MIGRATION(PAGES 80-85)

Claire SongMs. Vanveen3B

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

Push factors: the negative influences that make a person want to move away, such as high taxes, high crime rates, and abusive governments.

Pull factors: the positive influences that pull a person toward a particular place, such as affordable real estate, good schools, and clean parks.

The assignment of what is a push and what is a pull factor is highly personal.

VOLUNTARY VERSUS FORCED MIGRATION Voluntary migration: migrants have an option of

whether or not to move Involuntary (or forced) migration: when migrants

are pushed from their land (ex. The largest forced migration occurred with the North Atlantic slave trade)

Refugees: migrants fleeing some form of persecution or abuse

International refugees: refugees that flee their country and move to another country.

Intranational refugees: abandon their homes but remain in their country to escape persecution (also known as internally displaced peoples)

MAJOR REGIONS OF DISLOCATION AND REFUGEES

Sub-Saharan Africa: Millions of people fled from Rwanda and Congo in response to tribal or ethnic conflicts. In the Darfur region of northeastern Sudan, religious and ethnic tensions between the North and the South, Muslims and animists, and the government and rebels have led to massive dislocation.

The Middle East: A major migration stream in the Middle East includes emigration of Palestinians after the formation of Israel to countries such as Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. Also, the Kurdish people from the former Iraq and Afghanistan’s citizens during the Soviet occupation in the 1980’s are emigrants.

Europe: The fall of Yugoslavia in the Balkans led to the largest refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. Nearly 7 million refugees fled their homes during this conflict.

Balkanization: when centrifugal forces break apart a state into smaller pieces

Southeast Asia: The Vietnam War created nearly 2 million refugees, Cambodia’s violent governmental transition uprooted nearly 300,000 refugees, and the dictatorial government of Burma (now Myanmar) has dislocated thousands.

South Asia: In addition to Afghani refugees fleeing to neighboring Pakistan, Sri Lanka has seen nearly 1 million of its citizens dislocated by a feud with the Sinhalese government.

WHERE PEOPLE ARE MIGRATING TO/FROM North America, Oceania, and Europe have a

net in-migration. Asia, Africa, and Latin America have net out-

migration. Southwest Asia is the region with the highest

percentage of immigrants in the world (50% of their population).

WAVES OF MIGRATION

In the colonial era, from 1607 until 1776, Europe and Africa were the primary sources of migrants to the U.S. Many Europeans were escaping political and religious persecution in Europe while Africans were forced to migrate as slaves.

In the 19th century (1840s and 1850s) massive numbers of Irish and Germans made the trip to the United States. Immigration fell during the Civil War but surged up again in the early 20th century, fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Many people came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

WAVES OF MIGRATION CONTINUED

Immigration picked up after the Great Depression and World War II in the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1970s and 1980s, Asia was the leading source of immigration to the U.S. By the late 1980s, Latin America was the chief source of immigrants to the United States.

GUEST WORKERS

Many immigrants are guest workers, temporarily allowed in the united States on work permits.

Many immigrants send money to their family members in their own countries, a transaction known as remittance.

In 1921, the Quota Act of 1921 allowed the highest numbers of immigrants from European countries and discriminated against Asians and other regions. This quota restricted unlimited immigration to the United States.

INTERNAL MIGRATION

Internal migration is movement within a country. Interregional migration is moving within a region,

such as from a city to a suburb. lntraregional migration is moving within a region,

such as from a city to a suburb.

PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

During the Industrial Revolution, more and more Americans moved from farms to cities in a pattern of urban migration.

Recently, an increasing number of U.S. city dwellers have been moving back to rural areas to escape the crowdedness of cities. This is known as counterurbanization.

PATTERNS OF MIGRATION CONTINUED The U.S. migration pattern has shifted its center of

population westward and in a southerly direction. During the Great Migration, many southern African

Americans moved north in search of industrial jobs not being filled by immigrants. By the 1970s, more African Americans were returning to the South than were moving north. Northerners were moving south for better weather and increased job opportunities because U.S. factory jobs decreased in number.

The aging of factories in the U.S. is forming a Rustbelt in the Northeast and a Sunbelt in the South.

EXTERNAL MIGRATIONS

These are some examples of external migrations after World War I.

Jewish immigrants to Israel from countries all over the world, including large sources such as Germany and Russia.

Emigration by East Germans to other countries during transition to Soviet control.

From Asia to the United States, with the largest sources being the Philippines, Vietnam, and India.

From North Africa and Turkey to Europe-namely France, Germany, and England.

MIGRATION SELECTIVITY

Migration selectivity is the evaluation of how likely someone is to migrate based on personal, social, and economic factors.

Age is the most influential factor in migration selectivity. People are most likely to move between the ages of 18 and 30, the time in which they leave their parents’ homes, find jobs, attend college, etc.

BRAIN DRAIN

The more educated people are, the more likely they are to make long-distance moves because of their increased knowledge of more-distant opportunities and greater job qualifications.

Brain drain is when the most educated workers leave for more attractive destinations.

Often, governments will try to create programs to try and keep the most educated in their workforce.