Class XII History Delhi 2009

8/2/2019 Class XII History Delhi 2009

1/19


2/19

1. IPART-RIS e l l' :l in W ! ~ J

A1.lmeralJJ' tJtl'~~ ojt lu:: f( l l lmviIJ ig qll~!l().~ iQ.6. D~r;i l t l l l briiE~'f1ybl,lliw~he cC!l !h!\~ ~f cwa f t pW iE ld iu .d i' ll ln :< 1 re ide!!l!tifil~d, SI\ns. Arcnlleoll(!gislS u~ui'l~.lyIQokfOi~tbello ][o willg ~

(a) ~w. m3ter~f l ls -5Uic l1 as ~ tO ine , .shdls S i I U J ! .copiper 'ore(M Too~s(~l' U l 1 if in i sh . ed a b J 'e c l: S .fej.~I~ illldW

a Ver"! iO l iU legen l a s ,(e) Lifera;ry :SQ'!!IflC'e:i riO[ dillS p.~r iod , ~ r n d u d l e ~hC!worKS O i f K:"aU:!ssa and VLs l: ta .k llada(I .:a ,.

Q ,a ; . EX i p] a. i: n ~ I iIW in t !ll~ : U: ~s ~ , r ~j 'SI~l i I l1 j ! l ' i~ :n i ,cUlhs d! ! 'vC\ l~pcd a rr (! lIm d U !J I~ \ ' :aF~O' I . I !S II .V i ll l t :aE5 tlif tih~d~. 5

A ! l IS . G u ) 11'1 < l i : ; J . l n O l . v ~ sm , Vishnj~ "vas w ; o r & : b l l 1 ' p ' o o as thepr i l l tc: iJ iaJI dd t) \ c . n I~ l :Sdovo lop ! :" {lM {MJ i Ii l. d . t he var ious: a v atMs' o r i [ l c l 1 !m . a t : t t : : l J ~ o f tbi's d e ,H :y . .(h) l 'en~v\a1"alf! l h i l ve been. k!em' i f t red ~ :o,m ~ be lieved W mak e l h e ir E li pp e a ra nC e t o $ i l~e . th e j, !! !' o Il 'M

whene'!,l 'erit~ ~hre iOlJ te l1ed 'b y e;YII f tu l;es. Ma:I l Iy .(l f~ l 'Ierri l navebeel i l

(b) i : a in . i t i i$ ~a id j em.p .h :as i~ ,01'1 eq;ua~i~lit \Jf aU I:ulllm3n b~ i li l. gs 3 I I id ' : lJ . lo~ i c l b:iJthllIl~11I1 aJJll:lwoilllulnro 'I~~o r d ; ' l . u n d i . . "

.{c} Itbe ! i~~ i n~ l iI c OO I ' l: ~P t afK:anrt l l ' i l . l ind l ' l1cfIl f ' l )nl , e : ! i ' d . !1:ot!(l : -Olld!W:l l th e ess te s y . ] ) ~ m h e H e \ i 'T I f I g . . t l l lm'" p~~"O.ni!ibornin~o apa~UCU i la r ~ r \1 : ; ;I l: )CO- l' d .i n g~g !i ~ deeds b~1 i l : 1 C ~rev~ow.> br~h+

(ti) Acc(lr,--diTl~ 10 J~ :i [! j~m . e V $ !} 't lt ti lt lg pO :S ;[ jl~ S ~S I i f~" ' l lv,t i !1!Isll(l!'lIlS, ~ \9ck ;s ! I [ I c l i Wfi I . 'M, . PUl ims~ 'C D'H 0 1 ' l - l i n j ' ! l 1 } ' lOHving things wa:s.fue' can:i]rla~]lrim~,i~;leo . fJa il1: rsm . ADW td frng I t) M a M v l .' I' < .I . s a ly a ; ~ t( ) rn 'o r ' fi re e ti om ( [- om ti w e ye ~e o f bi~ ilItd cl!~th J~ [h e m an n go a l o f lU rc . th is eM b e a da ie vc d.,~h:r_oU!l.Ahijm'sL' I and ~ eV l!: 'I '~ atf lJ>~~rit ies b . m s e d en . s e l : f ~ d e : n i a ! . p crn lllfic e a nd ' m t e . ~ f t a ~ n . ( l n , .ee l A ttl.ll~a . i l : l i h ad ttl ~ake[iveO:wE; . i . e "

To a bi5 lO l~ J1 fr-om km in.g;., TQ o b s e r v e ce~. ib_acy, 1'0 ' 3 . b : s t ! i i n ! i l f r om s~Ii,~li'lg.., 1'0 . -aibs ta~nf :rom. Iykig,., 10 9 J b S . U l . I I ' if oom p 0 5 s iZ ~ ! > in g p ro -p e r w

.3SZ ~ ~ His.tory l ( ; K l l J


3/19

A lub "e ,' al'y tw,(J , f ij 'i fu ! ; Jo l {o l rVing quesJiolJs :(!i. to ., W h y d id ,A b,IiIJ ~F;a ii! ldlcscrib'~ r the , f~! I !Jdre:nnue :a~"~:remIll!UeIfQtjio,~~f ! ! i;ov~f\e' j :gnlty'~? ' i f ' : : tp la i~I .5" A n s . (a) T h e M .u g~ :a !ls be lie ee dln the D Irv :in lf! J Ri.g I:~mf K in gs hrip . t h a t Hae i : f ' [plower c a m e , d lr ec 1~ y ffon:'!

G. ed . One !o fth e I,e se n~s ,o fte n qtlo 1e d to p r , C l Y e the,if po, int wa s t~i3I[ gffhe Mongo ,1 , c J : ye !c :m AiantJuOiwh o wasin'llpregn!.!lte:d bya r'!l i .)' o f s u l i i I s h w r o e : . T h e ' c h i l d sh e b o re had~lils,Djv lm~ l~ghu and p'El.sscdr u t one ' f fOi iJI ,generat ion t(). Q,ene~at~ol i l .

(b) Abu '] P a z] p la c .e ~ M u g ha ~, K i n gsh ip a s Ith e M i 1;h estEluation in , th e h ie r a r c h y o f ob j e c t s r c e e l v l ng~ 1 1 : g h . tCIO~,iing f r o m G od . It w as th e~ ir r .s . l isu f i S ain t S h ih a-b udd in Suhr :aJwady w ho f i r s t b c l~ c vc dt h a t there was , 1 1 1J l i 1 e r , a r c h : y ]n w h rn (; : h D .i v in t: : H g h t w a s ~ r a n ~ m i t l r t e d ~D thel(ing. T h e king thenb ee am e th e so ur c e o fsp .l . r i tu a ] gu id :M l i~ e f o r h ls . s u h j , e , c t s . ,

(:c) C o 'n :s e . q u e m l H y f r o m t h e s ev e :n te e n fu cernutry o n w a r d 's M u : g h a J . a n i s l : S ' b e g , a n . t o p o r t r a y IClnp"CJ()rswe a r i n , g t~ e h a lo w ld c h w as sup ,p o se d 10 1 .SYl l l lbonze U~ l e H g h t Q f G o d .

(d) S o . n r 'C'i:gl1!Jrj a e cc rd in gto th e : M ugh ld s, WalSil i . secial contract the: ~tl'ilg's dUlly w a s to pretee i th eI l i f e : p r o 1 p e r t y , . h o tn :o u r a n d ! f s . i i t : h .Q I f ' t h e ] r S lYb J e c : : ~ s .

(e) ~n J r e n n n th e pe op le ih a(h o obClyrbe .K i ,n g a n d h e wasen th . led~Q a . S~a:r l i l ef ' the CIQi lmt : ry~: ; resources ,T h us : a: cr or di ng $ 0 . Ab u ~Fazl land rev enue was a . ~r ,emun el 'a tl o 'O l o f SO l v e l J l ' i Cigl1l:ty'.Q;; ' II . IDe.s(l:riinc " ~ c \l 'a r i~ ty o f ta ,s ik s ~n v o~ ' V c d ~ t J l J c:re.ati ion Qfma l l u : s c r i p t s du.lf~ngth,e n i ,gn ,.o f U~t

MI!IJ~hals. 5A llis . . (aJ M u g h : < J i . 1mal!f iI t l lScffpls wer e pn:u: l ln: i( ! ,d inl fl e i rm p e r ia l k i t a b k h a n a . , An.umbe:ro(IPi6ople wer e . i l r lvolvcd

in ~ h i s : prooes :s .'(b) 'a p ef m S !k e :r s,n 'l iP a ii~ d th e f o H Q 5 , of~hem ( l j m : l ~ : s c r i . p ~ ~~nd c a l l i H g r a . p b e n . 3 i Olf ; s c r i b e s - e op i ed th e f e x t .

T he g H dte r,stiJ,sk w as teil l h :uu in;~re th e p 'I lg e : !l , . p a i [ 1 !H ~ e r S i l l~sU'"aed sc e ~e sf ra n; 'l~h e te 'X .t,fI'liI"d th ebcukb.inder ,gav 'l : Ihema l luscdp~.an .o ! l. t1 !ame l ]!wJcov.e r.

(c) Th e fii l11iisbiedmanusc r i p ,f was - a work o f i n te l le c tu a l weal th . f lnd beauty, It showed the pio't ' i t :e .r J'irspa tro n, :lh e M ugh a:~ em pr.:fo r wh ow8.S ,a ,b 'le to br.~ng~'stlc:ha C{l ' l l l l .pJex tfl!)k 10 :ffniil,i,on.

. (a) S om e of the p eop "~ e iiltlv ,o.lved i n p r odu .e t ~o li :lo f I l'IJ ln us cr ip rs \ '\!',e r,e hOl i i loured. Cal l ig r~yphy \,v(!JSc o r n si itl ,e r ed a s t. i ,I~.l fgrea~. j,llI'Ip'iIi1f1!nCe a n d h e n c e C a l l igrElphe:rs we re h e ~d in h l g h esteem !iI~ we,:rcP , : d l ! : l ~ e r s . Howe v e : r a t , h e [ s n ke p a p e r 11 i l I a k . e r s a n d b o o k b ]n . d c r s r e m a ;in : e d a J n o J 1 J . y n ~ os '.

f e ). C aB i g r a p h y w as p ra etlse d u sin g (U fJ e re n t 's ty le s ..A k b a r ) ;. f a v o u~ ['i te . s : t y l ! e wa! l . th.e n , : ; l , s t a Ii tl . a O u.iids~~ c 'w ~th ~Q n g, h or iiz~ ;n lta l slrokes; . It was. w.r,itrel1l u~s iQg a pie c e o r 111 " immed re ed c1l.1ed qa iaJllfldipped ill:] carban in k (s iy a h i),

Q. l l , ~pJ: a. jn .w li !l Y 'Q a n d. b~ .r W : i ! J : S ' ~ bQ "DC o f !o::o'nbl::nt1io!l1l.dwe,eli l the,,s;a:f:a.v-.b:Jis a l n d th,~ M.ugh : . ; l . s . .5Ans" (~ lMugb ": al p o H de s sougtit v e e n sure 'th e safety oftheirfro~]tielrs"to p ro m ro t!e tr ade : a ad e n sure ~~fc

pass!; l :g~r lJl i : l l1icrch!! l : : I~sal l :d p ii l :g r im~, .(oJ' Tli : le~1ir~!!a,t jol' i l! iwith Ir,a m on d T ur~n h in ged..o rn ma:inta.iningel'ffeC'ti;,fe'co:mr()]AJVer th e nor~lh"'t"s~frG',1iUer':for :s,trSli,egiG as we] la~ econ.omlj,c r e a s en s , 1 ' : 4 erth of Helrarl th e H ~n dukas hm QUnla iu sbecome less fo rbidd irn g glvt"ng fore lg n ~ r n l ' v a d e r , s ' .ea~y! loc,es! te N orlh I l td i . 1 1 .

(e) T h e MU !gID tla ~:s,a ::v eaJwa .y.!u~edto w ard. o R 1~~ i spotent ia~ da l~~e r b Y C O 'l 1 l t ra U i n g . the g:W[i) l i : lg] ,COlJ i (POS . l i S o f .K ab u ] a n d Qandl3ihar.

(d) Qand a h~ r \ M la l isQB:HimpodaJnt trade c e n t r e ,and mefcha f l ts f r o . f I I :3,I!IovlJ;:rAsi , 'a flocked he re ande .xcha :n ,ged t l! l< e : i, r cQ i m m a d i t ies.th ~ IS iCO In :tm lo f Qandahi :li !i was . .. f v i t a ] i nlipOFi[:iinceror th e M u gh a ls. ,.

(e) T ho ugh . r e e n nq uered ' I t l y A k ba r i n ~,$9 :5 , rue P~c rsw an sc ol:W (b m edto !lj,ta :k le i l : a tm to Qandah~ . t .F in aU y lin 1,6 22 Q a .n Cia ha rw oo b e s i , e , g e d and c o . n q u e . r e d by t h e p e : r s i i , ! ! I l s .


4/19

Sedi!On-HIAI,M'JHI' an1 ' t l, 'r e:e o f th,e [ollun'itlg qtttlSlfiO,"s ,:

Q . 13 ., E :'l l ,p ,E aiiDw o r ea so n s f o r tb e fa i l , I IR o,ft l l!e Permanent,Settlement o ,H be la n d , revenue, inlrodiuccdby th , e B ri t, is h , in 8e :n g~I. S

Ans. (a) O n e re aso n was tha:t, a f t e r 'I . S :] (I a , g , w c u J t u r a . l prtces rose: il ilc :re asin g ~h e v alue o ,f h a r v e ' S ; E prodi1l! lcc 'Em d en la rgin g th e Benga ,~ z am i:n da r 's, ln e om e ,(b ) Bu~ b ec au se th e re ve nu e d em a n d w ,i 'js ,f lx !e du nd er th e Permarneifl ' l , Set t l ement~ th e BdHsh cou ldnot claim ,any share 0r the enhanced t n c ome .

, (c) T h e :Blr it l ish we re k e e n to m a xir n lse th eir in co m e, T he r e fb re , ' l ihey d id n o t e x te n d H i r e P e rm a n e n tS '~ fi l:1e lne f !t 'b )' ~he a reas they : !l in l il iexediA th :e l '9d l. ce~n1tUJ ry .

. C d ) M o r,e o v ,e r , th e th ~n kin g: o f th e! p o - H e y m ak e r s w a s sh a p e d by th e economic theorles of DavidR i c a r d o . A.coolI 'd,in,g to ' l U ca n ;! i an .~deasthe landowner sh e u ld b e given 0 n ly t~ e 'average r e n t 'p re v ailJin g, a t 3g~ven t ime , lfthe la n d y ie ld ed moreman the ~a,vemge!' e n t , the la n dnwn e r h ad asurp lus wh h ::h n ee d ed 'to b e ta ." (e d .

(e), If tax was not l ev i , ed , ' tIle~ncul'ti.v,mlo.rs, turned ~ntDi : " c n t i e r 5 , . Th e y wcu: ld ' t h e n nc ! ' ~ i nves t t h e i l f ', surp lus, in co m e ' i n . im p r oiv in g th e la n d's p(loduct ivUy. As, in Bleng l l l l .~he B:rit ish were n o t cmit, l lcdto ~a x ~h e .s urp lu s in come . M an y zam ln da e s tu rn ed i in m re n t~e rs ; Then~fore)t i le :Srhlsh f e l l Un ec es;sa ry to h a v e a d ~ ff et'e n lt la n d r ev e nu e sy ste m .

Q~]4. "The rumours: In 18:$7'began 0 0 1 m , ak ,e s: en se w.he .Dse en :i:n th e , eon tex t of ' fkepoliei. l i . lS pursued bY'tb e Bdti~ltl,r ro m la te 1 81:,O s." , Snp:pod y.ou: r an5-wer w m ~ evideaee, 5

Ans . , (a) Conse rva t iV '1 ! In d ie n s w e re a n g e r e d b y th e va r i ous so cle lr e fu rm s in i. ti :a te d by th e Br 1tIsn .. T h eabo l ii ti o .D o f sat ian d le ga Ustf .lgo ,fw ido wre uul:fT i,a ge were regarded a s u nw a nte d i n t e r f e r cnee ~nimnalfl social customs.lodi lan s e n t im e n t s were a ls: o h ur t by th e Ch'f jst i l ln m : i s s i ( ) l n a r : i e s open ridiic,ule o f th e ir r el ig io nan d we r eti~ a ;r fU l o ' r being; , fo rc ib :ly cO lve rr ec ! to Chris, t[ani l)r : .

(b ) In . U :S :O ,~b ego ve im ;m e nt pa s,se d the H in du pro pe r ty law under wll l i : ch even, aft ,er ca,nvert: ing toCh riis .:ia rd ty o rne could in h e r h one's ancestra l : p r o p ' c : n y .T ille pe o p le s ~ r e s e n an en r was~rdIe t fue U~ by th e M au iv ]s, a n d Bf~.hmjli1:S whos e c ry ; ' thru: t h e i rn~:sp,ec :U.v ' ereligions were jig d i lUge r c . j: o a !k e d th e i r selfish in te res ts a s these two c lasses , now l iositt h e ir f o r t r D . 1 e ri r npo r t a n e e .Re1 i g i o u s s em i men t s we r e : aJI50 h g r t b y ltl e O ' f l1da! po i ic y 0 f t ax i ng l a n d s belong~ng 't o terop le sand mo.sq~es which w ere fo rm e ,r ly exempt f r om Umati,on.

(c) wrdOalho ' lJ,sh~i w a .D te d 'to e xte nd d ir ec t British ru l e eve r ; ; I S , h~.r-geanarea a s pos:s,~bl,e in crdC:r to,e xp an d tb e m a rk e t f b r B,r i tish g~o ds. T he re fo re , h e p asse d th e D o ctr in e o f L a p s , e po J :i e y wh e r e bywhen ~he r u le r-o f's ' Juotec : t ed S ' t a t e d ie d w ith ou t a n aitl. lra l h eir~ h is s ta te w eu ld be a nn exe d bytlu ;lBrlds:h.

(d)1 Ma ny sta te s :in c1 ud in g S a rf i!:r &(1 84 8) 'Nagpu r an d l h a n s i (i 8 .5 4 ) w 'e re a n n e x ed un de r t l 1 . i s Doc t r i n e .Und,e r th~s pol ic y m a ny sm2liil l ls l a i e s ~iikeSamba' i pu r 6 fOr t$sa (1849 )" B:a~ba t (P u njab) and Ud,3I ipur(R aja JS th an ) w er e . a ~ s o ' a n n e x ed by t fu isDoc tf 'i fl !~ ' . .

(,e) O a .lh o us i ie a lso r ef use d to , r e ce gn ise 'tb e t i n e s o f m a ny e x -ru le rs lO r p ay th e ir p e as ie ns . Thus. " ( h e! i~ ie tS o ,f th e N "aw aJ lb s,of Cam aJ~h :~ . S ura t a n dth e Ra ja o f T an j o l ie -w e re e x ti n gu is h ,e d . . .H e ' a lso s tepped th e p e n s io n o f Na n a S :a h . i 'b be c a u se h e w a s a n a do p te d SOil,


5/19

Q ! r s . Examine the , ree 'omnlcndat iohs e fU~, e 'Cabinet M.i s s i on and. ex:plain (h'e n~ a S lOn 5 ' r O f ' r e j e e ( iRg thep'.IIa.Q.uggested 'by i f lu~:Ca ' b_ ,n , e * .M. i ss : iog i n 194fiby bo t .. 'Con:g:fe'ssandMQ~i mL~ague.. S

Allis. Pli"oposamso'ft]n~ C a bin ,e :tM :i:ss,io Q :(0) l nd i a ~holL1ldb e a un io n Q ir f ede ra tio n ofBr.idsh P r o v i n ' c : e s a nd In dia n states h a :'I," ]] '1 ge n tr e l o v e r

fO ire i .gn ,a f fa i rs~ de fe n ce a n d co m mun ic a tio n. A U sub je c rs o th ~1I"t h a n e e s n r a l subjects wou ld b evested In th e Prov in c e s . .

{b) ,The B,r i idshP rO 'v~nc ' e s \ \ 'Oulld b e divided i n to ' t. h ~ e groups, Or ,Q lp A cons is t ing o f P ro v ia ce shavinga Hindu m~ority, GroupS w~LhMlllsHm1 1 l U t j o . r i t y , andG.rnu .p Cwlth mixedpo:p l l : la t ion.(c ):E a c h gro up c o uld d ,r ,a f t I t s O 'W ' -f l ~Cons t . e l u t i on . A Constituent A SiS em b ~y 'W o uld b e s e t up to f r am eth e C e nstin n lo n .o f free India. Till th e C on sti tud :o n w as f r amed 'a n d a . n ew g .O v e r n m e n l .

.formed, an inrerlm gOlve r nm, en t would c ,a f! '), o u t the admin is t r , aUo 'n .C d ) T h e ' C a b in e t M lss i on sought to , make a c em p ro m ise b etw ee n th e oon fUcdng ,c I'a lms o f t heCo1 i l g r c s~

. a nd tffile:M uslim L ea g:ue ';W 1dmaLli l i t 'a in m e un~tYlf ladla, but th e Mus ,1lm i lLea ,gucc ritic ised th eI I I I a n , b e e a n s e It . r e j; e ,c re d t h e i : d l, f a o f P a k i s t an ,

Re j eet~on o t'C 'a b i , O l C f t .Miis! l l 'hmr. - .oposa I 1 s :1 ( . 0 ) . , T h e p re pc sa ls w e re n o :t a c c e p te d by 'both pa rtie s b ec ause both h ad m u tua l ly opposed

in te rp ,.r e: ta t]o ns 'o f th e p bm ..(:b) The teague wanted the g;roup'~ngto be compulso:ry with sections Band C developing 'into

strong 'e n ti ti es w ith " th e r .i gh t to secede from the, un~on li n the fub:!rc..(e) T h e C 6 n .g re ss ",'a n te d th e p roviE II :. :e s 10 b e g iv en th e r ig ht. to jo . in a p o up .. 1 1 d id n o r s up po r t th eCab~n . e tMission's {:Iari.fication that thO!Ugh groupin ,gs wcul d b e c om p u l i s , o l f y at f i : 1 " 8 1 "rJu~p rQ v~n c e

wilulfd have' the right to . ! l . e o e d l e ;mfter the~.C.ons~1~uti !onhad bee~JfinillHse,d and eleetkm s held,( c f ) TIUIS; , . b oth pa rti~s re ;je c:tiC ldlth e' C a b i n e i U M]s.s :kHl . ,S P ' f , ( ) j p ' . o s a l s maldl l ' lg p a r 1 l : w . t , i o n ~nevi 'tab]e.' Q . .U i. :H o :w WC'A th ,;,discussia .Ds wU'~: i in ni le 'C(I


6/19

(b ) H e a lso w an te d to a c h ~e 'v e n .synthe : lds be tween tlte d ec tr ie es 'o f b ;,I:a m a n d H i nd uism , a n d c r e a t e,a na !t~c :sp he re o f , g o o d w m : , peaeeand h a r m o n y " . H e b e l i e " l i i ' o o !Illntihe p u r i t y C I' Id1~f ,ac :~e . r a n dconductand was ClppolSed to all forms of dis.t i . l l ict ionsamong people.

(c) A dv 'Q c aH n g a fOlf in l ,o fo lrg un a b ha kti . h e f i rm l y r re jec ted r ib J : a W i :s U c re lwgion . , H e w a s th us a .ga l .ns tsa e r i n ee s, r jtua l b a th s. ~m a ge w orsh ip I ln d s cr lpm re s o f b o th H i nd!uism a nd Isla m ,

(d) fo r h im , God bad n Crg\e ndm ilr form, GOD , cou ld b r ~ 'r e a c h ed l : r u o w ~ V l e F by cont~l1Iuany Iie'l 'nemhe:rmnga n d repeatingthe Div i a e N'i\I!lne. i "l e i :'e 'c o m r n !e n de d th e recitation cfSatnalJl. OF i : t s true tw on am e ,H e rO re !H ev edIh a t S a tn am an d :M edita tio n c o uld le a d to s:aJIvation.

(e) IU s te a c h in gs we re sp re a d th ro ugh h is h ym ns ca lle d 'sh a b i!ld" " V ro 'lh ic hwe re c om po sed ,t n th e lo ca llanguages, H e g : m g ti es ,~ h y .m J lJ iswi,tl1 th e 3 . c ' D o m p a , i ' n i . m . e f : i ~ of : th e r ,a ib ab ., a str in ge d insuumentp la ye d by h i s a ~ le ; n dim tM (U i dam a .

(j) G uru Na n ak , o rga n ise d h is f l )~ l ,o we~ rsin to a c o m m un ity .. H e alsc se t up r u b" , fo r ce n g re g a tio n a lw orsh ip (!ia n~a t) in vo W vil1g co l l e c t i ve rcci 'Uldol1,

( g ) r " rh ough 'h e d id not w~s l h to e sta bU sh a n ew r e l ig ion a 'after h ~s deartillliniis f oUowe : r s cUs:tinguishcdt : l ' l r ~ n l S l e h l " e . s f rom l1Io tl tlH i lr ldu .and Mus l ims . Fo un de d. a rnew i i ' r e U g , i o l T I lca l led S~k.h ism.

(h J G u ru Na na k a ppo iW 1 .~e dA:n(gadas h is suc ce sso r, a pra ctic e which cOIi l6nu.c :d ' fo r nea : r ] :J t ' 200 years,U h ~m a te ly Gu ru -G ro b i,n d S in gi h ~nsJ t i tu ted th e o : r d e r ofkhll.:Jsaoll ' ~b e pure a n d e n de d th e sy . s~em o fp er so n al g u:r ush ~p .

0 1 '(~ ) T ex tua l tra di tio n s r e g a rd i n g r e lig io us, b cU eJs in c lud e a w :ide v3ti .e ty a n d a re ' w ri tte n ~n se ve ra l

d if fe re n t l an ,g ua ge s , a n d s tyWes .( : b ) They r a : r i I g e , f rom l ik e s im p l .r e, d ir ec t larnguag:e o f t l t e Vaehanes ofBasavanna to the ; O i r ~ 1 U ' l ~ ' eers ian

o f M ugil 'a [ rem pc lo r" sfo rrn al1S ..(c ) The , P l u ' , a n i o r ex ts we r ew r l. ne n i l i l l sim p le S an sk rit verse ,exp l idUy m e a n t to be access ib l e [ ,0

w orm e n a n d S.hudr,1S w h o r ,"",ere ge n er ally ,e xc lud ed f rom V edIc t eamin ,g .(d) ~ 1 1 1rde r to un de rsta nd ~ ac h typ e o h eJx t. the h i ~ t o r i l a n h a s to b e aw a re o f t h e s n bd e va r l a t : t ons in

sty~e ~hat ch!u '; a e l e rwseeach ,g, en r~.(e) Moreover, a l l t hese f r c U g : i O t u s t r ad i i t i ons continue to t 1o l i ! r i s i h eV ' e n~oday .( j ' J This ~sadv,antages:to thehis tor len as it allows th~m [0 , cmn,pan: . loOI iJ~ernpQr;ary practices w'ilh

'tb o s'e d e sc rib ed in te 'X W a~ tradit ions a n d 'to trace e h a n g e s ,(g ) A t ~h e sam e tim e, tb e se t raDiUons a r e : p a rt o f 'p e o ph ~ ,s ,i .i v e .d b e ; [ i i e f s . a n d: t!r ie -r e i s o f t:e n ~ h lCk ,o f

a c c e p ta n ce o f 1 1h e plossibi i l i : ty th at. th e se m a y h av e ' rc ha ng ed O r elr'( l ime.{II} T h e c h aUen~h i~to lr ia n :sta c e is [0u n de rta k e ; s uc h i nv e sti ga !h o n sw ith sens i t i ;v i ty w h i r le fecogni is ing,a~ t h e same t[methillM r eU g i, o.l !ls , r ra d lt io n s a re also d yn am ic a rid challg~ over time.

Qr.lS .. } lO IW wa~ Qtdt India Mo , v e ; m e n t gemd l i l l cd lY a Mass MOYem.,e lu i : i l ' E, . , :11a in" HOr

E xa m .in e th ,e ;differtnt :kinds:0" S io ur f :e :s ,l r om w h ic b, p ol i tic al ~ ;iII .r :e ero.rG,iutdhiji a n d th e :hisfoif),o , f ' t h e N a t to l u . 1 ' M o v em e n ; ~ r c o u l d b e r e eo R sb tu .c te d.A,n,s. . (a) T h e 'Q u :it In d [a w as: g en uin ely H I m a lss. m o v em e n t a s i : tb ro ugh t h un dr .e ds o r f tbousapds , o 'f o rd ~Inary

In d ~ans iflto th e N a tio na l Mov ; em~ ;n t .(.b) A s th e n ;liljo r n atio na l : Ie :aders we re J ai le d young act ivists organ ~sed s tr .i k e s and a c t s , o f s abo t age

all o v e r th e c o un tr y.(c). In th e ' unde rg ruand : re.s is : ran,ce o oc ia llst m e rn be es lUm J a ya rp li" ra ka sh N .a ra ya n w ere a ct! ' l ie .(djr ln s e ve r a l districts; suc h a s Satara a nd M ede :n ipur .i,nd'~pend~t gO"li~rn:ments w ere p ro cta im e d,(e) T h e ' B ritis h 'inturn responded w~th b ru te fo rc e y e t it took t h em . mort th an a .y e ar to supp re ss th e

re be l I lio n ..


7/19

0,.(a) We come to kIlOW abeut Oilindhijw through h is writings and speeches and that of his

cO i l1~empo~ i ! r i e s . M,aha,tma Oa1 i1dh~a l iso . r tl 'ru~ lar ]y f l iUb. l~s:hedin h is jourl ii la l l~ Hari jan l e t t e r s th a ;other wren,e.to !:Ijm. Nehru edited a. e e l l e e n o n of.let1ers WfiUen to him du r i n g the n a t i o n a lm o v em e n t a nd p ub ll i.sh .(:d" 'A Bun c h o f O l d L e t te r s ,'.

(b) A_:_nQ~herIta] source is g,ovemlll1~n~re t lOrgs : fe , r t tn~ Bdtiish kep~a. Ch l15C warehcn Oand hi';sa c ti v ii t[ es . T h e le tte r s IU J dr ep o rt: sw r ir tte n b y poUcemen a n d o th er o f f i c ta . isa r ,e n ow a c c e ss ib le toth e p ub lic .

( C ) I Y e t another im p >o rta nt so ur c e w ere ' the c om emp e r a r y newspape r s pub~ ishcd in En;g :l li sl li i as we l las the vernaculars wh ich tracked Gand :h i jPs movements , and : ' reported o n his aetlvitles, Thqyr d S Q I s ta t ed what th e o om m om il n U 1 1 n thouS,ht of . tdm.

(d) .B,ut ne 'ws:p ,aper QOC!Cilunlscou: ld be' preJud: iced or b iased .. Th is was, because t h e y were pub l i s h edby pe o ple W h o h ad ~Ile i~ row n pon l l l c~d!o pin lo ns a nd 'wo r~d v iews .

I(e) T b e s , e v iews , slU:t l~h~idV i h a t \WS plilllbli~:iillllld , i i l i n d t})i(~wa.y even t's w 'e :r !3 r e p o r r e d l . AC~(J~.m1:sp b I iis h t ! (lin a L o n d e a n ew spa p e r 'W ou ld b e d if f e r e n t f ro m a r e po r t in ,a n In d ia n nat i . ona l . i s t pa p e r . F o rexamp le the progress 'of the s lh ma r c h can be traced t h r ough an Am!e d c ' l l l l i l C fwS In~gaziac-T he T im ;e..A~ first t l h i s maga:z : ine seereed Gandh i j l P s physical a pP ,e ;llf an c e a n d we r e sceptical o rth e .sa Jt m a rc h r 'each. ing, i ts, de .-s! in ado n .U ut a s th e march ga rn e r , e d a mass ive fo J llm , vi: l;lIg . T heT ime m a gazi n e c h a n g e d ib ' i i!ttitude decJ;aJri fl i~ t h~ t th e .s al t m a r c h h ad made the ' Brit is h 'S!UU10'it le sv e ry w o r r ie d , th e maga zin e w ,e ,n ti:o n to sa lu te Gand .h~J i a s a s~dn~a n d a g r e a t s ta te sm a n .

(i)1 M o re ov ,e r () i f f i c ia l a cc cun ts ,o fte n. e xp r e sse d w ha t th e h ig jh er D ' f f i c h l l : s w an te dto b e l ie v e.l(gl. Wl l i J e be~ l ng a W , a r e o f the J l G l . s s . i i b U I t i e s a f a r e h e lH o n oc cu r r i ng , t : h e y w,oul~, ti l l l ik e to pre ' t end

'th a t n o th ~ ng 'w as a m i s s .(h) A . study of th e fOiftRiighfly r e p o r t s of the D aD di M a rc il sh o w s th a t fh e H o m e ' D ep a stm e n t w a s

un wiU fn g to b el ie ve t h a t oa n d li m , jli ;s , , a c ~ :h :m 5ba d e v 'Ok~d I O : Y en t ,hus ia s t i e r e~p ,onse ' f r om th em a s s e s . T h e m src h w a s se e a a s n il d r : a m a o r a t. d e sp e ra te ,e f fo r t to DlobiHse p e o ple w ho wer eu n w w .1 U .n g to r is e a .ga in s : t t h e 'Bd~tsb.,

( SO'UtiCC' B'used' QIfI !S, 'ioI1r~ ).Rl!ud i,he giV'(!n ex:tr:(lC(s etlreftdly lmd tll,fS'!,J'er tl,,~ questi tms (questinNS 1910' 21) thai /tlllmv z

~.9\" Ulow'~o~dd, men and wOlnc j l ~liI:::lqie wea. l l i fh ? 'P ;o r m e n l th e M an usm r itl d e c la r e s , th ere E I r e s e v e n m e a n s o f a c c q u l . r ; i n g we e l th : i l n h e : r . i 1 3 n c e , find,ing., p u r~b a s e " c~onqu j , ~~ ; i n . v e 11~ tmen ;wo r kend a c e e p t a n c e cfgifts f r o m go od people,F o r w om e n I there are s : i xm e a n s 0" a,oq!lll.i.dngw ea Jth ; wha t was glv e n in :fron'lloftbefi:re (mar:r lag le ) '0rIh e bdda l l p, rooess . ion . o r a s a t c :keo ofa f : f e c ! t : i c l i n J,M d wha t sh e go t f rom be l ' bm:Lhe : I ' , m o th er o r fa th er ;She' cot :] ld a~so acqu i n : ' WleaJtbd1f1o~gh an y s u ll :! :s .e 1 q :u e m t ~ i t t : a n d w .lta ~ ey er he r "a:!i iecl tiol later l ' hus,bandmigh t gjve he r .(11 E xp l .a in th e m e a n s h ow m en couldacqeire we a h h , a c c o sd in g ~o ~ 'a n U 5 m liti . 3(ii)..!x pla :in uh e m e an s , o f , a c J q ' u ~ r r u l 1 l g'we a~ t h by ' W o m e n . : z(iii) Sxp l , a i n th e resu[ t of~av.ng differenit 'ways o f acquEr ing wealth by m .e n ;a n dw o :m :e n . 2,(ill) D o you a g r e e \ , \ i t h , sueha dl iv~s l \onof acqui t r intg wea l t h or n o t ?O iJv 'e o ne f '


8/19

0 ' 1 "T b ' e ' m O i S t an ,de 'n t sys : t em Y J e , t diselvlG:redi

A bo ut 'th e d~aAin:s,M a c k a y n o t e d , ' ; ~ 'I I i s c c r t f l i . i : n l y th e m o s t ' c o U 1 l P h : : t e a n c i e n t system a s y e t d i s c ov e r ed , "E v ery , h ouse w as oonnecte4Itol~bes.treet dr , a ins . The ma . fn " channe . s ,wen , l m ade o f b r ic k s se t in m o r ta ra n d w e re covered with m o o se b ric ks th a 't c ou~d b e re m ov ed fu r c~ e an i ng . , ' E n some eases, [ im e sm n e w asu se d l i :o rth e co v e rs . House dra lss f i r st empded h ~ ~ o a sump o r cesslIl,i;r in to wh i c h so l :b ;1m an er ~ett ledw blle w as te w ate r f l Iow Je d Q ur m l J l l ~ o h e , s tr ee t d ra in s. Ve r y long draifll~ae, c h ann e l~ we r e p l rQv~ ,ded :a l' i n t e r v a l s , wj'tih s u m p s rOf 'cl'eani,ng,. lt i : s a w o n d e r o f . a r c n a e o l , o , g ym a t ' ' ' U u : I : e he i l tps ,o fmate t i . a~ , mos t l ysa nd . h av e f r e que n tly belen f o u n d l y i . n g a l c n g $ . l d e , d r a in a g e eh:annleJs.' lMhI~c:h, sh ow s . . t l : 1 i a ! tth e debr i swas n o t a lways . ca r t ed a , w a y ' W i l l' E : nthe d:l lJn w a s , e le a r ed " sF ro m E rn est M ac k ay . Ea rl y I ndu s Civifi:sali:r;1f1 1 .~ 948 .Ura . in a . g e ~sys te l :i l 1swe re n a t un ique to ' 'th e , i a r , g e r c iti es ,! b ut w e :r e fo un d m sma .~I . e r s e ; U ~ e m e T l t s a s w ell.A t lo th a l fo r ,~ xam p le .w h U e h ou se s w e re buil t o f m ud brick s, dra i l i l l sw 'Cre ma d e e ,f bu rn t bric ks ;(~ ) E xp la ,in th e' a nc ie nt d rn ~n a:g;e :system of the Ha r a pp a n s . 4 .

1(U,) What -a re d 'le , adV :3 it il! tagesof covered d r : a~ns '? :E~p Lain. .:Z :Ans . (I) M en c euld acqui re wea~ th through the i r own e f ( 'O i t s. ,j ,e . , t h r ough conquest~pur c ha s e , i n v e s tmen t

and work. They we r e alse e nd t l e d to i n h e r i t i t h eweanh and prope r t y o f th ei r f a th er ,(ii)Women were denied such a v e n u e s a s th ey cou ld . 1 : i I ' 0 1 : i f l he r i l property nOT work ~o c r e a t e tllcir

o wn w ea lth , 'f h e :~1 i 'aoquiliinglMe'a:hh w a s d ep en d en t.o n W:h :a tt .h ey go 't lT 'om . th eir fam ,U i,e s a tl ~h et im e ,o f mar : r i . age a n d th e re a 'f \e r: . G ifig f rom r e l a t i 'N~Sand h usb a n ds w e re th e o th e r m ea n s ofa.lc:quirin;g wea lth ..

(1ft) T h e d i.: ff -e re n o e I n th e W i . l! y weal:t hwW:i a c" ul~ red m ea n t th ~t wom e n were dependen t o n l :heirfa m U ya ll 'ld h usb an d, a !f ld th is afifectc'd th eir se cla l sta tus. 'Unabh: t, o indlepcm.denUy acqu i r e 'W e . f t . h hm ean t 'th at they l~ad , a f : ! i i r l f e r i o r soc i : j l I ] s t i l : t u s .

(Iv) I do n o t a gre e . I beUevle ~n glfnder e qua lity a :l ld b cU ev e, ~I'm : twomen , shcndd ' b e : 1 1 , l l o w e : d t,o,h a v eequa l tl lpportuni .ties . to 'p ro :g re ss i n l if e . .

0,(0 [Uahr~.ge sy s,tc 'l l : Ew'l)' 'hOUli ie 'was 'cc\l]n.ected to street drains..The,Met drains we r e covered

wlth loose bdcb tihat coulid be ren;ttoved 'or c l ,ean ing , . Hnsse Q.rah! is.f irs.! i. em pt ied h'ilOS,.'SUlnp orc essp it in to w h ich so lid m a tte r set t led a nd w as~e w ate r tlowedinw th e str e et d ra if ls . .S i ! J i c h dra i rmgesys tem s w ere non : o n ~yot i Il il id in M oben j a dam bu t i, n sm alle r s ettle me nts , a s well,

00 The lo wer town consisted o'r'the res ident i :aJ areas, The houses, hn r.'I;i\eva :rk~ :d in size from sm allor le . .r oe rned hau~es , '~obIg sp~c ious home - oS .Th e y were buil~ fbrick s_ Um e an .d 'gypsum , In orde rto m ee t th e da n ,g~1 i of f loods . , th e h o use s w e r - e b u i l t o n ra ise d p ' [ a i~ fo rms a n d g e n e , r . a H y h a d a nu pp e ,r s to r y. R o o m s , we r e ,gcll ' lemlty bum a ro un d a n o p e n o o u r t y . i 1 J I l f d wh I c h w a s th e h ub I O . f a llhou,se:holdact1vl'[Ies,p'!1IrlicUllar:ly d t l r ing th e h , a t and dry wea~h,eli ' . In an at t ' e1 l1,pta tp . r l \ i ' ac}~ , I n ow in dows we re 'fo un d ~ 1 f I I th e ' N a n S a t gro un d le ;w !:i ln or did th e m a i n e n 'l ra n c eg iv e a d i r e c t v~ i ewo fth e in te rio r or th e .c o ur tya rd . & v e ry h o use h ad a W ieU~b a t h r o om a n d we re p ro " , i :de d '\:vith c o v e r e dd ra tns w hich connec ted w i,th the street dra ins "

(im C ov e red dra in s p~ev'enl[mosqu i :ws from, b fe ed 'i :n g. It a li so IItre,vents, ni~sfl i '(l lmcQUectin,g h ere a .1i ldspread ~Ag, diseases,

35,87~ ~ IlisLO.ry (XlI)


9/19

.A b u" l F a :z :~giv es a v i v~d a oc oun t o .fA kb .';s: da :r lb ar :W h 'f . ; n e v ew H is Maj~5! ty ( .A k b i J Iw ) h :D ~ d s c ' \ )u l1 ' ( d a i: 1 b a rJ a !a r g _ e d ra m l s b e a l -e n ,~ : h e : s : o ~ ! I l d s O 'f w h ~ c h O~l.fC:a C " " C 1Q l I T : i I i p a o E e dy D i v l l e p r r t i l l i s - e . I n t h i s m a n n l e r : t p l ~ o p l ! e o f a ] ila s s es i te o e .iv is n O il~ ce . H is M n j e s ( y s s o n si ! l l1I :dgrandlchi.~dr:C'.n.~.t i le gUf l ldees o h b e : Coun , and : aU'o ~ h e r m e : nw h o have a d m . w U a 1 l i c ~ ~ a : l 1 l ! e l ' D l d to ;m aketh e ~Gm i 8 h~ .B ln dr e m a ~ n .$~an-di.ri lg.n~iJIe, i rp t O 'p e T ' p l , i ! i c e s . le a:r.n ~d m e n c f renown and. sldlful mec h : : : l i f i l i c " s:Il i l iythcir ~! i "OC~S. ; and.~heoff leezs o.fJllUl,l:j 'oe ]l ' fes1e:ll it tncLIi re pe ets ..llis M3J!esl ' i l~ with Ids , usual ~ l i i s i g h r s "g i, v ,e s o r :d e rs~ a n d s e tt le s e v e r y i l l d l B , i n . a s a . l : i s m c t o q r m a n n er . D u r~ rn g th e whole [ i m r U l ' t s.klIfll lI. g~.adia~olrsa!nd\WIe:.s~~e ' rs" f O O i m l aU eountries hO,ld l h e n : t l l ! e h i ' e ' S l inrea:d1i 'l1!ess~andsing,eir.s" ma l e m i n d femele, a tr e , i nwa it~ng ,. C~e ""er juggl,ers anid i f U ! r : l I ' " : Y t.ul i t lb~er,s:a~slC!:reilll'ilKi.ol:!ls,[O e:xhi:bit t ff lle~r dexter ity a n d ag~I i ty .

'V ) Exiplam ma~ n aC I ~ v ~ t l e s a k i . n g plseein th e D ' . a r b a r o fA k b a r ~ 3(IJ) &4pla~n di f fe : ren , t "li~r:rn~.f'saluratien 't o ~hel lJ I , e f .

1 ( : f l . O H ow d f dE m lp ,em r b e g i n h is day? EX , p ' l a w r n .0,.

Tbe SYSICI ID o r va I 'P : asThis , is A]~B~run,i is IS;CCI0 I . . ! 1 Q t (If~:he iysW fm lo 'f v am as :T h ~ h m g h e cste as~ e 2 1 : ' , e 'th e Hrahma i f i i : t , o if wh cn :lI~ he b oo k s o f~he .~,in :d us te l! u s t !ha t . t h ey we re c r e~uedf i 'o im t b e i be ad (If B , r D i h m a n . A nd ,a s,~e , f l . r i l l~ m a : n w sG in~y "o i lhe :r m ; ) a : n i l e ~ Q rth e , f "O n ~ec a l l i ed n a t l L l f J C , and !tb e h e a d ls , th e highe :s t ~ P I~ r E 0 1 1 '~be. .. . , body , th e Bra~an,a a re ~h e, c h oic e p~d ,o f th e w h o lie ,gen.us.1(',bereill 'oretib~Hindus ,tons~der~h~m as t~e ve .lY best o f m i 1 n l ' t d . n d .T h e ne .rt eas ree re [)he Ks,h . r i . y a l, c , ; y b , o wel le , c re a r t: O O . la s t h ey s a y . f f lomthe .8 ihouhi ,e f :sa~d h a n ds o fB,f ab im a n . T h ei r dlei l j ree is no t IUl lu :h belew ma t e f ~be B:r a hnul l1 lJ a .After i the lm. : fQUoW th e Vi l shy a . 'who were cre l f ( ied ' F r om l h e~h ig ;h 0 fBra1bm an , T h e ' S h udra wh o wereC I~ e1l l~ ,e dmm ~~.steeLBe tween me h lln fe f tw o e l as .s :~S: .h e r e i s .n o v e ry gre a t d i s~ance .Muc ;h~ h ~w e\lle r~ a s ~h ese , e l ~ l SSCS ,d r i r " ( : ' f& o : m l e a c h e : th e r , th e )! n v c : to! ,e t i le : r f f i n ~ h , e s am e t o :W i n S a nd l v .iUage s , m i xe d to ge'It -i(ll' ~!flth e same t l o : u : S l e , s( li nd ~odg ings .(~1'B x p l i i 3 i h i l l AJ-a i: rU l~ i .s ~JCl tountafli ie 'sy.stem o f v a m a s .(h l D 'o y o U . t l . C I ! I ; I : s i d l e l l 'h m s type O I f div is ion. j u : s r , i . f i I ~ d 7E;x:plaJrn with r e a s o n s . .

(i ll), U a :w was th e s ys ~em l 1l io il :q ui te r Ig id in th e ~ea,1lift ? ' Explain.

. 4

An~s. (i) - l 'Witek: ing , conducts th e pr,imary business e f h is gev em m en r wrnth e D a rb ar . . Hese SlilltiC" 0 ffite i a : l spre .Ren~ed rep ' t l l r~ iSa n d m a Jde : r equeses .A:A:e r ~h~s ,i ~s ,dene, sk i r n f u ~ g[aJdiato:rs l and wJ ! \ es t l , c l V ,S f ro~i I1d:ift'ef!entcc:u[litrjecs s f t o w t l u = i : r prawess. M aJe and fem ale sin.ger.s arnuse wi.lhthek me lod ruous\ i ' I O ~ c e s . Ju gg ~& r s e x h ~b:it l tJe i r d ! e X w r i t y a n d 1 t li J , U ~ ~ ,(it) The form~ 'G fsa ,l ll it at~gn .to ~h .e: ru~cn'ndicated~e persons st3!tl:lsi:nW.e hie ra rc hy : d e.~ p er prf ;s iJ~t iGnr e p r e s e n t e d h i~ jh e : r . s m t lu s . A l a rm o f c e r . e -: . .m o n ,i a .: la l umdo n w a s t h e K o rn is h W l w .~ j, c : h ~ h e c i o u r t i e rlp'~ac'edm e p a l m ,ofh ls r i & l t t h : a : n d , aga[ns ' t hi lS ' fon ' :he:Fl~a o d Iberrut~~sbe~d.The hi ;ghe .s t form Wass i j d a IQr c u m ! p r n e , t e p:rostratj 'OIn. U n d : e : r S h i . ! l h JaJiloo. ~ h e s e werefepracied w U : h c . h a t J a r tast lm and: z : a l 1 l l b i n o s {k i is s ing H1 li I~g rou li ld ) .

( iU}T i l l e le, "pero:r~s dii: 'Ybeganl1l l t lffilee n c k o fda .w nwh e n b e ss ld his.p:r.ay~.r!i.N'9:t h e a ppe@ jn ~d on as m a U ba~oDnye a l ~ e d li le , J J m x o jk ,a i,H e fi t a [ a r - g ~ c ro w d ,a w a i l l~ d h is d a rs h a n .e T h e : J lh a W i o k h a d : a r s ~ ~ a , n : _in tro d~ c~ d b~ Akbar ~{)ugh~ to b:r'Oii ldenacoep~~nce 00 imper ia l ! ,a il li th 'C lr j~y .


10/19

OrW f a ) A I-Bi '~ ru l'l li ,J sd,esCiri!pdon o f U T J i e caste s y s t O O l J was ~ti ln .u ienc~db y h is s t u , d . y o fS an sb it te x ts,

!h:us l h e h r i 'sbes! t e a s te were m e ,BraltooMls, u.~he-y \"'(lr ,eC!!'e a1e d from ltle I"u :lilc l0 f th eBrahHla ins .~.(b) The .Kshatrryas were th e next ,c as te , c re : M ! e d .f ro m . [h e :s lilo ul.d e.r ili a:ndbands o f (he Br,81hlIUtn.T h e V ~ : is hy asa li ld Shudres were, created fr0,rnllh~ th igh ! a ru l f e e t o f th e Bm : ~m a nresJH; :c1t iely .

(c ) H e : s.o ug~ t to , u n i C I J e r s t a n d l l e : ~n ;d~a :n c a sre system by . ! !01ok ing fo r piara:~1!~lg ~ n o l h e rs!Ilcietites" Not~rlg thatanc . jentP,e[:S~al1l SQc i l~ [ yY . i ' a :S : d li vi .d ed im t(r [OUf c a t. eg or l,C S he realizedd])a~s~cia] d~v,is,iol '1wa s n o t unIque to lJ id~a.

(d )Bu. t d ~ e s p , i ; t e a !o c ec lJ lfll]:gh e c u re s y~ ~ em h e w a s a ~ u J : n : S f th e l o t i o n ef poUu l km . , f t lCb e Ji e v ed. ~ h a~aCCQftHng te th e :Ia w.sofl iu8itJl.IIr ,eail l~hing which b e _ c o m e s , impu r e ultimate!lybe co m es [pu re :a ~ .a ~ l i l~ , 1 : : ~ l ihe . sun cl.carst i le a. i r . T h e 'COrn: lCiep~ o f soc i a l . PIOI~utie n is lh cb~d f100k o f ~h e c a ste s y s t em . T h u s Ii lc c a ste 'S Y 'ste 1m ~ : s a cc ord in g 10 . b im cOAtr~.!iY H~U lle laws 0 f n:atUlre .

r m I r i s 1 1 I i D ~ j u S ! t i . f i i e d b e e a u s e l r l is based l[inbirth a ad n o ] me r jL ~ tp lr ,e v e :n l.s a .person f r om d e : - v r c ] o r p i u gh i i s p e r , S i o r 1 i a l i t y ,~nd sdf1as ta .h: twt(Uf) l i ,QWeV,e r A m ~ B ~ m f L 1 f aUed t i C ! . f ' e l i l l . U u ,Ouit theca . ls te sy:s~~m was, n o t a s r i s : w d a s p '0r tr a_ye d ~ - n th e

S ili: ils k rit te ;x :ts .P o lf ,c xamp leme U i m t o u l C : I: U l )b . I, e s W C ! f tl ei!lpected tcprcvide i n expens ive i la:bnur topeasants and za m ind a rs . . T bu :s ,~ h oU ig h t'h e y were s o c . i a . U y oppreJlsedt 'l :iJey - Ibnli led a v~~a .: ~og inth e eCOinom lc l il le twod !: . .

1 ~ Am .b e~l{lu Q .n :s!epa rraf :e dflcit:or3,~it~~n r:espl~I1!Se~tQMa !h a rm . a (],~ ri ld h~!g )PPO iS ,W ~~o~ toh e : d emand Fo r s epa r a ti e -e]eolloratc;!I fo r 'th e D e p ro e ss cdC la -.sse s~ .A m .b cdk ar w ro te ,:H ere ' Is a c la ss wh ic h is u l1l doub t ed1y fl i o t~1 iI a PQ ~ r uU I J [ I to SliSta~1lI r u ts ,e l f in t h e strl i i lggl.e fo r e x iste ne e, Th er , e , 1g:iOIl l , to w~)i !Chl : ihey.are tr ue d,in ste :a d o f p,rovid.1inS t ihenlan~ h:ololi:ra,ble p L , ! c e . ~ r a n d s thomas ' l epers,n ot f itro 'r lc m din :a .ry .in te rc purse . Bc o~o m .k aJly . it ~s. a c la ss e n:ti :re !ly dependent upon th e h igh~c : i ! ;S l eH In dus fo r e ailin ~n gjts, da i I. y b:rei : ld win, .n o hldi lpclI ldent w~y o f rn iv in 'g opesto it. No r 3Fe , a l~ l ;v :ays ,c~o : s edb y r e a so n o ftl h e so 't: :] a ~p r e ju dk ie s e f th e H . ~ ndusbu~r h e .r e is a .d~finj~ien~mp t aU tb rou,gh o urHindu Scc ieLy tll) belt IBve:ry ~ p , o s s , [ b l l e d ,oo , s oa s liiIo t~ o allc,w th e Dlepn: :ssed (:rnaSSe:5 any !,J!PPOrl lHl ~~yor i se in th e sea le o f life.In tb ese , c i r c u m s t i ll i l1 C ; e s . it " y o u~d b e :S ) r3 il '1 te d by aU faU '~m~ndtCJdlpe fsons- t l l lat a s ~h e on ly pa th ' f o r (IIClClmmun.~t:y ! ! i t O , han .d i : c apped ~o succeed in th e S[TU,~~~e f or !liF e'. ga l n s t Qr,~ilIn ised t y r anny j s ome . ) h a rco f po l i l i ,ca .1IPGwe~r~l:iIorde r I!: illt i~ay p r (He e t . i tseUlsa pia.ramQUrn~ I ] j ee !es s .w~y . . . W Examiine- m e arggmll l r i iwg iv 'en irn favour o :f ~ epaJ "a l ree ~ e c :m r a ~ e s rO [ d c p p e ss o o classes. by D r~

Ambedkar r and g :iv e yo ur re ac tio ns , ,31 ( : U ) D e se rlb e t.h ~ !p ositio n ,ef ,~cQno.m:iea~iy dlepr r ,~ssfd c~ass .es1"(IU) Sugge~ t s om e o t h e e WU,YSE!O p ro v id e a n . hono~r ,abb~:pos :~M.on(o ,e ' P l ' i e s s . e d classes,

O rWe have ne


11/19

po ,1il,ica~Justic e. W e !h a.v e aske-d fo r tha r lequaU~ wh ic h a lo n e c a n b e the bas i s IO fmutua l respect a n dI.m r de rsta ndjn g, w l~ hqul:: w hic ih n =a .l C O O p C l il ! E o n is , n o t p ass,i bh ! b etw 'e en mIll'! a nd. w om a n.(I) H ow ,c o uld th e w om e n be em p ow e r e d e o o n om i c aUy ? Bxp l a i n . , 3,(ii]) WI1iYd ld l; fa n sa Me h ta . ~1Oitd em a n d .se pa ra te e ~e c t: o: r3 ite so r rese rv ed se a,c g fo r w o m l c : n ?El \ lP~aJn . lW D r . A m b e c H . : : a l l ' f e~~ t Jh a t s e p a r s t e , e . l , e c~o ; r a i e s ,w e r e ' e ssenth l~tD p !ro ~ ec uh e d ep re sse d e l a s s e s from

th;c. lynnA'y o f 'th e upper cas tes ,and .gJve ' t jle l11 the much n ee de d s oc ia l sta tus,(ii) Sochllty u se d 'th e la lbo ur :a nd s er vic es a ft ll e d e p ,r e s: se d , cb18ses :bu~ k ,e pt'th em a t ascc i a l , c U s : t a n c e .

'T h ey we re n o t a l l . ,! Y w e d , ent lY i n to ~ 'e m p les, I n t e rmmxh i g , Ind. ~n'er~dining w i t h o t ll f: r c a s te s was,nat a ,nowed: . l~heyhad no acce.ssto education.

( U I 1 ' Ed lu c atiJ o flis h ou ld b e m a d e : fh:~efo r Ithem 50 tha : t they can compete ,equal ly wi th o t h e r c a s t e s ,T h e y sh ea ld b e g iv en alc c e ss , to ' p u b I i e ; p .a o e s " .

O'r'W 1 'h , e )' , s h o u l d 'b e giv1e:1 e q u a l rigillts to p'fop1e l1 y . A c c e s s , t o , e d u c 2 I i t t o n so t h , a r e : t h i l l Y ca n he ld jQIil:;:'whh : - h .c ou id empowe r t hem e c c o D o m i , c a U y . Loa:nsand v 3 J l" ~ O U S D t l te r c onc e s s l e n s ; I n d ~ I h e ne c e s s a rytndn ingcouhl l be tmpal1 ,ed - loenab~e them to, become en t"ep~cmeu : r : .

( U ) Equ:aJi ty i s 'th e has is o f m U l J M 3 m r e spec t . among m en an,tIIw o m e n . I f 'women are ' t l r e a t 'e d 2 1 1pa r 'w i f hm en it wou~ d le a d 'to ' c oo p er atio n b etw e e :n ~ hem .(m) S h e: re a li5 e d ti la !t d em a n din g s e p ! 3 1 l 1 1 i t e e ~ e C t o r : a l t t e a n d. re se rv e d sea ts, would be d iv is iv e - l i n n a t u re

a n d c :r e a ! t e re se m m ea t, M ore ov e,r~ sh e . w a n t e d women no r te d e ' p c e n d en s u c h c ru tc h e s o r p r i i v U e g J C : sbl~to , empO iWe t themselves by dudr O 'WD ef for ts .

J! E x ' ,0 p ', ', . m11J '1J,af.lol1 . ' . ape',rs


12/19

~J "

"

.. 21. On I'h,eg r V e ~ l i I ;pOm:~ii;Dlou;i l i i : i :el1l, j ; ! ,~fot~ndiamark andlla.bJl ~fheF e U o w i n g : I'(;'II c - "t I r 'A i k- ';.$ ". 1. '~_. ._ J _ :, 1~O_ ! f - I~ 0 O J , ' ." ' ' ' J ; ~ , fWI" I, 3p:~Ih0" Sdoa, (i~ A:lity"'tWio 'trllajor s~ti.S ~ o , tQoek, Edhi~s.l;~,"...1t~~e'. ,~-,tI' _ _ .. , ,!\! .' ~

,I i.u ~.;''' (;if) ~Any ' two .s i ,MS :0 if , r iUa f , I I l I SC r i , p : t i : o 1 i I ! S ~ ~ ' ,C I

. 'h.r.. .. ,~~ ~-j -. ~ "

!" 1 +'1+J= S' " ' t U ~i"~ It - 1 : ~ 1 i j f ~ . 1 1 r ~, ~~~'1~ 1 '.,1 ~ I ~ ' j IV :; ... ~ '_ !~L~' '~~ f

On~h e ' I i i i l eb p 'dUt :~E j j loat : ! [ fU : , 6 1 a p I:ftfldiainark"'n,ij , i ,at i~(th~ J O l li ~ m J f .~ : :I . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . . . 1 . . I'''' ''\ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I t ~~J . ~ ~1Iio' i,;,!o [5 , . , ' I r ' ,~"ii t ,I,'~f'" _ ..i .. i! i;t;.:(i) ~ A , i n : y t W i ,~enb:,eSlor~Revortl~1857~"..~~.,., ....~ u ,~ ~ ; , . . . . . . - . " ~ . . '... l'l~~.~~ri.: ~ _ r J ' ~ .. '!III iii' ~ , o I ! o ~ II ! ! ..); ,n . ~ ~ '1 tJ l!;. :~ ~ " " ! 1 1 , ~ . . ~ ~ i l!r '~11(iO IU l Iy fa,roe iCiCBtl ' lCS Q , ' i i ' 1"110 NaUon,al Mov ,eme rl! t: ., o: li lod,ia. ,~. 11.0" 1 ~ ~, .. ,-'I .",. ,lJn t

! ,~ J

i I~.i.' : ~ I . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - i i i i i i i i i I , ~ ,, ~ L ~"1,

'-iil

..'~.~" ."r ,"~ : i~~.'.

,~,L

: I ~ ' .,,~ . ." ' ' II I ! I J oil.#I!'!'~ I~(i) .Patal ip,utr.a( Ii ) "G imar , S ~ Q P ! l l r ( . !(!;~)S.tHlc :~l iS : a ~ ~ r a l1 ! : ' l

-.~-- ---=~ l i l i l~I-~.~" .J. - . . .

'1;,. , . .


13/19

I" 'fi t -rI~Il~1 ' 1 ' F(" . .I , . ~uI . I,~I

~ '0a~ g

~.i

' I! :~'i 1,1" ~, .1," . t ; L u I : ,~, , i[ i ~i j i ! i l l ! hI '. ,!. . ' " ,: . ' I III , H ',1, d ' _ : . ~ ~1. . -.Lo::___~ __ l "~!I!a' ~

, - I , I.~~' .,'~I i ~~

,,.i~ ill ~,it .. l -1:'

I

: ' , rl~

,~

I '~,: ""'1 1

. '- i.';_ I':" .

"

~"

.!Ii~~ ~ik!

. . ~ .. ;! !O o. oi !J _ ~ .. .

, . I'; i1 '1 II.II J I

1~ ~ ~ '0,W,"~L 'n

Ii!

. . . '.. - . . . .~'"

~ i i :,.,J! .... _ I ...


14/19

23 . O n the given poUt ih: : .a:11I lu lUne m ap o f lm llia f iv ep laees unde r .Babar , . A k : b a r and Auran f l . l b h i l tv'!! :IU .le n m .a r.k e d a s I, 1, 31~4 " 5 . libmdry a n .d w rite tbeir n a m e s ; 'O D the lines drawPI f t{ : a r them. 5

POUTICAL - ,-, ~INDIA

r

: If ~'!;

:: ,," Ir - ~

'~. ~ 1 \ . 'U

3647~ ~ History (XII)


15/19

A[ls.

IND1A

l/!... 'I' . "'(ff I ' D '.. - .: ' ."

".No(e': T.ht following iqi~li!ftlt;()n$au i.I 'N,{Y fOlT th e BU n f}' C a n.d ld ate :s in tii!:u of t,;Jt' I,fUlP (If,e.'>timr!N' f Q i . N o . )'2' DN(/; ' 13) , .

:Z2 . ,Ment i ,QiO .U~C,ta.Ine o f pla,eLls .o f aiD:) ' two m~jior Roe . k Edid5 Bnd ' t lWf 'ee P ii U ar Ed ic b t J'f 'A lil bo ,k a .~Or

Mel' l t :~(I!D 3,111>, :5 C>lill'(.f 'e!j! o fl!h e R e'\l'o ~ t o f .18 5 7.,1$. MeLDtwoi i i . na,mles o i 'amy 'r .. \l e .p ~: u~ e s umd :c r ' Ba .&n t l j ,A k b n a~d AlJ,ra!llg;~ebn bidl~. 5


16/19

'Q .l . H ow w e r e 1b~ S ,i tl lk Ds, w ho c am e ' f r .K l ll O~~t!iaJl A5 in , ,re,~rdcd by 'thil' 8t'a,lliutlJllIUiD,~ '1 ' QlD:e Itl le-iribf!it lk :ncnvn tiller a nd ~ l:R eo r h is c(!),ntr iiblilt : ililn",. 1 ;

A i l l ~ . G a ) T il e S il ak :as we re l i' cga rdedes m l .cc l: rd ]h i;U i, ~1 'ba rbas ians by th e B r n h : m f i l l a J s ,(h ) The'1rb~t koo'w:iIIrul~!'W ~ o m lH U a r d l J a o o r OG ' . i l S , t s [ i Q a d II c o n t e x t i n w h e l l '~ ~ IiI " u : c t 1~ . bp t i b ~ I l t e rm s o f th e c li ll um i ~ '1 u~ fi c e i l i i w h . i t h itw a s f o u l M l a n d It O te rm s o f cOI:I: lp,[dsoii i .w l d ntilld~, foundl i l l l : M e s . o p ' O t < l :I U i a "

Q . 9. De -.u 'r 'Jb 0 b ii 'i eO y th ; ,eaF:ly Slupa~ a t :S : an~hh l ll d~ l! ll l ,r b l1l ,t ~ 5A:I i' ! I . Sial l l c1h : iStlli~ ;

Th e S an d'lL S tu pa . 'W l i ii s bUi l t by A~hi l l rn in the3n1 : C i e I r t u r y B " C .' It ls a ~ e : ' t n i ~ i r c u l ' n r dO .me 1 i k e stnl iCtl l te . ' fn .egateway.s fOl!l lI ld a t the fO li r c~ rdi l la i l d i i r c c ~ ~ I ( ) l ' I I s , a r e'!he IIlilOS[ ~'! : r iJdn' lg r e a l l l f ' e , ! ) f rhe s tu pa , E ac h g~te\!tlaJY ha s two, sCJju3Ji:e pl l l lars col)I.t:Iet.led by nhrecJ i J O ' t i () o t ! l t a l :liM s l i g h U } , c a J n 'l e d p a i l 'a :U e l s t o o'l e p i j1Ial:s , Be.'i:1lUtifu,1~rved c.:~pi~ a.ls. 8 J J i e placed a b e v e' t i l t , ' ! iP.tn~r8iltdba~,tiI~' d I : ! e h o r i z o n ' ~ ! J . I ' b r u ; e .

T ,n e ,gateways d e : p . i c L ;lW~itl5f ! C U m lne I H ' ( l o f Ihuidihi l ! a n d g . ~ l a : I I : s , " , o m J a ta ka stories , T h e y .~ I s odepi~t . ill l i!Ii.m I 5 c ~p e o f n ee .s < li ndf iom J d es in ;@ s ~1m i.loolsand !birds, III Ihese paneis, .Buddha [ I ! ; , nold~p'icted in human [Oml but th.rough vm:iQUS $)'Il1iboJs such as th e horse , whfc ! i l f '(!:prt!llcn:ls 11sr -e :u m c i a ti o n { l r 1 i h e B . o d :h D ~ c e . .m i c h r e . : p r e ~. .m:I:;, en l i g immm.en t : . .

Bi lJ : l tmut Stl.l lpa :+ Bftar :hut Stup .! ! was pil!in exc~p l ' f o th ~ s to ri e rail i i i igs whk :h r~b l ed a ba m bo o Of woodenf e l l c e . Th e g a !. ew ay s \ e 'l ie r i c ll ll yc o v e .r e d. < m e l i flOU!l!Id, a l th e f 0 1 l 1 ' cArdi l l a l p o i l ' l l S .


17/19

. ,10. 'W i ly d l id . t ra v eU en ., w b,o e a m e to , I : : nd i a ,~s ' o l U , e t i m c s t o , o !ksocLa l nu~q1Ja. l i i t~es:fo r g:r,l]nN!d . l 1 S an,a .tU .r,a .1sia tie o f a ff~dr:s '1 ' Expla iJ). 5 ,

,I I1I,~. ,(a} T r a v e ]l l e r s U k : e A I - : f 3 ; i. f r iU J f lfexp1ained ~ h e c a s t e s y s t e m by ~ Q o k i n g m r p a r r : a U e l . s mm i l , o t h c r soc i c l~~c~ .H e n o ~e dth il im . 0 a n .c ie n [, P e r si a, f o ur s o ci al c a :te g o r~ e s,w e r e reoogni : sed . . T he re f o re , h e fe l l . tha Isoc ia l I d i i ' V ~ s i o : n s were ! D O t .un ique to ' [nd~a,

(0) : S ~ a v e s w e r e op e n l y s o l d l i k e 3 1 f . 1 ) ' , 00~be r c om t n odU : ya n d r e gu l a r t y ' e x , a h , a a g , e d a s 'g H i ' l .s , .(e) T h is so cia l in equ i ty w as o fte n a c c e p t e d by t r a v , e n e r , s : l ik , e I b n Bat lu ta .( r d J I n f a c t ~ w h e l 1 i l b I l i l B , 8 1 ~ ~ U I ~ , a ,e a e h e d S i n d h e 'p u r c h a s e d . : : d a ,v e ,s a s g ;i i U 'f o r Muham:ni Iad B , j : n T u g h l : a q , . ,

W h e n . ~ bn Ba ttu ta r e ac he d M um ta n h e p r,e se n te d 'th e GOivem.or with as i a veand h o rse s to g eth e rwith ra ia L ns a nd a ]m an ds .

~e)This was p r o b a b l y b~ c a r u s e these t t a , V , e ~ n e r s came ffi6mc C l ~ m . t ll 'i e s where s h i v , e ry am : r , e a . d y e:ds,ted.'. J 3 . Elp~a.hlithe, f\ea l in ten ooos : 0" Bue ha naR'5 jaUfiney iio '[ "d :Es. 5A ns .. (a) F r an c is B uc 'l tl Ji n: m joum.eys w,ern lot i n- sp ir ed b y a h >v c' 'o f ~and!!icalPe.or th e~desir,e 'to d lse o ve r th e,

un kn ow n , B ,e in g a n , c m : p l c y e > e o f ,h e B:rit:ish E ast, In dia C o m :p ~y h e lo ok edm i ol i.na tul ra l . re iource :swh i c h could b e e x pl o ite d .

r e b ) Wlhc: re;v1er h e \V(:n~ b e c a re f uU 'y s tu di ed th e sl o n es " r o c k s a n d (be diffe :rent . strata : ! ! i I i 1 l Q , 1:3iy ,e rso fsoil.

" c o ) H e s e a r c ll 1 e d l fo; m i n e ra is , a Jt: ld sto n e s ( h R . ' I iVe!e c o m m i C ' r t : ' l a U , y valuable,, C d ) He c a r,e fu .U y o b se .r v ed l o c a l pr:act i . ces o r sa~, t -ma:kinG,i lnd iro n-e re m in in ,g ..(e) Wh e n B:uCiharnan w ro te a b ou t a ~ a;n d :ic ~p e ~p rio \r itywas to el ,w'isage h ow j~e eu l d b e ' l r , a : n s . f o m u . - d

and made more productive. He would tfytofiig,ur0 Out wha t crops 'could be eult i 'vatedl,wbicht recs , lcould b e c bo pp 'e d ,o f[ ,a nd w hic h sh ou ld b e gr,own in ~ Ile ir pbic e ..

H ;" :ExplaiQls,( j ' l1Ii Ie ,ufthe h'arnJwin:g e Xp ell1 liB e U o :fW Dm e n , i:n thos'l! ;vlt l ienj: days 'O l fParlit~,of:l. 5n :s . (:a r ) W O O l e n u n d e r w e l1 lt h a rmw i n g e o c p ' e r i e l D c e s d ur in g p ,; vt: it i 'o n ,.T h e se w e r e raped, ,abdultwd a n d

cso : ld ,o:ftein ma n lY tim es O ver. Often t !hey w e r e : fo:~~d iQ se ttle c l .own~o Iife w i~h SU11ngers .i nunkn ewn , c , i : r o u r t l s m n c e s " : D ' e e p l y b ' a u : m B ' ti s ,e d ~ m a ny dcv ,e1o pe 'D eW 'f a m i l y ' bonds ln the i r c h a : l l l g e : d,c ir cu :m s ta n c0 s . .

( 6 ) B u r t n o s ! lo m :: : r d id th e y d .G : S D , t J m , a , tbo~h g O I v e : m m e l : W ~ , l a l U ! l l l l c h i e d a t p : r o : g r a m m e ~D . l n e c o v e r th e womenwho bad b e e n a ! b d ' u c i l e d , and mrc i b1y man i e .d .Wom .e n were o n te , a g a w n , up r o o t e d , to ,rmawayfrom th e ir n ew r~ t nU le s :a n d sen ~ back to t h e i : r e a rUe r laea t ions : . Fur the : r l r , 9 i u m a a :w ,a i ted ' th emwil1en Ul le , ire rs twnUefamme:-s r :e 'w :sed i' to 'aooe~ t t~ltrlTrlia n d 'th ie yw e re r o ro e d~ o ,c k eou 't a penu :r io u li,, l iv 1 i n g in , a s ; h r a : m s .

(c ) B O '~ hgovernments, d id n O o E : c o n . l U U th e , c o n c e rn e d ' ' ' " Y G m e n . u n d e r :m in i ' l 1 ,g : t lb e i r l " ig h t~ : o t n 1 k . ed e c is i e n sr e ga rd in g th e ir o w n l iv e s. In a n J ' ~ M ) O O Iw om e n w ~re re co ve re d. 2 1.~O O:O u s~ [m 'W ' om e n a n d 800H in dus ,a n d Sn~hwome n .

(d ') T!he need and desire to pr:e :se.nre oom muni:ty honour ( i ,z .z;a r[)co .mpo~nd!ed wlomern's sUiff 'ering.Manls/oou; lmuni ' t :y ' s h on our de pe nde d o n ltis /th e i r a bU ity to plro tec~ i hh l / tbe ! i . fpossess l ens za n(w om en) and zarnin (~a:nd) f i 'om, ou ts Ide r ,s . ..

(e) Thus i t was w ih ern m en fe m ed ~ tbe iir~womel1-wiY e i 9 : " d a f l l g h t " C ! f S e t c . w ou ld be v io i u e d b y ~ ce n em y th ey 'tiU ied th e w ,om enEL 'h e : . .m se l .v e :sa s h appe n ed .in T bo a K h,a l .sa . T h e se ide a s, w e re a ,lso'b e lh iu d t h e R , e C Q l v ' c < : r y P I I " ' P B I I " $ m m ' e . 'W o r Re n w er e ~.us~rea ted a s , p o S ! s e s s . i , o n s . d r n s i h o n o u r - e d . r a ped, a m d r e s cu e d a ,t .wl U a n d g i v e n n o s a y in th e m S I:tte r ,


18/19

Q.I. M,eif1l~~onallil:,l tW'G :~de3~Of:C UJlia~lOUiSof Ks:h.3 tri.y:l.s ,ace.o. l ' ld lngI0 D i tta : li " m I :a - S ~ :a :S itra ,i!i. :]A,lJs. (a) T h e KS jhatl r~ya:s 'w~esl : lp 'PQ~:edro "V:Ii l\ ! ,e~o wage war ,ol~bejr l e r n emic sS ln 'C i preteet the~r - :f j,U b j C C L ' l

(b) T h e y a lse a dm in.istered j s m i oo . i $ l t u d i, e d : th e V e da s a ndgo t s l! i c r~ .f i c es p f l l l " f q , r . I : n e d . ,' Q . : l .Wb . o w c ' r , e t b : e =l!,ma,r-.nayaka~ u .n : d. ertb c . ra y a s i~RV i j a ) r a Na:ga.r '1 Willat d id ; th e y d lo 11A.11I~.{a~l1be : a .m a r a .~ . n a y a li \ . a s W ' e r em ~I~ tU Y c o m m a n d e . r , g , w !bo were gi v m i l c e , r n a i I \teirrf~olry b y tl1liek h ~ g [rI ~eu a :f sa lla ry .

(l}) TheyeoHec t-e d l.aX ,!e :s a n d o : t : b e r d ue s from t h e ~ :r a d e r! " p e a s a n r s and c r a f i m ' 1 l .e , n I~v: in,g in . t h e i rfler:l'i~ory. The)'al~o, ma i r n a ~ r i l e d a sliipt!.lated ODDU t r u g , e l i i l t o f h ors es ; B il11:d~ephu t s to :a~dtbc k ~ l 1 l \d i U F t D g ; ~ w m . e s e f war .

Q.,). nef:inc~:htl fl!Jd~IOiwin:g~erms =, e ; : b:it le~a.r &Ban~:IIi r linds.

.A . I I :5 . (a) C ~la c h u is .~ n d w h ic h h a s ' b e e n IeA i f1 l !U ow: F o f !l to 4 : Y c a 1 f s .(b) B au ja r ~ s :Ia n:dwhi lch nas been lieft uncultivated far : S years Oilmore.

Q I . l t ) I , . l )cs1cribc ' th .e " 'c ar io us w a ys j , l I l Iwhi:ch : Ih ! el ia .r a p'p ll ln $ p meu r e d ula. l l iel lr~al fo r e ra 'h :p r od ~,ItI!U:ou. 5ADs.. I(a) ' T b e Hl1Ilfap]lillrnS, l e e d ed a . v a r l c i l y of ml,a t .e : r . i : a .~5,amdcqui red~hcminvar i lausway;s .

!(b) 1n. ,gCinem~ :s .eU~e ;m e n t s w e re c : . smbUshed n eM ~h esQ u:rc e:s a fra w m a :~e [ia ls~ Thel l"efQlfeSe~de.mcl1ltsw e ; r e e s : t a b l~ ih e . d ,~ ~N a g ,e s l: w w a r I r n c i l B a : ~ a ! k ; j j t w l f l e r e : s h ie H w - a ,s r re a d .H : y a.va.!~ a : b ~ e .

( . c ) FrQ'Il1l S . t l o r t J U g h i l l i i . in Afgh:anlista:l l . : la p .is l:a J z m H :~ v e ry l expens i ve M u e s~o n.e was ;go t( d J i Lo ti h a~ \V ,a s C l e rnu aUy leeeted near sources ofcorrneHalllg,ot f ro .m B,ha;rl l lJc;h~stel ! l4,~te (f ro m R aja sth an

ilirn d G u j.ra .t) :a tn d m e ta ls (fr Oin ii Ra j a s t h an ) . ,. {e }R aw :ffila tc rh l. ~Swerea l se ,go t by s ! e r u U n g lexlPedi~ion:stQ a~l1Ie f3 , feas. fCH: examp le ~ o SI~) lHhrn f ld~

fo r go td ..U J Th e s e eXilled l '~ W O : n . . sa lso eSUI~bUsl1edoommun iC 'a t! !ons w l id~ ,~oca!OOWl,mtlrl i 'de s. In th e ' K h e v r r n .areao f . R aja s. ti h a ll an IU inusua lweaJ tho foopper o b je c ; , 1 5 h a s been fuund!r,oss: ib .~y'this ' ,a r lea . : ! l l J l p p , l i ! e d

~ ~ p p ( ; . r 1 .0 t b e H 3 ! r a p P '! J i l i l i s "(g) Reo e n t R r t 1 l ' u . l : e o m o g ~ c : a m f inds . s l ! lggeg; t ' [ha t copper "~as p .m ' ba bly b ro ugh: t f rQm Oman..(/1) Chem~c .a . l 3 J l ] j a l y , s i ~ ha ve s i'lQ\ l;" .n ih a t bo~h O n 'u llw !1 . c lO p p e r 3 1 m 1 d .Ha r a ; p p o o a J : t e f a cm h f t ' l o ! e - . I [ m c e s o f

m i c k ie l ' s t l lg g e s ti . rn g ; a , c emmen , o d g i i n . .'Q . 9 . D e s cr iti l tth e R 1a in fe :3 tu r e S ' o f c a dy ~ i i ! : m l p l e - s . , Ii i o w (f i :d th e ,C I i l . I !C : " i f~cu l . pn l r , c o f th e KaiJ l :Dshh:mp:~t

a t E I~(!Irn c xp fle s'S ed h is n m a z . i l : m e w H : Ufil'Cf.uS e om p l,e ti to o ? 4+ :1 ;; ;Ans . C a ) The c :a .r~y tem ple was a s m a l : 1 SiC i ;umoeo ' o o o ea lled th e . g a . m h a g : r i h ; ; l ! with a s~n ~Je do.oO'l l l l .Y : fo r the

w o : rs b l p p 1 e d l '0 0 e n te r an d o ffe r w o r s h i , p ' t n t h e i m a g e .(b) Orad uaUy a ta~c S ~r nc ~u re k :n o iw n a s 'E lb asbi :i lk i ll :a:m was buUt over th e oe~u:a~br i n e . temple ' WH l ll ls

W 1 3 : r e . o f t .e n -dlOCQr,~tJedwiuh seu lp : tu r e . L~t-er t tmp l e . s were - f o r m o re e! !a1b :ornm.(o) O ll i e o f th e u n i . q U t e F e a t U ll 'e s o f !e ar ~y ':tllil1l1iph :sw lstha tsome o f- th e se - w e re h e I I owed out Q f h u g ; e

m c : l~ s a s a l:i l: Ul cw a~Ica,n;s.' i I .~be . t rad r u t m o : n ef bui l .d ing I l i f [ i f : k : ~ a ~ !CaVe'SW,il isan o ld o n e ., C d ) S c ome , o f t l h e earnest ,o f tbese we.r>e CO t l : ! l : u u . c t e d in 'l:f t\J e~h jlfd , c e n , t u r y EM : : : i E o n th e (girders ofAh s o k a

fC\l iwUow,ers Q if th e A _jv ~k a Sect . 'Fti;li~ tlllid.~don ' eva l ived th ro u gh v :a r.lio ll! .lsstages am culm [ i l i : I i t ' e di I l t i Hrue8 th c e n t u ry in the c aryh llg. o f In en M~e ~ fmp ! e \ l t.e. K a i L a s :h a n a :th a ~ e m : p ! !e ; ,

(e) ACQJilpe~['p , . [ a l t e i m S " c r i p t w o n recerds ln e am:azernen~ o f t h e e l d e r :s.QU. p J t u r - e a : f i e r the co m ple:t i lon 0 f'he E . H O ~ S i ~ewple.He ~ s r e p o : r t ; O O . to . ~avesaid, 'Oh! HOiw c U d . I mak,eit?~~.

2


19/19

Q. lO I" 'Exph l l i i l l f hes t r .uc tu r e a d op t e d by A.I : -Bi run . i i n eBc:b t. :h 'a pte r o f h is w ,o rk s. , 5Ais . (0') : r n e Ktt -ab~lJ r -Hind 'wa s wrjtte:n in Arabic b y AJ~m r u n i . It i s : simph~ . lu c ~d ;a n d e a sy to unde r s t a nd .

(6 ). A v o l uu n in o u s le .x ,t~ it ~ '- ~ b e e l l l . d i v i d ed iifllt,O8 0 e l l ~ f !t e'l s. ~t ti )r U )c b e sIpO~ ~Olfl l ics,a s v a r ie d ssr,e lE gion ,and p hiL osbp hy to cu stom s, se eia l U fe and meteorolog~, "

(c ) A d i ,S !Hncdve :s truc~ li rewas a d : o p t e d ' for Most Chi l : l P~e fS begin:njng wi th a q u e S l l t i u n fol! lowed b y ade sc rip tio n b ase d , on ' g ;ms ik i r i t ;mdi~ ions a n d couc l i l i ided w ith . a , c om p a r i s o n ~ 'ith o th er c ul tu re s.(d) S o m e sc 'h o .la rs havle f e~ t t h : J~ fuiSStl:ucture k n own :ro r i ts .pr l~c . isJ( l'H lowed meeh to ' h i sm a t i ] h e m a t i c 1 3 1 1 a b i l i t i es ,

(e ) AI:-B.i.runil i : l l ~ e nd ed t h a t b Is b oo k should be r e ad . by th os ie w h o U v e a ;don!J ' t ihe f re ntie r s o f thes u b m o o n t i n e n t . H 'e w a s f a :mU iM ' w :i th Sa l1Jsb~t , P a ] i andPrakd t te-Kts 1 W b . lc h h !d b e e n t rans~iat .cdi , r i f f ! ! A_ Iilb ic ., Bu ~ h e w as c ri ti ca l a b ou t the : ' W a y th e !" h ad b e e n "vr i , t i l i enDlndW aIliled E O imp r o v eO .n t h e m .u . . , Exp:lai bow UU~'Pow,er'oftlhe il ed a Jrs;wit h i n ' " ,I vUI : D . g e , was mOF'e effedive tilan Uud of'Zamindars. ,5

A.'IlS~ ,(a) T h e : jo te d ar s W ' e J'c p owe r .f td . b e t: 1l iu se :th e y IOY. l 'ne~va s t acres o f l a nd .(b) They a l so conee l l ed IOQ]] b1Jde a s w e ll a s m.cnl ;Y ]~nd jng~ le.xe,rc:j:si:ngim m ense p ow er ov er iheP Q o r cul t i va to rs .,(c) Mo r ~v e -J" u .n U k e' m e ,z m n i Il l 4 ar s.l ll ey U v e d in th e v l lla ge and cO'ldd ,~xf!rc i lse di ire :c ll con~raL( r ! ) 1 T he y o fte n c ar ne in ~C !Ic a n f l . i c t wilthftte, z am i nd a r s , a nd m o b il i se d th e ryo ts d e p e n d e n t o n them

,and del . : iber,a te ly del ayed paymen ts o f ' I 'evenueto ;the zamindil l f ."(e) W h e E l th e Z3;l lII i .nt im:,s l ' l e S l am e . s , w e ; r e c a ! l J c : ~ r u Q n e dhe j o l l e da r s w e r e t h e f t im ' s . t t o p u r e h a s e ~helil.

l .5 . E xa m in e! tb e: v ie ws o f G a.n dlh ij: i & l.a i'l iIIstth e P ar tU i,o D . o f In dia ",Ao s . ~a )O an dh iji ,f 'e l t th at f o r b o th l I indus , a n d MusHms , Ind i a i :s t h e i . r h om e l a n d .

(b) T . h u y h a v e , a c e m m e n ,c lI ! I . I . ' t u r , - e ;l I i n d S l ' e W c t h e s a m e ' ' ] a n g u a g e .(0) T in ilY ha ,ve :common e a d n g habiu ; m d ! h a v e ~ t h e s am e bJo;od.(~d)1.B n t h c o m m . U ln i ti ,e s s a c r if i: c e t i , and f o u g h t , a g a : i: n .s t t il e . Br iti sh . .( e ) H _ e ' f e l t t h a t thlcpol.itJCl3i:l a n d economic [n 'te re sts c oe ld b e s:a fe gu a: r ;d ed w :i th ln o ne n ation i [ : s o . i r

a n d W8 .S t b e r e f o r e aga i n s , t part i t ie. It was pa r t i cu l . a r ly ' pa in fu ] f c ,r h f r o , f : o r h ie h a d a l w a y sencou raged Hhu lu~Mus J im un~ty .

o ! ! '

Documents

Class XII History Delhi 2009