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1#
CKM Unitarity anglesa (f2) and g (f3)
(Recent results from the B factories.)
Hassan JawaheryUniv. of Maryland
Lepton-Photon SymposiumFermi National Accelerator Laboratory
August 12, 2003
Outline• Introduction & definitions• Experimental observables related to a and g• Experimental results, some discussion of
implications for SM & constraints on a and g
2#
||VVcdcb
VtdVub*
**tdtbcdcbVVVV**udubcdcbVVVV
0VVVVVV *tbtd
*cbcd
*ubud
=++
( )
( ) ˜˜˜
¯
ˆ
ÁÁÁ
Ë
Ê
---
--
--
ª
11
2/1
2/1
23
22
32
lhrl
lll
hrlll
AiA
A
iA
VCKM
The Unitarity Test
CPDefinitions
)arg(
)arg(
)arg(
*
*
*
*
*
*
cdcb
cdub
tdtb
cdcb
udub
tdtb
VV
VV
VV
VV
VV
VV
-=
-=
-=
g
b
a
Both involve Vub
f1=b f2=a f3=g
3#
Constraints from the CKM fit |Vub|, |Vcb|, eK, Dmd , Dms
oo
o
o
o
o
8037
12277
5.264.19
<<
<<
<<
g
a
b
At 95% C.L.
ÿ Unitarity Tests : Search for deviation from SM
ÿUsing direct measurements of angles check: a + g + b=p
ÿ Check if B Decays are consistent with the range of angles from theCKM fit?
Indirect infoon angles
A. Hoeoecker et al, Eur. Phys. Jour.
C21 (2001) 225, [hep-ph/0104062]
4#
b uu
sd ,
W
B‡p p: (p+ p-, p+ p0, p0 p0 )
B‡rp, B‡ r r, a1p,….
Tree diagrams are not alone:
b uu
sd ,
W
B‡Kp: (K+ p- , K0 p+ , K0 p0 , ..) CKM suppressed
Penguins (gluonic & E.W) can alsolead to the same decays:
W
t
b sd ,
u
u
g
Main source of info on a and g: Decays involving b‡u transitions
Data indicate gluonic penguins arelarge & complicate extraction of a
I- Charmless B Decays
Interference of T & P results in Direct CPviolation & sensitivity to g
d
s
5#
b uW
sc
+
-- >- KDB 0
-- >- KDB 0
B- ‡ DCPK-
II- Decays involving interference of b‡u W- & b‡c W- Processes
(Penguin Free)
bW
s
cu
Involves arg(Vub)=g
B‡DK:
g dependence of rate anddirect asymmetry
B0‡D- p+:
c0B
d
b ud
*D-
p+
()
d
bc
d
p+0Bu
*D-()
0B
d
+
Direct CP asymmetrysensitive to sin(2b+g) arg(Vub)=g
Same finalstate via B0
mixing & b‡u
6#
Experimental Observables
With Tree and Penguins both in action:
ãä |T
P|cpA
|T
P|ãä |
T
P|Br
)iä|P|eiã(|T|eA)iä|P|eiã(|T|eA
sinsin2
2coscos21
-=
++µ
+--=+-=
To constrain g requires estimates of:
| Ppp/Tpp| & relative strong phase d
ÿBranching fractions for various non-charm B decays
ÿTime Integrated (Direct) CP asymmerties
)fÂÃf)ÂÃ
f)ÂÃ)fÂÃAcp
Æ(+Æ(
Æ(-Æ(=
7#
More observables: Time – Dependent CP Asymmetries
)==== ahl a 2sin(&02**
**
SCeVVVV
VVVV i
udubtdtb
udubtdtb
With Tree alone
2
2
1
1
||
||
l
l
+
-=fC
21
2
||
)Im(
ll
+=fS
ÿ Time evolution of tagged B0 decays, e.g. in the case of B0 Æ p+p-
)]tmcos(C)tmsin(S1[4
e)t(f dfdf
)/t(
DDDD±t
=DtD-
± m
CPV due to mixing and decay interference
Direct CPV in Decay)(
)(
p
q0
0
fBA
fBA
Æ
Æ=l
iãeiäe|T
P|1
iãeiäe|T
P|1
2ieë-+
+= a
With Penguin and TreeS=sin2aeff
Da=aeff –a
C ≠ 0
Belle: Af = - Cf (BaBar)
8#
A few comments on the already established pattern fromcharmless 2-body decays
Connected via Isospin symmetry(Gronau &London) (Isospin engineering)
( ) ( )00 ∂∂∂∂~ ++-- Æ=Æ BABA
( )-+Æ ∂∂~
2
10BA
( )-+Æ ∂∂2
10BA
( )000 ∂∂ÆBA
( )000 ∂∂~
ÆBA∂∂kDa
With Tree alone,expect:
%5ªÆB
Æ
pppKB
4ªÆB
Æ
pppKB
Measurements:
ËPenguins are significant players
P’ & use SU(3)connections to estimate P
(P’ & T’)
(P’)
(P & T)(P & T)
(T)
(P’ & T’)(P’ & T’)
Control rescattering effects
Constructing these triangles is amajor goal of the experiments
9#
Goals and Issues on the Measurement Side
ÿThe reality (Considering the presences of large Penguin effects)
ÿNo single measurement is expected to lead to determination of a & g
ÿNeed info from many decay modes and the emerging pattern & connectionsvia symmetries, [isospin, SU(3) ], and eventually more predictive theories[perhaps QCD factorization or perturbative QCD- when verified ] to constrainvarious components of the problem.
ÿSearch for CP violation: Direct (C≠ 0) & Indirect (S≠0) deviating from(sin2b): [i.e. indirect CPV outside of mixing phase.]
ÿMeasure/Constrain a & g using many different modes and exploit theredundancy to resolve the ambiguities.
Keep finding the pieces of the charmless puzzle a & gThe job description Eventually
10#
Experiments and Data
Belle at KEK-B Machine140 fb-1 on U(4s) (158 fb-1 total)
152x106 B B events
BaBar at SLAC PEP-II Machine113 fb-1 on U(4s) ( 126 fb-1 total)
124x106 B B events
CLEO at the CESR Machine – Some results on Br & direct Asymmetries.
The pioneer of the field and the first source of information on B decays,
Including observation of charmless decays. [~13 fb-1 on peak]
Asymmetric e+e- B Factories:Physics coverage : Bd & Bu Decays
The B physics reach of hadronmachines & current status coveredby Kevin Pitts . Next Talk
The focus of this talk
11#
Analysis Issues for Rare B Charmless decays
-Looking for modes with Br~10-6 to 10-5
-Continuum qq(bar) background at 103 larger than the signal BKG Suppression using event shape & topology, kinematics, particle ID,..
Kinematic variables:
DE=Ebeam-EB
provides separationof KK, Kp, pp decays
22Bbeam pEMes -=
Signal Monte Carlo
p+p-
Other info into analysis:
ÿ Dt=Dz/<cgb>
ÿFlavor tag of other side
ÿParticle ID, event shape,..
12#
The road to a: Measurement of CPV in B‡p+ p-
p+p-
Kp
BaBar: 81 fb-1 Belle 78 fb-1
p+p- Kp
Isolation of Signals
~200 B‡p+ p-
Per experiment
Kp
p+p-
13#
Time Dependent CPV in B‡p+ p-
(BaBar)
Asy
mm
etry
E
vent
s/1p
s
(Belle)
5-5 0
5-5 0
B0 tag
B0 tag
Fits to: )]tmcos(C)tmsin(S1[4
e)t(f dfdf
)/t(
DDDD±t
=DtD-
± m
81 fb-1 78 fb-1
04.025.030.0
05.034.002.0
±±-=
±±=
pp
pp
C
S
)(08.027.077.0
41.023.1 08.007.0
pppp
pp
AC
S
-±±-=
±-= +-
Dt(ps) Dt(ps)
14#
New Results:BaBar Update of CPV measurementswith full data sample (Run 1+2+3): 113 fb-1 on Peak data
013.0041.0107.0
05.019.019.0
03.022.040.0
±±-=
±±-=
±±-=
p
pp
pp
KA
C
S
4.105.12
5.373.873
0.249.265
±=
±=
±=
KK
K
N
N
N
p
pp
ÿReprocessed Run1+2 (82 fb-1 )
ÿAdded Run 3 ((31 fb-1 )
New CPV Results
Run1+2(reprocessed)
S=-0.252±0.27 C=-0.166 ±0.22
Run 3
S=-0.67±0.35 C=-0.33 ±0.34
B0 tag
B0 tag
15#
Summary of CPV in B‡p+ p-:
Current world average (with BaBar new results)
S=-0.58±0.20 C=-0.38 ±0.16
Too early to claim observation of CPV in B‡p+ p- :Direct (in decay) or Indirect(mixing & decay)
Belle’s update with their full data set awaited
S & C not enough to measure a:
Need Da=aeff – a, which requires the otherpieces of the isospin analysis.
)eff
á2sin(2C1S&0C -=≠
Ignoring thelarge c2 ~6.3(~2 s)
16#
BaBar: The decay B‡p0 p0
21431346)( ++
--00 =ppN 60 103.06.01.2)( -00 ¥±±=Æ ppBB
Significance: 4.2 s
ÿUsed their full data set (113 fb-1 )
ÿ Measured Br(B‡r+p0) [Br(B‡r+p0 ) =(11±2.7)x10-6 ]
Control over a major background source. Br about half of previous assumed value
r+p0
qq bkgd
Fischer Discriminant
signal
ËObservation
17#
Belle: The decay B‡p0 p0
3.94.86.25)( +
-00 =ppN
Analyzed full data set of 140 fb-1
From a fit to 2-dimensionaldistribution of Mes and DE
Find:
Significance:3.4 s
60 103.06.07.1)( -00 ¥±±=Æ ppBB
ËEvidence
18#
Branching ratios (x10-6)
1.97 ±0.472.1 ±0.6 ±0.31.7±0.6 ±0.3<4.4p0p0
5.2 0.85.5 0.65.3 1.3 0.54.6p+ p0
4.6 0.44.7 0.6 0.24.4 0.6 0.34.5p+ p-
AverageBaBarBelle CLEOMode
± ± ± ±±
± ± ± ±
4121
.
.± 5040
.
.±
8161
.
.± 7060
.
.± 0190
..±
What about Da: All but one piece is in place
For a full Isospin analysis need: Cp0p0 (direct CPV)
&
Still some constraint can be set using the measuredaverage Branching fraction:
)B(B 000 ppÆ)BB( 000 ppÆ
(Quinn- Grossman),
With WA Br(B‡ p0 p0 )
|a-aeff |<48o at 90% c.l.
Not much improvement on QG bound
( ) ( )00 ∂∂∂∂~ ++-- Æ=Æ BABA
( )-+Æ ∂∂~
2
10BA
( )-+Æ ∂∂2
10BA
( )000 ∂∂ÆBA
( )000 ∂∂~
ÆBA∂∂kDa
Not a very useful limit & don’t expectmore than ~10o improvement in future.
)Æ
)Æ£D
±± 0
0002
(
(sin
pppp
aBB
BB
19#
Summary of measurements of B‡pp & Kp Decays
See John Fry’s talk this morning for more detail &comparison with Theory
Thanks to Heavy flavor averaging group(HFAG):Rare decays: J. Smith (colorado), J.Alexander(Cornell), P.Chang (KEK)
03.009.0
)(02.016.004.0
)(012.0041.0107.0
)(014.0035.0086.0
±-=
±±-=
±±-=
±±-=
Average
CLEO
BaBar
BelleAKp
Evidence Direct CPV ?
20#
What did we learn about a & g?
Is this all consistent with
Standard Model?
Does it accommodate the range of UTangles from the global CKM fit?
21#
Cpp vs Spp :
Allowed range & comparison with SM ( CKM fit)
Data consistent with SM (CKM fit)
Gronau and Rosner approach
(PRD 093012)|Ppp / Tpp | estimated usingB->K0p+ & B‡pln , B‡ p0p+
(with use of SU(3) & factorization)
Here calculate S & C for |P/T|~0.3Unconstrained strong phase d
iãeiäe|TP
|1
iãeiäe|TP
|12ieë
-+
+= a
21
2
||
)Im(
ll
+=fS
2
2
1
1
||
||
l
l
+
-=fC
BaBar
Physical boundary
Belle
BaBar
My Average
22#
A more optimal use of information using the CKMfitter tools with variousassumptions (LAL 02-103: Authors Hoecker, Lacker, Pivak, Roos).
In all scenarios data canaccommodate the range of afrom the SM CKM fit
SU(3) & some use of QCDFactorization to estimate SU(3)breaking effects
23#
Useful ratios of branching fractions and ps-asymmetries with sensitivity to g:
˙˚
˘ÍÎ
È
Æ+Æ
ƱÆ=
˛˝¸
ÓÌÏ +--+
)()(
)()(000000
00
0 2
1
pppp
KBBrKBBr
KBBrKBBr
A
Rnn
˙˚
˘ÍÎ
È
Æ+Æ
ƱÆ=
˛˝¸
ÓÌÏ
--++
--++
)()(
)()(
pp
pp00
00
0
2KBBrKBBr
KBBrKBBr
A
Rcc
gd
gdg
sinsin2
)cos21(cos)(cos21
,,,
0
2,
2,,,
ncncnc
ncncncnc
rA
rqqqrR
=
+-+--=
000
00
0 B
B
t
t
KBBrKBBr
KBBrKBBr
A
R +--++
+--+
˙˚
˘ÍÎ
È
Æ+Æ
ƱÆ=
˛˝¸
ÓÌÏ
)()(
)()(
pppp
Constraints on g: Connecting the B‡Kp data via symmetries
Ratios using HFAG averages:
R0=0.99±0.09 A0= - 0.09 ±0.03
Rc=1.30±0.15 Ac=0.0 ± 0.06
Rn=0.8 ±0.11 An=-0.07 ± 0.03
Rosner, Gronau,Neubert, Fleischer,Mannel, ..
All shown to accommodaterange of g from CKM fit
(Fleischer), (Gronau, Rosner),…
Size of EW penguins|T/P|
24#
1 s range of R0
60 < g <120 at 1 s level
No useful limit at 2 s level
Consistent with CKMrange: oo 8037 <<g
g
R0
A0=-0.06(A0+1s)
A0=-0.12(A0-1s)
Gronau & Rosnermethod hep/ph-0307095
(R0 vs g) for fixed A0
R0
25#
Other channels of reaching a:
B‡ (ppp): CPV studies require isolation of states with specificCP parity: e.g. B‡ (r+p- + r-p+) using Dalitz plot analysis.
Interference between (r+p- + r-p+) can be used to determine a even in thepresence of penguins [Quinn-Snyder]
ÿBaBar has presented CPV results based on quasi 2-bodydecays B0‡”r+ “p-, B0‡”r-”p+ -- updated for thisconference with their full data sample.
ÿ1st Belle results on CPV with these modes expected soon.
ÿComponents of the Isospin analysis (pentagon) are alsobeing measured. (J. Fry’s talk today)
B‡(pppp): e.g. B‡rr has been measured and shown to bedominated by the CP even component – good news for CPVstudies.
26#
CPV Studies with the decay B0‡rp
Not a CP eigenstate & involves more observables:
Summing over the r charge:
Direct CP violation: Crp
Indirect CP (mixing and decay): Srp
Charge Asymmetry:
[ ][ ])cos()()sin()(1())(1()(
)cos()()sin()(1())(1()(
/||
/||
0
0
tmCCtmSSehAtf
tmCCtmSSehAtf
hhhht
CPh
B
hhhht
CPh
B
DDD±-DDD±-±=D
DDD±-DDD±+±=D
D-
D-
±
±
rrrrtr
rrrrtr
r
rm
m
)()(
)()(+--+
+--+
+
-=
hNhN
hNhNA h
CP rrrrr
Dilution (Non CP parameters): DCrp & DSrp
)cos()sin()/( tmCtmSBBA DD-DDª rprprp
00
27#
BaBar results on CPV in B‡rp: 113 fb-1
804.2 ±49.2
N(rp)260.4 ±31.4
N(rK)0.18 ± 0.12 ± 0.08
-0.11±0.06 ±0.03
0.33 ±0.18 ±0.03
-0.13±0.18 ±0.04
0.20 ±0.13 ±0.05
0.35 ±0.13
±0.05
ACP(rK)ACP(rp)DSSDCC
rK
rp
rKrp
)cos()sin()/( tmCtmSBBA DD-DDª rprprp
00
28#
2.5 s (2.7s if stat. only)
99%
90%
98.6%
Define two asymmetries:
CAC
CACABNBNA
CAC
CACABNBNA
CP
CPCP
CP
CPCP
⋅+D+
D⋅++=
S
Æ-Æ=
⋅-D-
D⋅--=
S
Æ-Æ=
-++-
-+
+--+
+-
rp
rprp
rp
rprp
prpr
prpr
1
)()(
1
)()(
00
00
05.018.0 ,07.052.013.0
13.0
19.0
17.0 ±-=±-=-
+-+-
++- AA
New Results
04.011.0 ,06.062.017.0
16.0
28.0
24.0 ±-=±-=-
+-+-
++- AA
PRL
2.3s (Stat. only)
Test Of Direct CPV
29#
Quinn-Grossman bound applied to the longitudenalpolarization component of the rates:
oeff
LLeff lcBfBf
19||
...%[email protected])/()(sin 2
<-
<¥¥(£)- 0+0+0000
aa
aa rrrrrrrr
The Channel to watch in Future
The components of B‡rr areidentifeid: B0‡r+r- (BaBar),B+‡r+r0 (Belle & BaBar)
Decays nealy 100% longitudinallypolarized [CP-even]
Limit has been set on B0‡r0r0.
See John Fry’s talk this morning for more detail
>2 times more restrictive than B‡pp system
A promising channel:the B‡rr system
30#
Reaching g
via
(b‡u(cs) & b‡c(us) interference:
B‡DK DecaysMethod and observables suggested by Gronau,Wyler,Atwood,Dunietz, Soni,Quinn, Sanda
31#
B‡DK Modes- No penguins
b uW
sc
)( *uscbVV
gd ii eeAKDBA 2||)( 10 =>- --
bW
s
cu
12
0 dieAKDBA ||)( =>- --
)( *uscbVV
In B- ‡ DCPK- , the diagrams interfere & provide the sensitivity to g :
[DCP=(1/÷2)(D0± D0 ) ] -+-+= KKD evenCP ,pp ,.., fp ssoddCP KKD 0=
)()(
)()(
+Æ+Æ
+Æ+Æ=
+-+
+--
KDBBKDBB
KDBBKDBBR cpcp
cp 00
00
)()(
)()(
+Æ+Æ
+Æ-Æ=
-
-
KDBBKDBB
KDBBKDBBA
cpcp
cpcpcp 00
00
gd coscos DKDKDK rr 21 2 ±+=
gd
gd
coscos
sinsin
DKDKDK
DKDK
rr
r
21
22 ±+
±=
rDK (~0.1 –0.2)& dDK
Also unknown
Experimenters are very active in constructing the DK puzzle
Observables
DK triangle
32#
cosqhel
fromP→PVMK*-
D0 _ Kp, Kppp,Kpp 0D0 _ Kp, Kppp,Kpp 0
B-_DCP K*-
13.1±4.34.3s
D1=K+K-, p+p-D1=K+K-, p+p-
D2=Ksp0, Ksf, Ksw
D2=Ksp0, Ksf, Ksw
7.2±3.62.4s
B- _ D*0 K*-
B _ D*0 K*-
ALLD*0 _ D0p 0 D*0 _ D0g
B0 _ D K0
33#
Average
-0.19 ±0.17 ±0.051.41 ±0.27 ±0.150.06 ±0.19 ±0.041.21 ±0.25 ±0.14Belle
0.17 ±0.23 ±0.081.06 ±0.26 ±0.17BaBar
A2 (CP=-1)R2(CP=-1)A1 (CP=+1)R1(CP=+1)B‡DoK-
Average
6.1 ±1.6 ±1.7CLEO
0.19 ±0.50 ±0.04-0.06 ±0.33 ±0.075.2 ±0.5 ±0.6Belle
6.3 ±0.7 ±0.4BaBar
A2 (CP=-1)R2(CP=-1)A1 (CP=+1)R1(CP=+1)Br(x10-4)B‡DoK*-
=Æ -- )KDB(**0B
(8.3 ± 1.1(stat) ± 1.0(sys)) x 10-4 & GL/G=0.86 ±0.06 ±0.03 (BaBar)
(7.7 ± 2.2(stat) ± 2.6(sys)) x 10-4 CLEO
3.4 ±1.3 ±0.65.0 ±1.3 ±0.6B0‡DoK0
3.0 ±1.3 ±0.64.8 ±1.1 ±0.5B0‡DoK*0
Br(x10-5)
Average
Br(x10-5)
BaBar
Br(x10-5)
Belle
Mode
B0‡D*oK*0
B0‡DoK*0
B0‡D*oK*0
B0‡D*oK0
<4.0 (90% c.l.)
<1.8 (90% c.l.)
<6.9 (90% c.l.)
<6.6 (90% c.l.)
The B‡DKpuzzle underconstruction
Vub
Vub
34#
What about g: Current errors are still toolarge to allow for simultaneous extraction of g &ratio of (b‡c) and (b‡u) amplitudes (rdk) andthe strong phase. Need many fold more data.(dg~20 may be possible with 500 fb-1)
With assumptions on (rdk): mild limits can beextracted. e.g M. Gronau (hep-ph/0306308): g>72o at1 sigma level.
35#
Reaching sin(2b+g)
via
(b‡u(cd) & b‡c(ud) interference
(& B0 mixing)
B0‡D(*+) p-
Method and observables first suggested by Sachs,Dunietz
36#
B0‡D(*+)p- Modes
c0B
d
b ud
*D-
p+
()
Dominant diagramb ‡ c transition
d
bc
d
p+0Bu
*D-()Suppressed diagramb ‡ u transition
0B
b
d
*||)( udcbi VVeADBA 2
10 dp µÆ -+ gdp i
ubcdi eVVeADBA ||||)( *
20 2µÆ -+
)}sin()cos(1{),(
)}sin()cos(1{),(|0
|0
tmStmCNetDBP
tmStmCNetDBP
ddt
ddt
DD-DD=DÆ
DD+DD±=DÆD|G-±
D|G-±
mm
mm
mp
p
Time evolution:
)±++
=± dgb2sin(1
22r
rS
22111rCr-=+ª
02.0)(
)(0
0
ªÆ
Æ=
+-
+-
pp
DBA
DBAr Small asymmetry expected
37#
BaBar
II - Fully reconstructed
B0‡D(*+)p- Decays
Lepton tags kaons tags
()()0000tagtagtagtagBBCPBBNNNN-=+A
Belle Fully reconstructed B0‡D(*+)p- Decays
)±±±=-+
)±±±=++
)±±±=-+
)±±±=++
ndgb
ndgb
ndgb
ndgb
pp
pp
pp
pp
lDr
lDr
lDr
lDr
DD
DD
DD
DD
*(036.0013.0056.0022.0)2sin(2
*(036.0013.0059.0094.0)2sin(2
*(036.0016.0056.0033.0)2sin(2
*(036.0016.0059.0092.0)2sin(2
**
**
**
I- Partially reconstructed B0‡D*+p- Decays: (number of events)
035.0068.0025.0sin)2cos(2
021.0038.0022.0cos)2sin(2
035.0070.0031.0sin)2cos(2
021.0038.0068.0cos)2sin(2
**
**
±±-=+
±±-=+
±±-=+
±±-=+
pp
pp
pp
pp
dgb
dgb
dgb
dgb
DD
DD
DD
DD
r
r
r
r
017.0025.0064.0cos)2sin(2 ** ±±-=+ pp dgb DDr
2b+g
38#
(*)(*)0(*)(*)0(*)()()SscdDcsDfBrBDVrBrBDVfpp+--+ƪÆ
Use measurements of B0‡D(*+)sp+ to
estimate r(*) (Factorization & SU3correction )
0.004*0.0050.0050.007()0.021()0.017rDrDpp++--==
sin(2)0.89 @ 68.3% C.L.sin(2)0.76 @ 90% C.L.bgbg+>+>
Interpretation:BaBar’s attempt
Favors the CKMfavored solutionto sin2b
39#
Summary & Conclusionsÿ Major progress made in probing the charmless sector of B decays for
information on unitarity angles a & g:ÿ New updated measurements of CPV in B‡ p+p- still show no
significant evidence for CP violation in this mode.ÿ Observation of B‡p0 p0 – a missing component of Tree/Penguin disentanglement plan.ÿ CPV studies in B‡rp shows hints of direct CP violation.ÿ The decay B‡rr is now measured and looks promising for CPV
studies and constraining a. Indications that penguins are smaller.ÿ Indication of direct CPV in B‡K-p+ (WA: Belle, BaBar, CLEO) No indication for large direct CP yet.ÿ The emerging constraints on the angles from the pattern of data are
consistent with the favored range from the CKM picture in theStandard Model.
ÿ Penguin free modes (B‡DK & D*p) are beginning to contribute toconstraints on CKM parameters & many new B‡DK modes identified.
ÿ Much more data & major progress in theoretical understanding ofhadronic B decays needed to complete the picture and conclusivelyperform the CKM unitarity test.