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CLASS 5-6: ANXIETY DISORDERS
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS
PSY600: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Anxiety/OCD/Stress Disorders
You must often rule out substances and/or other medical conditions to Dx these disorders Many substances and medical conditions can
cause physiological or psychological Sx that look like anxiety Sx
There must be clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning to Dx these disorders
Avoidance of anxiety/fear-provoking objects or situations is often a key component of these disorders
Tx of Anxiety/OCD/Stress Disorders
Tx of these disorders will typically involve one or more of the following: Cognitive therapy – change distorted/faulty thinking Behavioral therapy –
Exposure, often with response prevention Anxiety-reducing Bx training, such as relaxation
training, meditation, distraction, biofeedback Medication
Short-term Sx relief Longer-term Tx of disorder
Panic Attacks
Panic Attack: An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort, in which the person experiences a variety of physiological and cognitive Sx. Unexpected – no obvious cue or trigger at the time of
occurrence. Seemingly “out of the blue.” Expected - there is an obvious cue or trigger, e.g.,
phobic stimulus
Panic Attacks can be used as a specifier for all DSM disorders. Use the phrase “with panic attacks” after name of disorder
Panic Attacks
Panic Sx include: Increased heart rate /palpitations Sweating Shaking Shortness of breath Chest pain Nausea Dizziness Numbness/tingling Derealization/depersonalization Fear of “going crazy” or dying
Panic Disorder
Panic DisorderRecurrent unexpected Panic AttacksAt least 1 of the attacks has been
followed by a month or more of at least 1 of the followingPersistent worry about having more
attacks or about the consequences of attacks
Significant change in Bx related to the attacks
Tx of Panic Disorder
Medical evaluation – physiological disorders, some serious, can cause panic-like Sx
Psychotherapy – can be sufficient as sole Tx method CBT
Change catastrophic and distorted thinking surrounding physical symptoms
Relaxation training, meditation, distraction, interoceptive exposure
Medication – usually not sufficient as sole Tx method Fast-acting anti-anxiety meds for Sx relief
Benzodiazepines – Xanax, Klonopin, Valium Long-term anti-depressant therapy for Tx of underlying disorder
SSRIs MAOIs Tricyclics
Phobias
Marked fear or anxiety cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation
Exposure almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response, possibly in the form of expected Panic Attacks
Fear/anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed and to the sociocultural context
Stimulus is avoided or endured with intense anxiety
Fear/anxiety/avoidance is persistent/lasts at least 6 months
Specific Phobia
Code according to phobic stimulusMost Common Types
Animal Type Natural Environment Type (e.g., heights, storm, water) Blood-Injection-Injury Type Situational Type (e.g., airplanes, elevators, enclosed
places) Other Type (e.g., fear of contracting an illness; in
children: loud sounds, costumed characters)
Social Anxiety Disorder
Persistent fear of acting in a way that will be humiliating, embarrassing, or lead to rejection in 1 or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others
If another medical condition is present, fear is not related to it (e.g., fear is not of trembling in a patient with Parkinson’s Disease)
Specify if: Performance Only – fears are limited to public performance situations
Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia: Anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help may not be available in the event of having panic or other embarrassing/incapacitating Sx. Hx of Panic Attacks not required Fear is experienced about two or more of these situations:
Public transportation Open spaces Enclosed places (where other people are present) Standing in line/being in a crowd Being outside the home alone
Behavioral Tx of Phobias
Exposure Therapy Systematic Desensitization
Develop and implement anxiety hierarchy In vivo or imaginal Teach relaxation techniques and pair with exposure Location and pacing determined by nature and severity of
fear and client characteristics Graduated Exposure
Gradually increasing duration of exposure Flooding
Intense and prolonged exposure to feared object Not all phobias or clients are appropriate for this approach
Virtual Reality
Other Tx of Phobias
Cognitive restructuringEncourage expression of feelings, self-confidence,
responsibilityAttend to family/environmental issues that may
impact phobia; possibly include a close associate in the Tx
Cognitive aspects of Tx play a larger role in treating Social Anxiety Disorder Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy helps skills
development
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry most of the time for at least 6 months about a number of events or activities
It is difficult to control the worryAnxiety/worry associated with 3 or more of the
following: Restlessness or feeling on edge/keyed up Being easily fatigued Difficulty concentrating/mind going blank Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance
Treatment of GAD
CBT Cognitive restructuring Relaxation training Exposure
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy Acceptance & awareness of thoughts and feelings Emotional detachment Identification of values -- work toward acting based on
thoseMedication
Fast-acting for Sx relief Long-term for Sx treatment
Relapse after stopping meds is high
Other Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Sx are physiologically caused by medical condition, not by
knowledge of having medical conditionSubstance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Code based on substance involved and presence/absence of other substance use disorder
Other Specified or Unspecified Anxiety Disorder Clear anxiety disorder, but full criteria not met for any
specific one, For Specified, record reason with Dx
“Other Specified Anxiety Disorder, limited symptom attacks”
Obsessions & Compulsions
Obsessions Recurrent, persistent and intrusive thoughts, impulses or
images that cause marked anxiety or distress Person attempts to ignore such thoughts or to neutralize
them with some other thought or actionCompulsions
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be rigidly applied
Behaviors are aimed at reducing distress or preventing some dreaded outcome, but are not realistically connected with what they are designed to prevent or are clearly excessive
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions and/or compulsionsSx cause marked distress, are time consuming,
or significantly interfere with functioningSx not better explained by another mental
disorderSpecify if:
With good or fair insight – person recognizes that beliefs are not or may not be true
With poor insight – person thinks beliefs probably true With absent insight/delusional beliefs -- person is
completely convinced beliefs are true Tic-related – current or past tic disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Typical OCD themes include: contamination/washing; doubt/checking; fear of harming oneself or others; symmetry/counting and arranging
OCD is a chronic disorder that can be highly treatment resistant
High degree of heritabilityEqually common in both genders: females
onset more in adulthood, males more in childhood
Treatment of OCD
OCD presents at a wide range of severity and disability.
Exposure and response prevention Graduated exposure to obsessional cues and strict
prevention of rituals Relaxation training may be used
Cognitive therapy Challenge errors in thinking
Medication SSRIs, tricyclics
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one of following ways:
For those older than 6 years: Direct experience Witnessing, in person, the event occurring to others Learning that the event occurred to a close family
member or friend Experiencing related or extreme exposure to aversive
details of the event(s)
There are somewhat different criteria for children 6 years or younger.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
One or more intrusion Sx, beginning after event
One or more Sx indicating persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with event, beginning after event
Two or more negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with event, beginning or worsening after event
Two or more marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with event, beginning or worsening after event
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Duration of disturbance is more than one month
• Rule out substances or other medical conditions
• Specify whether:• With dissociative Sx• Depersonalization• Derealization
• Specify if:• With delayed expression– if full criteria are not met for
at least 6 months after the event
Treatment of PTSD
Begin Tx as soon as possible after trauma, even before Sx emerge as a preventative measure
Suicide evaluationSubstance use evaluationProlonged Exposure
Exposure to memory of trauma on a hierarchical, scheduled basis
Cognitive Processing Therapy Structured model combining exposure, cognitive
restructuring, and anxiety management training Developed for sexual assault survivors
Anxiety Management Training Pairing memory of trauma with relaxation, biofeedback,
etc.
Treatment of PTSD
Group/family therapy Support systems are vital to people with PTSD Group with people with similar experiences can be
very helpful Family has likely been significantly impacted by
PTSD Work on trust, communication skills
Medication SSRIs most commonly used Help address anxiety, depression, sleep problems
Acute Stress Disorder
• Same exposure to traumatic event as with PTSD
• Nine Sx related to intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and increased arousal
• Disturbance lasts for at least 3 days and no more than1 month after trauma exposure
• Rule out substances, another medical condition, and brief psychotic disorder.
Adjustment Disorder
Development of emotional or behavioral Sx in response to an identifiable stressor Stressor can be of any severity, unlike PTSD
Sx start within 3 months of onset of stressor and don’t last more than 6 months past end of stressor
Distress in excess of what would be expected OR significant impairment in functioning
Criteria are not met for another mental disorder, and is not an exacerbation of a pre-existing mental disorder
Sx do not represent normal bereavement
Adjustment Disorder
Specify whether: With Depressed Mood With Anxiety With Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood With Disturbance of Conduct With Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct Unspecified
Code according to nature of Sx
Differential Diagnosis
Panic Attacks can occur with all DSM-5 disorders – for Panic Disorder they must be present and unexpected
Nature of fear/worry helps determine Dx: Panic Disorder – of having another attack or
consequences of attack Agoraphobia – of having panic Sx in a place that
cannot be escaped or where help cannot be obtained Specific Phobia – of a particular object or situation Social Anxiety Disorder– of being
humiliated/rejected in front of others
Differential Diagnosis
Avoidant Personality Disorder may just be a more pervasive form of Social Anxiety Disorder. They can be hard to distinguish. Look at Hx. Negative self evaluation is more prominent with P/D. Anxiety/avoidant Bx is present in most social situations with P/D.
Depressive ruminations are not obsessions because they are typically mood congruent, not experienced as intrusive or distressing, not linked to compulsions.
OCD with delusional beliefs is not diagnosed as Delusional Disorder if obsessions and compulsions are clearly present
Differential Diagnosis
Compulsive-like Bx (gambling, substance abuse) is not OCD because those activities bring pleasure, at least while they’re being executed
OCD and OCPD can be diagnosed in the same person, but they are not the same. No obsessions or compulsions with OCPD. OCD is often ego dystonic.
Stressor with Adjustment Disorder can be anything the person feels was stressful to them; PTSD requires extreme stressor as defined in criteria
PTSD can look like psychosis. Be aware of the whole profile.