Classical Civilization is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations

Classical Civilization Classical Civilization

is a broad term for a long period of cultural is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations , comprising the interlocking civilizations of of ancient Greece and and ancient Rome, , collectively known as the collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in . It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout and wielded great influence throughout Europe, , North Africa and the Middle East. and the Middle East.

Warm UpWarm Up

1. HOW DID THE MAJOR RIVER VALLEY 1. HOW DID THE MAJOR RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS INFLUENCE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS INFLUENCE CLASSICAL

CIVILIZATIONS?CIVILIZATIONS?

1.Lay the foundations for political centralization and organization

2.Monument building3.Written articulation of legal codes4.Social classes 5.Economic Trade 6.Technology- Irrigation, weapons, math7.Religion

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

In this Unit of Study over Greece: In this Unit of Study over Greece:

We will identify major causes and describe the major We will identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 500 BC to AD effects of the following events from 500 BC to AD 600: the development of the classical civilizations of 600: the development of the classical civilizations of Greece (1B) Greece (1B)

Locate places and regions of historical significance Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in directly related to major eras and turning points in world history. (16A)world history. (16A)

Identify the characteristics democracy, republic, Identify the characteristics democracy, republic, oligarchy (19B readiness)oligarchy (19B readiness)

Describe the rights and responsibilities of Describe the rights and responsibilities of citizens and noncitizens in civic participation citizens and noncitizens in civic participation throughout history (21 B readiness)throughout history (21 B readiness)

Describe the changing roles of women, children, and Describe the changing roles of women, children, and

families during major eras of world history. (24 A)families during major eras of world history. (24 A)

GeographyGeography SeaSea

– PeninsulaPeninsula– 1400 island 1400 island

LandLand– ¾ mountains ¾ mountains

and valleys and valleys – 20% suitable 20% suitable

farm landfarm land ClimateClimate

– 48-80 degrees48-80 degrees

Heather Nice

The Sea: Because Greece is a country of islands, ancient Greeks did not live on the sea but around the sea. Because no one had to travel more than about 85 miles to the sea, access to the sea was easy, and the Greeks were excellent sailors. Trade was very important because they had so few natural resources – it lacked timber, precious metals, and usable farm land. The Land: Greece is rocky with high mountains and deep valleys. These land forms were like barriers, both to invasion and unification. I – it was difficult to move over the land, U – the land made it difficult for people living in different areas to unite and stay in touch with one another. The terrain was so bad that it took someone 7 days to travel from Sparta to Olympia (the site of the Olympic Games), a distance of only 60 miles. So they developed independent ruling communities that had little to no contact with others. Also of note, only about 20% of their land is suitable for farming. Because of this Greece could never support a large population. So, their diet was based on staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives.THE CLIMATE: Climate is mild, averages 48 in the winter and 80 in the summer, as a result, they spent a great deal of time outdoors. This can be seen in their love of sports, as well as in public events, plays, and government being conducted outdoors. They often met to discuss public issues, exchange news, and take an active part in civic life.

Greece

Europe

Africa

Mediterranean Sea

2. What are a 2. What are a few physical few physical challenges challenges that the that the Greek Greek civilizations civilizations would have would have had to had to overcome? overcome?

Challenges for GreeksChallenges for Greeks

Trade on the waterTrade on the water Farm land – enough food for the Farm land – enough food for the

people — diet people — diet Fresh waterFresh water Being united under one religion, Being united under one religion,

leader (government), language, leader (government), language, loyalty loyalty

distancedistance

The Mycenaean's (Early The Mycenaean's (Early Greeks)Greeks)

Settled around 2000 BCSettled around 2000 BC warrior kingswarrior kings

– Invaded Minoans on Invaded Minoans on Crete & took ideas Crete & took ideas from their culture back from their culture back Trade, writing, Trade, writing, language, religion, language, religion, decorationdecoration

Trojan WarTrojan War Fell about 1200 BCFell about 1200 BC

Mycenaean's on Peloponnesus

Minoans on island of Crete

Heather Nice

Around 2000 BC people moved in from Europe, India, and SW Asia. Settled the Greek mainland and became known as Mycenaeans. They were ruled by powerful warrior kings and developed a strong culture. The palaces they built were on a steep, rocky ridge and fortified to withstand attacks. Their culture was full of spleandor for the nobles – long feasts, golden and silver cups. When they died their wealth was actually buried with them – wealth they obtained from controlling local production and trade. They borrowed from the Minoan culture of Crete, in such areas as writing, decoration, and religious beliefs.They also were the first to become interested in trade.It is from them we acquire the legend of the Trojan War. Their culture fell about 1200 BC when their palaces were destroyed by sea invaders.

Zeus, father of the gods, desired the nymph Thetis. However, a prophecy said she would have a son who was greater than his father. Zeus decided to marry her to Peleus, king of the Myrmidons. At the wedding dinner, the goddess Discord, angry she was not invited, threw an apple on the table. On it was written, "For the Fairest." The goddesses Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite fought over who was most beautiful, and chose the young shepherd Paris as the judge. Paris was actually the son of the king and queen of Troy. A prophecy said he would cause Troy's destruction, so his parents Priam and Hecuba abandoned him in the wilds of Mount Ida, where he lived with the nymph Oenone. Paris chose Aphrodite as the fairest goddess and she promised him the most beautiful woman in the world as his wife. The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta. Paris came to visit and fell in love with Helen when he saw her. She left with him in the middle of the night, and they returned to Troy. The Greeks built a wooden horse, which they filled with warriors. Then they sailed away and hid. The Trojans came out and argued whether to take it inside the city. The Greek spy Sinon told them it was a gift from the Greeks, and would make the Trojans rulers of all Greece. Laocoon, the priest of Poseidon, warned them not to take it in, but Poseidon sent serpents to kill Laocoon's sons and Laocoon himself. The Trojans took the horse into the city thus ending the Trojan War as the Greeks defeated the Trojans that night.

Helen Helen The face that could launch a The face that could launch a

thousand ships!thousand ships!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbiR6IMf5KQ

Dorian'sDorian's

1150 to 750 BC – period 1150 to 750 BC – period of declineof decline

less advanced peopleless advanced peopleno records existno records existoral stories –oral stories –HomerHomer

Heather Nice

After the fall of Mycenae, a less advanced people moved into the mainland of Greece. Centralized economy collapsed and trade came to a standstill under their rule. There is no written records from their period, so little is known about the Dorians. This is important to historians because it seems as if the Greeks forgot how to write. Thus this period is a decline in the culture of Greece.However, the spoken word lived on. G

MythologyMythology Set of mythsSet of myths explain the world explain the world around around

themthemRich set of myths. Their mythology explains the actions of gods and events in nature. That is to say they used them to explain the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. In Greek mythology, the gods often act like humans. They show feelings, such as love, hate, and jealousy. Unlike humans, though, the gods live forever.

Heather Nice

During the Dorian period, the Greeks created a rich set of myths. Their mythology explains the actions of gods and events in nature. That is to say they used them to explain the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. In Greek mythology, the gods often act like humans. They show feelings, such as love, hate, and jealousy. Unlike humans, though, the gods live forever.

621 BC IN ATHENS621 BC IN ATHENS

Draco and Draconian LawDraco and Draconian Law

Although the exact legislation Draco (Drāco or Drăkōn) Although the exact legislation Draco (Drāco or Drăkōn) codified in Athens, Greece, is no longer known, legend codified in Athens, Greece, is no longer known, legend states the laws were rigid and excessively harsh even states the laws were rigid and excessively harsh even for offenses as menial as idleness.for offenses as menial as idleness.

Due to riots in Athens, the Alcmaeonidae (aristocratic Due to riots in Athens, the Alcmaeonidae (aristocratic rulers) decided that all laws that had been orally rulers) decided that all laws that had been orally passed should be written in a plainly stated form so passed should be written in a plainly stated form so that a poor man could avoid breaking them. Until this that a poor man could avoid breaking them. Until this time, blood feuds and oral laws which could be made up time, blood feuds and oral laws which could be made up at any time were used across Athens and punishment at any time were used across Athens and punishment was often carried out via vendettas. Only the upper was often carried out via vendettas. Only the upper classes were made aware of the laws.classes were made aware of the laws.

Draco was a legislator in Athens who was authorized by Draco was a legislator in Athens who was authorized by the Alcmaeonidae to write the law codes around 621 the Alcmaeonidae to write the law codes around 621 B.C. It marked the first time the laws in Athens were set B.C. It marked the first time the laws in Athens were set down in writing and they were lauded for their down in writing and they were lauded for their impartiality.impartiality.

Heather Nice

Because of Dracos laws, the slaves and the aristocrats faught frequently. Solon stepped in to prevent civil war and reform the laws. He outlawed debt slavery, he allowed all citizens to particpate in and debate politics (not just the wealthy ones) - however, he neglected land reforms)The Temple of Athena Nike is part of the Acropolis in the city of Athens. Built around 420 bc, it is an excellent example of a classical temple, with a frieze around the top and ionic columns.

Following a war with the city of Megara, the aristocratic Following a war with the city of Megara, the aristocratic rulers were banished from Athens. Another legislator rulers were banished from Athens. Another legislator named Solon was authorized to re-write the laws of named Solon was authorized to re-write the laws of Athens to relieve the misery of the lower classes.Athens to relieve the misery of the lower classes.

Between approximately 594 to 614 B.C., the archon or Between approximately 594 to 614 B.C., the archon or magistrate began repealing the unnecessarily harsh magistrate began repealing the unnecessarily harsh penalties Draco had decreed for trivial crimes. Although penalties Draco had decreed for trivial crimes. Although he drastically reformed the legal system, Solon retained he drastically reformed the legal system, Solon retained the death penalty as the punishment for homicide.the death penalty as the punishment for homicide.

Solon also freed Athenians who had been Solon also freed Athenians who had been enslaved due to debt and returned their land. enslaved due to debt and returned their land. Although the changes were unpopular, Solon Although the changes were unpopular, Solon also reformed the monetary system, and weights also reformed the monetary system, and weights and measures.and measures.

594 BC - Solon’s reforms594 BC - Solon’s reforms

Temple of Athena

Heather Nice

Because of Dracos laws, the slaves and the aristocrats faught frequently. Solon stepped in to prevent civil war and reform the laws. He outlawed debt slavery, he allowed all citizens to particpate in and debate politics (not just the wealthy ones) - however, he neglected land reforms)The Temple of Athena Nike is part of the Acropolis in the city of Athens. Built around 420 bc, it is an excellent example of a classical temple, with a frieze around the top and ionic columns.

PERSIAN PERSIAN WARWAR

520 BC Persians, under 520 BC Persians, under

Darius, attack IoniaDarius, attack Ionia 490 BC Athens wins 490 BC Athens wins

Battle of Marathon Battle of Marathon 480-479 BC Xerxes loses 480-479 BC Xerxes loses

to Athens, losing Persian to Athens, losing Persian

WarWar

Athens uses the prestige gained during the war and the burst of entering wealth set eh stage for a dazzling birth of creativity in Athens which allowed it to enter its brief Golden Age.

WHY SIGNIFICANT?Defeat of the largest Mesopotamian civilization which leads to the rise of the next great civilization - the Greeks.

Heather Nice

520 BC the Persians under Darius attack Ionia490 BC Athens wins the Battle of Marathon 480-479 BC Xerxes loses to Athens at Thermopylae and Salamis, losing the Persian WarAthens uses the prestige gained during the war and the burst of entering wealth set eh stage for a dazzling birth of creativity in Athens which allowed it to enter its brief Golden Age.WHY SIGNIFICANT?Defeat of the largest Mesopotamian civilization which leads to the rise of the next great civilization - the Greeks.

Persian War Video Persian War Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0_6zyM958Ehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0_6zyM958E

3. How would the Greeks be 3. How would the Greeks be affected after the Persian Wars affected after the Persian Wars

(490-479 BC)?(490-479 BC)?New confidence and freedom for Greek city-states

Examples1. Athens begins a golden age and becomes leader

of the 140 city-state Delian League2. Pericles and Democracy in Athens leads to a

golden age – Establishment of direct democracy, strengthening of navy and overseas trade, wealth used to create great works including the Parthenon

The Acropolis

GOLDEN AGE of GOLDEN AGE of ATHENSATHENS

(The Age of Pericles)(The Age of Pericles) Arts and sciences reach Arts and sciences reach

new heightsnew heights Pericles reforms AthensPericles reforms Athens

1.1.Stronger democracyStronger democracy

2.2.Athenian EmpireAthenian Empire

3.3.Glorifying AthensGlorifying Athens

hnice

for 50 years 480-430 BC, Athens experienced huge growth in intellectual learning.Pericles ruled from 461-429 BC1) allowed the poor to serve, started direct democracy where the citizens rule directly and not through representatives2) tried to enlarge the wealth and power of Athens, navy was the strongest under him, trade overseas3) used money from the empire to beautify athens - without the Delain Leagues permission, paid for the Parthenon. Sparta declares war against Athens in 431 BC, bringing an end to the Golden Age.

PericlesPericles

Greek StatesmanGreek Statesman Pericles was the most prominent Pericles was the most prominent

and influential Greek statesman, and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically, during the Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian warsPeloponnesian wars

4. 4. List some characteristics of Greek List some characteristics of Greek art. art.

Classical art that addresses order, Classical art that addresses order, balance, and proportionbalance, and proportion

Greek dramaGreek drama Growth of philosophyGrowth of philosophy

True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.-Socrates

5. What does Socrates mean? How could this quote affect the people in Greece?

COMPARINGCOMPARING

SPARTASPARTA && ATHENS ATHENS

warring city-stateswarring city-states

LOCATION & GEOGRAPHYLOCATION & GEOGRAPHY inland – on inland – on

PeloponnesuPeloponnesuss

near ancient near ancient MycenaeMycenaenear coast near coast in Atticain Attica

connected connected to port city to port city of Piraeusof Piraeus

Mediterranean Sea

Macedonia

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT Totalitarian Totalitarian

military military dictatorshipdictatorship

Oligarchy Oligarchy

- 2 monarchs- 2 monarchs GerousiaGerousia

– SenateSenate 5 Ephors5 Ephors

birthplace of birthplace of direct direct democracydemocracy

AgoraAgora– Market place & a place Market place & a place

for assemblyfor assembly

AssemblyAssembly• Leaders who "swore on behalf of the city"

LAWS & RIGHTSLAWS & RIGHTScontrolled controlled all aspects all aspects of lifeof life

to serve to serve and to and to excelexcel

made by made by AssemblyAssembly

OstracizingOstracizing– to exclude or banishto exclude or banish

jury trialjury trialmany many freedomsfreedoms

6. 6. How did the Greek legal How did the Greek legal traditions contribute to the traditions contribute to the development of contemporary development of contemporary political systems?political systems? Trial by a jury of your peersTrial by a jury of your peersequal justice to allequal justice to all Need documents to accuse a person-Innocent until proven guiltyNeed documents to accuse a person-Innocent until proven guilty Voting- Direct democracy (1person 1 vote)Voting- Direct democracy (1person 1 vote)Passing lawsSpeaking at public meetingsParticipating in the governmentPaying taxesServing in the military (Sparta – life-long career)Following (obeying) lawsWritten codes of laws (begun by Solon)Pericles extends democracy

columns

7. Get an examples of Greek architecture that influenced American architecture?

MAJOR MAJOR OCCUPATIONSOCCUPATIONS

soldiersoldier merchantmerchantfarmerfarmermanufacturemanufacture

rr

MILITARY TRAININGMILITARY TRAINING

mandatory mandatory – Age 11– Age 11

harsh, harsh, demandindemandingg

cadetcadet

voluntary – voluntary – one yearone year

reservesreservestraining training was was thoroughthorough

Military Successes & Military Successes &

Colonies and AlliesColonies and Alliesall city-states all city-states

in in PeloponnesusPeloponnesus

won warwon warPeloponnesian Peloponnesian

LeagueLeague

Marathon, Marathon, SalamisSalamis

defeated defeated Persian EmpirePersian Empire

Asia Minor Asia Minor coloniescolonies

Delian LeagueDelian League

EDUCATIONEDUCATIONmilitary military schoolschool

private private tutorstutors

philosopherphilosopherss

SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSESSoldiers-Soldiers-menmen

female female citizenscitizens

foreignersforeignershelotshelots

male male citizenscitizens

meticsmeticsFemales Females (non citizens)(non citizens)

slavesslaves

8. LIST THE RIGHTS & 8. LIST THE RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS &

NONCITIZENSNONCITIZENSIn Greece, because Greece was not united, this varied from city-state to city-state.

Citizens – Men born free who owned property

Rights for citizens included1. Voting2. Passing laws3. Speaking at public meetings

Non-citizens– noncitizens never could become a citizens1. women (except Sparta) 2. Slaves3. foreigners

9. What was the role of 9. What was the role of women, children and women, children and family in classical Greek family in classical Greek city-states? city-states?

Life and family in Greece1. Families – social structure for most societies2. Women and children – lack of power, influence,

and inequality3. Sparta boys sent to military school at young age

SLAVERYSLAVERYhelotshelotsworked in worked in shops & shops & farmsfarms

worked in worked in household household or industryor industry

THE ARTSTHE ARTS

basic basic structuresstructures

beauty was beauty was wimpywimpy

no drama or no drama or poetrypoetry

classical formsclassical forms downtown prettier downtown prettier

than homethan home idealized sculptureidealized sculpture

– Represent religion Represent religion & their gods & their gods

Iliad, OdysseyIliad, Odyssey dramatistsdramatists

PELOPONNESIAN PELOPONNESIAN WARWAR

Sparta vs. AthensSparta vs. Athens

CAUSESCAUSES1.1. Competition for powerCompetition for power

2.2. No permanent unityNo permanent unity

3.3. Spartan concerns of Spartan concerns of AthensAthens

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT FACTORSFACTORS

1.1. Others helped- not just Others helped- not just Sparta vs. AthensSparta vs. Athens

2.2. Strengths- brawn vs. Strengths- brawn vs. brainsbrains

3.3. plagueplague4.4. long war- 27 yearslong war- 27 years

RESULTSRESULTS1. Many killed- entire generations gone1. Many killed- entire generations gone

2.2. Weakened power of city-statesWeakened power of city-states leads to leads to Phillip II of Macedonia arrives and Phillip II of Macedonia arrives and conquers Greececonquers Greece

3. Alexander the Great - 336 BC3. Alexander the Great - 336 BC

4.4. Hellenistic Culture = spread of Greek, Hellenistic Culture = spread of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian CivilizationPersian, and Egyptian Civilization

Conquests bring about end of independent Greek city-states and blend Greek cultures with eastern cultures to establish the Hellenistic Age

9. Explain why the establishment of a 9. Explain why the establishment of a Hellenistic Empire would be considered a Hellenistic Empire would be considered a great achievement?great achievement?

Hellenistic Era brings about advancements in trade, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and art; Alexandria in Egypt is center of Hellenistic world, which is conquered by Rome in 150 BC

The distance that the Hellenistic culture covered and the fact that it preserved and spread Greek knowledge across 3 different continents

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Alexander the Great VideosAlexander the Great Videos

Video #1Video #1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=RJNgQBhAYQI v=RJNgQBhAYQI

Video #2Video #2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=dGPYV4rKnCQ v=dGPYV4rKnCQ

Exit Ticket = Thesis StatementExit Ticket = Thesis Statement Essay Prompt for Thesis Statement: Choose One

1. Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta and their influence on Greece’s cultural development?

2. Explain which city-state, Sparta or Athens, had the best form of government that was set up to succeed over time? (Oligarchy vs. Democracy)

Documents

Classical Civilization is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations