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Classification
2
It’s alive
3
• Evaluate the history, purpose, and methods of taxonomy.
Section Objectives:
• Explain the meaning of a scientific name (binominal nomenclature).
• Show the levels of organization (taxa).
4
Classification • The grouping of objects or
information based on similarities.
Cat Frog
5
Classification
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• Taxonomy (tak SAH nuh mee)
• The branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
How Classification Began
Mother tiger raise piglets after cubs die.
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Taxonomists• Biologists who study taxonomy.
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Aristotle • Greek – 384 - 322
B.C.
• First to develop a biological classification system.
• Classified things as either a plant or an animal.
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• He grouped animals according to various characteristics, including their habitat and physical differences.
• He subdivided plants into three groups, herbs, shrubs, and trees, depending on the size and structure of a plant.
Aristotle’s system
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• He subdivided plants into three groups, herbs, shrubs, and trees, depending on the size and structure of a plant.
Aristotle’s system
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• As time passed, more organisms were discovered and some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s groups, but many centuries passed before Aristotle’s system was replaced.
Aristotle’s system
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Linnaeus
• Swedish - (1707 - 1778)
• Based his classification system on physical and structural similarities.
• As a result, the groupings revealed the relationships of the organisms.
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Example• Bats fly but they produce milk
for their young. • [Are they a bird or a mammal?]
• Answer:• They are Mammals
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Linnaeus
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• Evolutionary relationships are determined on the basis of similarities in structure, breeding behavior, geographical distribution, chromosomes, and biochemistry.
How are evolutionary relationships determined?
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• Structural similarities among species reveal relationships.
• The presence of many shared physical structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor.
Structural similarities
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Evolutionary Relationships
• Are determined by similarities in structure, breeding behavior, geographical distribution, chromosomes, and biochemistry (DNA).
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• For example, plant taxonomists use structural evidence to classify dandelions and sunflowers in the same family, Asteraceae, because they have similar flower and fruit structures.
Structural similarities
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• Taxonomists observe and compare features among members of different taxa and use
this information to infer their evolutionary history.
Similarities
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Classifying Diversity
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Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
General
Specific
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Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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• Compare the appearance of a lynx, Lynx rufus, a bobcat, Lynx canadensis, and a mountain lion, Panthera concolor.
LynxMountain
lionBobcat
Taxonomic rankings
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx
Lynx rufus
Lynx canadensis
Bobcat Lynx
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What are the taxa they all have in common?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class and Order
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Binomial nomenclature(Scientific Name)
• Developed by Linnaeus.
• The first word used identifies the genus of the organism.
• The second word, which often describes a characteristic of the organism.
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• consists of a group of similar species.
Genus (JEE nus) (plural, genera)
Just because they look alike it doesn’t make them alike.
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Latin• Is the most common language of
scientific names.
aranea : s
pider's w
eb
canis : dog.
cavus : hole, pit
claudus : lamecontra : (+ acc.) against
deco
r : b
eaut
y, g
race
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Scientific Names • Should be italicized in print and
underlined when handwritten.
• The first letter of the genus name is uppercase, but the first letter of the descriptive name is lowercase.
Passer domesticus
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How did Aristotle group organisms such as birds, bats, and insects?
D. by their homologous structures
C. by their common species
B. by their analogous structures
A. by their common genus
Question 1
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The answer is B.
The organisms were grouped together because of their wings, which, in this case, are analogous structures.
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Which taxon contains the fewest species?
D. phylum
C. order
B. family
A. genus
The answer:
Question 2
A, genus.
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What is the difference between “classification” and “taxonomy?”
AnswerClassification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies and names organisms based on their different characteristics.
Question 3
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What are the two parts that make up binomial nomenclature?
AnswerBinomial nomenclature comprises a genus name followed by a specific epithet.
Question 4
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Classify the following based on function.
• Desk• Chair• Calculator• Stool• Bookcase• Computer• lights • T.V.
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6 Kingdoms
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6 Kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria
• Animals• Protists• Fungi• Plants
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Bacteria• All bacteria are • Unicellular• Prokaryotic• They were probably the first
organisms on the earth.
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Bacteria• Eubacteria –• True bacteria• Ex: streptococcusWhich causes strep throat.
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Bacteria• Archaebacteria- • Archae means ancient• Most are anaerobic, (live in
environments with no oxygen).
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•Heterotrophs.
• Nearly all are motile.
• Animal cells do nothave cell walls.
Animals: Multicellular consumers
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Animals• Invertebrates & Vertebrates
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Protists• Plant like• Fungus like• Animal like• The kingdom into which things
are placed that can not be placed in any other kingdom.
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• Anal
• pore
A Paramecium
Kingdom Protista contains diverse species
that share some characteristics
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Fungi
46
• Organisms in Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs that do not move from place to place.
• A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment.
Fungi: Earth’s decomposers
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Fungi: Earth’s decomposers
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•Multicellular
•Photosynthetic eukaryotes that are stationary.
Plants: Multicellular oxygen producers
Cape Sundew
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What is the branch of biology that groups and
names organisms based on studies of their different
characteristics?
•Taxonomy
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Who developed binomial
nomenclature?•Linnaeus
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Name the 7 levels of taxa
• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
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Name the 6 kingdoms.
•Plant•Animal•Eubacteria•Archaebacteria•Protist•Fungi
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Life’s Six Kingdoms
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More ClassificationLitter hurts Turtle survives!!
55
Classification
56
Phylogeny • Evolutionary history of a species.
57
Cladistics
• Classification system that believes organisms evolved from a common ancestral group. As they evolve they retain some unique traits from that ancestor.
58
Cladistics
59
Crushing Bills
Probing Bills
Grasping Bills
Ancestral Species
Parrot Bills
SeedFeedersC
actu
s
Fee
ders
Insect
Feeders
Fruit
Feeders
Geographical distribution
60
• These finches probably spread into different niches on the volcanic islands and evolved over time into many distinct species. The fact that they share a common ancestry is supported by their geographical distribution in addition to their genetic similarities.
Geographical distribution
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• For example, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.
Chromosome comparisons
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• Therefore, biologists propose that these plants are related.
Chromosome comparisons
63
• Which of the following is NOT a way to determine evolutionary relationships?
D. geographical distribution
C. specific epithets
B. biochemistry
A. chromosome comparisons
The answer is C.
Question 1
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• How does a cladogram differ from a pedigree?
AnswerPedigrees show the direct ancestry of an organism from two parents. Cladograms show a probable evolution from an ancestral group.
Question 2
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• Using the cladogram, which of the following traits would be a primitive trait?
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Robin
Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone
Down feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
Question 3
66
The answer is light bones. Primitive traits are traits that evolved very early.
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Robin
Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone
Down feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
67
• Why do taxonomists use Latin names for classification?
Answer
Latin is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change.
Question 4
68
• What is the relationship between cladistics and taxonomy?
Answer
Cladistics is one kind of taxonomy that is based on phylogeny.
Question 5
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• Domain• Kingdo
m• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Eukarya
• Animalia
• Chordata
• Mammalia
• Carnivora
• Felidae
• Lynx
• Lynx • rufus
• Lynx • canadensis
• Bobcat• Lynx
Question 6
70
Both organisms are members of the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, and genus but belong to different species.
71
Which taxon contains the others?
D. family
C. genus
B. class
A. order
The answer is B.
Question 7
72
Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT related?
D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationships
C. biology – taxonomy
B. binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus
A. specific epithet – genus
The answer is D.
Question 3
73
What two main characteristics distinguish the members of the six kingdoms?
AnswerThe two characteristics are differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy.
Question 5
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Which of the following is NOT true of both the animal and plant kingdoms?
D. cells contain cell walls C. cells are organized into tissues
B. tissues are organized into organs A. both contain organisms made up of cells
The answer is D.
Question 6
75
Which of the following describes a fungus?
D. heterotrophic prokaryote
C. unicellular autotroph
B. unicellular or multicellular heterotroph
A. autotrophic prokaryote
Question 7
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The answer is B, unicellular or multicellular heterotroph.
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Why do some scientists believe that plants existed on Earth’s landmasses much earlier than fossils indicate?
Answer
Plants do not fossilize as often as organisms that contain hard structures, like bones, which more readily fossilize than soft tissues.
Question 10