Class 11Respiratory System

Respiratory System Functions

• Supplies cells with oxygen

• Rids the body of carbon dioxide

• Also brings scents to the nose

• Vibrates vocal cords for speech

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose/Nasal Cavity• Sinuses• Pharynx• Larynx

Essentially: from the larynx UP

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea• Bronchial Tree• Lungs

Essentially:From the trachea

DOWN

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Functions: Filter, Warm, Moisten Air (Sense of Smell)

Paranasal Sinuses

Functions:~Lighten your head ~Resonate your voice ~Make Mucus

Neti Pot

• Warm, saline solution

• Passive nasal rinse• Can be helpful for

allergies, excess mucus, nasal congestion

The Pharynx

Function:Passageway for both air and food

The Larynx

Location:between the pharynx (throat) and

trachea (windpipe)• Muscle & Elastic Tissue

– False Vocal Cords• Help close airway during swallowing

– True Vocal folds (vocal cords)• Used for speech

• Epiglottis– Flap of tissue that closes over larynx

to prevent food from entering• Cartilage framework– Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s

apple)– Cricoid Cartilage

Vocal Cords/Folds & Trachea

Trachea• Location:– C6 – T5. Anterior to

esophagus

• Structure:– Strong tube, mucous lined,

splits into R & L bronchi, surrounded by “C” shaped rings of cartilage

• Function:– Passageway for air to

lungs

Bronchial Tree

Bronchial Tree-Structural Divisions

• Primary Bronchi• Secondary Bronchi• Tertiary Bronchi• Bronchioles• Alveolar Ducts• Alveoli

Alveolar Gas Exchange

Gas exchange happens by diffusion: higher

concentration to lower concentration.

Damaged Alveoli & Emphysema

Lungs

• Air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatic vessels, nerves.

Pleural Membranes

• Visceral Pleura– Directly touches lung

tissue• Parietal Pleura– Lines the thoracic

cavity• Pleural Cavity– The “virtual space”

between the pleuras, filled with serous fluid

Breathing Mechanism--InspirationQuiet/Restful Breathing• Diaphragm

– Lowers & creates more space in the thoracic cavity

• External Intercostals– Pull ribcage up and out

Forced Inspiration• SCM• Scalenes• Pec Minor• ALL affect ribcage

Breathing Mechanism--ExpirationQuiet/Restful Breathing• ELASTIC RECOIL

– Ribcage– Diaphragm– Abdominal contents– Lung tissue

Forced Expiration• ALL SECONDARY

– Abdominals– Obliques– Internal Intercostals

Control of BreathingRespiratory Control Center:

• Medulla Oblongata– controls most breathing

• Pons– controls smooth transition from

inspiration to expiration

Factors Affecting Breathing:• CO2

– levels detected in CSF, send signals to brain, breathing

– **most important factor**• O2

– levels detected on cellular level• Emotional /Psychological Factors

– Act through Limbic System to activate hypothalmic sympathetic nervous system.

Transport of Gases-Oxygen

Transport of Gases-Carbon DioxideCO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

-

Carbon Dioxide + Water = Carbonic Acid = Hydrogen + Bicarbonate Ions

Cellular Respiration

• A series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell – Biochemical energy is harvested from

organic substance (e.g. glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell.

• Aerobic Respiration– NEEDS OXYGEN

EXAM REVIEW

This…….is….…JeopardyUrinary RespiratoryReproductive

Along the Alimentary

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Digestive

Thank goodness!!!