CL420 Ende Project Completed

WATER TREATMENT

FACILITY PROPOSAL Ende, East Nusa Tengarra, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This report proposes the construction of a water

treatment facility in Ende using a horizontal flow

constructed wetlands system. EU Directives shall

be consulted due to unavailability of Indonesian

Directives relating to water treatment.

Gordon Best- Ende water treatment facility plan MEng Civil Engineering- CL420 Water Engineering

GORDON BEST- ENDE WATER TREATMENT FACILITY PLAN 2

E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y

T h e c i t y o f E n d e , I n d o n e s i a f a c e s m u l t i p l e s o c i a l p r o b l e m s a t t r i b u t e d

t o p o o r w a t e r q u a l i t y . H e a l t h l e v e l s a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e r e m a i n l o w d u e

t o i l l n e s s , s u c h a s d i a r r h o e a , o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e p o o r q u a l i t y o f w a t e r

a v a i l a b l e i n l o c a l s p r i n g s o r w e l l s .

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c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r . W a t e r s h o r t a g e s a r e c o m m o n i n t h e c i t y , l e a d i n g

t o p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t r a d e , i n a d d i t i o n t o p u b l i c

h e a l t h c a r e . T h e c u r r e n t t r e n d s o f r i s i n g p o p u l a t i o n r e q u i r e a s y s t e m t o

b e d e v e l o p e d t o s u p p o r t t h e e x p a n d i n g c o m m u n i t y , a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i m p r o v e q u a l i t y o f l i f e .

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s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a n d r e t e n t i o n o f s u r f a c e r u n o f f f r o m t h e s e a s o n a l

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i n c o r p o r a t e s a n e f f e c t i v e s a n i t a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m u t i l i s i n g

p r e l i m i n a r y , p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e

w a t e r q u a l i t y , a s w e l l a s e n s u r i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e t o t h e

q u a n t i t i e s o f c l e a n w a t e r a v a i l a b l e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y .

T h e s y s t e m r e c y c l e s t h e b l a c k w a t e r f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l h o u s i n g , p r o v i d i n g

1 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y o f c l e a n w a t e r , s a t i s f y i n g E U D i r e c t i v e W a t e r Q u a l i t y

S t a n d a r d s w i t h o u t p u t a t 2 0 . 6 1 g / m 3 ( < 2 5 g / m 3 ) o f B O D , a n d 8 . 2 g / m 3 T S S

( < 3 5 g / m 3 . T h e s e o u t p u t s d e m o n s t r a t e t r e a t m e n t e f f i c i e n c i e s o f 9 1 . 5 %

a n d 9 6 . 8 % f o r B O D a n d T S S r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A s s u m p t i o n s a r e m a d e t h r o u g h o u t t h a t c o m p a r i s o n s c a n b e m a d e t o t h e

K o h P h i P h i W a t e r T r e a t m e n t S y s t e m i n T h a i l a n d , i n t e r m s o f

e f f i c i e n c y , c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f d e s i g n . I n a d d i t i o n ,

a s s u m p t i o n s a r e m a d e r e g a r d i n g t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f w o r l d w i d e i n i t i a l

B O D a n d T S S d a t a , a s p r o v i d e d i n t h e p r o j e c t b r i e f .

T h e s i t e o f 1 5 8 , 1 9 7 m 2 i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o l o c a t e n e x t t o a n e x i s t i n g

w a s t e s o r t i n g f a c i l i t y t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e c i t y , t o r e d u c e c o m m u n i t y

i n t r u s i o n a n d m a x i m i s e a v a i l a b l e s p a c e . A s i t e t h i s s i z e w i l l g a t h e r

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 % o f s u r f a c e r u n o f f , a n d t r e a t 1 0 0 % o f s a n i t a t i o n

w a s t e w a t e r , i n t r o d u c i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l p l a n t s t o g a t h e r

s u r f a c e r u n o f f i f r e q u i r e d i n t h e f u t u r e .

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y c a n e f f e c t i v e l y c o m b a t t h e s o c i a l i s s u e s

r e l a t i n g t o p o o r q u a l i t y , l o w q u a n t i t y w a t e r s o u r c e s i n E n d e , i n c r e a s i n g

q u a l i t y o f l i f e a n d m o d e r n i s i n g t h e c i t y w i t h m i n i m a l i n t r u s i o n o r

n e g a t i v e s o c i a l i m p a c t s .


I n t r o d u c t i o n

A c r o s s t h e w o r l d t o d a y , a s m a n y a s 7 5 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e s u f f e r f r o m a l a c k

o f s a f e d r i n k i n g w a t e r , c l o s e t o o n e i n n i n e ( W H O ) . P a r e n t s a r e f o r c e d t o

f e e d u n c l e a n w a t e r t o t h e i r c h i l d r e n , r i s k i n g d i s e a s e s a n d i n f e c t i o n s

s u c h a s c h o l e r a o r d y s e n t e r y . I n t h e d e v e l o p e d w o r l d w h e r e s u c h r e l a t i v e

l u x u r y i s e n j o y e d , t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o m e c l o s e t o u n t h i n k a b l e .

S i n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s , n e a r l y 1 . 3 b i l l i o n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n h e l p e d t o

g a i n a c c e s s t o c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r ( U N ) . T h i s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o

m a s s i v e r i s e s i n p r o g r e s s i n C h i n a a n d I n d i a , w h e r e t e c h n o l o g y s u c h a s

r a i n c a t c h m e n t s y s t e m s h a v e d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h o u s a n d s o f w e l l s f u n d e d b y c a m p a i g n

d o n a t i o n s h a v e i m p r o v e d a c c e s s t o w a t e r i n d r y a n d d i f f i c u l t

e n v i r o n m e n t s , f o r e x a m p l e i n B u r k i n a F a s o a n d K e n y a .

H o w e v e r , t h e s e p r o j e c t s d o h a v e l i m i t s . T h e r e i s o n l y s o m u c h c a p a c i t y

i n a w e l l , a n d t h e r e i s o n l y s o m u c h r a i n t h a t c a n f a l l o n t o a c o u n t r y . S o

w h a t h a p p e n s w h e n i t i s a l l u s e d u p ? W a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s

r e c e i v e t h i s w a t e r a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l u s e , a n d e n s u r e t h a t i t r e m a i n s u s a b l e

a n d s a f e f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l y l o n g e r t i m e .

T h i s p r o j e c t w i l l f o c u s o n t h e c i t y o f E n d e , I n d o n e s i a . I n h a b i t e d b y o v e r

6 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , E n d e i s l o c a t e d o n t h e S o u t h c o a s t o f F l o r e s I s l a n d , o n

E a s t N u s a T e n g a r r a . T h e c i t y i s a r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t c e n t r e , i n

a d d i t i o n t o a h u b f o r c o a s t a l t r a d i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n . T h e r e i s a n a i r p o r t ,

p e r m i t t i n g t r a v e l t o t h e n e a r b y i s l a n d s . T h i s h a d l e d t o s l i g h t i n c r e a s e s

i n t o u r i s m i n t h e l a s t f e w d e c a d e s , h o w e v e r t h e r e r e m a i n s i g n i f i c a n t

s o c i a l i s s u e s i n t h e c i t y .

I n d o n e s i a a s a w h o l e p o s s e s s e s a r e a s o n a b l e h e a l t h r e c o r d . F i g u r e 1

s h o w s t h e i n c r e a s i n g i m p r o v e m e n t s b e i n g m a d e i n I n d o n e s i a a s a w h o l e

r e g a r d i n g w a t e r a n d s a n i t a t i o n w o r k s . H o w e v e r t h e s m a l l e r a n d l e s s

p o p u l a t e d i s l a n d s t e n d t o s u f f e r f r o m h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u e

t o t h i s l a c k o f c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r .

Figure 1- Increasing Water Quality in Indonesia


E n d e ’ s w e a t h e r i s h u m i d a n d t r o p i c a l , l i k e m o s t o f S o u t h E a s t A s i a , b u t

s u f f e r s f r o m s e a s o n a l w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . A s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 2 , t h e

p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r s m o s t l y i n t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s , a n d d r o p s t o e x t r e m e

l o w s i n t h e s u m m e r . T h i s p u t s p r e s s u r e o n t h e c o m m u n i t i e s , w h e r e a

l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n c a n b e l e f t w i t h o u t c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r . I t i s e s t i m a t e d

t h a t 4 0 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f E n d e r e l y o n n a t u r a l s p r i n g s a s t h e i r

p r i m a r y w a t e r s o u r c e , c o m p a r e d t o t h e I n d o n e s i a n a v e r a g e o f 1 4 % ( B P S

S t a t i s t i c s ) . T h i s f u n c t i o n s a d e q u a t e l y w h e n p r e c i p i t a t i o n l e v e l s a r e h i g h ,

b u t w h e n l e v e l s d r o p i n t h e s u m m e r , l o c a l s a r e f o r c e d t o f i n d a l t e r n a t i v e

u n t r e a t e d s o u r c e s o f d r i n k i n g w a t e r .

P a r t i c u l a r l y i n r u r a l a r e a s , p e o p l e a r e f o r c e d t o d r i n k u n c l e a n w a t e r f r o m

c o n t a m i n a t e d w e l l s , o r w a l k t o n e i g h b o u r i n g t o w n s t o c o l l e c t c l e a n e r

w a t e r .

T h e w a t e r w h i c h i s o f t e n c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e s e w e l l s i s s t a g n a n t , l e a d i n g

t o i l l n e s s s u c h a s d i a r r h o e a , a n d a l s o l e a d t o t h e s p r e a d i n g o f m a l a r i a .

E n d e h a s t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s o f m a l a r i a i n t h e w h o l e o f I n d o n e s i a .

C o m b i n e d w i t h a s e v e r e l a c k o f h e a l t h c a r e f a c i l i t i e s a n d p r o p e r

s a n i t a t i o n l e a d s t o a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w q u a l i t y o f l i f e f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l a c k o f w a t e r l e a d s t o i s s u e s w i t h t h e l o c a l a g r i c u l t u r e .

T h e m a i n o c c u p a t i o n f o r l o c a l s i s s u b s i s t e n c e f a r m i n g , g r o w i n g c o r n a n d

c o f f e e p r i m a r i l y . T h e s e c r o p s r e l y h e a v i l y o n s u f f i c i e n t i r r i g a t i o n , w h i c h

i s n e a r i m p o s s i b l e w i t h w a t e r l e v e l s t o o l o w t o e v e n p r o v i d e c l e a n w a t e r

f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n .

I t i s t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y f o r E n d e t o d e v e l o p a w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y .

T h i s w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e w a t e r w h i c h e x c e e d s r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e r a i n y

s e a s o n c o u l d b e c o n t a i n e d , a l l o w i n g u s e d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n . T h e

w a t e r w o u l d b e r e c y c l e d a f t e r u s e i n t h i s t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y , a n d b e s a f e

t o r e u s e a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s w a t e r , w h i c h w o u l d b e r e l i e d

Figure 2- Annual Precipitation Levels


u p o n , w o u l d b e c l e a n a n d d i s e a s e f r e e , r e d u c i n g l o c a l i l l n e s s a n d

m a l a r i a s p r e a d .

I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y i s d e s i g n e d t o t h e c o r r e c t

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s m u s t b e

c o n s i d e r e d .

I n a r u r a l , l e s s d e v e l o p e d c o m m u n i t y s u c h a s i n E n d e , t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t

b e d e s i g n e d t o b e r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e t o o p e r a t e a n d m a i n t a i n . T h i s i s d u e

t o t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e f a c i l i t y w i l l n e e d t o b e m a n a g e d b y t h e l o c a l

p o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h w i l l n o t h a v e a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g t o o p e r a t e h i g h t e c h

m a c h i n e r y . T h i s t i e s i n w i t h t h e c o s t f a c t o r s , w h i c h s h o u l d b e

c o n s i d e r e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e g e o g r a p h y a n d t o p o g r a p h y o f t h e c i t y m u s t

b e c o n t e m p l a t e d . T h e a r e a i s 4 0 % u n d u l a t i n g ( g e o g r a p h i c . o r g ) , i n a d d i t i o n

t o b e i n g a n i s l a n d , s o t h e m a t e r i a l s t o b u i l d t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t b e e a s y t o

t r a n s p o r t , a n d i d e a l l y l o c a l l y s o u r c e d . I f r e q u i r e d , t h e p o r t a l l o w s f o r

m o r e a d v a n c e d m a t e r i a l s t o b e s o u r c e d . L i n k i n g i n w i t h t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t

t e r r a i n , t h e s i z e o f t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t b e a f a c t o r t o c o n s i d e r , s i n c e l a r g e

r e q u i r e m e n t s m a y n o t b e p o s s i b l e t o f a c i l i t a t e d u e t o t h e r e s t r i c t e d

n a t u r e o f t h e c i t y c a u s e d b y t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m o u n t a i n s a n d c o a s t l i n e .

A l t h o u g h t h e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i s c l e a r l y a n e c e s s i t y , i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t

t o c o n v i n c e t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t i t w o u l d b e t h e b e s t u s e o f m o n e y i n a n

a r e a k n o w n f o r i t s p o v e r t y . I n E n d e , u n e m p l o y m e n t i s a t 3 0 % , w i t h

c u r r e n t l y h i g h l e v e l s o f i n f l a t i o n a n d i n t e r e s t r a t e s , a t 1 5 % a n d 2 4 %

r e s p e c t i v e l y ( B P S S t a t i s t i c s ) .

2 3 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s c a t e g o r i s e d a s “ P o o r ” a c c o r d i n g t o t h e B a d a n

P u s a t S t a r i s t i k ’ s S t a t i s t i c a l G u i d e t o I n d o n e s i a . S o i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e

p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d p r e f e r t o i n v e s t t h e m o n e y i n f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s t h e

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o r t h e e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m b e f o r e t r e a t i n g w a t e r w h i c h t h e y

a l r e a d y h a v e .

H o w e v e r , i n t h e p r o c e s s o f s u g g e s t i n g t h e f a c i l i t y , c o m p r e h e n s i v e

e n c o u r a g e m e n t s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d t o o u t l i n e t h e b e n e f i t s a n d

d e v e l o p m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h i c h c o m e f r o m t h e t r e a t m e n t o f w a t e r . I f

t h e w a t e r i s c o n t a i n e d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , t h e c o m m u n i t y c a n g a i n a c c e s s

t o c l e a n w a t e r y e a r r o u n d . F r o m t h i s , a n e f f i c i e n t i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m c a n

b e c r e a t e d , l e a d i n g t o g a i n s i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r , b r i n g i n g

i n v e s t m e n t t o t h e a r e a w h e n t r a d i n g a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e s .

O n c e t h i s m o n e y i s b r o u g h t t o t h e c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h a d d e d t r a d e a n d

r e d u c e d h e a l t h c a r e e x p e n d i t u r e , t h e s o c i a l i s s u e s s u c h a s u n e m p l o y m e n t

s h a l l b e s o l v e d t h r o u g h j o b c r e a t i o n .

T o a l l o w t h e f a c i l i t y t o c o n t i n u e t o b e n e f i t t h e c o m m u n i t y f o r a n

e x t e n s i v e p e r i o d o f t i m e , t h e d e s i g n s h o u l d f a c t o r i n s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . T h i s

w o u l d r e q u i r e t h e d e s i g n t o b e r o b u s t a n d b e a b l e t o f u n c t i o n f o r t h e

e n t i r e t y o f i t s d e s i g n l i f e . L o w p o l l u t i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a r e


c o n s i d e r e d v i t a l c r i t e r i a a f f e c t i n g s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . H o w e v e r , t h i s

s u s t a i n a b i l i t y s h o u l d f u n c t i o n w i t h e f f e c t i v e n e s s . U n d e r E U D i r e c t o r y

2 0 1 1 c o n d i t i o n s , b i o c h e m i c a l o x y g e n d e m a n d ( B O D ) s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d t o

2 5 m g / l , a n d t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s ( T S S ) s h o u l d b e n o m o r e t h a n 3 5 m g / l

a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e t r e a t m e n t i s a n o b v i o u s c r i t e r i o n , s o

f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e l e v e l o f t h e d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n , b a c t e r i a l l e v e l s ,

p a t h o g e n c o n t e n t , B O D , C O D , a n d T S S l e f t i n t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r s h o u l d

b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h i s d e s i g n s t r a t e g y .

T h e c i t y h a s e x t e n s i v e a r e a t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e f a c i l i t y , w h e t h e r t h e

d e s i g n i s a c e n t r a l i s e d s y s t e m o r d e c e n t r a l i s e d i n s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s . T h e

c u r r e n t s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s e e m s t o b e v e r y b a s i c , i n v o l v i n g r u d i m e n t a r y

h o m e - m a d e t o i l e t s , o r s i m p l y o p e n d e f e c a t i o n . O n l y 4 8 % o f t h e

p o p u l a t i o n o w n s a t o i l e t ( W H O ) . T h i s i s a m a j o r i n d i c a t o r o f t h e l e v e l o f

p o v e r t y i n t h e a r e a , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e l a c k o f e d u c a t i o n a b o u t t h e

d a n g e r s o f i m p r o p e r s a n i t a t i o n a n d c o n t a m i n a t e d w a t e r . T h e l o c a l s o f t e n

n e e d t o m a k e t h e c h o i c e o f w h e t h e r h a v i n g a t o i l e t i s w o r t h t h e e x p e n s e ,

o r i f t h e m o n e y s h o u l d b e u s e d e l s e w h e r e .

I n o r d e r t o d e s i g n t h e f a c i l i t y t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e c i t y , p o p u l a t i o n

e s t i m a t e s m u s t b e m a d e f o r t h e d e s i g n l i f e o f t h e f a c i l i t y . T h i s w i l l h e l p

t o d e c i d e w h a t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e n e e d e d t o a c c o m m o d a t e w a t e r i n p u t ,

a n d t h e t y p e o f f a c i l i t y t o u s e .

E n d e r e g i o n h a s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h p e r y e a r , w i t h a g r o w t h

p e r y e a r o f 2 % ( I n d o n e s i a - 1 . 2 5 % ) . A t t h i s r a t e , E n d e w i l l d o u b l e i t s

p o p u l a t i o n b y 2 0 5 0 , l e a d i n g t o d i f f i c u l t i e s i f t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y

i s n o t d e s i g n e d t o c o p e w i t h t h i s p o p u l a t i o n s i z e . E n d e h a s a y o u n g

p o p u l a t i o n , w h e r e 3 9 % a r e u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 5 ( 2 0 1 0 C e n s u s ) , i f l i f e

e x p e c t a n c y i n c r e a s e s d u e t o f u r t h e r e n h a n c e m e n t s i n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e ,

t h e n t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d b e e v e n h i g h e r t h a n e x p e c t e d . I f t h i s s h a r p

r i s e o c c u r s , t h e r e m a y b e n e e d t o e x t e n d t h e f a c i l i t y , o r t o c o n s t r u c t a

n e w o n e t o t h e N o r t h o f t h e t o w n , w h e r e r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t s l o o k

l i k e l y t o o c c u r .

D a t a w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g p r o j e c t s i n n e i g h b o u r i n g t o w n s , b u t

s i m i l a r i t i e s c a n b e m a d e w i t h a p r o j e c t c o m p l e t e d i n K o h P h i P h i ,

T h a i l a n d ( C O W I ) . L i k e E n d e , i s i t b a s e d o n a t r o p i c a l m o u n t a i n o u s i s l a n d

s t r u g g l i n g w i t h s o c i a l i s s u e s s u c h a s p o v e r t y a n d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s , w i t h

b o t h c i t i e s r e q u i r i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h v e r y b a s i c s a n i t a t i o n

f a c i l i t i e s .

N a t u r a l l y t h e r e a r e l i m i t a t i o n s t o c o m p a r i n g t h e p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t w i t h

t h e e x i s t i n g K o P h i P h i f a c i l i t y . T h e s o c i a l a c c e p t a n c e t o t h e p r o j e c t m a y

n o t b e a s w e l c o m i n g , o r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e i s l a n d m a y n o t p e r m i t i t .

H o w e v e r , t h e p r o j e c t w a s w e l l r e c e i v e d i n T h a i l a n d ( s o c i a l l y a n d

g e o g r a p h i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o I n d o n e s i a ) , a n d f u n c t i o n e d e f f i c i e n t l y , s o f a i r l y

s i m p l e a d a p t a t i o n s w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y f o r a s i m i l a r p r o j e c t t o b e l o c a t e d


i n E n d e . T h e s c o p e o f t h e p r o j e c t i s r e a l i s t i c , s i n c e t h e f a c i l i t y i n

T h a i l a n d f u n c t i o n e d f o r t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n o f 4 0 0 0 . T h i s m e a n s t h e

E n d e f a c i l i t y c o u l d b e a d j u s t e d t o b e s t s u i t t h e p o p u l a t i o n s i z e o f 6 0 , 0 0 0 .

T h e f a c i l i t y i n T h a i l a n d w a s 6 0 0 0 m 2 , a n d s o a l o c a t i o n b a s e d o n t h i s

d a t a h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d i n E n d e , a d d i n g i n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a

g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i n a d d i t i o n t o b l a c k w a t e r .

T h e a r e a ( s e e F i g u r e 3 ) i s t o t h e S o u t h o f t h e c i t y , w h e r e u r b a n

d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t h a n o n t h e N o r t h d u e t o t h e m o u n t a i n o u s

r e g i o n n o t p e r m i t t i n g a n y f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l r e s i d e n t i a l o r c o m m e r c i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t s . I t i s c l o s e e n o u g h t o t h e c i t y t o a l l o w f o r a s a n i t a t i o n

p i p e l i n e s y s t e m t o b e f e a s i b l e , b u t f a r e n o u g h a w a y t o a v o i d a n y

d r a m a t i c d r o p i n r e s i d e n t i a l h o u s i n g v a l u e i n n e i g h b o u r i n g a r e a s ( a s i s

n o r m a l l y s e e n w i t h t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y s c h e m e s ) . T o t h e N o r t h i s t h e

a i r p o r t , b u t t h e s i t e h a s a s u f f i c i e n t b u f f e r d i s t a n c e u n d e r E U d i r e c t o r y

c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s i t e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g s i t u a t e d n e x t t o a n

e x i s t i n g w a s t e s o r t i n g f a c i l i t y . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e a r e a i s a b r o w n f i e l d

s i t e , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h a t t h e a r e a i s a l r e a d y a p p r o v e d f o r w a s t e t r e a t m e n t

w o r k s . I n a d d i t i o n , a p a r t n e r s h i p c a n b e d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h i s o t h e r

f a c i l i t y , w h e r e o r g a n i c w a s t e f r o m t h e w a s t e f a c i l i t y c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d

i n t o t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s . V i c e v e r s a , a n y l a r g e r w a s t e p r o d u c t s

s u c h a s p l a s t i c o r g l a s s w h i c h a r e f i l t e r e d o u t i n t h e p r i m a r y s t a g e o f

t r e a t m e n t c a n b e s e n t t o t h e w a s t e f a c i l i t y . T h e p l a n t s g r o w n i n t h e

s y s t e m c a n b e r e c y c l e d w h e n r e q u i r e d f o r b i o g a s u s e , f e r t i g a t i o n , o r f o r

c o m p o s t i n g i n a g r i c u l t u r e .

T h i s s y s t e m i s i d e a l t o t h e l o c a t i o n s u g g e s t e d , s i n c e t h e u n d u l a t i n g

t e r r a i n p e r m i t s h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l g r o u n d f l o w d u e t o g r a v i t y , a n d

s a t i s f i e s a l l f a c t o r s o f s u s t a i n a b i l i t y a n d c o s t m i n i m i s a t i o n . T h e f a c i l i t y

w o u l d b e s i m p l e t o c o n s t r u c t a n d m a i n t a i n , a s w e l l a s h a v i n g t h e b e n e f i t

o f a l l o w i n g l o c a l s t o t a k e c h a r g e . T h i s w o u l d i n c r e a s e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y ,

s i n c e t h e c o m m u n i t y p r i d e o f c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e i r o w n f a c i l i t y w h i c h w o u l d

m o d e r n i s e t h e i r l i f e s t y l e w o u l d l e a d t o b e t t e r u p k e e p a n d o w n e r s h i p .

Figure 3- Proposed Site Location


M e t h o d o l o g y a n d R e s u l t s

T h e f a c i l i t y s u g g e s t e d u s e s a h o r i z o n t a l f l o w c o n s t r u c t e d w e t l a n d s

s y s t e m a s s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a f t e r i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g / g r i t r e m o v a l a n d

s e p t i c t a n k p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t ( F i g u r e 4 ) f o r b l a c k w a t e r , a n d a s e p a r a t e

c o n s t r u c t e d w e t l a n d s s y s t e m f o r g r e y w a t e r , m o s t l y s u r f a c e r u n o f f

c o l l e c t e d f r o m s t o r m d r a i n s o r i n f i l t r a t i o n t r e n c h e s .

H o u s e h o l d b l a c k w a t e r w i l l b e p u m p e d t o t h e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y b y u s e o f

s o l a r p o w e r t h r o u g h a c o a r s e s c r e e n i n g s y s t e m ( 6 - 1 5 0 m m ) a t a f l o w s p e e d

o f 0 . 0 4 m / s . A c o a r s e s c r e e n o f 0 . 1 9 m 2 i s r e q u i r e d t o e n s u r e f l o w i s

s l o w e d e n o u g h t o p e r m i t c l e a n i n g b y h a n d , w h i l e s t i l l e n a b l i n g B O D a n d

T S S r e m o v a l o f 2 0 % e a c h ( s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s i n A p p e n d i x 5 ) . F i n e s c r e e n i n g

w o u l d a c t a s a d d i t i o n a l p r e l i m i n a r y t r e a t m e n t t o r e d u c e B O D a n d T S S ,

b u t d u e t o a l i m i t e d b u d g e t , t h e w e t l a n d s s y s t e m i s d e e m e d t o

a c c o m p l i s h t h e r e q u i r e d w a t e r q u a l i t y t a r g e t s t h r o u g h s i m i l a r f i l t r a t i o n

p r o c e s s e s , a l b e i t a t a l a t e r s t a g e o f t r e a t m e n t .

T h e b l a c k w a t e r i s t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o a c o n c r e t e s e p t i c t a n k ( 4 0 0 m 3 -

5 m x 8 m x 1 0 m ) , w i t h a r e t e n t i o n t i m e o f 2 4 h o u r s . T h i s w a s c a l c u l a t e d

u n d e r t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t i n a l e s s s o c i a b l y a n d f i n a n c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d

a r e a s u c h a s E n d e , o n l y 2 0 l i t r e s / 0 . 2 m 3 i s r e q u i r e d p e r p e r s o n p e r d a y

t o p r o v i d e a w o r k i n g w a s t e w a t e r d i s p o s a l s y s t e m , s o t h r e e s e p t i c t a n k s

o f 4 0 0 m 3 e a c h w o u l d b e a d e q u a t e t o s t o r e t h e b l a c k w a t e r e f f l u e n t . T h e s e

t a n k s p r o m o t e p r i m a r y w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t t h r o u g h t h e a n a e r o b i c

e n v i r o n m e n t c r e a t e d i n t h e c o n t a i n e r , p e r m i t t i n g b a c t e r i a t o g r o w a n d

Figure 4- Proposed Facility Layout

Greywater Treatment Facility

Blackwater Treatment Facility


g r a d u a l l y b r e a k d o w n t h e w a s t e p r o d u c t s . T h e s e s e p t i c t a n k s ( s e e F i g u r e

5 ) w o u l d r e q u i r e s l u d g e r e m o v a l o n y e a r l y r e g u l a r b a s i s , w h i c h w o u l d b e

c o l l e c t e d a n d u s e d b y , o r o n b e h a l f o f , m e m b e r s o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l

w o r k f o r c e f o r f e r t i l i s i n g o r b i o g a s p u r p o s e s . T h e s e p t i c t a n k s u s e d i n

t h e f a c i l i t y a r e f i t t e d w i t h o d o u r c o n t r o l l i n g f i l t e r s t o e n s u r e m i n i m a l

o d o u r i s r e l e a s e d d u r i n g a l l t r a n s i t i o n s .

O n c e p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t i s c o m p l e t e , i t i s p u m p e d u s i n g s o l a r p o w e r a t a

f l o w r a t e o f 1 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y t o t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y , w h e r e i t w i l l b e

d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l y t o t h e t h r e e b l a c k w a t e r t r e a t m e n t c e l l s .

T h e g r e y w a t e r i s i n m u c h g r e a t e r q u a n t i t i e s t h a n t h e b l a c k w a t e r d u r i n g

t h e w e t s e a s o n , s o c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e m a d e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e n u m b e r o f

c e l l s r e q u i r e d t o t r e a t t h e m a x i m u m r a i n f a l l o f 1 0 2 m m i n D e c e m b e r .

V a r i a t i o n s o f t h i s r a i n f a l l a r e a n a l y s e d i n A p p e n d i x 5 . T o s u p p o r t t h e

e n t i r e m o n t h l y r a i n f a l l i n D e c e m b e r o f 1 0 2 m m , 1 2 4 c e l l s , t a k i n g u p o v e r

4 2 5 , 2 3 3 m 2 w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . T h i s i s c l e a r l y n o t f e a s i b l e d u e t o s p a t i a l

r e s t r i c t i o n s , s o a 1 4 0 , 4 2 2 m 2 s e c t i o n o f l a n d ( s e e F i g u r e 6 ) w a s s u g g e s t e d

a s t h e g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t s i t e t o t r e a t a s m u c h w a t e r a s p o s s i b l e ( ~ 3 0 %

o f t o t a l r a i n f a l l ) i n t h e l i m i t e d a r e a . T h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f c e l l s

p o s s i b l e i n t h i s s p a c e w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o b e 2 0 , i n t w o r o w s o f t e n . T h i s

i s c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e f e a s i b l e , a l l o w i n g f o r m a x i m u m w a t e r t r e a t m e n t

q u a n t i t y , w i t h m i n i m u m c o m m u n i t y i n t r u s i o n . T h e s m a l l e r b l a c k w a t e r

t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i s l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t l y , w i t h a s i t e a r e a o f 1 7 , 7 7 5 m 2 .

( T o t a l 1 5 8 , 1 9 2 m 2 )

Figure 5- Concrete Septic Tank

10m

8m


T h e g r e y w a t e r w i l l b e p u m p e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m

b y s o l a r p o w e r e d p u m p i n g , w h e r e t h e s e 2 0 c e l l s w i l l t r e a t t h e w a s t e w a t e r

a t 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y ( 8 0 0 0 m 3 / d a y t o t a l ) . B O D a n d T S S l e v e l s w i l l b e s u f f i c i e n t l y

l o w i n g r e y w a t e r t o r e q u i r e o n l y s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t f o r o u t p u t a t E U

D i r e c t o r y w a t e r q u a l i t y . T h e r e f o r e , t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e

s y s t e m , o n l y t h e b l a c k w a t e r w i l l b e a n a l y s e d d u e t o t h e c o n c i s e

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h i s r e p o r t .

F o r t h e a d j a c e n t l y l o c a t e d b l a c k w a t e r f a c i l i t y , p u m p s f o r c e t h e

w a s t e w a t e r i n t o t h e s u b - s u r f a c e w e t l a n d s y s t e m a t a r a t e o f 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y

f o r e a c h c e l l o f w e t l a n d ( 1 , 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y i n t o t a l b l a c k w a t e r ) F l o w r a t e

s u m m a r y c a n b e f o u n d i n F i g u r e 7 .

T h e s e w e t l a n d s y s t e m s a r e m a d e u p o f t h r e e r o c k s i z e s o f g r a v e l t o

e n s u r e t h e i s s u e o f c l o g g i n g i s m i n i m i s e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e g r a v e l , t h e

w e t l a n d s s y s t e m i s e m b e d d e d w i t h p l a n t s , s u c h a s H e l i c o n i a , t o p e r m i t

t h e g r o w t h o f a e r o b i c m i c r o o r g a n i s m s t o d i g e s t t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r . A n

a d d e d b e n e f i t i s t h e l a c k o f a n y o d o u r o r a e s t h e t i c d a m a g e d u e t o t h e

u n d e r g r o u n d n a t u r e o f t h e s y s t e m . T h i s p r o c e s s f i l t e r s t h e w a t e r

g r a d u a l l y , e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h i n g a p o n d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e s y s t e m , w h e r e

f l o w c a n b e p u m p e d t o a s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y f o r r e c y c l i n g / i r r i g a t i o n

p u r p o s e s . T h i s s h o u l d b e e n c l o s e d t o p r e v e n t m a l a r i a s o u r c e s . T h e

Blackwater

Facility

335.5m x 50m

Greywater

Facility

1185m x 118.5m

Flow Rate Cell Numbers Total Flow

Blackwater 400m3/day 3 1200m3/day

Greywater 400m3/day 20 8000m3/day

Total Output 9200m3/day

Figure 7- Water Treatment Daily Output

Figure 6- Proposed Site Location


w e t l a n d s a r e a i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o h a v e a m e t h o d o f f l o o d i n g o r d r a i n i n g

t h e s y s t e m f o r m a i n t e n a n c e u s e i n t h e e v e n t o f c l o g g i n g o r l e a k a g e .

T h e b l a c k w a t e r d e s i g n f a c i l i t a t e s p r e l i m i n a r y ( s c r e e n i n g ) , p r i m a r y

( s e p t i c t a n k ) a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t ( w e t l a n d s s y s t e m ) u n d e r E U

D i r e c t o r y c o n d i t i o n s , w h e r e B O D i s r e d u c e d b y a t l e a s t 7 0 - 9 0 % , C O D

r e d u c e d b y 7 5 % , a n d t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s a r e r e d u c e d b y 9 0 % . T h e

d e s i g n s h o u l d f a c i l i t a t e t r e a t e d w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s o f T a b l e 1 , A n n e x e 1

f o r d i s c h a r g e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e E U D i r e c t o r y f o r w a t e r t r e a t m e n t ( s e e

A p p e n d i x 1 ) .

E x a c t d i m e n s i o n s t o e n s u r e t h e s y s t e m f l o w s a t 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y f o r e a c h c e l l

i s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 8 , a s c a l c u l a t e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 1 .

T o a n a l y s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r o p o s a l , t h e b l a c k w a t e r e f f l u e n t B O D

a n d T S S l e v e l s w i l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d , w i t h b o t h c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d

o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t i o n s ( s e e F i g u r e 9 ) b e i n g m a d e r e g a r d i n g t h e r e m o v a l

r a t e / e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t s t e p s , b y m e a n s

o f r e m o v a l r a t e e s t i m a t e s f r o m t h e D E W A T D S D e s i g n P r i n c i p l e s G u i d e

( 2 0 0 9 ) ( A p p e n d i x 3 a n d 4 ) .

Figure 8- 400m3/day Design Layout (Drawn by Author)

BOD Conservative Estimate (g/m^3) Optimistic Estimate (g/m^3)

Screening /Grit Removal 20% removal 20% removal

Septic Tank 25% removal 50% removal

Wetlands System 75% removal 95% removal

TSS Conservative Estimate (g/m^3) Optimistic Estimate (g/m^3)

Screening /Grit Removal 20% removal 20% removal

Septic Tank 60% removal 80% removal

Wetlands System 80% removal 80% removal

Figure 9- Summary of DEWATDS Removal Rate Estimates


T h e i n i t i a l d a i l y B O D a n d T S S e s t i m a t e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m t h e C L 4 2 0 :

W a t e r E n g i n e e r i n g 2 - P r o j e c t 2 B r i e f ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) .

M a s s l o a d i n g v a l u e s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e s e p t i c t a n k u s i n g e q u a t i o n

o n e :

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑥 𝑄𝑘

T h i s c a l c u l a t e s t h e i n i t i a l t o t a l m a s s w h i c h e n t e r s i n t o t h e s y s t e m p e r

u n i t f l o w . A l s o c a l c u l a t e d i s t h e u n i t f l o w t o t a l m a s s o f B O D o r T S S p e r

p e r s o n , w h i c h p e r m i t s c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l c o n t a m i n a n t i n p u t o f t h e

s y s t e m . ( A p p e n d i c e s 7 a n d 9 )

S i n c e t h e s e p t i c t a n k i s u s e d o n a p r o g r e s s i v e b a s i s , a m a s s l o a d i n g

v a l u e i n k i l o g r a m s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e d a i l y m a s s l o a d i n g o n t h e

t a n k u s i n g e q u a t i o n 2 :

∑𝐶𝑘 𝑥 𝑄𝑘

24

𝑘=1

T h i s e q u a t i o n c a l c u l a t e s t h e d a i l y t o t a l m a s s o f B O D a n d T S S w h i c h

e n t e r s t h e s y s t e m p e r u n i t f l o w , p r o v i d i n g m e a n s t o a n a l y s e t h e

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e f a c i l i t y t h r o u g h o u t . ( A p p e n d i x 8 a n d 1 0 )

Figure 10- Initial BOD & TSS Daily Values (From CL420 Project 2 Brief)

Figure 11- Daily BOD & TSS Variance

1

2


T h e d a i l y a v e r a g e B O D o u t p u t w a s c a l c u l a t e d , a s w e l l a s t h e h i g h e s t a n d

l o w e s t v a l u e s p e r d a y f o r e a c h m 3 o f e f f l u e n t . T h e s e v a l u e s h a v e b e e n

e n t e r e d i n t o t h e s y s t e m t o p r o v i d e a g r a p h i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f B O D a n d

T S S v a r i a n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m ( F i g u r e s 1 2 a n d 1 3 ) .

I n a d d i t i o n t o a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f B O D a n d T S S , t o t a l

m a s s e s w e r e r e c o r d e d f o r t h e s y s t e m t o e v a l u a t e e f f i c i e n c y ( F i g u r e s 1 4 a n d

1 5 ) .

Figure 12-BOD Levels in System

Figure 14- Total BOD Mass in System Figure 15- Total BOD Mass in System

Figure 13-BOD Levels in System

Out(Conservative-75% removal) Out(Optimistic-95% removal) Out(Conservative-75% removal)Out(Optimistic-95% removal)

41.7 5.56 600.48 80.064

29.1 3.88 419.04 55.872

14.4 1.92 207.36 27.648

BOD (g/m3) BOD Mass (kg)

Graphical Analysis Summary

Highest Daily Value

Average Daily Value

Lowest Daily Value


T h e c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s s h o w e d a r a n g e o f B O D o u t p u t v a l u e s f r o m

1 4 . 4 - 4 1 . 7 g / m 3 . T h i s r e m a i n s h i g h e r t h a n t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e o f 2 5

g / m 3 , b u t i s a h i g h l y c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e , s i n c e t h e r e m o v a l r a t e

e s t i m a t e s r a n g e h i g h l y ( 2 5 - 5 0 % r e m o v a l ) f o r t h e p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t

s t a g e . T h e r e f o r e , r e a l i s t i c v a l u e s a r e l i k e l y t o b e m u c h c l o s e r t o t h e 2 5

g / m 3 t h r e s h o l d .

T h e o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s p o r t r a y a s u c c e s s f u l t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m , w h e r e

B O D o u t p u t v a l u e s r a n g e f r o m 1 . 9 2 - 5 . 6 g / m 3 , s h o w i n g e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h

o u t p u t w a t e r q u a l i t y , s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e E U U r b a n W a s t e w a t e r

D i r e c t o r y t h r e s h o l d o f 2 5 g / m 3 o f B O D .

T o c l a r i f y t h e e x p e c t e d f i n a l v a l u e o f B O D w h i c h w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t , a m e a n v a l u e w a s t a k e n b e t w e e n t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d

o p t i m i s t i c r e d u c t i o n r a t e s p e r s t e p f o r m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m

d a i l y B O D v a l u e s , p r o d u c i n g a m e a n B O D o u t p u t v a l u e o f 1 6 . 4 9 g / m 3 .

( M e a n v a l u e o f m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m e f f l u e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n

a t o u t p u t , c o m b i n e d f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s )

T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e i n i t i a l m e a n B O D v a l u e o f 1 9 4 g / m 3 , t h e s y s t e m

p e r f o r m s w e l l b y r e d u c i n g B O D v a l u e s b y 9 1 . 5 % .

S i m i l a r l y , T S S c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( F i g u r e s 1 6 a n d 1 7 ) a n d m a s s ( F i g u r e s 1 8 a n d 1 9 )

v a l u e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e s y s t e m a t e a c h s t a g e , w i t h c o n s e r v a t i v e

a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s f o r T S S r e d u c t i o n r a t e s f o r t h e h i g h e s t , l o w e s t

a n d a v e r a g e T S S r e c o r d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y .

Figure 16- TSS Levels in System Figure 17- TSS Levels in System


C o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s f o r r e m o v a l r a t e s p l a c e t h e o u t p u t v a l u e s o f T S S

r a n g i n g f r o m l o w s o f 3 g / m 3 , t o h i g h s o f 1 9 . 8 4 g / m 3 .

O p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s o f r e d u c t i o n r a t e s p l a c e t h e s y s t e m o u t p u t v a l u e s

a t 3 . 2 - 9 . 9 g / m 3 o f T S S , s h o w i n g e x t r e m e l y e f f i c i e n t r e d u c t i o n s o f 9 6 . 8 % .

A l l v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d d e m o n s t r a t e T S S v a l u e s l e s s t h a n t h e

r e c o m m e n d e d t h r e s h o l d o f 3 5 g / m 3 , i n d i c a t i n g h i g h q u a l i t y o u t p u t .

( M e a n v a l u e o f m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m e f f l u e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n

a t o u t p u t , c o m b i n e d f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s )

Figure 18 -Total TSS Mass in System

Figure 19- Total TSS Mass in System

Graphical Analysis Summary

Out(Conservative) Out(Optimistic) Out(Conservative) Out(Optimistic)

19.84 9.92 285.696 142.848

6.912 6.912 199.0656 99.5328

3.168 3.168 91.2384 45.6192

TSS(g/m3) TSS Mass (kg)

Highest Daily Value

Average Daily Value

Lowest Daily Value


C o n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

T o c o n c l u d e , t h e p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t y s o l v e s t h e i s s u e s i n E n d e r e l a t i n g t o

a l a c k o f s a n i t a t i o n s t r u c t u r e a n d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . I t p r o v i d e s h i g h l y

s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e l i m i n a r y , p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a s s h o w n b y

s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n B O D a n d T S S , a s w e l l a s p e r m i t t i n g a d e q u a t e

w a t e r s t o r a g e f o r i r r i g a t i o n i n t h e e v e n t o f w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . I t i s a

s i m p l e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s a f e , a n d s u s t a i n a b l e d e s i g n , w h i c h c a n b e

c o n s t r u c t e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d b y l o c a l s , a s w e l l a s h a v i n g t h e a d d e d

b e n e f i t o f c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T h e b y - p r o d u c t s o f t r e a t m e n t c a n b e u s e d

e f f e c t i v e l y , l e a d i n g t o a d d e d i n c o m e . T h e s i t e p r o p o s e d i s l o c a t e d i n a n

a d e q u a t e l y s i z e d a r e a a p p r o v e d f o r b r o w n f i e l d u s e , a n d s u p p o r t s a

h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l w e t l a n d s f a c i l i t y a s a r e s u l t o f u n d u l a t i n g t e r r a i n .

T h e l a n d r e q u i r e d i s f e a s i b l e f o r t h e s c a l e o f t h e p r o j e c t , a n d p r o v i d e s

9 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y f o r t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o c o m p l e t e b l a c k w a t e r

a n d p a r t i a l g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t . T h i s s i z e o f p r o j e c t c o u l d l e a d t o

a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d i n s u p p l e m e n t a r y s i t e s t o e n s u r e

g r e a t e r r a i n f a l l c a p t u r e , a n d i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y t o c l e a n d r i n k i n g

w a t e r f o r t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y o f E n d e .


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A p p e n d i c e s

Appendix 1- EU Water Directive. Table 1, Annex 1

Appendix 2- BOD Reduction in Wetlands System (Koh Phi Phi)


Appendix 3- Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control

Appendix 4-DEWATDS Design Principles

C 0.7 C 0.7

V1 0.4 m/s V1 0.8 m/s

v1 0.3 m/s v1 0.3 m/s

g 9.81 m/s^2 g 9.81 m/s^2

HL1 0.01m HL2 0.04m

RL=4

𝐿 =1

2 )

𝐿 = 𝐿

𝐿

Appendix 5- Sensitivity Analysis- Coarse Screening


Appendix 6- Average Total Rainfall Runoff Per Day

Max BOD 3336g/m3 per day

Average BOD 2328g/m3 per day

Min BOD 1152g/m3 per day

Max BOD Mass 66.72g per person

Average BOD Mass 46.56g per person

Min BOD Mass 23.04g per person

Total Population BOD Mass Max (Popn 60,000)

Max 4003200 4003.2 kg

Average 2793600 2793.6 kg

Min 1382400 1382.4 kg

Appendix 7-- BOD Mass Calculations

Homes Septic Tank Wetlands System

Mass Out Per Day Mass In Mass Out(Conservative- 25%removal) Mass In (Conservative) Out(Conservative-75% removal)

Highest Daily Value 4003.2 4003.2 3002.4 3002.4 750.6

Average Daily Value 2793.6 2793.6 2095.2 2095.2 523.8

Lowest Daily Value 1382.4 1382.4 1036.8 1036.8 259.2


Mass Out Per Day Mass In Mass Out (Optimistic-50% removal) Mass In (Optimistic) Out(Optimistic-95% removal)

Highest Daily Value 4003.2 4003.2 2001.6 2001.6 100.08



Flow Rate 0.02m^3/day/person 1200m^3/day (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3/day (3 wetland systems of 400m^3)

Volume 0.02m^3/day/person 1200m^3 (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3

Appendix 8- BOD Removal Data

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall per day (mm) Rainfall per day (m)

Jan 69 2.3 0.0023

Feb 82 2.733333333 0.002733333

Mar 89 2.966666667 0.002966667

Apr 52 1.733333333 0.001733333

May 7 0.233333333 0.000233333

Jun 45 1.5 0.0015

Jul 2 0.066666667 6.66667E-05

Aug 0 0 0

Sep 0 0 0

Oct 2 0.066666667 6.66667E-05

Nov 34 1.133333333 0.001133333

Dec 102 3.4 0.0034

Average 0.00134 m/day/m^2

Ende area 15000000m^2 20100 m/day


Max TSS 3720g/m3 per day

Average TSS 2592g/m3 per day

Min TSS 1188g/m3 per day

Max TSS Mass 74.4g per person

Average TSS Mass 51.84g per person

Min TSS Mass 23.76g per person

Total Population TSS Mass (Popn 60,000)

Max 4464000 4464 kg

Average 3110400 3110.4 kg

Min 1425600 1425.6 kg

Appendix 9- TSS Mass Calculations


Mass Out Per DayMass In Mass Out(Conservative- 25%removal)Mass In (Conservative) Out(Conservative-75% removal)

Highest Daily Value 4464 4464 3348 3348 837




Mass Out Per DayMass In Mass Out (Optimistic-50% removal) Mass In (Optimistic) Out(Optimistic-95% removal)

Highest Daily Value 4464 4464 2232 2232 111.6



Flow Rate 0.02m^3/day/person1200m^3/day(3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3/day (3 wetland systems of 400m^3)

Volume 0.02m^3/day/person1200m^3 (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3

Appendix 10-TSS Mass Removal Data


Appendix 11-VSB Design- Using Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters Manual

(EPA)




Documents

CL420 Ende Project Completed