W O R L D H I S T O R Y

CLASSICAL EASTERN CIVILIZATION

Classical Civilization

Key Terms and Concepts:

Aryans

Buddha

Caste System

Confucius

Emperor Asoka

Great Wall of China

Hinduism

Reincarnation

Shih Huang-ti

Key Locations:

Gupta Empire

Han Dynasty

Mauryan Empire

Qin Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty

Key Questions:

What were the major accomplishments of India and China during the ‘Classical Era’?

How did the civilizations compare with the civilizations of the West?

What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in the East?

Key Ideas:

The Aryans introduced Hinduism and the caste system to India, creating hereditary social classes.

Although Buddhism began in India, it spread quickly throughout South, Central Southeast, and East

Asia. Asoka, a Mauryan ruler, adopted Buddhism.

The Gupta Empire was marked by a “Golden Age of Hindu Culture,” which saw growth in learning,

the arts, literature, the sciences, and mathematics.

China was ruled by a series of dynasties (ruling families)

Confucianism became China’s dominant belief system. Based on the teachings of Confucius, it

stressed kindness and following traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony.

The Quin Emperor, Shih Huang-ti, united distant parts of China and built the Great Wall to protect

China from foreign invaders.

The fall of the Han Dynasty in the East had some similarities to the fall of the Roman Empire in the

West.

The Empires of India

THE ARYAN INVASION (c.1500 B.C.E.):

In the last chapter, you learned how an early river valley civilization arose along the Indus River and then suddenly

collapsed. The Dravidian people living in this region were then conquered by the Aryans. Many historians believe that the

Aryans came from Central Asia, crossed the Himalayas and arrived in India about 1,500 B.C. Other historians believe that

Aryan culture developed locally.

The Aryans were nomadic peoples who lived by herding cattle and by fighting. They developed iron weapons and horse-

drawn chariots which enabled them to conquer their neighbors. Over the next several centuries, Aryan tribes moved into

the Ganges river valley, pushing the Dravidian people farther south.

By 900 B.C., the Aryans had formed city-states in the major river valleys. Each city-state was ruled by its own ruler. The

Aryans developed their own form of writing, known as Sanskrit. Knowledge of the Sanskrit became a sign of education

and wealth since it was only taught to members of the high castes. The Aryans also brought a new religion to India,

known as Hinduism.

Major Beliefs of Hinduism

Gods: Hindus believe that there are many gods and

goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a manifestation

(form) of one Supreme Being.

Sacred Objects: Hindus believe the Ganges River is

sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil.

The cow is also considered sacred, and religious

Hindus do not eat beef.

Reincarnation: Hindus believe that at death, a person’s soul

is reborn as another living thing. This creates an endless

cycle of rebirth for each soul.

Karma: Karma refers to a person’s behavior in life,

which Hindus believe determines that person’s form

in the next life. People who live a good life will be

reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not are reborn

to a lower caste.

Like many religions, Hinduism provided its believers with an entire way of life. It served as a guide, explaining everything a person should do from birth to death.

Hinduism had no single holy book, but various Hindu writings provided guidance.

Two texts containing the major beliefs of Hinduism were the Upanishads and the

Bhagavad-Gita.

The Aryan Invasion:

It is widely believed that the Aryans were a nomadic ____________________ people who migrated into the Indus

Valley from Central Asia around 1500 B.C.E.

o Militarily superiority to the native __________ population made for easy conquest

o Spoke and wrote in __________ – because this language survived while the language of the Dravidians did not,

__________________________________________________________________________________________

“________________________________________” – Winston Churchill

o Blending of Aryan and Dravidian religious beliefs develops into the philosophy of __________

Enormous array of gods, all appearing as manifestations of the __________

Certain places/objects/shrines are considered sacred – the ____________________and Cows in particular

_______________ (the cyclical nature of the soul) and __________ (the cosmic ethos governing ones

Samsara, or reincarnation cycle) form the foundation of all Eastern religious philosophies

o The ____________________formed as a means of social control based on the results of Karma and

Reincarnation. Aryans were placed at the top of the social hierarchy because they were born to be in such a

position; likewise those in low castes were placed as such to comply with the justice of karma. Upon living

perfectly in the highest caste, one may reach Moksha and break the cycle of samsara.

Buddhism breaks from Hinduism around 500 B.C.E.

o Originates with ____________________ (c. 563-487 B.C.E.) who sought wisdom to understand and overcome

suffering in the world.

o Based on Reincarnation and Karma, but differs from Hinduism on understanding of __________

Focused on the struggle to end human suffering

Believe that human suffering can be ended by following the ____________________ or Middle Way

Do not believe in a particular supreme being or god, but do emphasize spirituality

__________ is similar to Moksha, but does denies the validity of castes

the era of the Indus River Valley divilizatiorÿ of 2900 BCE,

but really began to take on iS more modern shape around

1500 BdE with the invasion of the Aryans. The Aryans mixed

their gods and beliefs with that of the natives of India, and the

result was Iÿinduism.

Basic Belie{s of I4induiÿrn

The daÿ ggÿtem

• IJindus believe in 2'oincarna#'or, or the life,

death and rebirth of the soul. They believe

that the soul carries with it the effec'ÿ of

past lives, and that it takes many lifetimes

to reach enlightenment.

• The idea that the soul carries

the effecÿ of past deeds or past

lives is known as karma. From

the IJindu perspective, karma

dictates the type of reincarna-

tion you receive. If you have bad

karma from bad deeds in a past d

life, you may be reincarnated into a all,q-

cult life as a form of cosmic pay-back

"Dharma is the divine order and balance of

things. Each individual has the responsibil-

ity to maintain order and balance in their

own lives. Often CaMs balance and order is

dictated by a Mindu's position in society.

• Therefore, ff a person maintains his

d2harma, he will have good karma at the

end of his life, and will receive a good ÿ'ein-

carnation Each reincarnation should bring

a i4indu closer ¢xÿ the ultimate goal, which

is rnolÿlÿ, or enlightenment. Moksha is at-

tained after living a life of religious devo-

tion without atÿachraent to worldly things.

It usually ÿakes many lifetimes within the

wheel of life to achieve molÿha.

• When the Aryans arrived in India they im-

plemented a sf2ict social class syÿem

based on vat,ha (color).

.There were four basic varna.

The Bi*ÿbÿ' (priest) were -

at the top, then the Kÿhatÿ'yag

(warriors & princes), the Val-

ahgaÿ' (merchanÿ & artisans)

and finally the Shudÿ'ag

(farmers & laborers). The top v'

three varna were reserved for ..................... ÿ ....

the light skinned Aryans,

while the loweÿ varna was comprised of

darker skinned Indians.

• Below the ÿhudras was a group known as

the Dalit, who were ouÿide the caste sys-

tem (ie. out-castes) and known as untouch-

ables. They were forced to do spiritually

unclean tasks. People would not associate

with Dalit because they were polluted.

"Within each varna there were thousands

ofjaiz" (castes), or sub-levels. Each varna

andjati had iS own rules and expectations.

To live within these rules or expectations

was ÿo achieve dhÿzna.

.The caste system became closely tied to

indu beliefs because as one achieved

dharma, and had good karma as a result,

one would be reincarnated incxÿ a higher

Tzarna, and thus get closer to mokÿha.

Polytheis-tic or Monotheistic? Impact on 14indu Liveÿ

"I-Iindus typically believe in

over 33,000 gods and god-

desses. The three main gods

are Brahman (the Creator),

Vishnu (the Protector), and

hiva (the Desÿoyer). They

are sometimea referred tz) as the trinity.

°Many Hindus worship only Vishnu or onlÿ

hiva, and ÿee the other godÿ and god-

desseÿ aÿ aÿpecÿ of Vishnu or ÿhiva. These

I4indus comprise ¢v¢o different sect,€ of I-Iin-

duism known as Vaishnavism and ÿhaiv-

acred ÿynÿolÿ 8r Boolÿ

ism.

°I-Iindus worship at a temple called a

mandir. These mandirs are usually dedi-

cated to one god or goddess, and contain a

shrine of that god inside. Iqindus perform

daily puja, or worship. Many Hindus have

uch shrines in their own homes.

• For Iqindus, the cow is a sacred animal.

There are t¢¢o main reasons for thiÿ: First,

the cow provides enormously useful prod-

ucÿ like milk and dung. The dung is uÿed aÿ

a fertilizer and is burned aÿ a

fuel. ÿecond, in IJindu scrip-

tures, one of the forms Lord

Krishna took while visiting

Earth was that of a cow.

• As a result, lqindus do not eat beef and are

often vegeÿrianÿ. Cows can {requentlÿ be

found wandering in city streeÿ and in tem-

ples unmolested.

• The ÿanges river is also considered sacred.

Again, in Hindu legend the

goddess ÿanga who had the

power to purif9 anything, de-

scended to earth and became

the ÿanges river, ttindus from

all over India make pilgrim-

ages to the banlÿ of the ÿanges to be puri-

fied in iÿ waters.

°Cremation is alÿo an important practice of

Iqindus. Like the holy trinity of birth, life &

death, cremation completes the process of

destroying the bodÿ to release the soul to

be reborn. Manÿ I4indus want their ashes

thrown into the ÿanges river, believing the

waters will puriÿ their souls.

°Finally, the caste sgÿtem haÿ had a tre-

mendous impact on lqindu lives. Caste did-

tateÿ what job you will work, where you

may live, and who you can marry. Iqindus

do not aspire to change their caste - to do

so would violate dharma.

Name

1. What is the higtory of the oriÿjin of I4indu-

ism?

. lAPrÿat are the 4 basic varna 8r what are

their jobs7

2. What are the basic Hindu beliefs about:

a, Reincarnation: 6. What are Dalit & what do they do?

b. Karma:

7. How is the idea of dharma attached to

caste?

c, Dharma:

d. Moksha: 8;. Iqow is caste tied to the I4indu beliefÿ in

Question ÿ27

3. What is the relationship between the

above 4 belie{s?

9. What are the 3 major I4indu godÿ & what

are they sometimes referred to aÿ?

4. What is the daÿe system and on what is

it baÿed? 10. I-Iow can I4induiÿm be considered mono-

theistic when there are more than ÿ3,000

godJgoddesseÿ?

ll. What are some of the ttindu I-Iolÿ books? 15. Why is the cow a sacred animal for !tin-

dus?

12. What is the °Aurn" and what does it rep-

resent? 16. Why is the 4anges a sacred river 8r what

is the impact of this?

13. What are 2 other I-Iindu symbols 8c what

do they represent? 17. Why do t-Iindus cremate their dead?

lg. What is the impact of caste on Hindus?

14. Where do I-Iindus worship?

19. Even in modern times, it has been difficult to get untouchables to pursue medical care

(despite life-threatening illness). Why do you think that might be?

20. I-low has ttinduism prevented modern social mobility.'?

India (cont.)

Buddhism: The religion of Buddhism began in India around 500 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama (563-487 B.C.) lived his

youth in comfort and luxury as a wealthy prince in Nepal. One day, he looked beyond the palace walls and was shocked

by all the human suffering he saw around him. This prompted him to leave his wealth, his wife, and his two children to set

out in search of truth.

After six years of searching, he realized in a flash of insight that all suffering was caused by selfish human desires. To end

this suffering, a person must come to accept the world as it is and to block out his or her own selfish desire. Gautama

became known as the “Buddha” or “Enlightened One.”

Basic Philosophy: Buddhism is based

on a philosophy of self-denial and

meditation. Buddhists also believe in

reincarnation.

Major Beliefs of

Buddhism

Gods and Holy Books: Buddhists do

not believe in a Supreme Being. They

also do not have a holy book. Their

basic beliefs are found in books called

Sutras.

Four Noble Truths: These truths

explain life’s meaning. They explain

that pain and suffering is caused by

human desires, such as the desire for

material wealth and selfish pleasures.

Give up to get harmony.

Eightfold Path: To give up selfish

desires, Buddhists believe one should

follow this path: have the right goals,

have the right perspectives, be aware,

act in a worthy manner, speak

truthfully, live righteously, respect all

living things and meditate.

Nirvana: By following the Eightfold

Path, an individual can escape the

soul’s endless reincarnations and

achieve nirvana – a state of eternal

peace and bliss.

The Spread:

Buddhism quickly attracted many followers.

Missionaries helped spread Buddhist beliefs throughout India. It was popular among many because it rejected the caste system.

It’s spread is shown here:

By about 600 BeE, many people in India had become dissatiÿ-'ÿ

fled with Brahmin power and privilege. Many began to ques-

tion the rigid caste system of I4induism, and began looking for

other options - options that would offer more people greater

hope and a greater sense of equality.

gidÿ ¢ÿauÿama - The Buddha

Basic Beliefÿ

• Like Hindus, BuddhisN believe in

teincÿfzbÿ or the rebirth of the

soul.

°They also believe in karma - the idea

that the soul carries the effec¢ÿ of

past deeds (good or bad).

• They do believe in something called

dharma, but for Buddhists, dharma

represen¢ÿ the teachings of the

Buddha, not the duties of yourjati.

• Buddhisÿ do not embrace the notion

of the caste system. They believe

people to be equal and able to achieve

enlightenment - a concept they call

• giddhartha 4autama was born in ÿ68 BCE, a

prince in the warrior (KshaCxiyas) caste. His fa-

ther ruled a kingdom in Nepal, and he grew up in

a life of wealth and privilege.

• At the age of 29, ÿiddhartha ventured ouCÿide

the palace and discovered human suffering. I-Is

became upset and wondered about the point of

life. He leÿ his life in the palace to live the life of

a religious agcetic (one who renounces all

worldly things and lives a meager existence).

"One day, as ÿauÿma sat under a

Bodhi €ÿee meditating, he achieved

enlightenment. The enlightenment

he received has become the

principal teachings of Buddhism.

"Dautama was given the name

"Buddha", or "enlightened one".

Teachingÿ ofÿhe Buddha lÿe Three Trainingÿ or l:ÿ'acficeÿ

"The Buddha also taught the

'ÿhtÿold Patdz which is divided into

three mindful practices.,

1. Virtue (good conduct, morality)

2. ÿoncenlÿaÿion (mediÿation,

mental development) Developing

one's mind is the path to wisdom.

3. Wisdom (discern-

ment, enlightenment)

Wisdom will emerge if

your mind is clear and

pure.

The £ÿ Pÿecepÿ

,The Eighffold Path is the path to enlightenment, and the waÿ to

end suffering. It is sometimes called the Middle Path between

desire and self-denial. It incorporates the three practices.

-Wisdom

• Right understanding (of the 4 Noble Trutlÿ)

thinking (following the right path in life)"Right

-Virtue

"Right

"Right

speech (no 19in9 criticism, gossip, harsh language)

conduct (b9 following the ÿ weceptÿ)

• Right livelihood (support: 9ourself without harming others)

-ÿoncentration

'Right effort (good thoughts, conquer evil thought)

"Right mindfulness (be aware of bodÿ, mind, feelings)

• Right concentration (meditate to achieve higher

consciousness)

• Do not kill (It is

sometimes translated

aÿ 'not harming'.)

• Do not ÿaÿal. (Avoid

fraud/economic

exploitation.)

'Do not lie.

"Do not nÿu.ÿe ÿex,

(Monks & nuns must

abstain, no adulturÿ

for married couples.)

"Do not Con&,ume

alcohol oÿ drugÿ.

(Nothing t:o cloud the

mind.)

Impact of Buddlÿiÿm ectÿ of Buddhiÿ

"Can be seen in Asian k

architecture of the

Pagoda, a stÿle drawn ....

directlÿ ÿom the Buddhist

stupa (a place for relics).

"Manÿ Buddhists, like ttindus,

are vegetarian.

• Also like ttindus, Buddhistÿ

worship in temples, but

usuallÿ have shirnes in their

homeÿ. Often small

shrines can be seen

along roadways in

Buddhist nations.

• In Japan, the influence of

flower arranging, zen gardens

as well as the martial artÿ of

karate 8rjudo all derive from

the meditation found in zen.

Zen can be seen

in the artÿ.

Bonsai, tea

ceremonies,

• ÿvada- dominates Noutheast Asia. The ultimate goal

is to reach nirvana through intense studÿ and meditation.

The practice of meditation was originallÿ restricted

monks, thus on19 monks had the hope of achieving

nirvana. Common people were urged to live good lives in

hopes of a better rebirth. It is sometimes referred to as the

"lesser vehicle" because few people can achieve nirvana.

"Malÿgana- dominates northern Asia (ÿhina, Japan,

Korea). The goal is to make sure everyone reaches nirvana.

In fact, one should desire to be reincarnated in order to

help more people reach nirvana. Nirvana is attained

through a normal life without undue focus on studt3 and

meditation. It is sometimes referred to as the "greater

vehicle" because it offers hope for enlightenment to mant3.

"ÿzÿ- found primarilÿ in Japan, The entire focus in gen is

on meditation aÿ a waD 1o gain self-knowledge and

enlightenment.

"ÿDÿ5ÿ common in areas of the t4imalaÿas such as Tibet

& Nepal. Tibetan Buddhism is similar to Mahauana in that

it focuses on others. Lamaÿ are teachers in the

Tibetan tradition that are exempt from the wheel

of life, death 8ÿ rebirth. Theÿ have come as

teacherÿ to help others attain enlightenment.

Dlobal ttistor9 Name

Buddhism

1. Why were people dissatisffied with Hindu-

ism?

5. Iagrÿat are the three mindful practices?

2. t-Iow did Niddhartha ÿautama become the 6, Who iÿ the eighffold path sometimes

Buddha? (ÿive background information,) called the Middle Path?

7. What are the practices of the eighffold

path?3. Now do Buddhist beliefÿ differ from

Iqindu?a. Dharma-

g. Explain the ÿ precepts.

a.

b. gaste-

b.

4. What are the Four Noble Truths?

a.

C8

b.

dÿ

C.

d° e°

9. What do the ÿ preceptÿ remind 9ou of.'? d. Tibetan-

10. Explain the differenÿ ÿeetÿ of Buddhism.

a. Therevada-

11. Describe at leaÿ 4 waÿ Buddhiÿra influ-

enceÿ the liveÿ o{ believerÿ.

b. Manaÿjana-

c. Zen=

Analy i :

12. Whÿ do ÿou £hink £here are certain ÿirailarideÿ between Hinduism and Buddhism?

(Whaÿ are ÿome ÿimilarideÿ.'?)

India (cont.)

THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (322 B.C.E. – 185 B.C.E.):

Around the same time as Alexander the Great

King Chandragupta challenged the Greeks and established the powerful Mauryan Empire in India, which stretched from

Afghanistan to the Ganges. His grandson Asoka (269-232 B.C.) was the next great ruler of India.

Asoka began his reign by fighting a series of wars to enlarge his empire. After eight years of nearly constant warfare,

Asoka grew horrified by the bloodshed of battle. This prompted him to renounce violence and convert to Buddhism.

Asoka decided to win his people’s loyalty by acts of kindness and by promoting their welfare and happiness. He decreed

that people of all religions should live peacefully with one another. He improved roads, built hospitals, and sent teachers

throughout the empire to encourage education. To promote Buddhism, he built Buddhist shrines throughout India and sent

missionaries to other lands. Despite his successes, after Asoka’s death the Mauryan Empire began to fall apart. No real

organized government was in India until 320A.D. (ALMOST 500 YEARS)

THE GUPTA EMPIRE (320 C.E. – 550 C.E.):

In 320 A.D., a new ruling family, the Gupta emerged. They united the territory around the Ganges River. Gupta emperors

encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade with foreign lands, especially China.

The two centuries of Gupta rule (200yrs) are sometimes referred to as a “Golden Age of Hindu Culture.” A “golden age”

is a period marked by peace and stability accompanied by strides in arts and literature. Gupta emperors built universities

and supported learning, the arts, and literature. Gupta artists painted colorful murals, while writers composed poems and

plans written in Sanskrit.

Indian scholars excelled at the sciences and mathematics. Gupta mathematicians developed the concept of zero, the idea

of infinity, and the decimal system. Arabic numerals, used throughout the world today, were first developed in India in

this period. Gupta astronomers put forward the idea that the Earth was not flat, but round and rotated on its own axis.

These astronomers calculated the solar year and the shape of movement of bodies in space with remarkable accuracy.

Gupta physicians set bones and performed minor skin grafts. The Huns, invaded and disintegrated the unity of the Gupta

Empire.

The Mauryan Empire:

Arose in the wake of the __________ (Greek) Empire to the west, and marked the end of Alexander the Great’s

holdings surrounding the Indus River. The Mauryan Dynasty was glorified by __________:

o Fought a series of brutal wars of conquest across the Indian subcontinent, and after eight long years of constant

battle, Asoka renounced violence and converted to __________.

o Spent the remainder of his rule encouraging ____________________, __________, and __________ across his

empire. Built networks of roads, hospitals, and schools. Sent Buddhist missionaries across the East, reaching even

into __________.

Upon the death of Asoka, the Mauryan Empire declined and India would become politically fragmented for

centuries

The Gupta Empire:

New ruling family consolidated power in 320 C.E.

o Rulers emphasized ____________________, and as a result the economy __________.

o Invested heavily in culture and education; Gupta Dynasty remembered as a ______________________________

Developed concepts for __________ and __________, and the framework for ____________________

Calculated a remarkably accurate __________________, and postulated that the earth rotates on its own axis

Gupta physicians set broken bones and performed minor skin grafts.

Invasion by the __________ weakened the Gupta Empire to its fall around 550 C.E.

The Dynasties of China

Like the flowering of Greek and Roman culture in the West, China also witnessed some of its greatest cultural

achievements in these centuries. Chinese history is generally divided into periods based upon the dynasty (ruling family)

that governed China at that time. From 1027 B.C. to 220 A.D., China was ruled by three main dynasties.

THE ZHOU DYNASTY (1027 B.C.E. – 221 B.C.E.):

In 1027 B.C., the Shang were

conquered, marking the

beginning of the Zhou

Dynasty. The new Zhou ruler

justified his rule as the

Mandate of Heaven. The

Chinese believe that their ruler

was chose to rule by heaven.

Scholars taught that if a ruler

became selfish and thought of

himself first, then heaven

would bring devastation

signaling that a new family

should emerge as ruler

Zhou rulers established a system in which land was

given to nobles in exchange for military service. During

succeeding centuries, Zhou rulers conquered

neighboring peoples and made them a part of China.

However, by the 6th century B.C., local nobles became

too powerful for the Zhou ruler to control, and China

was plunged into civil war. The greatest legacy of the

Zhou dynasty was the work of two Chinese

philosophers, Confucius and LaoTzu (Laozi). These

philosophers were deeply affected by the turmoil they

lived through at the end of the Zhou dynasty. Confucius

sought to bring order to China’s social and political life,

while Lao Tzu was more interested in peace and inner

stability for individuals.

China (cont.)

Confucianism:

Confucianism is named for its founder, Confucius, who lived during a time of great turmoil in China. Confucius

established a philosophy based on what he believed was the basic order of the universe. He stressed following traditional

ways, which had worked well in the past to achieve peace and harmony. Confucius taught that each person should live up

to his or her name.

Confucius placed great importance on traditional

values such as obedience and order. He also

stressed the importance of family, where children

should show devotion, known as filial piety, to

their parents. For Confucius, the family served as

a model for society, emphasizing duties, good

deeds and civilized way of life.

MAJOR BELIEFS OF CONFUCIANISM

Natural Order: There is a natural order to the universe and

to human relationships. Each person has a role in society,

which reflects his or her position in the universe.

Role of each person: Each person’s social role brings a

number of obligations. If everyone fulfills these roles by

meeting their obligations, people and society will be in

harmony.

Relationships: In each relationship, there is a superior and

an inferior. The superior must show love and responsibility,

while the inferior must show loyalty and obedience.

Mandate of Heaven: If the ruler benefits his people and

provides them with food and protection, then the people

will obey their ruler, who will continue to hold the Mandate

of Heaven (the right to rule)

Daoism:

(or Taoism) is a Chinese philosophy that began in the 5th century B.C. based

on the teachings of Lao Tzu. Daoists believe that nature has a “way” (the

Dato) in which it moves, and that people should accept the “way” of nature

rather than try to resist it. Daoists have a deep respect for nature and

harmony, and accept things rather than trying to change them. If you fight

against nature, Daoists believe your action may even have results opposite to

what you intended. People can achieve enlightenment only by “non-striving,”

enjoying nature, and using contemplation to abandon earthly concerns.

The Spread: Buddhism quickly attracted

many followers.

Missionaries helped spread

Buddhist beliefs throughout India.

It was popular among many because it rejected

the caste system.

China (cont.)

THE QIN DYNASTY (221 B.C.E. – 206 B.C.E):

Shih Huan-ti, the lord of the Qin (chin), was a provincial ruler who unified all of China through conquest. He began a new

dynasty and became the first Chinese ruler to call himself “Emperor.” He felt that all power should rest in the hands of a

single, absolute ruler. Shih believed that people were not necessarily good and that they needed a strong gov’t to punish

those who committed bad acts. He rejected Confucianism, burnt Confucian books, and persecuted scholars.

Shih Accomplishments: Shih Huang-ti centralized power by dividing China into

districts, each with its own military and civil administrator. Construction of a

network of roads and canals was begun to unite distant parts of China. Uniform

systems of writing and measurements were established throughout the empire.

Shih also joined together several existing protective walls to form the Great Wall

of China, in order to protect his empire from nomadic peoples to the northwest.

His lasting effect was a unified China.

The Zhou Dynasty:

Upon conquest of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou rulers justified their authority with the ___________________, which

suggested that a dynasty remains in place at the will of the gods, and the ruler has therefore a “divine right to rule”.

o Political hierarchy of the Zhou was similar to Shang Feudalism, and like their predecessor the Zhou lost control of

the noble __________they had previously empowered. By the 500’s C.E. the Zhou territories was plunged into a

vicious _______________, with no one gaining traction for centuries.

o The long period of civil strife (______________________________) brought fourth two major philosophical

movements: ________________ and __________.

The Qin Dynasty:

A provincial ruler (Governor) named ___________________involved in the civil war plaguing the Zhou Dynasty was

able to gain momentum and unify China under his single authoritarian rule. The Qin Dynasty was short lived, and

noted for __________________________. The Empire was organized as a military dictatorship, with all of the people

drafted into slave labor.

o Massive construction projects began including roads, canals and irrigation, and __________________________

o In an effort to unify his people and maintain order, Qin officials tried to stamp out the history of previous

Dynasties by ________________________________________.

The Qin Dynasty collapsed shortly after the death of Shih Huan-ti, when peasants began to rebel against the

authoritarian control of the State. Another period of civil war ensued, but was cut short by Liu Bang of Han Provence.

Leeper, Matthew. "terra-cotta army of Shi Huangdi ." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 7 July 2014.

The terra-cotta army of Shi Huangdi

The emperor who commissioned the building of the terra-

cotta army was Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of the Qin

dynasty. Shi Huangdi ruled from 221 to 210 BCE and was

the first emperor of a united China. The predominant

theory about why this "army" was created is that it was

intended to defend the emperor in his afterlife.

The discovery of the terra-cotta army in 1974 in a field

outside of the village Xiyang, Lintong County,

northwestern Shaanxi Province, remains one of the

greatest archaeological finds of the century. The

discovery occurred when a group of six farmers started to

dig a well 1.6 kilometers east of the first emperor

Qin's burial mound. After digging four meters down, the

farmers struck what they believed was a brick. After

clearing away the earth around the hard object, they saw

a human figure, complete with a face. Upon further

inspection of the area in the hole, they found a

bronze arrowhead as well; this location today is pit one.

The farmers notified the Cultural Relics Bureau of the

local government about the metal and stone fragments

they discovered, and the bureau sent out an archaeologist

to investigate the findings. After one day, the

archaeologist reported to the bureau that a full survey

would be necessary on the fields surrounding the tomb.

After excavation, the archaeologists took notice that the

warriors had different hairstyles, costumes, and facial

features.

Each figure appears to have been hand sculpted, but in

actuality, the artists took a small repertoire of body parts

such as arms, legs, and torsos that they adjoined to other

parts in different combinations, after which the finer

details of the facial region and armor were done by hand.

Although each warrior was different, they do not appear

to be actual portraits of individual warriors. Most of the

warriors have stamped inscriptions that appear to be a

"unit" or an overseer of a work group's name. This was an

early form of quality control designed to follow which

groups were making certain statues. In addition, this

allowed for the number of figures in production to be

traceable as well as letting the overseers of the project

know if one group was doing poor work. The figures then

would have been painted and placed in their spot in the

pit. The method was repeated until the project was

complete which the best estimates place at a 36-year

period. The pit containing the warriors is 25,000 square

meters. This pit not only contained foot soldiers but

also chariots, horses, and commanders of the army.

Current estimates for the total army size are around 8,000

sculptures including 400 chariot-pulling horses and

300 cavalry horses.

This was not the only pit around the burial complex

containing terra-cotta figures. Acrobats, musicians, and

birds are in surrounding pits as well. In addition, there are

supplemental buildings under the ground; for example,

the stable pit found southeast of the mound. The damage

to some of the statues occurred soon after the burial of the

emperor. Archaeologists believe that raids on the pits for

weapons by marauders caused some destruction, while

the biggest destroyer of the statues was fire, which roared

through some of the pits. The fire left behind evidence of

itself by charring one of the pit walls as well as burning

the wood supports holding the roof up. The destruction of

the supports forced the roof to fall in on some of the pits,

causing major damage to many of the statues.

The first excavation of the site lasted six years from 1978

to 1984. The excavation exposed over 1,000 statues in the

largest of the three pits. The second excavation took place

over the span of just a year in 1985, but failed due to

technological issues. The third excavation, led by Liu

Zancheng, began 24 years later in June of 2009. In 1987,

the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) declared the site a world

heritage site.

The Great Wall of China

Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of China and its

long and vivid history, the Great Wall of China actually

consists of numerous walls and fortifications, many

running parallel to each other. Originally conceived by

Emperor Qin Shi Huang (c. 259-210 B.C.) in the third

century B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from

barbarian nomads into the Chinese Empire, the wall is one

of the most extensive construction projects ever

completed. The best-known and best-preserved section of

the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th

centuries A.D., during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).

Though the Great Wall never effectively prevented

invaders from entering China, it came to function more as

a psychological barrier between Chinese civilization and

the world, and remains a powerful symbol of the

country’s enduring strength.

QIN DYNASTY CONSTRUCTION

Though the beginning of the Great Wall of China can be

traced to the third century B.C., many of the fortifications

included in the wall date from hundreds of years earlier,

when China was divided into a number of individual

kingdoms during the so-called Warring States Period.

Around 220 B.C., Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a

unified China, ordered that earlier fortifications between

states be removed and a number of existing walls along

the northern border be joined into a single system that

would extend for more than 10,000 li (a li is about one-

third of a mile) and protect China against attacks from the

north.

When Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered construction of

the Great Wall around 221 B.C., the labor force that built

the wall was made up largely of soldiers and convicts. It

is said that as many as 400,000 people died during the

wall's construction; many of these workers were buried

within the wall itself.

Construction of the “Wan Li Chang Cheng,” or 10,000-

Li-Long Wall, was one of the most ambitious building

projects ever undertaken by any civilization. The famous

Chinese general Meng Tian directed the project, and was

said to have used a massive army of soldiers, convicts and

commoners as workers. Made mostly of earth and stone,

the wall stretched from the China Sea port of Shanhaiguan

over 3,000 miles west into Gansu province. In some

strategic areas, sections of the wall overlapped for

maximum security (including the Badaling stretch, north

of Beijing, that was later restored by the Ming dynasty).

From a base of 15 to 50 feet, the Great Wall rose some

15-30 feet high and was topped by ramparts 12 feet or

higher; guard towers were distributed at intervals along it.

THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA THROUGH THE

CENTURIES

With the death of Qin Shi Huang and the fall of the Qin

dynasty, much of the Great Wall fell into disrepair. After

the fall of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), a series

of frontier tribes seized control in northern China. The

most powerful of these was the Northern Wei dynasty

(386-535 A.D.), which repaired and extended the existing

wall to defend against attacks from other tribes. The Bei

Qi kingdom (550–577) built or repaired more than 900

miles of wall, and the short-lived but effective Sui dynasty

(581–618) repaired and extended the Great Wall of China

a number of times.

With the fall of the Sui and the rise of the Tang dynasty

(618-907), the Great Wall lost its importance as a

fortification, as China had defeated the Tujue tribe to the

north and expanded past the original frontier protected by

the wall. During the Song dynasty (960-1279), the

Chinese were forced to withdraw under threat from the

Liao and Jin peoples to the north, who took over many

areas on both sides of the Great Wall. The powerful Yuan

(Mongol) dynasty (1206-1368) established by Genghis

Khan eventually controlled all of China, parts of Asia and

sections of Europe. Though the Great Wall held little

importance for the Mongols as a military fortification,

soldiers were assigned to man the wall in order to protect

merchants and caravans traveling along the profitable

trade routes established during this period.

WALL BUILDING DURING THE MING DYNASTY

Despite its long history, the Great Wall of China as it is

exists today was constructed mainly during the mighty

Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Like the Mongols, the early

Ming rulers had little interest in building border

fortifications, and wall building was limited before the

late 15th century. In 1421, the Ming emperor Yongle

proclaimed China’s new capital, Beijing, on the site of the

former Mongol city of Dadu. Under the strong hand of the

Ming rulers, Chinese culture flourished, and the period

saw an immense amount of construction in addition to the

Great Wall, including bridges, temples and pagodas. The

construction of the Great Wall as it is known today began

around 1474. After an initial phase of territorial

expansion, Ming rulers took a largely defensive stance,

and their reformation and extension of the Great Wall was

key to this strategy.

The Ming wall extended from the Yalu River in Liaoning

Province to the eastern bank of the Taolai River in Gansu

Province, and winded its way from east to west through

today’s Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner

Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu.

Starting west of Juyong Pass, the Great Wall was split into

south and north lines, respectively named the Inner and

Outer Walls. Strategic “passes” (i.e., fortresses) and gates

were placed along the wall; the Juyong, Daoma and Zijing

passes, closest to Beijing, were named the Three Inner

Passes, while further west were Yanmen, Ningwu and

Piantou, the Three Outer Passes. All six passes were

heavily garrisoned during the Ming period and considered

vital to the defense of the capital.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREAT WALL OF

CHINA

In the mid-17th century, the Manchus from central and

southern Manchuria broke through the Great Wall and

encroached on Beijing, eventually forcing the fall of the

Ming dynasty and beginning of the Qing (Manchu)

dynasty (1644-1912). Between the 18th and 20th

centuries, the Great Wall emerged as the most common

emblem of China for the Western world, and a symbol

both physical–a manifestation of Chinese strength–and

psychological–a representation of the barrier maintained

by the Chinese state to repel foreign influences and exert

control over its citizens.

Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of

the most impressive architectural feats in history. In 1987,

UNESCO designated the Great Wall a World Heritage

site, and a popular claim that emerged in the 20th century

holds that it is the only manmade structure that is visible

from the moon. Over the years, roadways have been cut

through the wall in various points, and many sections

have deteriorated after centuries of neglect. The best-

known section of the Great Wall of China–Badaling,

located 43 miles (70 km) northwest of Beijing–was rebuilt

in the late 1950s, and attracts thousands of national and

foreign tourists every day.

http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall-of-china

THE HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.):

Following the Qin emperor’s death, the people rebelled against this harsh style of rule. After years of civil war, a new

dynasty emerged. The Han emperors kept China unified for over four hundred years.

The Han are credited with inventing paper and lead-glazed ceramics, and with advances in silk weaving. In addition, the

Han emperors established examinations to select candidates for imperial service. Candidates were tested on their

knowledge of history and Confucian philosophy. This encouraged the spread of Confucian ideas. The examination system

also strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the independence movement of the nobles. They could no

longer claim the high status and rewards of imperial service as a matter of right. Only those who passed these rigorous

tests could assist the emperor in the government. Examinations provided a way for commoners to move up the social

ladder. Confucian ideas came to unite all government officials and the Chinese upper classes as a whole.

The Han rulers established overland trade routes,

such as the “Silk Road,” which connected China to

the Roman Empire and other regions. Merchants

carried goods by camel caravan along this route

through mountains, steppes, and deserts, with resting

points in new towns along the way. Over these routes,

China exported its silk, iron, and bronze in exchange

for gold, linen cloth, glass, ivory, animal hides,

horses, and cattle. India also introduced Buddhism,

which became popular in China.

Women and Children: Wealthy families in early Han China had many children so that their sons could serve in the

government and the daughters could marry into other wealthy families. Marriages were arranged, and families prepared

their daughters to serve their future husbands. Wealthy women were generally well-treated and influential. Under

Confucian teachings, women were subordinate to men. In childhood, a woman obeyed her father; in adulthood, she

obeyed her husband; and in old age, she obeyed her son. In Han China, a system of public school (for boys only)

developed. Confucian principles, such as respect for elders and looking after one’s parents in old age were taught.

The Fall of the Han Dynasty: The Han ruled for over 400yrs (2x as long as U.S.A.). They were weakened by rebellions.

Governors used their power to undermine the emperor. Economic hardship led to discontent. Led to a series of civil wars

that led to the empire splitting into a series of separate states led by independent warlords.

The End of Empires: Why do empires decline and fall? Some scholars have compared the collapse of the Han to that of

Rome in the West. In both cases, an empire had gradually spread over a very large area, making it difficult to govern

given the state of transportation and communication at that time. Both the Han and Roman empires saw areas in their

empire fall into the hands of generals and local warlords, weakening central control. In both empires, early emperors were

talented rulers but later emperors were not always equally capable. In each empire, later rulers were sometimes

overthrown by their own generals or palace guards. Another similarity between the two empires was the spread of

corruption, creating instability in the government and dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of wealth. Vast

differences existed between the richest and poorest social classes, leading to frequent peasant uprisings. Both empires

faced the constant threat of invasion from outside “barbarian” tribes. The Huns also pushed eastward, causing neighboring

nomadic tribes to press against China.

The Han Dynasty:

The period of the Han Dynasty marks a ____________________; Han achievements include the development of

paper, advances in ceramics and silk, and globalized trade.

o Han government based its philosophy on _______________, and all candidates for official positions were

required to ____________________in an effort to ensure that only the best appointments were made.

o Trade routes (later called the Silk Road) were established across Asia reaching all the way into the India and the

Roman Empire crossing mountains, steppes, and deserts, carrying:

Silk, iron, and bronze from __________

Gold, ivory, glass, and horses from __________

Cotton and cattle from __________

o Despite significant cultural and economic advancement, the role of __________ in Han China remained

marginalized and subjective. Confucian principles of social hierarchy placed __________ beneath their

__________ family members in almost every situation.

Han Dynasty falls in much the same way the ____________________ fell; over time, the central authority was

weakened from within, the economy began to slow down, and civil unrest slowly turned into civil wars that would

destabilize the region.

A man named donfucius lived between 551-479 BdE towardÿ%

the end of the Zhou Dynasty. He lived during a time known as

the I4undred gchools period - which was so named because of

all the different 'schools of thought' that developed in that

time. It represented a fiowering of dhinese philosophy, aÿ both

Legalism 8ÿ Taoism developed alongside Confucianism.

ConfueiaMsm

i Political Niÿuation in donfueitÿ' Time

• The Zhou Dynasty technically ruled

China from 1122 BSIZ - 256 BCIZ (the

longest lasting Dynasty

in Chinese history). In re-

ality, Zhou rule began to

break down around 700

BCIZ, as local warlordÿ

became powerful and be-

gan calling themselves

"kings". The time period

from 475 - 256 BCE was actually

known as the "waÿNny ÿtateÿ"pe-

riod because of all the fighting and

civil ÿtrife between the warlords.

• The Zhou had developed a ruling

idea known as the 'Mandate of

t@aven'. It suggested that heaven or

the gods had given them the right to

rule.

°Confucius lived at a time, however,

when the Zhou's centralized author-

ity was rapidly disintegrating. He

frequentiy reflected back on early

Zhou rule, and how it not only pro-

vided political ÿtability, but social

viability as well.

• Confucius developed a philosophy

that provided and integrated both

political and social order.

• Confucius' ideas can be found in Iÿ5e Aoaloctÿ of

omqzciug, a book not written by Confucius, but

compiled by his studentÿ after his death.

°Confucianism is not considered a relig-

ion, per se, but it iÿ a philosophy that

has had a tremendous social impact, ÿj

similar to the impact of a reliÿon. Thuÿ,ÿ-"ÿ:ÿ A<

is often discussed and taught as a reli- ÿ'ÿiÿ

gious type of philosophy.

°At the core of Confucius' ideas is the need for

order - social and political order, and Confucius

believed that the family was just a rnicÿ'ogoÿm (a

miniature representation) of the larger political

state. The relationÿhipÿ found in the family were

similar to the relationships found beÿveen the

government and its people. The Emperor waÿ like

the lather - both were in a position

of leadership and responsibility.

°Additionally, Confucius noted that aÿ/

the family went, ÿo went the state. In \i=i!

other words, if the family was peace-

ful and harmonious, the state wouldÿ

be as well. A peaceful society begins

in the family. And ff there were goodnesÿ and re-

spect in relationships, the society would benefit.

°Key in Confucius' teachings waÿ the concept

that everyone had a role to play - perhapÿ sev-

eral roles - within the family and within society

at large. It was essential that people maintained

their proper role.

Confucius' Five Relafiorÿhips Confucius' Three Viÿueÿ

• Confucius identified five relafionstaips

that were keÿ to social and political order.

The9 were: 1) Ruler to people, 2) Father to

son, 3) ttusband to wife, 4) Older brother

to 9ounger brother, S) Friend to friend. The

most important relationship is that of par-

ent to child, or father to son. If that rela-

tionship was harmonious and in order, all

other relationships would fall into place.

• In each of the five relation-

ships (with the possible ex-

ception of friend to friend),

there existed a superior or

older figure, and an inferior or

9ounger figure. Both figures had responsi-

bilities to each other.

"The superior figure was to dare for and

provide an example for the inferior figure.

The inferior figure was to show respect

for, and be obedient to, the superior figure.

• This respect is often referred to as 'filial

pietu' - a love ÿ respect for one's parenÿ

or ancestors. The behaviors of the inferior

figure could be seen as a reflection (good

or bad) of the superior figure. Re-

bellious, disobedient children were

an embarrassment and a dishonor

to the father and familu.

"It should be noted that if the su-

perior figure was abusive or fol-

lowing a blatantlu wrong course of action,

the inferior figure was to correct or to ÿve

advice to the superior figure.

• One of Confucius' followers, Mondfuÿ, took

Confucius' ideas and incorporated them

into the Zhou idea of "Mandate o[tteavenf

Iqe suggested that the Emperor, as a supe-

rior figure, had a responsibilitÿ to his sub-

jetty. If he did not protect and provide for

his subjects, he could be overthrown bÿ

those subject.

• Li - ritual, etiquette, rules of behavior.

Confucius said it was impotent to prac-

tice ancestral rites and rituals, and to be-

have with proper etiquette in societU.

"Yi - righteousness, what is ethicallÿ best

to do in a certain context. Confucius de-

fined this as doing the right thing for the

right reason - and that reason should be a

consideration for what was best for the

whoM, not the ÿeld..

• Ren - benevolence, humaneness, good-

hess. Confucius said that this was the

most important virtue, and it should be a

goal to develop one's ten eo that it could

intuitivel9 guide 9our actions.

The ÿilver Rule:

"Never impose on others what 9ou would

not choose for Uourself." -Confucius

Impact of Confucianiera

2 21: F:t:21: 2:put great emphasis on the importance of

udU and of thinking deeplÿ for one's self.

Iqe argued that it was essential that gov-

ernment leaders be highlu educated.

• China developed a sophisticated civil ser-

vice exam for government officials based

on Confucian thought.

• The concept of 'filial pietu' has remained

historicallÿ strong in China. Not onlÿ do

children rarelÿ oppose parentÿ' wishes, but

China has historicall9 been a vet9 patriar-

chal societÿ (as suggested bt3 Confucius'

relationships).

• Confucianism has provided the basis for

social values, ÿtructure 8r order in China

for more than 2,S00 ÿears! Proper behav-

mr, responeibilitÿ 8r respect, remain keÿ

values.

Dlobal FIistor9

Confucianism

Name

1. What are the dates of Confucius? What

other religions/philosophies were being de-

veloped beÿveen 600-ÿ;00 Bgtÿ7

7. Confucianism: religion or philosophg?

Explain.

g. What is at the core of gonfuciuÿ' ideas?

2. What: was ÿhe I-Iundred ÿchools Period.'?

9. Mow does he view the t:amilg?

3. Describe Zhou rule from 700 BgE on-

ward.

4. What was the 'Mandate of Neaven'7 10. I-low doeÿ €.he famil9 impact societg?

S. What was Confucius' philosoph9 desiqned 11. Do 9ou aqÿee with him? Whg/not?

to do?

6. What is the book which contains (ÿonfu-

cian ideas?

12. What are the ÿ1 ke9 relationships? Which

is most important? Whg?

13. Describe the role of:

a. ÿuperior-

16. Confucian Virtues:

a.

b.

b. Inferior -

C.

14. What is 'filial piety'? 17. ÿilver rule?

1S. I-Iow did Mencius incorporate Confucian

ideas into the Mandate of I-Ieaven7

lg. Impact of Confucianism?

Arÿlysiÿ:

19. I-Iow would Confucius evaluate American society today? (Please include what he would

point to as problems, what the sources of those problems might be, and what he might

suggest as solutions.)

Taoism (aka. Daoism) was developed in dhina b9 a man namedÿ%

Lao Tzu (also spelled Lao Tze, Laozi, Laotze, gaotÿu), lie lived at

the same time that Confucius did, in the 6th centur9 BCI;, to-

ward the latter part of the Zhou Dgnastg. Lao Tzu, like Confu-

cius, sought a wa9 to avoid the constant warfare that was

plaguing the Zhou Dgnastg.

The Tao

The Development of Taoiÿra

• Lao Tzu, like Confucius,

lived in difficult times, with

constant warfare. He be-

lieved that people could find

happiness and peace from

witMn- regardless of one's

personal economic or social

success, and regardless of the political un-

rest in the countr9.

oLao Tsu wrote his ideas in a book called

the Tao Te Clÿ'ny. The ideas in this book are

considered to be the basis of Taoism.

oTaoism, like Confucianism, is not a religion

according to western definitions, but it

does have an intensel9 spiritual and medi-

tative aspect to it. Ultimatel9, Taoism

might be considered pantheistic- a relig-

ion that identifies ÿod with the universe

• The Tao is literall9 "the way': It is the

mgsterious natural order of the universe.

The Tao has no exact characteristics, 9et it

is not nothingness - rather it is ever9-

thingness, h is present evergwhere and in

all things.

,While the Tao cannot be defined, it can be

felt and experienced. Laws of nature are

not discussed, defined or taught to ani-

oyin/Yang represents the oppos-

ing forces in the universe which

exist together in a natural flow. Yin is dark,

feminine, passive and earthl9. Yang is light,

masculine, active and heavenl9. Yin & Yang

help define each other, and as such, each

contains a small bit of the other.

grabol of Taoiÿa

and with nature.

reals, the9 simp19 exist

and are understood.

°Animals exist in har-

mon9 with nature. The9

understand their place, and the9 do what

comes naturall9 to them. Like the flowing

of a river, living in harmonÿ with nature is

effortless and peaceful.

°Nature, adrnitÿedl9, is

not alwags peaceful.

torms are violent, and

cause death and destruction, but this is

part of the wa9 - the naturar ebb and flow

of environment.

,Likewise, life is filled with the ebb and

flow of calm and sex)tin9 periods. Death is

merel9 seen as a natural part of the life

cgcle - part of the Tao.

°When one is following the Tao, one is in

sgnch with nature, and it just fee]ÿ right,

although it ma9 be deÿ explanation.

The Purpose of Life View of overnment?

• The purpose of human life is to live in ac-

cordance with the Tao. This is

achieved through a study of

nature, and by leading a bal-

anced life in tune with nature.

"Taoism teaches that harmony

comes from balancing the opposite forces

in nature - yin and yang. The Tao, literally,

ig the balance, and thus the way. The Tao-

ist, therefore, does not oppose, does not

strive, does not struggle, but just goes with

the Tao.

• A Taoist would practice wu-weÿ or "action

through non-action". The best course of ac-

tion is often to do nothing but wait and see

how evens unfold, so as to better discern

the proper park

• ÿome Common values include'.

-Focusing attention on the body thxough

diet, exercises ÿ mindfulness

-Practicing humility & modesty to cut

through the superficial

-Eliminating pride, greed, unnecessary ac-

tion and worldly ambitions

-Behaving in a moral way that is in har-

mony with the Tao

"Death is seen as just another aspect of the

Tao - it is simply a tranÿormation from

being into non-being - from Yin into Yang.

It is neither to be feared nor to be desired.

• Unlike many other relig-

ions, Taoism has an individ-

ual and independent focus.

Each person is to find their

own way. No one can really

help another.

oFinallÿ, a Taoist believed it impossible to

have good without ha& pleasure without

pain, and thus, would not brag about good

fortune nor complain about bad fortune.

• Taoiss believe that the government that

governs least, governs best. According to

the principle of wu wet a ruler's job was

not to make policy and enforce it on the

citizens. Rather, a ruler'e job was to allow

the people to govern themselves, and sup-

port them in achieving what they naturally

desire.

Co-existence wihh Confucianiÿn

• Although Taoism had a very different view

of government from Confucianism, most

people found a way to tolerate both or to

be both. Confucianism was a guide for

learning, relationships and government,

while Taoism was a private philosophg.

• People were oÿen privately Taoist, and in

their public life, Confucian.

hnpacÿ of Taoiÿra

"Aÿ - Chinese painting reflecs Taoigt love

of nature, and often depict serene moun-

tainÿ contrasted with violent storms. If hu-

mans appear in the paintings, they are

small and almost insignificant compared to

the power of nature.

"Medicine - TaoisS believed that all people

possessed 'chi', or life force. When the flow

of chi is blocked in parLÿ of the body, ill-

ness resulS. Thuÿ practices like acupreÿ-

sure, acupuncture, and even Tÿi Chi were

created to unblock chi and pro- ÿ,\ _.,ÿ

mote iS healthy circulation.

, "Martial ÿ - Most martial arS

incorporate ideaÿ of yin ÿ yang t;:]

and the focused power of chi.

ogcience - TaoisS were also interested in

immortality, and pursued scientific meth-

odÿ to discover an elixir of life.

AP World Iqistor9

Taoism

Name

1. When did Lao Tzu live? Who was his con-

temporarg?

7. Where is the Tao most present?

. How does one experience the Tao7

2. What was the political situation like in

China during Lao Tÿu's life?

9. ttow is death viewed b9 a Taoist.'?

3. Where did Lao Tzu believe people could

find happiness?

10. What is the purpose of life 8r how is it

achieved?

4. What book is the basis of Taoism? What

is pantheism?

11. What is 'wu-wei' and how is it practiced?

5. What is the sgmbol of Taoism 8r what

does it represent? 12. What are some common Tao values?

6. What IN the Tao? 13. Now is death seen as a transition?

14. PIow iÿ Taoiÿm different from other relig-

iorÿ?

17. Explain how Taoism impacN Chinese cul-

ture.

aa

1K How does a Taoist view the role of gov-

ernment?

b,

C,

16. Mow do Chinese people combine their

Taoist & Confucian beliefs?

d,

AnalDÿiÿ:

lg. Western art, historicallg, involves much portrait work and has a great deal of focus on

individuals (be it Biblical, hiÿorical or legendar9 figures). How, and more importantl9,/4zNY

is this different from Chinese art?

19. What does this artistic focus reveal about societal values (Chinese vs. Western)?