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T E C H N IC A L D A T A S U S E F U L FO RC IVIL E N G IN E E RIN G WO RK S :
U N IT WE IG H T O F MA T E RIA L S :M aterial U nit weight in kg/ m
C ement 1440
S teel 7850
D ry sand clean 1550-1600
M oist sand 1600-1750
D ry E arth(vegetable) 1750-2000
M oist E arth(vegetable) 1600
Wet E arth(vegetable) 1600-1750
D ry consolidated earth 1750-1920
G ravel (clean) 1600-2000
B ricks 1600-1920
Rubble stone 2100
T imbe 720-750
D ry cla 1440
D amp plastic cla 1760
E arth loose and dr 1280
E arth packed 1550
S olid blocks A pprox 1400-1500
C oal ashes 640
A .C .sheets 17kg/ m
C oncret 2306
B itumen 1040
L ime freshly burnt 960
L imestone crushed 1280-1440
L ime slaked 640
C ement mortar 2080
L ime mortar 1760
Plaster of Paris 800
Plastics 1100-1600
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A PPRO X M A T E RIA L N E E D E D F O R 1C U M O F S IZE S T O NEM A S O N RY WO RK WIT H D IF F E RE N T C E M E N T M O RT A R:Proportion by
volume
G rade of
concrete
C ement in
cubic meter
S and in cubic
meter
C oarse
aggregate incubic meter
1:4:8 M 7.5 0.12 0.48 0.96
1:3:6 M 10 0.15 0. 45 0.90
1:2:4 M 15 0.22 0.44 0.88
1:1.5:3 M 20 0.28 0.42 0.84
1:1:2 M 25 0.38 0.38 0.76
N ote:the volume of one cement bag is 0.0345 mor 1.25 cft.
A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L S RE Q U IRE D F O R 1 C U M O FS IZE S T O NE MA S O N RYC ement
mortar
S ize stone in
cum
C ement in cu S and in cu B oulders in
cum
1:4 1.25 0.08 0.32 0.17
1:6 1.25 0.06 0.36 0.171:8 1.25 0.04 0.32 0.17
N ote:40%of dry mortar is used for size stone masonry.
A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L S RE Q U IRE D F O R 1C U M O F 8S O L ID WA L L B L O C K WO RK
C ement mortar C ement in cft S and in cft
1:6 0.25 1.50
1:5 0.29 1.45
1:4 0.35 1.40
1:3 0.40 1.20
1:2 0.55 1.10
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A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L S RE Q U IRE D F O R 1 C U M O F 4S O L ID WA L L B L O C K WO RK
C ement mortar C ement in cft S and in cft1:6 0.33 2.00
1:5 0.36 1.80
1:4 0.45 1.8
1:3 0.55 1.65
1:2 0.75 1.50
A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L RE Q U IRE D F O R 1C U M O FB RIC K WO RK WIT H C E M E N T MO RT A R O F D IF FE RE N TPRO PO RT IO NS :C ement mortar B ricks C ement in cu S and in cu
1:2 500 0.1 0.2
1:3 500 0.08 0.24
1:4 500 0.06 0.24
1:6 500 0.04 0.24
S ize of standard brick is taken as 200mm*100mm*100mmwith mortar joint less than
10mmthick and dry mortar is used.A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L N E E D E F O R PL A S T E RIN G O F100 S Q U A RE M E T RE A RE A U S IN G D IF FE RE N TPRO PO RT IO N O F C E M E N T MO RT A R:C ement mortar C ement in cu S and in cu
1:2 0.6 1.2
1:3 0.45 1.135
1:4 0.4 1.6
1:5 0.35 1.75
1::6 0.3 1.8
T hickness of plastering is taken as 12mm.
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A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L N E E D E D F O R PL A S T E RIN G O F100S Q M A RE A U S IN G D IF F E RE N T PRO PO RT IO N O FC E M E N T M O RT A R T H IC K N E S S O F PL A S T E RIN G IS 20M M:C ement mortar C ement in cu S and in cu
1:2 1 2
1:3 0.78 2.34
1:4 0.65 2.6
1.5 0.54 2.7
1:6 0.46 2.76
xWE IG H T O F S T E E L RO D S :D iameter of rod Weight in kg/ L ap length in m
6m 0.2218 300
8m 0.3943 400
10m 0.6162 500
12m 0.8874 600
16m 1.5771 800
20m 2.4649 1000
25m 3.8514 1250
32m 6.3101 1800
T he length of one rod which is available is site is 36 feet or 11 meter.
C O N VE RS IO N S :1cent=435.6 square feet
1acre=100 cent
1meter=3.281 feet
1square meter=10.76 square feet.
1cubic meter=35.31 cubic feet
1kg=9.81N
1kg/ cm=1N mm
1kg=1litre
1cubic meter=1000 litres
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1cubic feet=28.3 litres.
1acre=43560 square feet
1inch=2.54 cm
12 inch=1feet1feet=30 cm.
1 gunter chain=66 feet.
1 gunta=1089 square feet.
L A B O U R O U T PU T :Work L abours used O utput per da
E arthwork 100cft 2 M / c
B ack filling 28.3 cubic meter 5 M / c+0.5F / c
S huttering 7square meter 1carpenter and 2 helper.
S teel 170 kg 1fitter and 1 helper
C oncret 120 cubic meter pumping 6 mason and 6 helpe
B lock work 7 square meter 1mason and 2 helper
Plaste ing 10 square meter 1mason and 1.5 helpe
D adooing(wall tiling) 6 square meter 1mason and 1.5 helpe
F loor tiling 8 square meter 1mason and 2 helper
G ranite dadooing 4 square meter 1mason , 1 helper,0.5
cutter and 0.5 polisher
G ranite flooring 8 square meter 1mason, 1 helper,0.5
cutter and 0.5 polisher.
Water proofing 7 square meter 1mason and 1 helper
Painting 10 square meter 1 painter and 1 helper
Window finish 1 no 1mason +1 helpe
L aying reinforced
concrete
100 cubic feet 0.5 mason+6helpers+1.33
F/ c
S ize stone masonr 2.83 cubic meter 3 masons ,5 helpers and
0.25 F / c
B rickwork 2.83 cubic meter 2.25 masons and 5 helpers
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A PPRO XIM A T E M A T E RIA L RE Q U IRE D F O R WH IT EWA S H ING , D IS T E M PE RING , A ND PA INT ING O F 100S Q U A RE M E T E R A RE A :a. L ime for white washing ( 1
coat)
10 kgs
b. D ry distemper 1stcoat 6.5 kgs
c. D ry distemper 2n coat 5.0 kgs
d. S now cemfor 1stcoat 30.0 kgs
e. S now cemfor 2ndcoat 20.0 kgs
f. Paint ready mixed for one
coat
10 litres
g. Paint stiff for one coat 10 kgs
B IN D IN G WIRE C O N S U M PT IO N :B inding wire used for tieing one tonnage
reinforcement
6 to 7 kgs
G E N E RA L PO IN T S F O R C A L C U L A T IO N S O FRE IN FO RC E ME N T :
1. F or beamhook= (beamdepth-both side covers)/ 2for example if it is a 450mmdepth beamthen hook is (450-50)/ 2=200
where cover for beamis taken as 25 mm
2. F or stirrups the hook=4d as per is codes but according to site conditions it is50 mmper hook while doing bar bending schedule.
3. F or slab the rod the crank length is l/ 5.4. F or beamthe bottomextra is at l/ 6.5. F or slab the top extra extends till upto l/ 3.6. F or beamthe top extra bar extends till l/ 3.7. T he column capitals extends tilll/ 4.8. Where l is effective length of the beam. It is taken as center to center of the
beam.
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9. T he crank length is 1.41d, where d is (depth of slab or beam- two side covers)
C omponent C over in m
S lab 15
B ea 25
C olumn 40
F ooting 50
N ote:cover is given for the aggregates of concrete to pass through the reinforcementand to prevent the reinforcement fromexposing to surface.
H O W T O F IN D T H E WE IG H T O F T H E S T E E L :d/ 162
d- diameter of the steel in mm
where as this formula gives the weight of steel in kg per running meter of that dia steel
how is it achieved:
(pi*d*d/ 4)*7850 will give the weight of steel of that dia in kg/ m
as pi=3.14
and d is in mm
but unit weight of steel is in kg/ m
the area of steel should be converted into mfor that the area of steel is divided by 1000000
now keeping d in the top and bringing 3.14*7850 to the bottomwe will get d/ 162 as
the formula.
WA T E R C E ME N T RA T IO :N ormally the water cement ratio is the ratio between water and cement, it is the water
content at which the concrete will give a good workability.
B U L K A G E O F S A N D :It is the moisture content in the sand due to which the volume of the sand increases
than its original volume, so when it dries its volume will be reduced, so when sand is
mixed for mortar or concrete 16 to 20%extra is taken to get the original volume of the
sand.
T he permissible bulkage is 16 to 20%.
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S E T IIN G T IM E O F C E ME N T :1. Initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes so any concrete or mortar should be
used before 30 minutes of stime.
2. F inal setting time of cement is 10 hours.S T RU C T U RE S :L oad bearing structures:It is the structure in which the load is transferred directly fromslab to the wall andfromwall to the foundation.
F ramed structure:It is the structure in which the load is transferred fromslab to beams and from
beams to columns and fromcolumns to footings and fromfootings to the soil.
D ifference between 43 grade cement and 53 grade cement:
43 grade attains a strength of 43n/ mm2 in 28 days
53 grade cement attains a strength of 53n/ mm2 in 28 days.T he setting time of 43 grade cement is less.
T he setting time of 53 grade cement is high
43 grade cement is used for plastering and 53 grade cement is used for concreting
and marking.
A N G LE O F RE PO S E :It is the slope above which that concerned material tends to fall.
M aterial A ngle of repose in degreB ituminous coal
A nthracite coal 27
S laked coal 37.5 to 45
A shes 35
S oft iron ore 35
E arth(loam) 30 to 45
S and(dry) 30 to 35
S and (wet) 0 to 30
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C la 25 to 45
G ravel 30 to 45
C inders 25 to 40
C ok 30 to 45
Wheat 25
M aiz 27 to 30
B arle 25
O ats 28
C emen 10
F O U N D A T IO N :S hallow foundation and deep foundation:S hallow foundation is the foundation in which the length of the footing is equal to the
depth of the foundation whereas in deep foundation depth is not equal to length.
LE VE LL IN G :L eveling is very important in the civil engineering practical field to know about a site.
H eight of the instrument=R.L B ack sightWhere R.L - reduced level is taken as the road level( as 100)
If we want the level of a point first the dumpy level is set at some point and the R.L is
taken as the back sight and the staff measurement at the concerned point is taken it is
known as foresight or intermediate sight
L E VE L O F T H A T PO IN T =R.L B A C K S IG H T -F O RE S IG H TB M- benchmark(a known r.l)
R.L -reduced level (normally 100)
B .S -backsight
F .S -foresight
PE RM IS S IB LE S T RE S S E S IN C O N C RE T E :G rade of concret Permissible Permissible
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stresses in
concrete bending
stresses in
compression direct
M 10 3.0 2.5
M 15 5.0 4.0
M 20 7.0 5.0
M 25 8.5 6.0
M 30 10.0 8.0
M 35 11.5 9.0
M 40 13.0 10.0
T A B L E O F PA IN T IN G C O E F F IC IE N T :S l no D escription of work M ultiplying coefficient
1. Paneled or framed and
braced door, windows etc.
1.30(for each side)
2. L edged and battened or
ledged, battened and
braced, doors, windows etc
1.30(for each side )
3. F lush doors 1.2 (for each sid )
4, Party paneled and party
glazed or gauged doors,
windows etc.
1.00(for each side)
5. F ully glazed or gauged
doors ,windows etc
0.80 (for each side)
6. F ully venetianed or
louvered doors windows
etc.
1.80 for each side.
7. T reills work one way or
two way
2 for painting allover
8. C arved or enriched work 2 for each sid
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9. Weather boarding 1.2 for each sid
10. Wood single roofing 1.10 for each sid
11. B oarding with cover fillets
and match boarding
1.05 for each sid
12. Plain sheeted steel doors
and windows
1.10 for each sid
13. F ully glazed or gauged
steel doors and windows
0.50 ( for each side)
14. Partly paneled and partly
glazed or steel gauged
doors and windows
0.80 for each sid
15. C orrugated sheeted steel
doors or windows
1.50 for each sid
16. C ollapsible gates 1.50 for painting allover
17. rolling shutters interlocked
lathes
1.10 for each sid
WE IG H T O F MS PL A T E S :T hickness in m Weight in kg per
square meter
5 39.25
6 47.10
8 62.80
10 78.5
12 94.2
14 109.90
16 125.60
18 141.30
20 157.00
22 172.70
55 196.25
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S Q U A RE B A RS :0.7843 kg/ square meter
D iameter or width in m S ectional area in squarecm.
Perimeter in c
5 25 2.0
5.5 0.3 2.2
6.0 0.36 2.4
7.0 0.49 2.8
8.0 0.64 3.2
9.0 0.81 3.6
10 1.00 4.0
11 1.21 4.4
12 1.44 4.8
14 1.96 5.6
16 2.56 6.4
18 3.24 7.2
20 4.00 8.0
22 4.84 8.8
25 6.25 10.0
28 7.84 11.2
32 10.24 12.8
36 12.96 14.4
40 16.00 16.0
45 20.25 18.0
50 25.00 20.0
56 31.36 22.4
63 39.69 25.2
71 50.41 28.4
80 64.00 32.0
WE IG H T O F MIL D S T E E L FL A T S :Width 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8m 10mm 12mm 16mm 18mm 20mm 25
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in m thick thic thic thic thick thic thic thic thic thic m
thick
10 0.2 0.3 0.5
20 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.6
25 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
30 0.7 0.91 1.20 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.8
35 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.8 3.3 4.4 5.0 5.5
40 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.8 5.0 5.6 6.3
45 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.6 6.4 7.1
50 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 6.3 7.1 7.8 9.8
75 3.5 3.7 5.9 7.1 9.4 10..6 11.8 14.7
100 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.4 12.6 14.1 15.7 19.6