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Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
aka: Bony Fishesaka: Bony Fishes
Body ShapeBody Shape
• Body shape is directly related to the niche of the Body shape is directly related to the niche of the fishfish– Streamlined fish are fast swimmersStreamlined fish are fast swimmers– Laterally compressed fish are lazy swimmers that are Laterally compressed fish are lazy swimmers that are
capable of burst of speedcapable of burst of speed– Bottom feeding fish are often flat with eyes that point Bottom feeding fish are often flat with eyes that point
upwardsupwards– Eel like body shapes allow for the animal to hide in tight Eel like body shapes allow for the animal to hide in tight
spacesspaces
• Body shape can also aide in camouflageBody shape can also aide in camouflage– The animal can be adapted to look like the vegetation it The animal can be adapted to look like the vegetation it
is living inis living in
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
• Have a skeleton made at least partially of boneHave a skeleton made at least partially of bone• Makes up almost half of all vertebratesMakes up almost half of all vertebrates• Skin is composed of cycloid scales Skin is composed of cycloid scales
– Thin, flexible, overlapping tissueThin, flexible, overlapping tissue• Gills are covered by a flat of bony plates and Gills are covered by a flat of bony plates and
tissue called the operculumtissue called the operculum• Fins are generally composed of thin tissue Fins are generally composed of thin tissue
supported by spinessupported by spines• The mouth is located at the tip of the body and is The mouth is located at the tip of the body and is
jointed to allow for a wide range of movementjointed to allow for a wide range of movement• Have a swim bladder to control buoyancyHave a swim bladder to control buoyancy
Streamlined Laterally compressed
Flat Fish Eel
ColorationColoration
• The color for the fish is found in specialized The color for the fish is found in specialized cells called chromatophorescells called chromatophores– Irregular in shapeIrregular in shape– Capable of almost any color in the rainbowCapable of almost any color in the rainbow– Give the fish the ability to change color by Give the fish the ability to change color by
contracting and expanding the chromatophorescontracting and expanding the chromatophores
• Some fish have iridophores which are cells Some fish have iridophores which are cells that reflect a certain wavelength of lightthat reflect a certain wavelength of light
• Color is used for camouflage, warning Color is used for camouflage, warning coloration or countershadingcoloration or countershading
MovementMovement
• Most fish swim with an S motionMost fish swim with an S motion– A rhythmic side to side moving from the head to the tailA rhythmic side to side moving from the head to the tail
• Controlled by bands of muscle called myomeresControlled by bands of muscle called myomeres– Run parallel along the sides of the fishRun parallel along the sides of the fish– Visible in fish you eatVisible in fish you eat– Makes up 75% of the fishes weightMakes up 75% of the fishes weight– White muscle is used for bursts of speedWhite muscle is used for bursts of speed– Red muscle is used for constant locomotionRed muscle is used for constant locomotion
• The fins are used like rudders to change direction The fins are used like rudders to change direction in the waterin the water– Some fish move by moving only their fins and not their Some fish move by moving only their fins and not their
bodybody
Constant Use muscle
Used forBursts ofspeed
FeedingFeeding
• Fish can be either carnivorous or Fish can be either carnivorous or herbivorous (mostly carnivorous)herbivorous (mostly carnivorous)– The teeth will tell you what they eatThe teeth will tell you what they eat– Used for grasping and holding the preyUsed for grasping and holding the prey– Prey is usually swallowed wholePrey is usually swallowed whole
• Usually have one preferred food sourceUsually have one preferred food source– A type of fish, anemone, urchin etcA type of fish, anemone, urchin etc
• Fish that feed on algae are called grazersFish that feed on algae are called grazers
DigestionDigestion
• Very similar to our digestionVery similar to our digestion– Food passes through the mouth to the Food passes through the mouth to the
stomachstomach– In the stomach food is turned into the basic In the stomach food is turned into the basic
chemical formschemical forms– The chemicals are then absorbed in the The chemicals are then absorbed in the
intestinesintestines
• Accessory organs create digestive Accessory organs create digestive juices that aide in digestionjuices that aide in digestion
Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
• All fish have a two All fish have a two chamber heartchamber heart
• Simpler than ours Simpler than ours with one direction with one direction flowflow
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System• Respiration is done through the gills of the fishRespiration is done through the gills of the fish• Water is taken in through the mouth – passed over Water is taken in through the mouth – passed over
the gills and into the waterthe gills and into the water• Gills are supported by gill arches which hold the gill Gills are supported by gill arches which hold the gill
openopen• The gills contain capillariesThe gills contain capillaries
– Thin walled blood vessels that allow the diffusion Thin walled blood vessels that allow the diffusion of gasesof gases
– OO22 is higher in the water so it diffuses into the is higher in the water so it diffuses into the capillariescapillaries
– COCO22 is higher in the fish so it diffuses out of the is higher in the fish so it diffuses out of the fishfish
• To increase the efficiency of the gill the blood flows in To increase the efficiency of the gill the blood flows in the opposite direction of the water in the gillsthe opposite direction of the water in the gills
Osmotic RegulationOsmotic Regulation
• Marine fish osmoregulate to prevent Marine fish osmoregulate to prevent dehydrationdehydration
• Fish replenish lost water by Fish replenish lost water by swallowing salt waterswallowing salt water– Some salts pass out of the bodySome salts pass out of the body– Some salts are excreted by the kidneySome salts are excreted by the kidney
Nervous SystemNervous System
• Most fish have a complex sense of smellMost fish have a complex sense of smell– Used to detect prey, mates and predatorsUsed to detect prey, mates and predators– Smell is detected in the nares (nostrils)Smell is detected in the nares (nostrils)
• Fish also have taste buds Fish also have taste buds – Found in the mouth, fins and skinFound in the mouth, fins and skin– Catfish have taste buds on barbels (whiskers)Catfish have taste buds on barbels (whiskers)
• Rely on visionRely on vision– Eyes focus by moving closer or further from the Eyes focus by moving closer or further from the
object they wish to viewobject they wish to view– Covered by a nictitating membrane – clear Covered by a nictitating membrane – clear
membrane that allows the fish to see while membrane that allows the fish to see while protecting the eyeprotecting the eye
Nervous SystemNervous System
• Fish use a lateral line to detect Fish use a lateral line to detect vibrations in the watervibrations in the water– Lined with clusters of sensory cellsLined with clusters of sensory cells– Allows fish to detect predators and preyAllows fish to detect predators and prey– Helps them to orient themselves with the Helps them to orient themselves with the
currentcurrent– Helps them schoolHelps them school
• Fish can detect sound using ears like Fish can detect sound using ears like oursours
BehaviorBehavior
• TerritorialityTerritoriality– An established area that the fish protects An established area that the fish protects
against invadersagainst invaders– Some are only territorial during mating period Some are only territorial during mating period
others are for lifeothers are for life– Thought this helps ensure there is enough Thought this helps ensure there is enough
food for the fishfood for the fish– Defended by aggressive behavior like making Defended by aggressive behavior like making
themselves appear larger or by chasing other themselves appear larger or by chasing other fishfish
– Fights are rareFights are rare
BehaviorBehavior
• SchoolingSchooling– 4000 fish school at some point in their lives4000 fish school at some point in their lives– Can provide protection against predatorsCan provide protection against predators
•Can cause confusionCan cause confusion
•Less likely to be the one eaten if there are Less likely to be the one eaten if there are thousands of other fish around youthousands of other fish around you
– Can increase swimming efficiency by Can increase swimming efficiency by reducing the drag of the waterreducing the drag of the water
– Can be advantageous for mating or feeding Can be advantageous for mating or feeding
ReproductionReproduction
• Separate individuals for each sexSeparate individuals for each sex• External fertilizationExternal fertilization• Production of gametes (sperm and eggs) occurs only Production of gametes (sperm and eggs) occurs only
at specific times of yearat specific times of year– Ensures that the eggs and sperm will be released Ensures that the eggs and sperm will be released
togethertogether•Controlled by length of day, moon light and Controlled by length of day, moon light and
water temperaturewater temperature– Called spawningCalled spawning
• Some fish have the ability to change sex if neededSome fish have the ability to change sex if needed• Young develop in eggs laid outside the mothers body Young develop in eggs laid outside the mothers body
and the care given depends on the speciesand the care given depends on the species
