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Class 5: Business Processes and Process ModelingMIS 2101: Management Information Systems
Based on material from Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World, Leonard Jessup and Joseph Valacich, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007
Included material from Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th edition, Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd, Course Technology, 2009
Also includes material by David Schuff, Paul Weinberg, and Cindy Joy Marselis.
Video Game AI?
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• True AI: addresses fields of machine learning, decision making based on arbitrary data input, and even the ultimate goal of strong AI that can reason
• Video Game AI: consists of a half-dozen rules of thumb, or heuristics, that are just enough to give a good gameplay experience
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Learning Objectives
Identify the steps used by organizations to manage the development of information systems
Describe each major phase of the system development process
Understand the concepts of Business Process Modeling
Understand development options
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What are the 4 options for obtaining an information system?
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Options for Obtaining Information Systems
System Construction
Learning Objectives
Identify the steps used by organizations to manage the development of information systems
Describe each major phase of the system development process
Understand the concepts of Business Process Modeling
Understand development options
Steps in the Systems Development Process
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Phase 1: Systems Identification, Selection and Planning
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Phase 1: Systems Identification, Selection and Planning
Project Source Primary Focus
Top Management Broad, strategic
Steering Committee Cross-functional
Individual Business Units and Departments
Narrow, tactical
Systems Development GroupIntegration with existing information
systems
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Evaluation Criteria for Systems Projects
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Phase 2: Systems Analysis
Critical Success Factors
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CSF Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths Weaknesses
Senior managers intuitively understand the approach and
support its usage
High level focus leads to oversimplification of complexities
Provides a method for understanding the info needs of the
org in order to make effective decisions
Difficulty in finding analysts trained to perform this process – requires understanding of info system and
the ability to communicate effectively with senior managers
Method is analyst focused, rather than being user centered
JAD Session
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JAD Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths Weaknesses
Enables more people to be involved in development without slowing the
process
Difficult to get all relevant users to the same place at the same time to hold a meeting
Group based process can lead to higher levels of system acceptance
and quality
Requires high level executive sponsor to ensure that adequate resources are
available in order to allow widespread participation
Group involvement in the design and development process helps ease implementation, user training and
ongoing support.
Looking at Business Processes
A business process is an activity that creates value
Business Process Reengineering is the redesign of business processes using Information Technology
System Analysis
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Phase 3: System Design
System Design
Forms
Reports
Interfaces
Databases
Phase 4: System Implementation
System Conversion and installation
Testing
Training
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System Maintenance
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System Maintenance
Maintenance Type Make changes to…
Corrective Repair flaws in coding, design or implementation
AdaptiveEvolve functionality, accommodate changing business
needs, migrate to a different operating environment
PerfectiveImprove processing performance or interface usability,
adding bells and whistles
Preventative Reduce the chance of system failure
Learning Objectives
Understand the steps used by organizations to manage the development of information systems
Describe each major phase of the system development process
Understand the concepts of Business Process Modeling
Understand development options
Why Business Processes?
An understanding of business processes indicates where Information Technology can fit in
How to understand business processesProcess modelingProcess characteristics
Why Business Processes?
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DFD Symbols
DFD Fragment
Manual or Automated?
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DFD Fragments for Course Registration System
At least 3 events in the event table…one-to-one relationship between DFD fragments and entries in event table!
Flowcharts
Is iton list?
Put itemIn cart
Items on list > 0?
Check shelfFor next item
Checkout
Yes
Yes
No
No
Start
End
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Simple Activity Diagram
Easy to create
Easy to explain to users
Extremely valuable!
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Structured English Example
Will this process be performed by a person or by a computer?
If you can’t tell, that’s generally good.
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Some Things Don’t Work Well With Structured English
What is the delivery charge if I want second day air for the delivery of 6 items with YTD total $229.43
Decision Tables and Decision Trees
What is the delivery charge if I want second day air for the delivery of 6 items with YTD total $229.43
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Decision Tree for Calculating Shipping Charges
What is the delivery charge if I want second day air for the delivery of 6 items with YTD total $229.43
Learning Objectives
Understand the steps used by organizations to manage the development of information systems
Describe each major phase of the system development process
Understand the concepts of Business Process Modeling
Understand development options
Other Approaches to Designing and Building Systems
Options other than building
External Acquisition Outsourcing Development End-user Development
Options other than building
Options other than building
External Acquisition vs Building
Build it yourself…
Initial steps in External Acquisition
1. System identification, selection and planning
2. Systems analysis
3. Development of a request for proposal
4. Proposal evaluation
5. Vendor selection
6. System Implementation
Request For Proposal (RFP)
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Outsourcing vs. Building Turning over responsibility for some or all of an
organization’s IS development and operations to an outside firm
Your IS solutions may be housed in their organization Your applications may be run on their computers They may develop systems to run on your existing
computers (within your organization) They may replace functions in your organization. . . .
Even the CIO! When is outsourcing appropriate? When is it not?
End-User Development Pitfalls
