Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Civil Rights Movement Led to ChangeCivil Rights Movement Led to Change
James Baldwin• De jure segregation –
“Jim Crow”– By law
• De facto segregation – “In fact”– Ghettos in the North –
housing, education, jobs
• Notes of a Native Son – 1955 essays– Warned that violence
would erupt
Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education19541954
School IntegrationSchool Integration
ThurgoodThurgoodMarshallMarshall
Emmett Till
• August 1955• 14yo brutally
murdered in Money, MS
• Beaten, eye gouged out, shot in the head, body dumped in the Tallahatchie River
• Buried in Chicago• Thousands viewed
his casket• “Jet” magazine
published the picture• At the trial his uncle
testified –• Carolyn Bryant (22yo)
lied• Roy Bryant and J.W.
Milam found “not guilty”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8QXNyCvDP4
The Death of Emmett Till
CORECORE
Congress of Congress of Racial EqualityRacial Equality
ROSA PARKS - MONTGOMERY
•December 1 – 1955 – Montgomery, AL
•Rosa Parks - educated – seamstress – NAACP member – soft spoken
•Perfect person for E.D. Nixon – head of the NAACP
•Boycott – takes the case to the Supreme Court
•Led by Martin Luther King (only 27)
Dr. Dr. Martin Martin Luther Luther
King, Jr.King, Jr.
MahatmaMahatmaGandhiGandhi
““An eye for An eye for an eye leaves an eye leaves the whole the whole world blind.”world blind.”
Henry Henry David David
ThoreauThoreau
Civil Civil DisobedienceDisobedience
SNCCSNCC
Student Nonviolent Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee
SCLCSCLC
Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference
Central High School
•Little Rock, AR – Sep 1957
•“Little Rock 9” attempt to enter – Governor Orval Faubus denies them (National Guard)
•Eisenhower – 101st Airborne paratroopers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oodolEmUg2g
Medgar Medgar EversEvers
leader in leader in NAACPNAACP
June 12, 1963 - Medgar Evers – shot in the back in his driveway (1917 Enfield rifle) - had NAACP T-shirts “Jim Crow Must Go”
Byron De La Beckwith – KKK – arrested – tried 2 times – deadlocked jury
1994 – 30 years later – tried again and found guilty (died in prison at 80 in 2001)
1960 – Sit-insMost famous – Greensboro, North Carolina – Woolworth’s drug store
Students from N.Carolina State University
Movement spread to 54 cities in 9 states
1960 Election
Richard Nixon (Rep) against John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Dem)
1st televised debate
JFK receives 70% of black vote
VERY close election –
JFK wins!!!!
#35 – John F. Kennedy (D)
• Youngest elected president – 43• 1st Catholic to be elected• 1st televised debate – he “rocked”• Famous quote – “Ask not what your
country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”
• Married Jackie – fashionable, young – went to Broadway, gave great parties
• Was a Navy war hero – PT109
Freedom Rides
1961 – CORE organized white and black students
Aim – desegregating public transportation throughout the South
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) – prohibits segregated facilities
James Meredith•1st black to attend University of Mississippi – 1962
•Inspired by JFK
•Air Force vet – excellent student
•Governor tried to stop him – Kennedy sent in troops
•Rioting
•Graduated August 1963
Dog attacks Dog attacks young man young man
in in BirminghamBirmingham
June 11, 1963 – University of Alabama
University of AlabamaJune 1963
• Governor George Wallace – “Segregation Now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!”
• JFK – National Guard troops – forced integration (Vivian Malone and James Hood)
Wallace sucumbs to pressure (fines)
March on Washington – “I Have A Dream”
August 28th 1963
August 28, 1963 – March on Washington
CORE, SCLC, NAACP, SNCC
250,000 people – largest demonstration ever seen
Demands – Civil Rights legislation, jobs, $2 minimum wage, no more discrimination in hiring
MLK’s famous speech – here to “cash a check” for Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
“I have a dream!”
Photo taken 2 minutesPhoto taken 2 minutesbefore the assassinationbefore the assassinationNovember 1963November 1963
#36 – Lyndon B. Johnson (D)
• Poor kid from Johnson City, Texas – worked his way through college as a janitor – Social Studies teacher
• Supported Civil Rights• Vietnam was his downfall• 6’3” – tough, crass – youngest Senate
Majority Leader ever• War on Poverty• Wife – “Lady Bird” – daughters Lynda Bird
and Luci Baines – dog Little Beagle Johnson
Civil Rights Act 1964
• outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin: in voting, employment, and public services
• prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment
• prohibited poll taxes, and literacy tests (no different tests for whites & blacks)
• provided for justice to desegregate
Freedom Summer• Freedom Summer
• Thousands of students come to the South to help register voters– 3 deaths Chaney, Goodman and Scherner– 35 shot, 30 firebombs, 80 mob attacks, 1,000
volunteers arrested (many beaten)– MFDP – Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party– After the Voting Rights Act passes - 6 states in
south taken over by the Federal government – 1 million registered by 1968
Freedom Summer - - March from Selma to Montgomery
Civil Rights Act The Voting Act of 1965
• Took the power to register voters from states with less than 50% of eligible voters registered
• No poll tax – No literacy test
Malcolm X
• Nation of Islam– Elijah Muhammad –
enemy - white supremacy
– “Black Nation” – non-whites of the world
– Righteous life – economically self-sufficient
– Spread “gospel” from 1952-1964
Malcolm X
"We must recapture our heritage and our identity if we are ever to liberate ourselves from the bonds of white supremacy, we must launch a cultural revolution to unbrainwash a entire people."
Malcolm X –
•Born Malcolm Little - Omaha, Nebraska•The son of a Baptist minister
•KKK in Kansas burned his parents' home - moved to Michigan (home burned again) - Malcolm's father killed (body mutilated on trolley tracks)
•Malcolm to Boston at 14 - ran numbers, "peddled" dope - breaking & entry - sentenced to 10 years in prison
•Converted and became a Black Muslim - changed his name
Muslim beliefs
•"Little" was a slave name - changed to "X"•Gave up vices (whites had forced on African-Americans) ...... no tobacco, alcohol, drugs, excessive sexual activity, lusting after white women, crime, gambling, hustling . . .
•Be proud of heritage - stop trying to act white (no worship of a white-skinned, blond-haired, blue-eyed Jesus)
•Eloquent speaker
Malcolm X
• “We must control the politics and the politicians of our community. They must no longer take orders from outside forces.”
• “It is incorrect to classify the revolt of the Negro as simply a racial conflict of black against white. Rather we are seeing today a global rebellion of the oppressed against the oppressor.”
Malcolm X - quotes
• "A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything."
• "Stumbling is not falling."
• "We are nonviolent with people who are nonviolent with us."
• "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Rock landed on us."
Stokely CarmichaelSNCC – Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee
• Called for guns for self-defense
• Stop deferring to whites
• “We Shall Overrun”
• “Black Power” – • “Black is Beautiful”
August 1965
The Black Panthers
BPP Ideology
• Based on Malcolm X’s Organization of African Unity, also Fanon, Karl Marx, Mao, & Che Guevera
• Committed (rhetorically) to armed revolutionary struggle against U.S.
• NOT black nationalists, did NOT reject white support
• Called for coalitions with white revolutionaries
Beginnings: Oakland, California 1966
Founders –
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Address police brutality and racial injustice
10-point program
demanded freedom
“power to determine the destiny of
our Black Community.”
Armed self-defense
A new turn in the Black Power movement.
BPP Community Programs
• Focus on grass-roots community programs, “real-life demonstrations of black power, community and institutional control”
• free breakfast programs for children• free health and dental clinics (SC testing)• black liberation schools• food and clothing distribution programs• Sought creation of police civilian review
boards
1. Alameda County Volunteer Bureau Work Site2. Benefit Counseling3. Black Student Alliance4. Child Development Center5. Consumer Education Classes6. Community Facility Use7. Community Health Classes8. East Oakland Center for Independent Living Branch9. Community Pantry (Free Food Program)10. Drug/Alcohol Abuse Awareness Program11. Drama Classes12. Disabled Persons Services/Transportation and Attendant13. Drill Team14. Employment Referral Service15. Free Ambulance Program16. Free Breakfast for Children Programs17. Free Busing to Prisons Program18. Free Clothing Program19. Free Commissary for Prisoners Program20. Free Dental Program21. Free Employment Program22. Free Food Program23. Free Film Series24. Free Furniture Program25. Free Health Clinics26. Free Housing Cooperative Program27. Food Cooperative Program28. Free Optometry Program29. Community Forum 30. Free Pest Control Program31. Free Plumbing and Maintenance Program32. Free Shoe Program
33. GED Classes34. Geriatric Health Center35. GYN Clinic36. Home SAFE Visits37. Intercommunal Youth Institute (becomes OCS by 1975)38. Junior and High School Tutorial Program39. Legal Aid and Education40. Legal Clinic/Workshops41. Laney Experimental College Extension Site42. Legal Referral Service(s)43. Liberation Schools44. Martial Arts Program45. Nutrition Classes46. Oakland Community Learning Center47. Outreach Preventative Care48. Program Development49. Pediatric Clinic50. police patrols51. Seniors Against a Fearful Environment52. SAFE Club53. Sickle Cell Anemia Research Foundation54. Senior Switchboard55. The Black Panther Newspaper56. Teen Council57. Teen Program58. U.C. Berkeley Students Health Program59. V.D. Preventative Screening & Counseling60. Visiting Nurses Program61. WIC (Women Infants, and Children) Program62. Youth Diversion and Probation Site63. Youth Training and Development
Black Panther Party Community Programs
BPP Rhetoric Eldridge Cleaver, Minister of InformationFormer SDS journalist, ex-con, author Soul on
Ice• On visit to Hanoi, Cleaver tells black GIs to
desert and sabotage “Whitey's war” • Threatened to torch the (very) White House• Said he could beat California Governor
Ronald Reagan to death--with a marshmallow• BPP Christmas card invited people to "off the
pig" • BPP coloring book black children standing
up to white policemen
White Reactions and the Problem of Black Rhetoric
• According to J. Edgar Hoover, the BPP intended to start “an armed black revolution against the government of the United States.”
• Hoover described BPP members as “armed and extremely dangerous” who envisioned “the destruction of the white race.”
COINTELPRO (Counter-Intelligence Program)
J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director• Original focus on communist “threat”• Other targets: Eleanor Roosevelt, MLK, Black-owned
bookstores, SDS, anti-war groups, etc.
President Nixon’s Justice Department • Attorney General John Mitchell• FBI instructed to use its vast resources against the
Panthers and other civil rights organizations
Change in FBI policy:• JFK, non-interference policy: observe activities• Nixon, FBI openly incited police attacks and
disinformation
THE WAR AT HOME: FBI v. BPPOct 1967 to Dec 1969
• Shoot-outs killed at least 10 Panthers and 2 police officers
• 369 federal and state indictments filed against BPP members for murder, armed robbery, rape, bank robbery, drug trafficking, burglary, and other offenses
• June 1969, FBI has ongoing investigations of all 42 Panther chapters and BPP sympathizers.
Free Huey
Chicago BPP Chapter
Fred Hampton wanted to politicize the Rangers– Organized Chicago’s Southside gangs and turned them
toward constructive community action programs – “Rainbow Coalition”
• FBI disinformation campaign:– “This large Negro youth gang might develop black
nationalism and align themselves with the black extremist BPP.”
• FBI & Chicago Police raided Fred Hampton and Mark Clark’s house December 1969– Both men died. Over 100 rounds of ammunition fired.
• November 1982, Hampton’s widow settles suit against the FBI for $1.85 million
Angela Davis• Black Panther – professor (Communist)
• A gun registered to her was used during an escape/hostage attempt and killed Judge Harold Haley (Soledad brothers)
• Angela Davis was captured after 2 months
• 18 months later she was tried and acquitted (just because it was her gun, didn’t mean she knew what they were going to do with it)
