el0te to 0ne, gel 0n collofo/m tet2/es. E0mplesA Goetite, em0tite, psilomel0ne,c/ysocoll0, m0l0cite, 0n m0ny ote/s. E0/s, v0/io2s p0ges. ?ellet tet2/e is s2ggestey 0stin D19 fo/ min2te pellets eite/ of colloi0l o/ /epl0cement o/igin 0n closely/esemling oolites. "/0moi0l tet2/e is 2se fo/ pellets fo/ming 0gg/eg0tes /esemling tef/2it of 0 /0spe//y. D19, p. ;3.

19.Pr/0yri(ic r /r/0yr&a%(ic (e#('re. D"ig. 14. E2e/0l c/yst0ls in 0 m0t/i ofote/ mine/0ls l0cing in c/yst0l o2tlines. G/0ins of m0t/i 2s20lly sm0lle/, 2t notnecess0/ily so. %ot often 2se fo/ o/es, 2t te/e is no s2it0le s2stit2te. E0mplesA?y/ite, 0/senopy/ite, m0gnetite most common.

20.R%e((e (e#('re. D"ig. 15. )o2ne, some0t sc0llope 0gg/eg0tes of one o/ mo/emine/0ls. D8, p. 3.

21.S/0er'&i(ic r ra"ia(i!+ a++re+a(e (e#('re. D"ig. 16. G/o2ps of fie/s, /0i0tingf/om 0 cent/0l point o/ 0/e0, 0n tese 2nits emee in 0 g/o2nm0ss. D1, p. 55.

22.Wire (e#('re. ?e/0ps mo/e p/ope/ly 0 st/2ct2/e. i/e-lie fo/ms of n0tive met0ls 0/ecommon. $ften te co/e is g/0n2l0/ 0n te o2te/ >one is /inlie. E0mplesA %0tivecoppe/, n0tive silve/, n0tive gol, etc. D18, p. 7.

Sec!"ary Te#('re%.

1.)# r* (e#('re. D"ig. 17. ! po/o2s 0gg/eg0te it pl0tes o/ sept0 ic inte/sect 0tv0/io2s 0ngles le0ving open, o-lie sp0ces.

2.)reccia(e" 6e#/&"i!+ m6 r cr'%0e" (e#('re. D"ig. 18. "/0gmente ito2tnot0le /o2ning, ispl0cement often not g/e0t. e/y common tet2/e especi0lly py/ite/oen 0n cemente y l0te/ mine/0ls. D5, p. ;7.

3. Cre r a(&& (e#('re. D"ig. 19. In co/e tet2/e 0 secon mine/0l occ2/s on te insieof 0n 0/e0 of 0note/. %ot common 2t goo e0mples non. ?y/ite-g0len0, py/ite-sp0le/ite, py/ite-c0lcopy/ite, g0len0-0nglesite. e/e te /esi20l /im is enclose in tes0me mine/0l, te te/m 0toll tet2/e 0s een 2se. D18, p. 97. 0stin D19 2ses t2e/cletet2/e fo/ some0t simil0/, 2t often comple 0//0ngements, of o/e mine/0ls in c0lcite

g0ng2e.4.Fi&i,rm (e#('re. #/e0-lie fo/ms emee in 0note/ mine/0l. *2c te s0me 0si/e tet2/e. D1, "ig. 13.

5. Gra!'&a(e"- my&!i(ic r micrreccia(e" (e#('re. D"ig. 3. (se fo/ ve/y finely/oen o/e mine/0ls. *0ny mine/0ls, p0/tic2l0/ly tose t0t 0/e /ittle, 0/e often min2telyf/0ct2/e.

6. 6Ice$ca*e6 (e#('re. D"ig. 1. )o2ne 0n co//oe /emn0nts in 0 l0te/ mine/0l.?y/ite in c0lcocite 0 common e0mple. D6, "ig. 1;.

7. Or+a!ic r ce&& (e#('re. D"ig. . )epl0cement of o/g0nic fo/ms especi0lly cell 0llsy o/e mine/0ls. D16, p. 575.

8.Re&ic( (e#('re. D"ig. ;. #/0ces of o/igin0l tet2/e o/ st/2ct2/e 0s 0 /es2lt ofpse2omo/po2s /epl0cement s2c 0s cle0v0ge o/ p0/tingB 0lso f/0gments of 0 mine/0l leftein y /epl0cement of te m0in p0/t. D18, p. 99.

9.Rim (e#('re3 a&% reac(i! rim (e#('re. D"ig. 4. %0//o /ims of secon0/y mine/0l0/o2n ost. *ine/0l 0/o2n eite/ inivi20l g/0ins o/ 0long cont0cts eteen 2nliemine/0ls. D18, pp. 8;, 96. E0mplesA o/nite-c0lco-cite, m0gnetite-em0tite, py/ite-c0lcocite, py/ite-c0lcopy/ite. )e0ction /ims occ2/ in igneo2s /oc incl2ing m0gm0tico/es. D19, p. 13.

10.R'm/&e" (e#('re. D"ig. 5. "ole o/ /2mple mine/0ls often it pl0ty fo/ms s2c0s 0 spec2l0/ite. D1, p. 56.

11.Se/(aria! (e#('re. D"ig. 6. Sy!ere%i% r %0ri!*a+e crac* (e#('re. ! conc/etion0/yno2le inte/secte itin y c/0cs often fille it 0 l0te/ mine/0l. D9, p. 1;. Syne/esis o/s/in0ge c/0cs 0/e te/ms 2se y 0stin D19 fo/ 0 v0/iety of min2te f/0ct2/es s2c 0socc2/ in colloi0l o/es.


20/21

593 G. M. SCHWARTZ.

12. Serra(e (e#('re. D"ig. 7. %otce o/ toote cont0cts o/ s0-toote effecteteen mine/0ls, 2s20lly 0 /es2lt of /epl0cement. Colony D1; 2se te/ms =0gge st/2ct2/e0n penet/0ting st/2ct2/e fo/ simil0/ /el0tions.

13. S0re""e" r %0re"$&i*e (e#('re. D"ig. 8. I//eg2l0/ p0/ticles of 0 mine/0l enclosein 0note/. *0y e /epl0ce /emn0nts o/ s/es, possily 0lso sim2lt0neo2s incl2sions s2c

0s o/nite in c0lcocite. D1, p. 54.14. Tra!%&a(i! (i!!i!+ (e#('re. D"ig. 9. Slip movement on 0=0cent tin pl0nes.E:2iv0lent of f0lse cle0v0ge. D18, p. ;.

15. ei!e" r re(ic'&a(e (e#('re. .D"igs. ;3 0n ;1. eine tet2/e is most common of0ll o/e tet2/es. 0/ies g/e0tly in etent 0n fo/m. C0lle /etic2l0te tet2/e e/e veinsfollo cle0v0ge o/ p0/ting ne0/ly 0t /igt 0ngles fo/ming 0 net, fo/ e0mple o/nite-c0lcocite. D1;, p. 144.

16. Herri!+!e (e#('re. D"ig. ;. )os of p0/0llel p0tte/ns, ic in 0ny tos2ccessive /os slope in /eve/se i/ections. *0y 0lso e 0 p/im0/y tet2/e o/ st/2ct2/e.D18, pp. 4, 7.

17. Me(ac&&i" r crac*&e" (e#('re. Concent/ic tet2/e in ic min2te c/0cs 0veevelope y s/in0ge 2/ing c/yst0lli>0tion of te o/igin0l colloi. D6, p. 41B 19, ?I. 6.

E#$%&'(i! Te#('re%.

1. Cry%(a&&+ra/0ic r rie!(e" i!(er +r(0 (e#('re%. !ny tet2/e in icte c/yst0llog/0pic p/ope/ties of te ost mine/0l cont/ol te tet2/e. *0y efo/me y /epl0cement 0s ell 0s y e-sol2tion.

(a) La((ice- &ame&&ar r Wi"ma!%(8"((e! (e#('re. D"ig. ;;. 0t-s0e g/0ins o/iente0long c/yst0llog/0pic i/ections in 0 c/yst0l o/ g/0in of 0note/ mine/0l.Commonly 0 /es2lt of e-sol2tionB 0lso, 0 simil0/ tet2/e m0y fo/m y /epl0cement.E0mplesA *0gnetite-ilmenite, o/nite-c0lcocite, etc. 0n e/ een, seve/0l p0ges0n fig2/es. D17, pp. 7;9-76;B 18, "ig. 5.

(b) Tria!+'&ar (e#('re. D"ig. ;4. !pplie to e-sol2tion tet2/e e/e te esolvemine/0l is o/iente 0long oct0e/0l pl0nes fo/ming 0 i0g/0mm0tic t/i0ng2l0/

0//0ngement. E0mplesA *0gnetite-ilmenite, m0gnetite-em0tite, o/nite-c0lcocite, c0lcopy/ite-c20nite, 0n ote/s. !lso 0 /epl0cement tet2/e. D17, p.751.

(c) Seria(e (e#('re. D"ig. ;5. !//0nge in 0 se/ies. #e si>e of te g2est mine/0l v0/iesit 0ge o/ o/e/ of fo/m0tions. D18, pp. 59, 83 0n "igs. 61 0n 6.

2. Ce&&- ce&&'&ar- !e( r me%0 (e#('re. D"ig. 54.9 #ese tet2/es m0y o/igin0te yseg/eg0tion to g/0in o2n0/ies on e-sol2tion. Simil0/ tet2/es m0y fo/m y /epl0cement.D13, p. 56B 1, "ig. 6.

3.Em'&%i! (e#('re. D"ig. ;7. *in2te les o/ /o2ne incl2sions of one mine/0l,i//eg2l0/ly ist/i2te in 0note/ mine/0l. E0mplesA Sp0le/ite-c0lco-py/ite, st0nnite-c0lcopy/ite. D13, p. 46. ! simil0/ tet2/e m0y occ2/ in c0lcite, 0s fo/ e0mple c0lcociteincl2sions in c0lcite f/om S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/.

4. O&ea!"er$&ea, (e#('re. D"ig. ;8. Incl2sion of ole0ne/ le0f-s0pe Dspinle s0peg/0ins in 0 m0t/i. ?/o0ly /2ely c/yst0llog/0pic. D7, p. ;13 0n ? 1;, "ig. .

5.P%e'"e'(ec(ic r +ra/0ic (e#('re. D"ig. ;9. !lso c0lle g/0pic etc. *0y e 0pplieto p0i/s of mine/0ls it g/0pic o/ my/meetic tet2/e /es2lting f/om e-sol2tion. D18, p.13B 13.

6.E'(ec(i" (e#('re. D"ig. 43. ! g/0pic tet2/e it e0c g/0in soing tecomplic0te g/0pic inte/g/ot. 0n e/ een. Seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es. D18, p. 13;B 13,"igs. 64-67.


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Mi!era& S(r'c('re%. #ese 0/e fo/ms

itin 0 single g/0in o/ c/yst0l of 0 mine/0l.

1. C&ea:a+e %(r'c('re. St/2ct2/e /es2lting f/om mine/0l cle0v0ge.

2.Herri!+!e %(r'c('re. ong n0//o spines it symmet/ic0lly 0//0nge 0/ms. *0yocc2/ itin g/0ins 0s 0 st/2ct2/e. D18, pp. 4, 7.3.Lame&&ar (i!!i!+. #inning p0/0llel to c/yst0l pl0nes itin g/0ins o/ c/yst0ls.

E0mplesA Sp0le/ite, c0lcopy/ite, g0len0, etc. D13, p. ;8 0n "ig. 55.4.P&y%y!(0e(ic (i!!i!+. In met0llic mine/0ls is essenti0lly te s0me 0s l0mell0/

tinning. D13, p. ;8 0n "igs. 9, 6;.5.Z!a& %(r'c('re. on0l g/ot of c/yst0ls o/ g/0ins involving sligt iffe/ence in

composition o/ p/ope/ties. E0mplesA %0tive met0ls, m0gnetite, g0len0, tet/0e/ite,p/o2stite, sp0le/ite. E0/s, seve/0l fig2/es. D13, pp. ;7, 4;, 49 0n "igs. 4-6 0n 56-57.

6. S*e&e(! %(r'c('re. C/yst0l o2tlines incompletely fille it te mine/0l. E0mples0/e sp0le/ite in c0lcopy/ite, m0gnetite in 0s0lt 0n in syntetic sinte/s 0n sl0gs. D14, p.597.

II$G)!?+H.

1. eit, C. J., #e *es0i i/on-e0/ing ist/ict of *innesot0A (. S. Geol. S2/vey *ono. 48,1193;.

. C/oss, C. ., Iings, K. ?., ?i/sson, ..., 0n 0sington, +. S., #e tet2/e of igneo2s/ocsA Ko2/. Geology, vol. 14, pp. 69-737, 1936.

;. 0ney, ". ., #e /el0tions of o/nite 0n c0lcocite in te coppe/ o/es of te i/gilin0 is-t/icof %o/t C0/olin0A EC$%. GE$., vol. 6, pp. ;99-411, 1911.

4. Singe0l, K. #., #e tit0nife/o2s i/on o/es of te (nite St0tesA (. S. 2/. *ines 2ll.1;, 191;.

5. G/0ton, . C, 0n *2/oc, K., #e s2lpie o/es of coppe/A !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng.#/0ns., vol. 45, pp. 6-9;, 191;.

6. #olm0n, C. "., $se/v0tions on ce/t0in types of c0lcocite 0n tei/ c0/0cte/istic etc p0t-

te/nA !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng. #/0ns., vol. 54, pp. 43-4;5, 1916.7. G2il, ". %., ! mic/oscopic st2y of te silve/ o/es 0n tei/ 0ssoci0te mine/0lsA EC$%.

GE$., vol. 1, pp. 98-;43, 1917.8. oce, !., +0ll, &. !., 0n So/t, *. %., )ole of secon0/y en/icment in genesis of 2tte

c0lcociteA !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng. #/0ns., vol. 73, pp. 9;8-96, 194.9. #iel, G. !., #e m0ng0nese mine/0lsA #ei/ ientific0tion 0n p0/0genesisA EC$%. GE$.,

vol. 19, pp. 138-145, 194.10. 0n e/ een, ). -., *ine/0g/0py 0n $/e &eposition, G. %0eff, #e +0g2e, 195.11. Sc0/t>, G. *., ! s2lpie i00se f/om Coo Co2nty, *innesot0A EC$%. GE$., vol. 3,

pp. 61-65, 195.1. G/igo/iev, K., St/2ct2/es of mine/0l inte/g/ots in o/esA Soc. /2sse mine/0logie *em., vol.

57, pp. 11-56, 198.1;. "0i/0ns, E. E. 0n ote/s, #e 0o/0to/y Investig0tion of $/es, 0 symposi2m, *cG/0-

+ill oo Co., %e Ho/, 198.

14. Sc0/t>, G. *., #e g/ot of m0gnetite c/yst0lsA EC$%. GE$., vol. 4, pp. 59-633,199.15. Scneie/on, +., 0n )0mo/, ?., e/2c e/ E/>mi/osopie, Ge/iie/ o/nt/0ege/,e/lin, 19;1.

16. 0stin, E. S. 0n ote/s, C/ite/i0 of 0ge /el0tions of o/e mine/0lsA EC$%. GE$., vol. 6,

pp. 56-613, 19;1.

17. Sc0/t>, G. *., #et2/es 2e to 2nmiing of soli sol2tionsA EC$%. GE$., vol. 6, pp.

7;9-76;, 19;1.

18. E0/s, !. ., #et2/es of o/e mine/0ls 0n tei/ signific0nceA !2st/0li0n Inst. *in. *et0l-

l2/gy, *elo2/ne, 1947.

19. 0stin, E. S., Inte/p/et0tion of o/e tet2/esA Geol. Soc. !me/ic0 *em. 45, 1953.

Documents

Classification and Definitions of Textures and Mineral Structures in Ores