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Class 4 Current Weather Intro to Satellites

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Page 1: Class%4%CurrentWeather%paoc.mit.edu/synoptic/courses/12.310/assign4/... · Inmeteorology,the%3channelsof%GOESwe%use%the%mostare: 1.%Visible%(VIS)% 2.%Infrared%(IR)% 3.%Water%vapor%(WV)%

Class  4  Current  Weather  

Intro  to  Satellites  

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There  are  two  main  types  of  weather  satellites…  Polar  orbi5ng  •  Orbit  longitudinally  •  Pass  over  the  poles  •  Al;tude  ~  850km  

•  Great  detail  of  meteorological  and  non-­‐met.  features  

•  Only  capture  a  few  images  of  a  par;cular  loca;on  per  day  

Geosta5onary  •  Orbit  directly  over  equator;  sta;onary  w.r.t.  Earth  •  More  images/day  

•  36,000  km  al;tude  –  less  detail  •  US  has  two:  GOES-­‐E  and  GEOS-­‐W  

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There  are  two  main  types  of  weather  satellites…  Polar  orbi5ng  •  Orbit  longitudinally  •  Pass  directly  over  the  poles  •  Al;tude  ~  850km  

•  Great  detail  of  meteorological  and  non-­‐met.  Features  

•  Only  capture  a  few  images  of  a  par;cular  loca;on  per  day  

Geosta5onary  •  Orbit  directly  over  equator;  sta;onary  w.r.t.  Earth  •  More  images/day  

•  36,000  km  al;tude  –  less  detail  •  US  has  two:  GOES-­‐E  and  GOES-­‐W  

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(Polar-­‐orbi;ng)   (Geosta;onary)  

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In  meteorology,  the  3  channels  of  GOES  we  use  the  most  are:  

1.  Visible  (VIS)  

2.  Infrared  (IR)  

3.  Water  vapor  (WV)  

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Visible  satellite  imagery…  …senses  reflected  solar  radia;on  (visible  light)  …approximates  the  albedo  (reflec;vity)  of  objects  •  shiny  things  "  bright  white  (thick  clouds,  ice  sheets)  

•  less  shiny  things  "  not  as  white/light  grays  (wispy  clouds)  

•  not  shiny  things  "  dark  grays  (land,  water)  

…can’t  be  used  at  night  

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Blowing  desert  sand:  link  Smoke  from  forest  fires:  link  Fog:  link  Developing  thunderstorms:  link  Clouds  or  snow?:  link        

Cool  things  to  see  on  visible  satellite  imagery…  

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Infrared  Satellite  Imagery  

•  Senses  infrared  energy  emibed  upward  by  ground,  clouds,  etc.  

•  Objects  emit  infrared  energy  according  to  their  temperature  – Higher  in  the  atmosphere  =  colder  –  Closer  to  the  surface  =  warmer  

•  Brightest  whites  =  high  clouds  •  White  or  light  gray  =  clouds,  snow  •  Dark  gray  or  black  =  land,  water  

Images  may  be  colorized  to  show  more  detail  

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Things  to  see  on  IR  satellite  imagery…  

Thunderstorm  development:  link  Arc;c  airmass  moving  over  snow-­‐covered  ground:  link  Hurricanes  vs.  midla;tude  cyclones:  link  In  this  class,  we’ll  mostly  just  use  this  to  look  for  clouds:  link  "  Feb.  2013  Nor’easter    

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Remnants of subtropical storm Andrea (May 11, 2007)

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Visible   Infrared  

22  November,  2011  

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Water  Vapor  Satellite  Imagery  

•  Water  vapor  absorbs  and  reradiates  preferen;ally  at  a  par;cular  infrared  band  (6-­‐7  microns)  – WV  imagery  shows  this  band  

•  Detects  WV  in  the  middle  and  upper  levels  of  the  troposphere  – Why  not  LL?  Because  ML/UL  usually  have  enough  moisture  to  obscure  LL  moisture  signal  

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Water  vapor  satellite  imagery  can  help  us  see  dry  slots.  

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Water  vapor  satellite  imagery  can  help  visualize  moisture  advec5on.  

July  2-­‐6,  2013:  This  plume  of  deep  moisture  contributed  to  heavy  flooding  in  the  FL  panhandle  and  southeast  AL!  

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Water  vapor  satellite  imagery  can  even  help  us  see  turbulence.  

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Most  importantly  for  us,  water  vapor  satellite  imagery  allows  us  to  visualize  the  large-­‐scale  flow  (even  when  there  are  few/no  clouds).  

12.310  homepage    Home  "  Remote  obs  "  Satellite  "  USA  "  WV  "  L-­‐12