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Class #9: Monday, July 19 Thunderstorms and tornadoes. Chapter 14. Fig. 14-CO, p. 370. Fig. 14-1, p. 372. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. Chapter 14. Thunderstorms. A storm containing lightening and thunder; convective storms - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 1
Class #9: Monday, July 19Thunderstorms and tornadoes
Chapter 14
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 2Fig. 14-CO, p. 370
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 3Fig. 14-1, p. 372
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 4
Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Chapter 14
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 5
Thunderstorms
• A storm containing lightening and thunder; convective storms
• Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater than or equal to 50kts, or tornado
• Ordinary Cell Thunderstorms– Air-mass thunderstorms: limited wind sheer– Stages: cumulus, mature, dissipating– Entrainment, downdraft, gust front
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 6
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 7Fig. 14-2, p. 373
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 8Fig. 14-2, p. 373
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 9Fig. 14-2, p. 373
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 11Fig. 14-4, p. 375
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 12
Thunderstorms
Multi-cell ThunderstormsThunderstorms that contain a number of convection
cells, each in a different stage of development, moderate to strong wind shear; tilt, over shooting top
Gust Front: leading edge of the cold air out-flowing air; shelf cloud, roll cloud, outflow boundary
Micro-bursts: localized downdraft that hits the ground and spreads horizontally in a radial burst of wind; wind shear, virga
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 13
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 14Fig. 14-6, p. 376
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 18
Thunderstorms
• Multi-cell Thunderstorms– Squall-line thunderstorms; line of multi-cell
thunderstorms, pre-frontal squall-line, derecho– Meso-scale Convective Complex: a number of
individual multi-cell thunderstorms grow in size and organize into a large circular convective weather system; summer, 10,000km2
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 19Fig. 14-10, p. 378
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 20Fig. 14-11, p. 378
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 21Stepped Art
Fig. 14-11, p. 378
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 28
Thunderstorms Supercell thunderstorms
Large, long-lasting thunderstorm with a single rotating updraft
Strong vertical wind shearOutflow never undercuts updraftClassic, high precipitation and low precipitation
supercellsCap and convective instabilityRain free base, low-level jetSurface, 850mb, 700mb, 500mb, 300mb conditions
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 29
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 34Fig. 14-23, p. 384
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 35
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms and the DrylineSharp, horizontal change in moistureThunderstorms form just east of drylinecP, mT, cT
Floods and Flash FloodsFlash floods rise rapidly with little or no advance
warning; many times caused by stalled or slow thunderstorm
Large floods can be created by training of storm systems, Great Flood of 1993
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 36Fig. 1, p. 386
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 37
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 38
Thunderstorms
• Topic: Big Thompson Canyon– July 31, 1976, 12 inches of rain in 4 hours created
a flood associated with $35.5million in damage and 135 deaths
• Distribution of Thunderstorms– Most frequent Florida, Gulf Coast, Central Plains– Fewest Pacific coast and Interior valleys– Most frequent hail Central Plains
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 39Fig. 14-25, p. 387
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 42
Thunderstorms
• Lightening and Thunder– Lightening: discharge of electricity in mature storms
(within cloud, cloud to cloud, cloud to ground)– Thunder: explosive expansion of air due to heat
from lightening– Electrification of Clouds: graupel and hailstones fall
through supercooled water, ice crystals become negatively charged
– Upper cloud positive, bottom cloud negative
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 43
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 44Fig. 2, p. 390
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 47
Thunderstorms
• Observations: Elves– Blue jets, red sprite, ELVES
• The Lightening Stroke– Positive charge on ground, cloud to ground
lightening– Stepped leader, ground stroke, forked lightening,
ribbon lightening, bead lightening, corona discharge
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 48
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 49
Thunderstorms
• Observation: Apple tree– DO NOT seek shelter during a thunderstorm under
an isolated tree.• Lightening Detection and Suppression– Lightening direction finder detects radiowaves
produced by lightening, spherics– National Lightening Detection Network– Suppression: seed clouds with aluminum
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 50
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 51Fig. 14-32, p. 392
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 52Fig. 14-33, p. 393
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 53Fig. 14-34, p. 393
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 54Fig. 14-35, p. 394
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 55Fig. 14-36, p. 394
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 56Fig. 3, p. 395
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 57Fig. 14-37, p. 396
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 59
Tornadoes
• Rapidly rotating column of air that blows around a small area of intense low pressure with a circulation that reaches the ground.
• Tornado life cycle– Organizing, mature, shrinking, decay stage
• Tornado outbreaks– Families, super outbreak
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 60
Tornadoes Tornado Occurrence
US experiences most tornadoesTornado Alley (warm, humid surface; cold dry air aloft)Highest spring, lowest winter
Tornado windsMeasurement based upon damage after storm or
Doppler radarFor southwest approaching storms, winds strongest in
the northeast of the storm, 220 kts maximumMulti-vortex tornados
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 65
Tornadoes
• Seeking shelter– Basement or small, interior room on ground floor– Indoor vs. outdoor pressure
• The Fujita Scale– Based upon the damage created by a storm– F0 weakest, F5 strongest– Enhanced Fujita Scale
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 66
Tornadic Formation
• Basic requirements are an intense thunderstorm, conditional instability, and strong vertical wind shear
• Supercell Tornadoes– Wind sheer causes spinning vortex tube that is
pulled into thunderstorm by the updraft– Mesocyclone, BWER, rear flank downdraft, vertical
stretching, funnel cloud, rotating cloud, wall cloud
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 67Table 14-1, p. 399
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 68Table 14-2, p. 400
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 69Table 14-3, p. 400
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 70Fig. 14-42, p. 400
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 71Fig. 14-43, p. 401
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 74
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 75Stepped Art
Fig. 14-46, p. 402
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 76
Tornadic Formation
• Nonsupercell Tornadoes– Gustnadoes– Land spout– Cold-air funnels
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 77
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Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 79
Severe Weather and Doppler Radar
• Doppler radar measures the speed of precipitation toward and away radar unit
• Two Doppler radars can provide a 3D view• TVS, Doppler lidar• NEXRAD
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 80Fig. 14-49, p. 405
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 81Fig. 14-50, p. 405
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 82Fig. 14-51, p. 406
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 83
Waterspouts
• Rotating column of air that is connected to a cumuliform cloud over a large body of water
• Tornadic waterspout
Class #9, Monday, July 19, 2010 84Fig. 14-52, p. 409