CIVIL PROCEDURE - Amazon S32018-2019/... · 2018-10-03 · CIVIL PROCEDURE MOLZAN FALL 2017 2 3 ... Procedure to Read In.....85 410675 Alberta Ltd v Trail South Developments Inc .....85

2017

CIVILPROCEDUREMOLZANFALL2017

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CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................10NaturalJustice...........................................................................................................................................................................................10PurposeandIntentionoftheRulesofCourt.............................................................................................................................................10

C(L)vAlberta,2011ABQB.............................................................................................................................................................10HryniakvMauldin,2014SCC........................................................................................................................................................10WindsorvCPRLtd,2014ABCA.....................................................................................................................................................10NafievBadaway,2015ABCA........................................................................................................................................................10AllenvAlberta(MinisterofSeniors&CommunitySupports),2015ABCA...................................................................................10

CHAPTER2:JURISDICTION............................................................................................................................................................................11Jurisdiction.................................................................................................................................................................................................11

ABQBJurisdiction..................................................................................................................................................................................11ProvincialCourtJurisdiction..................................................................................................................................................................11

Rules...........................................................................................................................................................................................................11RuleEnforcement:JusticesandCourtOfficers....................................................................................................................................12ContemptofCourt................................................................................................................................................................................12

CaryvLaiken,2015SCC:TheRequiredIntentforContempt........................................................................................................13336239AlbertaLtdvMella,2016ABCA226................................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER3:COSTS.........................................................................................................................................................................................13CostsPrinciples..........................................................................................................................................................................................14Costs...........................................................................................................................................................................................................14

TypesofCosts........................................................................................................................................................................................14PunitiveCostAwards.................................................................................................................................................................................15

PillarResourceServicesIncvPrimewestEnergyInc,2017ABCA19............................................................................................15QuebecvJodoin,2017SCC26......................................................................................................................................................15TrialLawyersAssociationvBC,2014SCC.....................................................................................................................................16

CHAPTER4:PROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIES.............................................................................................................................................16LawyerofRecordandChangeofSolicitorsorWithdrawal......................................................................................................................16

Undertakings:B&JPetroleumvRhim,2015ABQB.......................................................................................................................16CHAPTER5:COMMENCEMENTOFANACTION............................................................................................................................................17

Steps...........................................................................................................................................................................................................17Step1Determinewhothepotentialpartiesare..................................................................................................................................17Step2DoesthePlaintiffhavecapacitytosue?....................................................................................................................................17Step3CauseofActionMustArisebeforetheAction..........................................................................................................................17Step4BarstotheAction.......................................................................................................................................................................17

A.LimitationPeriod–Rule3.2..................................................................................................................................................................18PurposeofLimitations...........................................................................................................................................................................18PleadLimitations...................................................................................................................................................................................18ThreeLimitationPeriods.......................................................................................................................................................................18

BoydvCook,2013ABCA...............................................................................................................................................................18LimitationsAct.......................................................................................................................................................................................18

CommencinganAction..............................................................................................................................................................................19C.OriginatingApplication..........................................................................................................................................................................19

DashDistributorsIncvPowlik,2012AJ........................................................................................................................................20CHAPTER6:PARTIES......................................................................................................................................................................................20

Corporations..............................................................................................................................................................................................20BusinessCorporationsAct(BCA);PartnershipAct...............................................................................................................................20

Partnerships...............................................................................................................................................................................................20PartnershipAct;LimitedPartnerships(LLP)..........................................................................................................................................20

SoleProprietorship.....................................................................................................................................................................................21Societies.....................................................................................................................................................................................................21PersonsLackingLegalCapacity:................................................................................................................................................................21

(1)DeceasedLitigants...........................................................................................................................................................................21SurvivalofActionsAct.......................................................................................................................................................................21FatalAccidentsAct............................................................................................................................................................................21

FerraiuolovOlson..........................................................................................................................................................................22(2)Minors..............................................................................................................................................................................................22(3)PersonsofUnsoundMind...............................................................................................................................................................22

AppointmentandRoleofLitigationRepresentatives...............................................................................................................................23

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ChampagnevSidorsky,2012ABQB..............................................................................................................................................24LCvAlberta,2011ABQB...............................................................................................................................................................24

TrustsandEstateProceedings..................................................................................................................................................................24ChapmanEstatevRamjon,2015ABCA........................................................................................................................................24

Intervenors.................................................................................................................................................................................................24ClassProceedingsandRepresentativeActions.........................................................................................................................................24TheCrown..................................................................................................................................................................................................25RepresentativeBeforetheCourt...............................................................................................................................................................25

Self-RepresentedLitigants(SRLs)..........................................................................................................................................................25ParkAvenueFlooringIncvEllisDonConstructionServicesInc.,2016ABQB327........................................................................26

VexatiousLitigants(OrganizedPseudolegalArguments).........................................................................................................................26EwanchukvCanada(AG),2017ABQB237..................................................................................................................................26ChutskoffvBonora,2014ABQB389............................................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER7:PLEADINGS–GENERALRULE....................................................................................................................................................26PurposesofPleadings................................................................................................................................................................................26Whenissomethingrelevantandmaterial................................................................................................................................................27

MaterialFactPleading...........................................................................................................................................................................27CauseofAction......................................................................................................................................................................................27RelevantandMaterial...........................................................................................................................................................................27

GeneralRequirements(Rule13.6).............................................................................................................................................................27OtherRequirements(Rule13.7)...........................................................................................................................................................27SpecificRequirementsforReply(Rule13.10)......................................................................................................................................28

SaadativMoorhead,2017SCC28................................................................................................................................................28LaxKw’alaamsIBvAGCanada,2011SCC....................................................................................................................................28Tsilhqot’inNationvBritishColumbia,2014SCC...........................................................................................................................28MaltonvAttia,2016ABCA............................................................................................................................................................28MazepavEmbree,2014ABCA......................................................................................................................................................28

CHAPTER8:INTEREST....................................................................................................................................................................................28Rule13.6(2)(c)(iii)......................................................................................................................................................................................28JudgmentInterestAct................................................................................................................................................................................28

2typesofinterest:................................................................................................................................................................................28Section2–Prejudgment.......................................................................................................................................................................29Section3–PaymentintoCourt............................................................................................................................................................29Section4–CalculationofInterest........................................................................................................................................................29Section5–PartofJudgment................................................................................................................................................................29Section6–PostJudgment....................................................................................................................................................................29

AetnaInsuranceCovCanadianSurety,2014ABCA.....................................................................................................................29321665AlbertaLtd.vExxonmobil,2012ABQB............................................................................................................................29

CHAPTER9:VENUE........................................................................................................................................................................................30RegularvRegular,2016ABQB570–p.44...................................................................................................................................30

CHAPTER10:JOINDEROFPARTIESANDCAUSEOFACTION........................................................................................................................31A.ResJudicata:CauseofActionEstoppelandIssueEstoppel..................................................................................................................31

ErschbamervWallster,2013BCCA76.........................................................................................................................................31PennervNiagra,2013SCC............................................................................................................................................................31

AbuseofProcess........................................................................................................................................................................................31SherwoodSteelLtdvOdesseyConstruction,2014ABCA.....................................................................................................................32Whatisacauseofaction?.....................................................................................................................................................................32AvoidingOverCompensation................................................................................................................................................................32

PleadingsProcedure..................................................................................................................................................................................32AmendmentofPleadings..........................................................................................................................................................................32

Whattypeofamendmentdoyouwanttomake?...............................................................................................................................32Rule3.62AmendingPleadings..............................................................................................................................................................32Rule3.63IdentifyingAmendmentstoPleadings..................................................................................................................................33Rule3.64TimeLimittoDisallowAmendment.....................................................................................................................................33Rule3.65PermissionofCourtBeforeorAfterClose...........................................................................................................................33Rule3.66Costs......................................................................................................................................................................................33Rule3.67CloseofPleadings.................................................................................................................................................................34Rule3.74Adding,removing,orsubbing[PARTY]afterclose...............................................................................................................34

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AttilaDoganConstructionInvvAmecAmericasLtd,2014ABCA................................................................................................34ThreeStagesofPleadingsDrafting.......................................................................................................................................................34EvidentialStandardforPleadingAmendment.....................................................................................................................................34

LimitationsAct,Section6&CaseLaw......................................................................................................................................................34Whatmaythecourtdo?.......................................................................................................................................................................35

PoffvGreatNorthernDataSuppliesLtd.,2015ABQB.................................................................................................................35Joinder,Severance,Consolidation.............................................................................................................................................................35

EggLakeFarmsvAlberta(MinisterofEnvironment),2014ABQB...............................................................................................36PartiesAddedonOwnMotion/Intervenors.............................................................................................................................................36

UniversityofAlbertavAlberta(InformationandPrivacyCommissioner),2011ABQB...............................................................36StatementofClaim....................................................................................................................................................................................37

CHAPTER11:SERVICE....................................................................................................................................................................................37Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................37PurposeofService......................................................................................................................................................................................37

ButovskyvDonahue,1984BC.......................................................................................................................................................37ServiceofCommencementDocuments.....................................................................................................................................................37

ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonIndividuals.............................................................................................................................38ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonCorporations..........................................................................................................................39ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonFirms/Partnerships................................................................................................................40ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonStatutoryandOtherEntities.................................................................................................40SpecialCircumstancesforServiceofCommencementDocumentsonPartiesinAlberta..................................................................41

a)AddressforService........................................................................................................................................................................41b)Lawyer...........................................................................................................................................................................................41c)BusinessRepresentativeofAbsentParty......................................................................................................................................41d)Agreement.....................................................................................................................................................................................41

ServiceofCommencingDocumentsOutsideAlberta(inCanada).......................................................................................................41MetcalfevYamahaPowerMotorProducts,2012CA..................................................................................................................42

ServiceofNon-CommencementDocumentsinAlberta............................................................................................................................42HardervHayter,ABCA..................................................................................................................................................................43

ProvingService–Rule11.30......................................................................................................................................................................43OvercomingServiceProblems–Part11,Division1andDivision6..........................................................................................................43

SubstitutionalService–Rule11.28.......................................................................................................................................................43ValidatingService–Rule11.27.............................................................................................................................................................44

226911AlbertaLtdvRedecopp.2012ABQB776........................................................................................................................44ThompsonvProcraneInc,2016ABCA71.....................................................................................................................................44

DispensingwithService-Rule11.29....................................................................................................................................................44SettingAsideService-Rule11.31.........................................................................................................................................................44

CHAPTER12:RENEWALOFSTATEMENTOFCLAIM.....................................................................................................................................44RulesPart3,Division3,Subdivision2.......................................................................................................................................................44

BrousseauvJanzEstate,2014ABQB136.....................................................................................................................................45McGowanvLand,2015ABCA217................................................................................................................................................45

IfyouhavenotservedtheStatementofClaimorithasbeenstruck:......................................................................................................45CHAPTER13:PARTICULARS...........................................................................................................................................................................46

Whatareparticulars?................................................................................................................................................................................46RelevantRules............................................................................................................................................................................................46

InsufficientDetails.................................................................................................................................................................................46WhatcanCourtdo?..............................................................................................................................................................................46Rule1.2PurposeandIntent..................................................................................................................................................................46Rule3.61RequestforParticulars..........................................................................................................................................................47Rule3.62AmendingPleadings..............................................................................................................................................................47

AlbertavAltriaGroupInc,2015ABQB(TobaccoLitigation)........................................................................................................481021018AlbertaLtdvBazinet,2015ABQB.................................................................................................................................49

CHAPTER14:PROCEDUREONDEFAULT.......................................................................................................................................................49RelevantRules............................................................................................................................................................................................497.2ResponsibilitytoLawyersandOthers..................................................................................................................................................49DefaultJudgment......................................................................................................................................................................................49

Rule3.36JudgmentinDefaultofDefenceandNotinginDefault(whathappensifStmofDefenceisnotfiledorstruck)..............49Rule3.37ApplicationforJudgmentAgainstDefendantNotedinDefault(determineamountofjudgment)...................................50

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Rule3.38JudgmentforRecoveryofProperty[EnterJudgment–noneedtonoteindefault].........................................................50Rule3.39JudgmentforDebtorLiquidatedDamages(a#easilycalculated;SeeDefaultJudgmentForm)......................................50Rule3.40ContinuationofActionFollowingJudgment........................................................................................................................50Rule3.42LimitationonWhenJudgmentonNotinginDefaultMayOccur.........................................................................................51Rule9.15SettingAside,VaryingandDischargingJudgmentsandOrders..........................................................................................51Rule13.5ExtendingTimeLines............................................................................................................................................................51

TLAFoodServicesv1144707AlbertaLtd.,2011ABQB................................................................................................................51ArgentvGray,2015ABQB............................................................................................................................................................52PalinvDuxbury:asa(P)adefaultjudgmentdoesnotmeanyouare‘homefree’.......................................................................52

CHAPTER15:PLEADINGSSUBSEQUENTTOSTATEMENTOFCLAIM............................................................................................................52ThreeStrategiesforStatementsofDefence.............................................................................................................................................52

ResponsesinaStatementofDefence..................................................................................................................................................52Defendant’sProcedure..............................................................................................................................................................................53

1.DemandforNotice............................................................................................................................................................................53Rule3.34DemandforNoticebyDefendant.........................................................................................................................................53DefaultJudgmentvDemandforNotice...............................................................................................................................................53

DefaultJudgment..............................................................................................................................................................................53DemandforNotice............................................................................................................................................................................53

BellvGrandeMountainApartments,(1984)50AR372(QB)......................................................................................................53StatementofDefencevDemandforNotice........................................................................................................................................532.StatementsofDefence......................................................................................................................................................................53

C(L)vAlberta,2011ABQB12........................................................................................................................................................55BarcelonavEinarson.....................................................................................................................................................................55

Counterclaim..............................................................................................................................................................................................56AdditionalOptionsfortheDefendant..................................................................................................................................................56

Counterclaim:RelevantRules....................................................................................................................................................................56SetOff....................................................................................................................................................................................................56

HoltvTelford,1987SCC................................................................................................................................................................56CounterclaimsandLimitationsAct.......................................................................................................................................................57

LittleDudeRanchv1229122AlbertaLtd,2014ABQB.................................................................................................................57ThirdPartyClaimandNoticetoCo-Defendant.........................................................................................................................................57

BasisoftheClaim..................................................................................................................................................................................57TortfeasorsAct..................................................................................................................................................................................58ContributoryNegligenceAct.............................................................................................................................................................58

Co-DefendantClaim..............................................................................................................................................................................58ThirdPartyClaim...................................................................................................................................................................................58

CanadianNaturalResourcesLtdvArcelormittalTubularProductsRomanSA............................................................................61O’ConnorAssociatesEnvironmentalIncvMECOPLLC,2014ABCA140.....................................................................................62

LimitationsAct.......................................................................................................................................................................................62Reply...........................................................................................................................................................................................................62

CHAPTER16:SCOPEOFTHEDISCLOSUREOBLIGATION..............................................................................................................................63DisclosureofInformation..........................................................................................................................................................................63Whatisarecord?.......................................................................................................................................................................................63

Rule5.1Purposeof[Disclosure]...........................................................................................................................................................63Rule5.2WhenSomethingisRelevantandMaterial............................................................................................................................63

RelevantandMaterialInformation:CaseLaw..........................................................................................................................................65KaddouravHanson,2015ABCA154............................................................................................................................................65LeducvRoman,[2009]OJNo681................................................................................................................................................65

TheExceptionforPrivilegedInformation..................................................................................................................................................66Solicitor-ClientPrivilege........................................................................................................................................................................66

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................66TheWigmoreTest(ElementsoftheDutyofConfidentiality)...........................................................................................................66Howcansolicitor-clientprivilegebewaived?...................................................................................................................................66TestforSolicitor-ClientPrivilege:SoloskyvTheQueen....................................................................................................................66TwoExceptionswhereSolicitorClientPrivilegewillNOTberespected............................................................................................66

Alberta(InformationandPrivacyCommissioner)vUniversityofCalgary,2016SCC53.............................................................67LitigationPrivilege.....................................................................................................................................................................................67

LizottevAvivaInsuranceCoofCanada,2016SCC52p.129.......................................................................................................67

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SettlementPrivilege...................................................................................................................................................................................68UnionCarbideCanadavBombardierInc,2014SCC.....................................................................................................................68BellatrixExplorationLtdvPennWestPetroleumLtd,ABCA........................................................................................................68

Case-by-CasePrivilege...............................................................................................................................................................................68AMvRyan,1997SCC....................................................................................................................................................................68StringamDeneckyLLPvSunMediaCorp,2016ABQB692–p.143............................................................................................69

WigmoreFactors:......................................................................................................................................................................................69(1) Therelationshipmustoriginateinaconfidencethatthesource’sidentitywillnotbedisclosed;.............................................69(2) anonymitymustbeessentialtotherelationshipinwhichthecommunicationarises;..............................................................69(3) therelationshipmustbeonethatshouldbesedulouslyfosteredinthepublicinterest;and...................................................69(4) thepublicinterestservedbyprotectingtheidentityoftheinformantmustoutweighthepublicinterestingettingatthetruth. 69Waiver........................................................................................................................................................................................................69

SturgeonLakeIndianBandvCanadaAG,2015ABCA.................................................................................................................69CHAPTER17:DISCLOSUREOFRECORDS.......................................................................................................................................................69

FreedomofInformationandProtectionofPrivacyAct................................................................................................................71RecordsUnderaParty’sControl...............................................................................................................................................................73

McAlistervCityofCalgary............................................................................................................................................................73IdentificationandDescriptionofRecords.................................................................................................................................................73

1400467AlbertaLtdvAdderly,2013ABQB.................................................................................................................................73CanadianNaturalResourcesvShawCorLtd,2014ABCA.............................................................................................................73

Enforcement...............................................................................................................................................................................................74SunLifeAssuranceCompanyofCanadavTom,2003..................................................................................................................74ChevaliervSunshineVillageCorporation,2011ABQB.................................................................................................................74

DocumentsinPossessionofNon-Party.....................................................................................................................................................75CullihallvLiyanage,2016ABQB551–p.152..............................................................................................................................75

CHAPTER18:QUESTIONING..........................................................................................................................................................................75PresentationonQuestioning.....................................................................................................................................................................75RulesPart5,Division1,Subdivision3andRule6.38................................................................................................................................78IntroductiontoQuestioning......................................................................................................................................................................78CODE:5.4CommunicationwithWitnessesGivingEvidence....................................................................................................................82EvidencevInformation..............................................................................................................................................................................83A.WhoCanQuestionWhom.....................................................................................................................................................................83

1.PartiesAdverseinInterest................................................................................................................................................................83TurtavCPR,(1951)2WWR(NS)628...........................................................................................................................................83GoldenEstatevNeilson,2011ABCA338.....................................................................................................................................83

2.EmployeesandOfficers.....................................................................................................................................................................84CogentGroupIncvEnCanaLeaseholdLtdPartnership,2011ABQB335....................................................................................84TremcoIncvGienowBuildingProductsLtd,(2000)255AR273(CA)..........................................................................................84CDMDirectMailvCentreforImmigrationPolicyReform,2015ABCA168.................................................................................84

3.Infants,PersonsofUnsoundMind....................................................................................................................................................844.TheCrown..........................................................................................................................................................................................845.EvenIfNoDefence............................................................................................................................................................................84

B.Undertakings.........................................................................................................................................................................................84PsychologistsAssociationofAlbertavSchepanovich,(1991)ABCA............................................................................................84

C.AbusiveQuestioning..............................................................................................................................................................................85HolowaychukvLopushinsky,2015ABQB63................................................................................................................................85LandesvRoyalBankofCanada,(1997)ABQB.............................................................................................................................85

D.UseofQuestioning................................................................................................................................................................................851.ProceduretoReadIn.........................................................................................................................................................................85

410675AlbertaLtdvTrailSouthDevelopmentsInc.....................................................................................................................852.ImpliedUndertakingofConfidentiality.............................................................................................................................................85

JumanvDoucette,2008SCC8......................................................................................................................................................85HallvWillcox,2011ABQB78........................................................................................................................................................86

CHAPTER19:ADMISSIONS............................................................................................................................................................................86Introduction:Wherecanadmissionsbefound?.......................................................................................................................................86

OralAdmission.......................................................................................................................................................................................86WrittenAdmissions...............................................................................................................................................................................86

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Whyareadmissionsimportant?...........................................................................................................................................................87Admissions:RelevantRules.......................................................................................................................................................................87

StringervEmpireLifeInsuranceCompany,2015ABCA:WithdrawalofAdmissions..................................................................88CHAPTER20:EXPERTS...................................................................................................................................................................................88

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................88RelevantRules............................................................................................................................................................................................88

KonConstructionLtdvTerrahovaDevelopmentsLtd,2015ABCA249.......................................................................................91ReidvBitangol,2016ABQB122...................................................................................................................................................92HendersonEstatevArnett,2011ABQB........................................................................................................................................93AdascivAmin,2013ABCA............................................................................................................................................................93

B.PreservationandInspectionofEvidence...............................................................................................................................................93C.CourtAssistance....................................................................................................................................................................................93

CHAPTER21:OTHEREVIDENCE....................................................................................................................................................................93AffidavitEvidenceatTrial..........................................................................................................................................................................94

TolivervKoepke,2013ABCA304..................................................................................................................................................94PreservingEvidenceforFutureUse...........................................................................................................................................................94

CHAPTER22:MANAGINGLITIGATION..........................................................................................................................................................95A.ResponsibilitiesoftheParties................................................................................................................................................................95

StandardCaseTargets...........................................................................................................................................................................97DisputeResolutionProcesses....................................................................................................................................................................99FactorstoConsiderinADR......................................................................................................................................................................100

CHAPTER23:CHAMBERSPRACTICE............................................................................................................................................................101WhatareInterlocutoryApplications?.....................................................................................................................................................101A.ChambersPractice...............................................................................................................................................................................101

1.OnNotice.........................................................................................................................................................................................1012.ExParte–withouttheotherparty.................................................................................................................................................102

B.AppearanceinMasters’Chambers.....................................................................................................................................................1021.Jurisdiction.......................................................................................................................................................................................102

SouthSideWoodwork(1979)LtdvRCContractingLtd(1989),(1989)95AR161(AltaQB)....................................................102Janvierv834474AlbertaLtd,2010ABQB800...........................................................................................................................102SchaffervLalonde,2014ABQB222............................................................................................................................................102

2.Appeals:RelevantRulesandLegislations............................................................................................................................................102BahchelivYorktonSecuritiesInc,2012ABCA.............................................................................................................................103

C.Affidavits..............................................................................................................................................................................................1031.Content............................................................................................................................................................................................103

Oaths:AlbertaEvidenceAct............................................................................................................................................................1042.QuestioningonAffidavit..................................................................................................................................................................104

PennWestPetroleumvDevonCanadaCorp,2017ABQB26....................................................................................................106SmithvCoperstoneCapitalInc,2013ABCA...............................................................................................................................106RozakEstatevDemas,2011ABQB.............................................................................................................................................107

QuestioningWitness...........................................................................................................................................................................107D.AppearanceinChambers&Orders.....................................................................................................................................................107E.Orders...................................................................................................................................................................................................107

CHAPTER24:PRE-TRIALSTRATEGIESANDJUDICIALRESOLUTIONWITHOUTAFULLTRIAL....................................................................108A.StrikingOutPleadings.........................................................................................................................................................................108

WhatmaytheCourtorder?R3.68(1)................................................................................................................................................108WhenwillacourtgiveanorderunderR3.68?R3.68(2)..................................................................................................................108Whatgroundsmaybeusedforstrikingout?.....................................................................................................................................108

RvImperialTobaccoCanadaLtd,2011SCC..............................................................................................................................109JolyvPelletier,1999ONSuperiorCourtofJustice.....................................................................................................................109ChutskoffvBonora......................................................................................................................................................................109ErnstvEnCanaCorporation,2014ABCA672.............................................................................................................................109

SLAPPLawsuits–StrategicLitigationAgainstPublicPolicy................................................................................................................109B.SecurityforCosts.................................................................................................................................................................................109

WhenwillR4.22apply?......................................................................................................................................................................110Whatfactorsmustthecourtconsider?R4.22...................................................................................................................................110Whatmusttheorderinclude?R4.23.................................................................................................................................................110

AmexElectricalLtdv726934AlbertaLtd,2014ABQB...............................................................................................................111

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C.Delay....................................................................................................................................................................................................111Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................................................111

HumpheysCase,2017ABCA116................................................................................................................................................112FlockvFlockEstate,2017ABCA67............................................................................................................................................113

D.Discontinuance....................................................................................................................................................................................114Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................................................114

NewelPostDevelopmentsv1402801Alberta,2012ABQB.......................................................................................................114Settlement................................................................................................................................................................................................114

FormalSettlementOffers(Rules,Part4,Division5)..........................................................................................................................114UnionSquareCase,2017ABQB151...........................................................................................................................................115PillarResourcesCase,2017ABCA14..........................................................................................................................................115

InformalSettlementOffers......................................................................................................................................................................116PanicciaEstatevToal,2012ABCA397.......................................................................................................................................116

SettlementProcess..................................................................................................................................................................................116ConsentAgreement(Rule3.35)...............................................................................................................................................................116

CHAPTER25:JUDICIALRESOLUTIONWITHOUTAFULLTRIAL...................................................................................................................117SummaryJudgmentCases.......................................................................................................................................................................117

HryniakvMauldin,SCC...............................................................................................................................................................117WindsorvCanadianPacificRailway,2014ABCA.......................................................................................................................118CondominiumCorp0321365vCuthbert,2016ABCA46...........................................................................................................118TransamericaLifeCanadavOakwoodAssociates,2015ABQB.................................................................................................118McDonaldvBrookfieldAssetManagementInc,2016ABCA375..............................................................................................118StoutvTrack2015ABCA.............................................................................................................................................................119WolfevShawcorLtd,2017ABCA................................................................................................................................................119

B.TrialofaParticularQuestionorIssue.................................................................................................................................................119BaileyvGuarantyTrustCoofCanada,1987ABCA....................................................................................................................119NEPCanadaULCvMECOpLLC,2016ABCA..............................................................................................................................119MunicipalAirportinEdmontonCase..........................................................................................................................................120

C.Summarytrial(RulesPart7,Division3)..............................................................................................................................................120ImperialOilvFlatironConstructorsCanadaLtd.,2017ABCA102.............................................................................................120

CHAPTER26:ENTRYFORTRIALANDTRIAL................................................................................................................................................120A.EntryforTrial–RulesPart8,Divisions1&2......................................................................................................................................120

BencvParker,2016ABCA82......................................................................................................................................................121Howdoesatrialproceed?.......................................................................................................................................................................121Howarefactsprovenattrial?.................................................................................................................................................................121Howarewitnessesrequiredtoattend?RulesPart8,Division3............................................................................................................122Whathappensifawitnessdoesnotattend?..........................................................................................................................................122B.ModeofTrial–RulesPart8,Division1..............................................................................................................................................123

CHAPTER27:JUDGMENT............................................................................................................................................................................123JudgmentsandOrders.............................................................................................................................................................................123Variation..................................................................................................................................................................................................124

ADMINISTRATIVELAW.................................................................................................................................................................................125FreedomofInformationProtectionAct..................................................................................................................................................126GuestLectureronAdministrativeLaw....................................................................................................................................................127

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CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION NaturalJustice

- Therighttoafairhearing(1) Sufficientnoticeforcasetobeproperlyprepared(2) Personisentitledtoknowwhatevidencehasbeenproducedagainsthimorher(3) Properopportunitytocontest,correct,orcontractevidenceproducedagainstthemandtostatetheirowncase

PurposeandIntentionoftheRulesofCourtRule1.2PurposeandIntentionofTheseRules

- 1.2(1):Fairlyandjustlyresolveclaimsinorbyacourtprocessinatimelyandcosteffectiveway.- 1.2(2):Inparticular,theyaretobeusedto:

o Identifytherealissuesindisputeo Tofacilitatethequickestmeanstoresolveaclaimattheleastexpenseo Encouragethepartiestoresolvetheclaimthemselveso Obligethepartiestocommunicateinatimely,openandhonestwayo Provideeffective,efficientandcredibleremediesandsanctionstoenforcerules,ordersandjudgments

Rule1.4ProceduralOrders- 1.4(1)ToimplementRule1.2theCourtmaymakeanyorderwithrespecttopracticeorprocedure.- 1.4(2):Withoutlimitingsubrule(1),unlessspecificallylimitedbytheserules,theCourtmaydooneormoreofthefollowing:

o Grant,refuseordismissanapplicationorproceedingo Setasideanprocessexercisedorpurportedlyexercisedundertheserulesthat:

§ Contrarytolaw§ Anabuseofprocess§ Foranimproperpurpose

o Giveordersordirectionsormakearulingwithrespecttoanaction,applicationorproceeding,orrelatedmattero Makeanorderonhowtheserulesapplyo Imposeterms,conditionsandtimelimitso Giveconsent,permissionorapprovalo (g)Giveadvice,includingguidance,suggestionsandrecommendations

C(L)vAlberta,2011ABQBRule1.2isthelensthroughwhichallotherRulesmustbeinterpreted.Itidentifiescompetingintereststhatmustbeweighedagainsteachother.Defence:Defendantscannotmaintainunreasonableorfrivolousdefences:theycannotdenyallallegationsandputtheplaintifftostrictproofthereofRulescontemplategreatercooperationbetweencounselinmovinganactiontowardsdisputeresolutionandthentrialifnecessary;thenewrulesDONOTcontemplatethatthepartiesmustagreetojumpoverprocessestoachieveandtimelycosteffectiveresult.

HryniakvMauldin,2014SCCAcultureshiftisrequiredtopromotetimelyandaffordableaccesstotheciviljusticesystem.Pre-trialproceduresshouldbesimplifiedandproportionalprocedurestailoredtothespecificcaseandshouldbefavouredoverconventionaltrials

WindsorvCPRLtd,2014ABCARecognitionthatinterlocutoryproceedingsareprimarilytoprepareanactionforresolutionandrarelyinvolvingactuallypreparinganactionfortrial.

NafievBadaway,2015ABCACultureShiftandtheRules:Acultureshiftisrequired,perHryniakvMauldin,buttheCourtscannotcastasideproceduresexplicitlyprescribedbytherulesforthesakeofexpediency.

AllenvAlberta(MinisterofSeniors&CommunitySupports),2015ABCAProceduraldeadlinesareimposedtofurthertheadministrationofjustice,notthwartit.Thisisthereasonableexpectationofthebench,barandpublic.

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CHAPTER2:JURISDICTION Introduction:Rules,Part1A.CourtofQueen’sBench:JudicatureAct,FederalCourtsActB.ProvincialCourtC.SpecializedTribunalsandJudicialReviewD.RulesJurisdictionrelatesto:

- Thetopicorsubjectmatterofaclaim- Theterritorywheretheclaimisbrought- forumconveniens–convenientforumorvenue

Jurisdiction

1. Doesthedecisionmakerhaveterritorialjurisdictionorjurisdictionoverthepersonappearingbeforeit?2. Isthesubjectmatterofthelitigationwithinthescopeofthedecisionmaker’sauthority?3. Istheamountofdamagesorremedysoughtwithinthemonetarylimitsorscopeofthedecisionmaker’sauthority?

Actioninpersonam

- Actionagainstaperson- Jurisdictionoveraperson;theabilitytosummonapersontocourt- Apersoncanconsentorsubmittoacourt’sjurisdiction

Actioninrem

- Actionagainstland- Courthasjurisdictionifthelandisintheirterritory

Subjectmatter

- Cannotconsentorsubmittojurisdiction(ifyoudonothavejurisdiction,youcannotacquireit)- TheQueen’sBenchisaSection96Courtandhasinherentjurisdictionoveranymatter

o StatutecanlimittheirauthorityorgivetheirauthoritytoanotherbodyABQBJurisdiction

- Superiorcourtshaveplenaryjurisdiction,subjecttowhatgetstakenawaybytheexclusiveoriginaljurisdictionoftribunalsandspecialtytribunals

o Ie.federalcourtProvincialCourtJurisdiction

- Jurisdictionoversomecriminalandcivilmatterso PerParrisvReber,themonetarylimitsetoutintheProvincialCourtCivilDivisionRegulationappliesseparatelyto

eachcauseofaction- ProvincialCourtCivilDivisionRegulations

o Section1.1–monetarylimitof$50,000o Youcanbringmorethanoneclaimandeachclaimcanbeupto$50k,the(P)canchoosetoabandontheamount

overthelimitSpecializedTribunalsandJudicialReview

- Statutesmayplaceauthorityfordisputeresolutionregardingspecificmattersinthehandsofstatutorilycreatedtribunals- Example:

o Workers’CompensationBoardo SurfaceRightsBoardo DevelopmentAppealBoardo LandCompensationBoard

- ProceedingsbeforetribunalsarenotusuallygovernedbytheRulesofCourtbutaresubjecttoreviewbythecourtsRulesJudicatureAct,RSA2000,cJ02,ss28.1-28.3,29

12

- Theseoutlinewhatrulescanbemadeforwhat,whattheRulesofCourtCommitteecando,consistencyamendmentstoregulations,ministerialregulations,andspecialjurisdiction

RuleEnforcement:JusticesandCourtOfficers

- TheAlbertaRulesofCourtareenforcedbyJusticesoftheAlbertaCourtofQueen’sBench,theABCAandultimatelytheSCC- SomerulesarealsoenforcedbyMasters;thedecisionofaMastercanbeappealedtoaJusticeoftheCourtofQueen’s

BenchwhosedecisioncanthenbefurtherappealedtotheABCAo JurisdictionoftheMasterissetoutinCourtofQueen’sBenchAct,RSA2000,cC-31,ss8-16(notablysection9)

- ToappealamatterofcivillawtotheSCCyoumustbegrantedleavetoappealContemptofCourt

- Contempt–youmustbeaSection96Court…youmusthaveinherentjurisdictiontoparticipateinthecontemptprocess(ie.MastersandProvincialCourtscannotbeinvolvedincontemptproceedings)

- Wherefailingtocomplywithanorder,thepersonmusthave“actualknowledge”oforder- 2typesofcontempt

o Inthefaceofthecourt-Conductthatthejudgewitnesses–thejudgecanlevyremedyonthespoto Notinthefaceofthecourt

§ attackingtheintegrityorimpartialityofajudge§ willfulbreachofacourtorder§ interferingwithwitness/jury§ improperpublication

• todealwiththiscontempt:youmustbringthepersonbeforethecourttodealwithit• Charterapplies:principlesofnaturaljustice–thewholeprocessiscompleted

Contempt

- Civilquasi-criminalR10.53- Noticeofapplicationservedonthe“person”likeacommencementdocument- Non-parties,witnesses,lawyers,orotherparties(R10.50)- Failingtocomplywiththerules,apracticenoteordirectionoftheCourtwithoutadequateexcuseinterfereswith

administrationofjusticeContemptConduct

- Failuretocomplywithanorder(excludesordertopaymoney)- EngagesinconductbeforetheCourtthatwarrantsacontemptorder- FailuretoattendforquestioningortoanswerquestionspersonisorderedbyCourttoanswer- Awitnesswhorefusestobeswornortoanswerproperquestions- DoesnotperformorobserveanundertakinggiventotheCourt

Rule10.51OrdertoAppear

- Showcausehearing-theCourtmayorderapeaceofficertotakeapersonintocustodyto“showcause”ofwhytheyshouldnotbeheldincontemptofcourt

Rule10.52DeclarationofCivilContempt

- Onlyajudgecandeclareapersontobeincivilcontempt- 10.52(1)Mustgivethepersonnoticetheyarebeingfoundincontemptofcourt- 10.52(2)Ifthelawyerisservedthattheirclientisbeingfoundincontempt,theymustnotifytheirclientassoonaspossible- 10.52(3)Ajudgemaydeclareapersonincivilcontemptif:

o Thepersonwithoutreasonableexcuse§ Doesnotcomplywithanorder§ BeforetheCourtengagesinconductworthyofcontempt§ Doesnotcomplywithanordertoappearfora“showcausehearing”

Rule10.53PunishmentforCivilContempt

- Imprisonment(notmorethan2years)untilcontemptpurged- Afineandindefaultofpaying,imprisonmentupto6months- Ifpartytoanaction–allorpartofcommencementdocument,affidavitorpleadingsstruckout- Ifpartytoanaction–actionorapplicationstayed

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- Ifpartytoanaction–aclaim,action,defence,applicationorproceedingdismissedorjudgmententeredorordermade- Ifpartytoanaction–arecordorevidenceprohibitedformbeingused

CourtOrder:Good,Bad,Invalid

- Whatareyouroptions?o Followtheorderuntilyougetbacktocourttogetordervariedo Disobeyingthecourtorderisabadidea–thecourtdoesnotlistentopeoplewhoareincontempt

Rule10.49andRule10.50Penaltyforcontraveningrules10.49(1)TheCourtmayorderaparty,lawyerorotherpersontopaytothecourtclerkapenaltyinanamountdeterminedbytheCourtif

(a)theparty,lawyerorotherpersoncontravenesorfailstocomplywiththeserulesorapracticenoteordirectionoftheCourtwithoutadequateexcuse,and(b)thecontraventionorfailuretocomply,intheCourt’sopinion,hasinterferedwithormayinterferewiththeproperorefficientadministrationofjustice.

(2)Theorderappliesdespite(a)asettlementoftheaction,or(b)anagreementtothecontrarybythepartiesCostsimposedonlawyerRule10.50Ifalawyerforapartyengagesinseriousmisconduct,theCourtmayorderthelawyertopayacostsawardwithrespecttoapersonnamedintheorder.

CaryvLaiken,2015SCC:TheRequiredIntentforContempt- AllthatisrequiredtoestablishcivilcontemptisproofBRDofanintentionalactoromissionthatisinfactinbreachofaclear

orderofwhichtheallegedcontemnorhasnotice- Requiringcontumaciousintentwouldopenthedoortomistakesoflawprovidingadefencetoanallegationofcivilcontempt- Itcouldalsoallowanallegedcontemnortorelyonamisinterpretationofaclearordertoavoidacontemptfinding—this

wouldunderminethepowerofacourtorder

336239AlbertaLtdvMella,2016ABCA226Judgeshavediscretioninorderingsanctionsforcontempt,whichmustbeproportionatetoreflectthegravityoftheoffenceandthepersonalculpabilityofthecontemnor.Factorsrelevantfordeterminationofappropriatesentenceforcivilcontempt:

1. Theproportionalityofthesentenceofthewrongdoing2. Thepresenceofmitigatingfactors3. Theabsenceofaggravatingfactors4. Deterrenceanddenunciation5. Similarityofsentencesinlikecircumstances6. Reasonablenessoffineorincarceration

Thedecisiontofindapartyincontemptisdiscretionary,asisthesanctionforcontempt,andbotharereviewableonastandardofreasonableness.Areviewingcourtmaynotsubstituteitsowndiscretionunlessthechambersjudgefailedtogivesufficientweighttorelevantconsiderations,proceededonwrongprinciples,orthereislikelytobeafailureofjustice.NOTES:

- Albertacourtshaveheldthatapartyincontemptcannotaccessthecourttoparticipateinlitigationunlessthecontemptispurged(SchmidtvWood)andhavefoundthatallegationsbya“freemanontheland”challengingthecourt’sauthoritybyuseofOrganizedPseudolegalCommercialArgumentsdonotnecessarilyrisetolevelofcontempt(FearnvCanadaCustoms)

CHAPTER3:COSTS Introduction:A.Solicitor’sFees–RulesParty10,Division1B.CourtFees–AlbertaRulesofCourt,ScheduleB–CourtFeesandWitness&OtherAllowance

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C.CostsBetweenParties–RulesPart10,Division2andScheduleC–TariffofRecoverableFeesCourtofQueen’sBenchAct,s21

CostsPrinciples

- Coreprincipleis(partial)indemnificationo Partymaynotgenerallyrecovermorethantheyincurredinexpenseso JudgeusesScheduleCtodeterminecosts

- Costsbelongtotheclientnotthelawyer- Rule10.29(1)Generalruleissuccessfulpartyisentitledtocostsimmediately.

Costs1.Party-and-partycosts–awardthepartialindemnificationofthewinner’sexpensesbytheloser2.Solicitor-clientcosts–awardanamountclosertototalindemnificationofthewinner’sexpensesbytheloser3.Onapunitiveordeterrentbasiswhichexceedsindemnification

- usuallyawardedwheretherehasbeenreprehensible,scandalous,oroutrageousconductonthepartofoneoftheparties4.Selfrepresentedlitigantsandcosts:

- Rule10.31(5)–SRLmayreceivecostsinappropriatecircumstances.*Generallycannotclaimcostsbeforeanactioncommences.TypesofCosts

- disbursemento flow-throughcostso costslawyerspayforclientthathavebeenincurredbytheactiono nobenefittothelawyero ex.Filingfees,witnessfees,expertfees,GST,etc.

- lawyerfeeso hourlyrate

CourtofQueen’sBenchAct,s21–Acourt(master)orjudgemaymakeanorderforcosts.Rule10.29GeneralRuleforPaymentofLitigationCosts

- 10.29(a)thesuccessfulpartyisentitledtocostsimmediatelyRule10.33CourtConsiderationswhenMakingCostAwards

- theCourthascompletediscretionoverwhattoorderinacostsawardunlessaspecificrulelimitsthatdiscretionRule10.9ReasonablenessofRetainerAgreementsandChargesSubjecttoReview

- thereasonablenessofaretaineragreementandthereasonablenessofalawyer’schargesaresubjecttoreviewbyareviewofficerinaccordancewiththeserules,despiteanyagreementtothecontrary

Rule10.11WhoMayRequestaReviewofLawyerChargesAlawyer’schargesmaybereviewedinABa) Attherequestofaclientif:

i LawyerresidesinABii Lawyer’smainofficeisinABiii ChargesspecifyanABaddressiv ServicesperformedinABv ServiceswereperformedinconnectionwithlegalproceedingscommencedinAlbertavi Theretaineragreementsoprovides

b) Attherequestofalawyerif:i TheclientresidesinABii Mainoffice/businessoftheclientisinABiii Servicesperformedhereandnolawofficeinthejurisdictionwheretheclientlivesiv Retainerprovides

Rule10.2PaymentforLawyerandAccounting

- Thelawyerisentitledtofairpayment;thissectionsetsouttheconsiderationforfairpayment

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Rule10.4ChargingOrder

- AlawyermayapplyforachargeagainstpropertyassecurityforpaymentPunitiveCostAwards

- Thesuccessfulpartyisentitledtocostsimmediately(Rule10.29)- Thecourtwillawardcosttopunishapartyforeitherbadbehaviourorpoorcompliance

o Settlement:R4.29(1)(2)(3)§ (1)Doublecostswhereformalsettlementrejected§ (2)Coststodefendantwheresettlementrejected§ (3)Settlement

- R5.12(1)(a)o Penaltyfornotservingtheaffidavitofrecordsin5.15

- R5.12(1)(b):- R5.14- R10.33(2)(b):failuretoadmittostatementoffacts- R10.53(2):Civilcontempt

PillarResourceServicesIncvPrimewestEnergyInc,2017ABCA19PrinciplesofCosts:

(1) CostsAwardsaretheproductofrationaldeliberation.a. QBisresponsibleforsettlingtheamountofcosts,includinglawyer’sfees,payablebyonelitiganttoanotherb. QBhasdiscretiontoorderapartytopayanotherparty’slawyer’sfeesandrelatedcosts,ifthereisnoexpress

provisioninanenactmenttothecontraryc. ACourt,inexercisingitsdiscretion,mustactinaprincipledmanner.Acostinquirymustbeconductedwithina

logicalframework.d. InCanada,thesuccessfulpartyisusuallyentitledtoanorderthatobligestheunsuccessfulpartytopayitasumin

recognitionofthefactthattheprevailingpartyhasincurredlegalfeesandotherexpensestoprotectitsinterest.Buttheremaybeappropriatecircumstancestodenythesuccessfulpartyitscosts.

e. Costordersaremadetoindemnifythesuccessfulpartyforaportionofitslawyer’sfees.f. Almostallcostsordersamounttoonlyapartialindemnityofthepayee’sobligationstoitslawyersg. Inexceptionalcases,acourtwilldirectthepayortopayasumthatsubstantiallyorfullyindemnifiesthepayeeforits

lawyer’sfeesandothercostsoflitigationh. Apartyorderedtoindemnifyanotherpartyforitslitigationcostsisresponsibleforthoseactsthatincreasethe

likelihoodthatthepurposeoftheretainerwillbeachievedandarenotunnecessary(2) Blameworthyconductjustifiesextraordinarycostsawards

a. Themannerinwhichlitigationisconductedmayconstituteblameworthyconduct.NOTE:Majorityofthecourtinthiscasealsoheldthatanawardofsolicitor-clientcostscannotproperlybemadesolelyonbasisofpre-litigationconduct.

QuebecvJodoin,2017SCC26Anawardofcostsagainstalawyerpersonallycanbejustifiedonlyonanexceptionalbasiswherethelawyeractshaveseriouslyunderminedtheauthorityofthecourtsorseriouslyinterferedwiththeadministrationofjustice.Thishighthresholdismetwhereacourthasbeforeitanunfounded,frivolous,dilatory,orvexatiousproceedingthatdenotesaseriousabuseofthejudicialsystembythelawyer,ordishonestormaliciousmisconductonhispart,thatisdeliberate.Thus,alawyermaynotknowinglyusejudicialresourcesforapurelydilatorypurposewiththesoleobjectiveofobstructingtheorderlyconductofthejudicialprocessinacalculatedmanner.2guideposts:(1)Incriminalproceedings,courtsmustshowacertainflexibilitytowardtheactionsofdefencelawyers.Criminalcasesdifferfromcivilproceedings.Theruleincriminalisthatcostsarenotawarded.Awardsofcostsmadeagainstlawyerspersonallyarethereforepurelypunitiveanddonotincludethecompensatoryaspectcostshaveincivilcases.Aswell,roleofdefencelawyerisdifferentthanacivillawyer.(2)Courttoconfineitselftothefactsofthebasebeforeitandtorefrainfromindirectlyputtingthelawyer’sdisciplinaryrecord,orcareer,ontrial.

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Processtofollow:(1) Givenpriornoticeoftheallegationsagainsthimorherandthepossibleconsequences

a. Noticeshouldcontainsufficientinformationaboutallegedfactsandnatureofevidenceinsupportofthosefactsb. Noticeshouldbesentfarenoughinadvancetoenablelawyertoadequatelypreparec. Lawyershouldhaveopportunitytomakesubmissionsandtoadduceanyrelevantevidenced. Shouldbearguedonlyaftertheproceedinghasbeenresolvedonitsmerits.

(2) Whenawardsagainstlawyerpersonally,thelawyerisnota“personchargedwithanoffence”andtheproceedingisnotacriminaloneperse.Thestandardofproofisthebalanceofprobabilities.(differfromss7&11ofCharter).

TrialLawyersAssociationvBC,2014SCCTheSCCrecentlyheldthattheauthorityofprovincialgovernmentstoimposecourtfeesisnotunlimited.Provinceshaveanobligationtoensurethatfeesarenotsohighastoimpedereasonableaccesstojustice.

CHAPTER4:PROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIES Introduction:A.LawyerofRecord–Rules,Part2,Division4B.Undertakings–B&JPetroleumLtdvRhimLawyerofRecordandChangeofSolicitorsorWithdrawal

- Rule2.24LawyerofRecordo Thenameofthelawyerorfirmappearingonadocumentfilesorservedinanactionasactingforaparty

- Rule2.25DutiesoftheLawyerofRecordo 2.25(1)(a)MustfurtherthepurposeandintentionoftheserulesassetoutinRule1.2o 2.25(1)(b)TOcontinuetoactasthelawyerofrecordwhilerecordedassuch

- Rule2.28ChangeofLawyerofRecordorSRLo 2.28(1)(a)Mustservenoticeoneverypartyinvolvedincludingtheformerlawyero Rule2.28(1)(b):Mustfileanaffidavitofserviceofnoticeo Rule2.28(2):ASRLwhoobtainsalawyerofrecordmustserveeveryonenamingthelawyerofrecordo Rule2.28(3):Mustincludeanaddressforserviceo Rule2.28(4)(a)(b):Thenoticeisnotrequiredtobeservedonapartyindefaultorapartywhomdefaultjudgment

hasbeenentered- Rule2.29WithdrawalofLawyerofRecord

o Rule2.29(1):Subjecttorule2.31alawyerofrecordmaywithdrawasthelawyerofrecordby:§ (a)Servingnoticeoneveryclientandparty§ (a)(i)Muststatetheclientslastknown(orcurrent)address§ (a)(ii)Thereisa10-dayperiodbeforeittakeseffect§ (b)Mustfileanaffidavitofservicenotice

o Rule2.29(2):Takeseffect10daysaftertheaffidavitisfiled- Rule2.31WithdrawalAfterTrialDateScheduled

o Onceatrialdateisscheduled,thelawyerofrecord,maynot,withouttheCourt’spermission,servenoticeofwithdrawal

o IfnoticeisservedwithouttheCourt’spermission,itisofnoeffect

Undertakings:B&JPetroleumvRhim,2015ABQB- Definition–alawyer’spersonalpromiseasalawyertoanotherpartythatthatpartywillrelyupon- Requirements:Therearenoformalrequirementsforthecreationofanundertaking

o Maytaketheformofawrittenororalpromise,expressorimpliedo Termsmustbeclearo Mustbecapableofbeingperformedabinitio(fromthebeginning)

- PersonalLiability–thelawyermustpersonallyhonortheundertakingunlessitisclearlystatedotherwise- Ambiguities–ambiguitiesareresolvedagainstthelawyer- Enforcement–onapplication,theCourtsenforceundertakingsbylawyers

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PART ONE: PLEADINGS

CHAPTER5:COMMENCEMENTOFANACTION Introduction:A.LimitationPeriods–Rule3.2&LimitationsActB.StatementofClaim–RulesPart3,Division1&Division3,Subdivision1&2C.OriginatingApplication–RulesPart3,Division2Steps

1. Determinewhothepotentialpartiesare2. Doestheplaintiffhavecapacitytosue?3. Acauseofactionmustarisepriortobringingtheaction4. Barstoanaction

a) LimitationsActb) Contractualagreementc) Failuretoobtainanessentialprerequisitetotheactiond) ResJudicatae) Baragainstthecauseofaction

Step1Determinewhothepotentialpartiesare

- Thepleadingshavetoestablishacauseofactionagainsteverydefendant- Ifthepleadingsdonotestablishacauseofactionthe(D)canstrikethecauseofactionandthenrequestcosts- Ifthe(P)cannotprovetheclaim,thentheywillberequiredtopaycosts

o Itismorethanhavingfacts,youneedevidence- Youcanusuallyamendastatementofclaimaslongasthereisevenaminutepieceofevidence

o TherearerulesofwhenyoucanamendStep2DoesthePlaintiffhavecapacitytosue?

- Rule2.11(litigationrepresentatives)- InterpretationactincludesCorporationsas“persons”- Minors- Deadpeople–cannotbringanaction,administratororexecutorofestatemustbringactiononbehalfofdeceased- Mentallyincompetent/Incapacitated

o Guardianortrustee- Whatisimportantaboutparties?

o Theyareliableforthecosts—thelitigationrepresentativeisliableStep3CauseofActionMustArisebeforetheAction

- Someactionshaveprerequisitestobringingtheclaim- BCAsection119—unpaidwagesagainstadirector

o Youhavetosuethecorporationfirst- Landlord:ifthetenantgivesnoticetheycan’tpaytherentyoucannotactuntilthedebtaccruesdue

Step4BarstotheAction

- StatutoryBars:o LimitationsAct

- Contractualagreement:o Collectiveagreements

- Failuretoobtainanessentialprerequisitetotheactiono Debt:Youmustdemandpaymentbeforeyoucansue

- ResJudicata:o Issueoractionestoppel

- Baragainstthecauseofaction:o Publicpolicy

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A.LimitationPeriod–Rule3.2IsthePlaintiffoutofTime?

1. ArethecriteriaunderSection3met(thePlaintiffkneworoughttohaveknown)?2. Hastherebeenaperiodofdisabilityi.e.physicalinjury(depression;braininjury;etc.)?3. WasthePlaintiffaminorattimeofthecauseofactionarose?4. Wasthereanagreementtosuspendtherunningofthelimitationperiod?5. CouldaclaimbeaddedunderSection6oftheLimitationsAct?6. Couldadifferentcauseofactionhavearisenlater?7. Isthereanotherjurisdictionwherethelimitationlawsdifferwheretheactionmaybebrought?8. Hastherebeenfraud(i.e.tostopthelimitationperiodfromrunning)?

PurposeofLimitations

- PeaceandRepose:(D)areprotectedfromstaleclaims- Economic:(D)maybewearyofenteringintonewventuresifworriedaboutthepossibilityofoldventures- Evidentiary:Evidencedeterioratesovertime

PleadLimitations

- Thelimitationperiodmustbepledifyouwantthecourttoconsiderit- Thisisashieldnotasword:youcanpleadittodefendyourself

ThreeLimitationPeriods

- 2yearsafterthedateonwhichtheclaimantkneworoughttohaveknownthato Theinjuryoccurred;o Theinjurywascausedbythedefendant,ando Theinjurywarrantsbringingaproceeding

- Or10yearsaftertheclaimarose- Limitationissuspendedduringthetimeinwhichtheinjuryorseriesofinjuriescontinues;

o Beginswiththelastinjury

BoydvCook,2013ABCATest:Whethertheplaintiffoughttohaveknowntheinjurywarrantedaproceeding.

- Testo Didtheplaintiffknow?o Shouldtheplaintiffhaveknown?

§ Testisthatofareasonablepersoninthesamecircumstances- WarrantedProceeding

o Onereasonforanunwarrantedproceedingistheunlikelihoodofrecoveringdamages,ortheunlikelihoodofdamagesexceedingthecostoftheproceeding.

o CertaintyofrecoveryisnotneededtowarrantbringingaproceedingLimitationsAct

- Section4Concealmento Limitationsuspendedduringanyperiodoftimethatthedefendantfraudulentlyconcealsthefactthattheinjuryhas

occurred- Section5PersonunderDisability

o Limitationsuspendedduringanyperiodoftimethattheclaimantisapersonunderdisability;onusisontheclaimanttoprovethesuspension

- Section5.1Minorso Limitationsuspendedduringtheperiodthattheclaimantisaminoro Defendantcancausethetimelimittorunbydeliveringnoticetoproceedagainstaguardianandthepublictrustee

andpayingthetrustee’sfee- Section6ClaimsAddedtoaProceeding

o Section6(1):Aclaimaddedtoaproceedingpreviouslycommencedthroughanewpleadingoranamendmentcannotbedefeatedbyalimitationsdefence.

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o Section6(2):Whentheaddedclaimismadebythedefendantagainsttheclaimantordoesnotaddorsubstituteadefendant,orchangethecapacityinwhichaclaimantsues,

§ Theclaimmustberelatedtotheconduct,transaction,oreventsdescribedintheoriginalproceeding,o Section6(3):Whentheaddedclaimaddsorsubstitutesaclaimant

§ Theclaimmustberelatedtotheconduct,transaction,oreventsdescribedintheoriginalproceeding,§ Thedefendantmusthavereceivedsufficientknowledgeduringthelimitationperiodplusthetimeallowed

byservicesoasnottobeprejudicedinmaintainingadefence§ Courtmustbesatisfiedthattheadditionwillensureeffectiveenforcementoftheoriginalclaim

o Section6(4):Whentheaddedclaimaddsorsubstitutesadefendant§ Theclaimmustberelatedtotheconduct,transaction,oreventsdescribedintheoriginalproceeding,§ Thedefendantmusthavereceivedsufficientknowledgeduringthelimitationperiodplusthetimeallowed

forservicesoasnottobeprejudicedinmaintainingadefenceo Section6(5):Claimantprovesrelationshiprequirementandneededtodetermineoriginalclaim,defendantproves

prejudiceCommencinganAction

- Rule3.2HowtoStartanAction:Byfilingwiththeappropriatejudicialcentreo 2usualwaystostartaclaim:

§ Rule3.2(1)(a):Statementofclaimbya(P)againsta(D)§ Rule3.2(1)(b):Originatingapplication

• Applicablestatutesaystodooriginatingapplication• Doesnotleadyoutoatrial;onlywaytogettoatrialisbyastatementofclaim

§ Rule3.2(1)(c):Noticeofappealorreferenceo Rule3.2(2):Astatementofclaimmustbeusedtostartanactionunless:

§ 3.2(2)(a):thereisnosubstantialfactualdispute§ 3.2(2)(b):thereisnopersontoserveasthedefendant

• ie.Adoption§ 3.2(2)(d):theenactmentrequiresadifferentform…

- Rule3.25ContentsofaStatementofClaimo Rule3.25–StatementofClaimmustbeinprescribedformo Rule3.25Astatementofclaimmust

§ BeinForm10§ Statetheclaimandthebasisforit§ Stateanyspecificremedysought§ ComplywiththerulesofpleadingsinPart13

- Rule3.26TimeforServiceofStatementofClaimo MustbeservedondefendantwithinoneyearoffilingunlesstheCourtgrantsanextensionwithinthatyearo Extensioncannotexceed3monthso Rule13.5doesnotapply

- Rule3.27ExtensionofTimeforServiceo Courtmayextendtimeforserviceifdefendant/defendant’slawyerledtheplaintiff/plaintiff’slawyertoreasonably

believeandtorelyonthebeliefthat§ Servicewasmade§ Liabilitywouldnotbecontested§ Timelimitwouldnotbereliedonorwaswaived

- Rule3.28EffectofnotfilingStatementofClaimintimeo Ifastatementofclaimisnotservedonadefendantwithinthetimeorextendedtimeforservice,

§ Nofurtherproceedingcanbetakenintheactionagainstthedefendant§ Stmofclaimservedonanydefendantintimeunaffectedbyfailuretoserveanyotherdefendantintime

- Rule3.29NoticeofExtensionforTimeforServiceo IfservingaStatementofClaimintheextendedtimeperiod,acopyoftheordergrantingtheextensionorwritten

noticeoftheordermustbeincludedC.OriginatingApplication

- Rule3.8(1):Anoriginatingapplicationmust:o (a)BeinForm7o (b)Statetheclaimandthebasisforit

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o (c)Statetheremedysoughto (d)Identifytheaffidavitorotherevidencetobeusedinsupportoftheoriginatingapplication

- Rule3.9ServiceofApplicationandEvidenceo Theapplicationandaffidavit/evidencemustbeservedontheotherpartiesatleast10daysbeforethehearing

- Rule3.11ServiceofReplyandResponseo Iftherespondentintendstorelyonanaffidavit/evidenceinreply,itmustbeservedtotheapplicantinareasonable

timebeforethehearing.o Theapplicantmayrespondbyaffidavit/evidencebyservingitwithinareasonabletimeandlimitingittoreplyingto

therespondent’saffidavit/evidence.o Ifeitherpartydoesnotgivereasonablenotice,thentheycannotrelyonthataffidavit/evidenceandthecourtmay

givecostawardsagainstthatparty.o Iftheapplicationshouldhavebeenstartedinanotherform,thecourtmaycorrectandcontinuetheproceeding.

DashDistributorsIncvPowlik,2012AJOriginatingApplicationvStatementofClaim:FactualDispute:PerRule3.2(2)(a)anoriginatingapplicationisthewrongchoicewherethereisasignificantfactualdisputeRemedy:PerRule3.2(6),thematterwillbeconvertedtoastatementofclaim

CHAPTER6:PARTIES CorporationsBusinessCorporationsAct(BCA);PartnershipAct

- BCA,s9–Corporationcomesintoexistenceonthedateshownonthecertificateofincorporation- BCA,s16–Corporationshaveallthecapacity,rights,powers,andprivilegesofanaturalpurpose

o Therehastobesomeauthorizingdocumentthatsaysthatthecorporationcanbringacertaintypeofaction- BCA,s227Continuationsofactionafterdissolution

o 227(2)(a)Anactioncommencedbyoragainstacorporationbeforeitsdissolutionmaybecontinuedafteritsdissolution.

o Anactionmaybebroughtagainstacorporationwithin2yearsafteritsdissolution.o Anypropertythatwouldhavebeenavailabletosatisfyajudgmentremainsavailableforthatpurpose.o 227(4)Notwithstandingthedissolutionofacorporation,ashareholdermaybeliabletoaclaimanttotheextentof

theamounttheshareholderreceivedinliquidateddistributionwithin2yearsofthedissolution.- BCA,s46(1)–shareholdersaregenerallyprotectedfromliability,butexceptions:

o Ifthecorporationreducesitscapitalbyextinguishingitsliabilityoftheshareholdero Creditorcancompelashareholdertorepaycapitalo Unanimousshareholderagreemento Unlimitedliabilitycorporations

- BCA,s118–directorscanbejointlyandseverallyliableif….o Wanttoensurehavedirector’sliabilityinsuranceo s119–o s122-Canbesuedforbreachingthestandardofcareforprotectingthebestinterestsofthecorporation

PartnershipsPartnershipAct;LimitedPartnerships(LLP)

- partnersaregenerallyliableforeachotherandthefirm- Rule2.2ActionsByorAgainstPartner(ships):

o Anactionagainstapartnermaybebroughtusingthenameofthepartnership- Rule2.3SuingIndividualPartners:

o Inanactionagainstthepartnershipinthepartnership’sname,ifapartywantstoenforcepersonallyagainstapartner,thepartymustservethepartnerwiththecommencementdocumentandwithanoticestatingthatthepersonwasapartneratthetimespecifiedinthenotice

- Rule2.4DisclosureofPartnerso Ifanactionisbroughtagainstapartnershipinthepartnershipname,anyotherpartymayserveanoticerequiring

thepartnershiptodisclosethenamesofallthepartnersatthetimespecifiedinthenoticeandtheircurrentaddresses.Thepartnershipmustcomplywithordisputethenoticewithin10days

- WhatisdifferencebetweenLLPandregularpartnership?

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o LLP–partnersarenotindividuallyliableforthenegligence,omission,malpracticeorwrongfulact§ Onlytheactionsthatoccurintheordinarycourseofthebusinessthatotherpartnersareliablefor§ Doesnotapplyifthepartnerknewaboutthewrongfulactanddidnottakeanyreasonablesteps

SoleProprietorship

- Rule2.5ActionsbyandAgainstSoleProprietors:o Personcancarryonbusinessintheirnameortradenameandbringanactioninthatnameo Ifanactionisbroughtagainstsuchaperson,apartymayservenoticerequiringthepersontodisclosetheirlegal

name;thepersonbeingservedmustcomplywithin10days.- Nametheindividualandthenameofthebusinesswhenbringinganactionagainstthesoleproprietor

Societies

- Section3oftheSocietiesActo Societyhastoexistinordertobringanaction

- s13ofSocietiesAct–societyexistsfromthetimeofincorporation- s14-hasalltherightsandpowersofaregularcorporation- noindividualmemberofacorporatesocietyisresponsibleforthedebtsandliabilitiesofthesociety

PersonsLackingLegalCapacity:(1)DeceasedLitigantsSurvivalofActionsAct

- Rightsofdeceased- Claimsdeceasedcouldhavemadeiftheywerealive,butislimitedtoactualfinancialloss

o Cannotclaimformoneytheywouldhaveearned-notactualfinancialloss- Namethepersonalrepresentative,notthepersonortheestate- Ie.damagetovehicle,damagetoproperty,expensesthatoccurredafteraccident,butbeforedeath- Generallytalkingaboutpecuniarydamages- s2–thecauseofactionvestedinapersonwhodiesafterJanuary1,1979survivesforthebenefitoftheperson’sestate- s3-ThecauseofactionexistingagainstapersonwhodiesafterJanuary1,1979survivesagainsttheperson’sestate- s4-Ifacauseofactionfordamagessufferedbyreasonofanactoromissionwouldhaveexistedagainstapersonhadthat

personnotdiedatorbeforethetimethedamagewassuffered,thecauseofactionisdeemedtohaveexistedagainstthepersonbeforetheperson’sdeath.

- s5-RecoveryofDamageso Onlythosedamagesthatresultedinactualfinanciallosstothedeceasedortheestatearerecoverable.o Notrecoverablearethefollowing:

§ Punitive/exemplarydamages§ Damagesforlossofexpectationoflife,painandsuffering,physicaldisfigurementorlossofamenities§ Damagesinrelationtofutureearnings,includinglossofearningcapacity,abilitytoearn,orchanceof

futureearnings- s8-LitigationRepresentative

o AlitigationrepresentativemaybeappointedbytheQueen’sBenchtobring/continueordefendanactiono AjudgmentwouldhavenoeffectagainsttheLitigationRepresentativeintheirpersonalcapacity

FatalAccidentsAct

- Rightsofthedependents–defineswhothebeneficiariesare- Allowsrelativetobringactionagainstatortfeasor–newactionforthebenefitoftherelatives

o Namethepersonalrepresentativeoftheestate,insteadofthefamilymembers- Overridesthecommonlawinregardstothesurvivingfamilymembers- Canclaimforlossofsupport- s2-Anactionfordamagescanbemaintainednotwithstandingthedeathofaninjuredparty- s3-PersonsEntitledtoBenefit:

o 3(1)Anactionunderthisactshallbeforthebenefitofthespouse,adultinterdependentpartner,parent,child,orsiblingofthedeceasedandshallbebroughtinthenameoftheexecutor/administratorofthedeceased

o Ifthereisnoexecutor/administerortheybringnoactionwithinayearofthedeath,thentheactionmaybebroughtinthenameofalloranyofpotentiallybenefitedpersons

- s5-DeathofPerson’sLiableforDamages:

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o Ifacauseofactionwouldhaveexistedagainstapersonhadthatpersonnotdied,thentheactionmaybebrought/maintainedagainsttheexecutor/administratorofthedeceased

o QBmay,onapplication,appointalitigationrepresentativeforthedeceasedpersonagainstwhomanactionistobebrought.Ajudgmentwouldhavenopersonaleffectagainstthelitigationrepresentative

- s7–Damages–broadergroup(notlimitedlikesection8)=“pecuniarylosses”o Ifanyofthefollowingexpenseswerereasonablyincurred,thentheymaybeincludedinthedamagesinreasonable

amounts:§ Careofthedeceasedbetweeninjuryanddeath.§ Travel/accommodationsincurredinvisitingthedeceasedbetweeninjuryanddeath.§ Expensesofthefuneralanddisposalofbody§ Griefcounseling

- s8–Damagesforbereavement(StatutoryDamagesforGrief)–limitedtospouse/partner,parent,orchildo Damagesforgriefandlosswillbeawarded,withoutevidenceofdamage,tothespouse/partnerofthedeceasedfor

$82K,totheparent(s)for$82K,andtoeachchildfor$49K(foreverychild)§ Damageswithoutproofofloss(onlyAB,SK,MB)§ Stillhavetoproveliability§ “non-pecuniarylosses”

- s9–Reviewo Reviewoflevelsofdamagessetoutinsection8(2)onceinevery5yearsfromJune1,2002todeterminethe

adequacyofthoselevels§ 2017isareviewyear

FerraiuolovOlsonStatementofClaim:

- Inthestyleofcause,DanteFerraiuoloisthePlaintiff(PRforMaria–deceased).- Statefacts,nottheevidenceabouthowyouaregoingtoprovethefacts- Jurisdiction–needtostatewheretheDefendantandPlaintiffresides- ExplainshowDantegottobethepersonalrepresentative- CertainclaimssurviveunderSurvivalofActionsAct–ie.pensionpayments(actualfinancialloss)

o Contributionpensionplans–employertakespartofpaycheckandputsitintotheplan§ Thisismoneyalreadyearned,therefore,canbeclaimedunderSurvivalofActionsActbecauseitisactual

financialloss§ SimilartoanRRSP§ Thesearenotfutureearnings

(2)Minors

- FamilyLawAct,s20–Guardianso Theparentisaguardianofachild,butnotatrustee(ie.ofchild’smoney)

§ Inordertodealwithfinancialmatters,parentscanapplytobeappointedastrusteeundertheMinorsPropertyAct

- MinorsPropertyAct,s10–AppointTrusteeo Thecourtonapplicationinaccordancewiththesurrogaterules,mayappointatrusteeofaminor’sparticular

property,oroftheminor’spropertygenerallyo TheCourtmayonlyappointatrusteeifitisintheminor’sbestinteresthavingregardtotheabilityofthetrustee,

themeritsofthetrustee’splan,andthebenefitsandrisksofappointingthetrusteeinsteadofotheravailableoptions

o Oncetheyhaveanorderthattheyareatrustee,thentheycanactasacourtorderedlitigationrepresentative- PublicTrusteeAct,s5–PublicTrustee

o Thepublictrusteemayprotectthepropertyorestateofminorsandunbornpersons(3)PersonsofUnsoundMind

- AdultGuardianandTrusteeshipActo Aguardiancanbringanactiononbehalfofanincapacitatedpersonifanorderisgrantedo Atrusteecanalsobringanactiono Publicguardiancouldalsobethelitigationrepresentative

- UndertheAct,therearevariouslevelsofcapacityo DotheyhavecapacitytobenamedasaDefendant,ordotheyneedaLitigationRepresentative?

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AppointmentandRoleofLitigationRepresentatives

- Rule2.11LitigationRepresentativeRequiredo Unlessotherwiseorderedbythecourt,thefollowingindividualsandestatesmusthavealitigationrepresentative:

§ (a)Anindividualunder18yearsofage;§ (b)Anindividualdeclaredtobeamissingpersonundersection7ofthePublicTrusteeAct;

• doesn’tmeanthatyoucannotfindthem,butthecourthasdeclaredthemamissingperson§ (c)Anadultwho,inrespectofmattersrelatingtoaclaiminanaction,lackscapacity,asdefinedintheAdult

GuardianshipandTrusteeshipAct,tomakedecisions;§ (d)AnindividualwhoisarepresentedadultundertheAdultGuardianshipandTrusteeshipActinrespectof

whomnopersonisappointedtomakeadecisionaboutaclaim;§ AnestatewherenoPersonalRepresentativehasobtainedagrant

- Rule2.12BecomingaLitigationRepresentativeo Therearethreetypesoflitigationrepresentative:

§ Automatic(Rule2.13)§ SelfAppointed(Rule2.14)§ CourtAppointed(Rule2.16)

o Servicemustbeeffectedonthelitigationrepresentative—serviceontheindividualrepresentedisineffective- Rule2.13AutomaticLitigationRepresentative

o Apersonisautomaticallyalitigationrepresentativeifthatpersonhasbeengivenauthoritybyanenactment,aninstrumentunderanenactment,anorderundertheenactment,agrant,powerofattorney,oratrust,BUTNOTAWILL

§ PersonalDirectiveallowsyoutoprepareforyourlackofcapacity• Nameanagent• ie.instructtopulltheplugifnobrainactivity

§ SpringingPowerofAttorney(EnduringPowerofAttorney)• Namesomeoneasyourattorneyforwhenyoulackcapacity

§ ApersonwhoisalreadyatrusteeunderAdultGuardianshipandTrusteeshipActcanautomaticallybringanaction

§ Guardiangenerallydoesnothaveauthoritytosueonbehalfofsomeone• TheymighthavecapacityundertheAdultGuardianshipandTrusteeActforaspecificaction,check

theAct- Rule2.14Self-AppointedLitigationRepresentative

o Aninterestedpartymaybecomealitigationrepresentativebyfilinganaffidavit;ifthatpersonwantstobecomealitigationrepresentativeofanestate,thentheymustservenoticeonthebeneficiariesorheirs.

o Theaffidavitmustincludetheperson’sagreementinwritingtobethelitigationrepresentative,thereasonforself-appointment,andtherelationshipbetweenthelitigationrepresentativeandtheindividual/estate.

- Rule2.16CourtAppointedLitigationRepresentative–ie.creditorgettingmoneyoutofestateo Appliestotheadministrationoftheestateofadeceasedperson,propertysubjecttoatrust,theinterpretationofa

writteninstrument,andtheinterpretationofanenactmento Aninterestedperson(orpersonadverseininterestlikeacreditor)canbemadealitigationrepresentativefor

anotherifthatotherpersonmeetsoneofthefollowingconditions:§ (a)Theperson,theclassoramemberoftheclasscannotbereadilyascertained,orisnotyetborn;§ (b)Theperson,theclassoramemberoftheclass,thoughascertained,cannotbefound;§ (c)Theperson,theclassorthemembersoftheclasscanbeascertainedandfound,buttheCourtconsiders

itexpedienttomakeanappointmenttosaveexpense,havingregardtoallthecircumstances,includingtheamountatstakeandthedegreeofdifficultyoftheissuetobedetermined.

o Whenyoupaymoneytoalitigationrepresentative,youarenotdischargingtheclaimagainstthepersonthemselves§ Makesuretogetaproperrelease§ Payingmoneytothelitigationrepresentativedoesn’tnecessarilybindtheperson

- Rule10.47LiabilityofLitigationRepresentativeo Rule10.47(1):Alitigationrepresentativeforaplaintiffisliabletopayacostsawardagainsttheplaintiffo Rule10.47(2):Alitigationrepresentativeforadefendantisnotliabletopayacostsawardagainstthedefendant

unless:§ (a)Thelitigationrepresentativehasengagedinseriousmisconduct,and§ (b)Thecourtsoorders

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ChampagnevSidorsky,2012ABQBISSUE:Canhisdaughterrepresentherfatherincourt?

- OnlyalawyerrecognizedbytheAlbertaLawSocietymayrepresentanactionincourt- Non-lawyer’srole

o TheLegalProfessionAct,s106(1)statesthatonlyanactivememberofthesocietycanactasalawyer,ie.carryonlitigation

o Alitigationrepresentativecannotrepresentthepartyinlitigation;theycanmanagethelitigation,buttheymustproceedthroughalawyer

- Classactionso Alawyermustrepresentaclassinaclassaction

- Agento Thecourt,becauseofinherentjurisdiction,maygrantaudiencetoanon-lawyerasagentofanother.Considerations

willbewhetherthereisafamilyrelationship,economichardshipthatmightbesufferedbythelitigant,complexityoftheissues,whetherdenialoftheapplicationwouldeffectivelydenythelitigantofanyrepresentation

LCvAlberta,2011ABQBLitigationRepresentativeandObjections:

- Noneedforthelitigationrepresentativetobeaparentorguardianofthechild.- Defendanthasnobusinessobjectingtotheappointmentofaspecificlitigationrepresentativeunlessthatpersonwasa

vexatiouslitigant,orhadaconflictvis-à-visthedefendant.- Noneedforaformalresignationofalitigationrepresentativebeforeanewonetakestheirplace

TrustsandEstateProceedings

- Rule2.1ActionsbyorAgainstPersonalReps&Trusteeso Anactionmaybebroughtbyoragainstapersonalrepresentativeortrusteewithoutnaminganyofthepersons

beneficiallyinterestedintheestateortrust

ChapmanEstatevRamjon,2015ABCAEstateneedsalawyer

- Per2.22ARC,onlyindividualscanrepresentthemselves.Anestateisitsownlegalentityandnotanindividualsoitcannotself-represent.

- Per106(1)LPA,onlyalawyercouldrepresenttheestate.- Alitigationrepresentativecanonlydirectthelitigationprocess

Intervenors

- Rule2.10Intervenors’Statuso Onapplication,acourtmaygrantstatustoapersontointerveneinanactionsubjecttoanytermsandconditions

andwithrightsandprivilegesspecifiedbytheCourtClassProceedingsandRepresentativeActions

- Rule2.6RepresentativeActionso Rule2.6(1):Ifnumerouspersonshaveacommoninterestinaclaim,oneormoreofthemcanmakeorbethe

subjectofclaimorbeauthorizedbythecourttodefend.o IfacertificationisobtainedundertheClassProceedingsAct,anactionbeganunder(1)cancontinueunderthatAct.

§ s5ofClassProceedingsAct• Dothepleadingsdiscloseacauseofaction?• Isthereanidentifiableclassoftwoormorepersons?• Isthereacommonissuethatisraised?• SubjectiveQuestion:whetherclassproceedingisthepreferableprocedureforafairresolution?• Whetherthereisapersoneligibletoberepresentative?

o Fairlyrepresentclass,hasplanwithhowtoproceed,andwhethertheyhaveaconflictinginterestwithanybodyintheclass

o Needsomeoneresponsibleforthecostsiftheyfail- Rule2.7AmendmentstoPleadingsinClassProceedings

o AfteracertificationorderismadeundertheClassProceedingsAct,apartymayamendapleadingonlywiththeCourt’spermission.

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- Rule2.8QuestioningofClassandSub-classMemberso Ifthecourtrequiresaclassorsubclassmembertofileanaffidavitorsubmittoquestioning,thecourtcanlimitthe

purposeandscopeoftheaffidavit/questioningandcandeterminehowtheevidenceobtainedmaybeused- Rule2.9ClassProceedingsPracticeandProcedure

o Despiteanyotherprovisionoftheserules,thecourtmayorderanypracticeandproceduresitconsidersappropriateforaclassproceedingundertheClassProceedingsActtoachievetheobjectivesofthatAct.

TheCrown

- AlbertaInterpretationAct,s14–NoenactmentbindstheCrownunlessitexplicitlystatesthatitdoeso Ie.s9oftheSurvivalofActionsActsaysthattheCrownisboundo Generally,findthestatementofwhethertheCrownisboundattheendoftheAct

- ProceedingAgainsttheCrownActo s8–allproceedingsagainsttheCrown,unlessotherwisestatedinthisAct,willproceedaccordingtorelevantlawo s9–appeals–alllawrelatingtoappealsandstaysofproceedingsapplytoproceedingsagainsttheCrowno s11–documentsandquestioning-TheRulesofCourtapplytotheCrownasifitwereacorporation,exceptwhere

theCrownrefusesbecauseitwouldbeinjurioustothepublicinterest§ “publicinterestimmunity”

o s12–designationofCrown§ TheCrownwillbedesignatedas“HerMajestytheQueeninRightofAlberta”§ ThisishowyounametheCrowninanaction

o s13–ServiceonCrown-AdocumentwillbeservedtotheMinisterofJusticeandSolicitorGeneralortheDeputyMinisterofJusticeoranylawyeremployedbythedepartmentofJusticeandSolicitorGeneral

o s14–trials–nojurytrialsarepermittedagainsttheCrowno s17–injunctions–aninjunctioncannotbemadeagainsttheCrown,norcanitbemadeagainstanofficerofthe

Crownifitweretohavethesameeffect§ theCourtmayinsteadmakeanorderofdeclaratoryrightsoftheparties

o s23–interest–ajudgmentagainsttheCrownbearsinterestinthenormalwayo s25–executionorattachment–noexecutionorattachmentshallbeissuedenforcingpaymentbytheCrown

- CrownLiability&ProceedingsAct(federallegislation)–questioningprocessusedtobecalleddiscoveryo s23:TakingofProceedingsAgainsttheCrown

§ ProceedingsagainsttheCrownmaybetakeninthenameoftheAttorneyGeneralofCanadaor,inthecaseofanagencyoftheCrownagainstwhichproceedingsarebyanActofParliamentauthorizedtobetakeninthenameoftheagency,inthenameofthatagency.

§ DocumentsmustbeservedontheDeputyAttorneyGeneralofCanadaoronthechiefexecutiveofficeroftheagency.

o s7–ProvincialCourtRegulations§ Where,underprovincialrules,ifanactionwereanactionbetweenacorporationandanotherperson,an

officerorservantofthecorporationcouldbeexaminedfordiscovery,suchofficerorservantoftheCrownoranagencyoftheCrownmaybeexaminedfordiscoveryduringanactionsubjecttothesameconditions.

RepresentativeBeforetheCourtSelf-RepresentedLitigants(SRLs)

- Rule2.22SelfRepresentedLitigants–anindividualmayrepresentthemselvesbeforethecourtunlesstherulesotherwiseprovide

o Inthecaseofacorporation,thedirectors/shareholderscannotrepresentthecorporation§ However,ifyouareanofficerofacorporationANDabarrister&solicitor

- Rule2.23AssistancebeforetheCourt-Thecourtmayallowapersontoassistapartyinanymannerthecourtconsidersappropriate,e.g.quietsuggestions,note-taking,support,etc.Noassistancemaybepermittedthatcontravenes106(1)oftheLegalProfessionAct

o Cannotrepresentyou,cannotspeakforyou,cannotpresentyourcaseforyou(cannotactlikelawyer)- Rule2.24(2)SRLwithaLawyerofRecord-Wherethereisalawyerofrecordyoumaynotbeaselfrepresentedlitigant- Rule2.27RetainingaLawyerforaLimitedPurpose

o Lawyermustinformthecourt,eitherorallyorbeforetheappearancebyfillinginthetermsoftheretainer,ofthenatureoftheappearance

§ Mustmakeitcleartothecourtthatyouarenotthelawyerofrecordo Theself-representedlitigantmustattend

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ParkAvenueFlooringIncvEllisDonConstructionServicesInc.,2016ABQB327THenewrule2.23andsection106ofLegalProfessionsActprecludedanofficerofacorporationfromrepresentingthatcorporation,unlessofcoursetheofficerwasamemberoftheLawSociety.TheCourtlacksthediscretiontopermitanindividualtorepresentacorporation.Iflegislatureintendedtomakeanexceptiontos106bygrantingcourtsthejurisdictiontoexercisediscretiontoallowanon-lawyertorepresentacorporation,itwouldhavedonesoexpressly.VexatiousLitigants(OrganizedPseudolegalArguments)

- Ifyouchangeafewlettersofyourname,thenyouarenotsubjecttolawsofCanadaorUS- JudicatureAct,s23.1–allowsthecourtonanapplication,oronitsownmotion,candecidetobringinstituteofvexatious

litigantproceedingo Onlyrequirement:givenoticetoMinisterofJustice?

EwanchukvCanada(AG),2017ABQB237Vexatiouslitigationislitigationthatmisusesorabusescourtprocesses.Vexatiousissynonymouswithimproprietyandabuseofprocess.SeveralrecentABQBdecisionshavestressedeffectratherthanintentiswhatisimportant.Factorsthatidentifyvexatiouslitigation:seeChutskoffvBonora,relevantevidenceincludesactivitiesbothinsideandoutsideofcourt.Alitigant’sentirecourthistoryisrelevant,includinglitigationinotherjurisdictions.Thatincludesnon-judicialproceedings,asthosemayestablishalargerpatternofbehavior.Acourtmaytakejudicialnoticeofpublicrecordswhenitevaluatesthedegreeandkindofmisconductcausedbyacandidateabusivelitigant.Thefactthatanothercourthasconcludedacourtparticipanthasengagedinabusivemisconductandwasdeclareda“vexatiouslitigation”is,naturally,highlyrelevant.

ChutskoffvBonora,2014ABQB389Vexatious/AbuseofProcess:Rule3.68(2)(c)or(d)• VexatiousandAbusiveLitigation

o LitigationthatisvexatiouscanbestruckunderRule3.68.o Thevexatiousofabusivecharacteroflitigationistestedonreviewoftheentirehistoryofthematter,includingconduct

bothinsideandoutsidethecourtroomandotherinotherjurisdictions.• StereotypicfeaturesofVexatiousLitigation:

o (1)CollateralAttack§ Revisitingorusingoldissues

o (2)HopelessProceedings§ Claimsorreliefthatarenotreasonable/possible.

o (3)EscalatingProceedingso (4)Bringingproceedingsforimproperpurposes:SLAPPo (5)Initiatingbusybodylawsuitstoenforceallegedrightsofthirdparties.o (6)Failuretohonorcourtorderedobligations.o (7)Persistentlytakingunsuccessfulappealsfromjudicialdecisions.o (8)Persistentlyengagingininappropriatecourtroombehavior.o (9)Unsubstantiatedallegationsofconspiracy,fraud,andmisconduct.o (10)Scandalousorinflammatorylanguageinpleadingsorbeforethecourt.o (11)AdvancingOrganizedPseudolegalCommercialArgumentstrategies.

CHAPTER7:PLEADINGS–GENERALRULE PurposesofPleadings

1. Definesthequestionsbetweenthepartiesa. Rule1.2–thepartiesneedtoknowthequestion

2. Notifiestheopposingpartyofthecasetobemeta. Rulesofnaturaljustice–havetogivesufficientnoticetorespond

3. FramestheissuesfortheCourta. Anythingnotlisted,notpartofaction

4. Providesaclearrecordofissues(resjudicata)a. Whyimportant?Ifyoudonotknowwhattheissuesare,youcannottellifitisalreadybeendecided.

5. Advocatesyourpositiontotheopposingpartyandthecourta. Yourwrittensubmissionscanlimittheneedtospeaktothecourt

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WhenissomethingrelevantandmaterialMaterialFactPleading

- Youhavetohaveenoughmaterialfactsthatyouaredisclosingthatrelatetotheallegationsbeingmadeo HavetogiveadescriptionofwhattheDefendantdidwrongo Youpleadmaterialfacts,butnotevidence

§ Particulars–littlebitsofinformationtoflushoutwhattheDefendanthasdone• Requiredtoallowtherespondingpartysufficientinformationtorespondto

CauseofAction

- AStatementofClaimhastosetoutthefactsthatifitwastrue,itwouldentitlethePlaintifftherelieftheyclaim–ifthePlaintifffailstodothis,theDefendantcanapplytostrikeouttheclaim

- StatementofDefencehastosetoutfactsthatiftrue,itwouldbeprovidetheDefendantwithavalidDefenceo Doesitadvanceacauseofactionordefence?o Isitvalid?o HaveyoupledallthematerialfactsneededtosupportthatCauseofAction?

RelevantandMaterial

- Rule5.2(1)Aquestion,recordorinformationisrelevantandmaterialonlyifitcouldreasonablybeexpectedtoo (a)Significantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissuesraisedinthepleadings,oro (b)Ascertainevidencethatcouldreasonablybeexpectedtosignificantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissues

raisedinthepleadings.- Rule5.2(2)ThedisclosureorproductionofarecordunderthisDivisionisnot,duetothatfactalone,tobeconsideredasan

agreementoracknowledgmentthattherecordisadmissibleorrelevantandmaterial.GeneralRequirements(Rule13.6)

- Rule13.6(a)(b):Apleadingmustbesuccinct,anddividedintoconsecutivelynumberedparagraphs,withdatesandnumbersexpressedinnumeralsunlesswordsmakethemeaningclearer.

- Rule13.6(2):Apleadingmuststateanyofthefollowingthatarerelevant:o (a)Thefactsonwhichthepartiesrely(butnottheevidencebywhichthefactsaretobeproved)o (b)Amatterthatdefeats,orraisesadefence,againstaclaimofanotherpartyo (c)Theremedyclaimed,including:

• (i)Thetypeofdamagesclaimed,• (ii)Totheextentknown,theamountofgeneralandspecialdamagesclaimed,orifeitherorboth

arenotknown,anestimateoftheamountorthetotalamountthatwillbeclaimed,• (iii)Astatementofanyinterestclaimed,includingthebasisfortheinterest,andthemethodof

calculatingtheinterest,and• (iv)Costs,includinganyknownspecialcosts.Mustclaiminordertogetthem.

- Rule13.6(3):Apleadingmustalsoincludeastatementofanymatterthatmaytakeanotherpartybysurprise,e.g.duress,estoppel,fraud,waiver,etc.

- Rule13.6(4):Ifthedefendantproposestoproduceevidenceabouttheplaintiff’sreputationinmitigationofdamages,thedefendantmustincludethefactsonwhichtheywillrely

OtherRequirements(Rule13.7)

- Apleadingmustgiveparticularsofthefollowingmatters:o BreachofTrusto Fraudo Misrepresentationo WillfulDefaulto UndueInfluenceo Defamation

Rule13.8

- Youmayincludealternateclaimsoralternatedefences.- Astmofapointoflaw,andifso,thefactsthatmakethepointoflawapplicable- Amatterthataroseaftercommencementdocument

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SpecificRequirementsforReply(Rule13.10)- Inadditiontotheotherrequirementsoftheserules,inreplyto:

o (a)Astatementofdefenceo (b)Astatementofdefencetoacounterclaimo (c)Astatementofdefencetoathirdpartyclaim

- Thereplymayonlymakeadmissionsorrespondtomattersraisedforthefirsttimeinthestatementofdefenceo ReplyrespondstoanewmatterraisedintheStatementofDefence

Division4,Subdivision1Rule13.13(1)EverydocumentfiledinanactionmustbeintheappropriateformsetoutinScheduleAtotheserules,ifany,whichmaybemodifiedascircumstancesrequire.R13.13(2)whateachdocumentmustbeginwith…R13.13(3)whenthenamesofallpartiesmustbeused…Rule13.14Endorsementsondocuments–whatthecourtclerkmustdowhenpresentedwithcommencementdocument.

SaadativMoorhead,2017SCC28Inclaimsfornegligentlycausedmentalinjury,itisgenerallysufficientthatthepleadingsallegesomeformofsuchinjury.Noneoftheseargumentsregarding“psychological”,“emotional”,or“psychiatric”reactionelicitedanobjectionfromrespondentsbeforethetrialjudge.Themanyallegationsofsuchreactionappearinginappellant’soralandwrittenclosingsubmissions,combinedwiththebroadheadsofdamageallegedinthepleadings,providedamplenoticetorespondentsofthecasewhichtheyhadtoanswer.

LaxKw’alaamsIBvAGCanada,2011SCC- Pleadingsmustdefinetheissue.Defendantmustknowexactlywhatistheissue.- Defineextentofdisclosureandsettheparametersofexpertopinion- Therelevanceofevidenceistestedbywhatisinissue.

Tsilhqot’inNationvBritishColumbia,2014SCC- Thefunctionofpleadingsistoprovidethepartiesandthecourtwithanoutlineofthematerialallegationsandreliefsought

MaltonvAttia,2016ABCA- Afairtrialmustcomplywiththerulesofnaturaljustice- Theyareoftendescribedasfallingintotwocategories:

o Anadjudicatorbedisinterestedandunbiasedo Thatpartiesbegivenadequatenoticeandopportunitytobeheard

- Bothaspectsofproceduralfairness(theneedforanimpartialadjudicatorandtherequirementthatthepartiesbegiventheopportunitytobeheard)areatissueonthisappeal

MazepavEmbree,2014ABCAPleadingsandConsent/ValidityofOrders

- Reliefcanbegrantedonconditions.Itisnotnecessarythatthespecificconditionsbeplead- Partiescanalwaysconsenttomattersofprocedure,suchastheresolutionofthecaseonissuesnotstrictlyplead.- Overridingprinciplethatordersofasuperiorcourtarenevernullities.Theyarevalidordersuntiltheyaresetaside

CHAPTER8:INTEREST Rule13.6(2)(c)(iii)

- Apleadingmuststateanyofthefollowingmattersthatarerelevant:o Theremedyclaimed,including:

§ Astatementofanyinterestclaimed,includingthebasisforinterestandthemethodofcalculatinginterestJudgmentInterestAct2typesofinterest:

1. Prejudgmentinterest–claimintheStatementofClaima. Fromtimeinjuryoccurredtothetimeofjudgment,theremustbesomeinterestpaidtoinjuredpartyb. Encouragestimelyresolution

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c. Noprejudgmentinterestforconsentjudgmentsoragreements(settlements)2. Postjudgmentinterest–donotclaimintheStatementofClaim

Section2–Prejudgment

- 2(1)ThecourtshallawardinterestinaccordancewiththisPartfromthedatethecauseofactionarosetothedateofthejudgment.

- 2(2)Thecourtshallnotawardinterest:o (a)Onthatpartofajudgmentthatrepresentspecuniarylossarisingafterthedayofjudgmentandthatisidentified

bythecourt;o (b)OninterestawardedunderthisAct;o (c)Onexemplaryorpunitivedamages;o (d)Onanawardofcostsintheaction;o (e)Onmoney,orinterestonthatmoney,borrowedbyapartytopayforexpensesthatareclaimedasspecial

damages;o (f)Onanamountofmoneythatis

§ (i)Paidintocourtandaccepted,or§ (ii)Containedinanofferofjudgmentoranoffertosettlemadeandacceptedinaccordancewiththe

AlbertaRulesofCourtinsatisfactionofaclaim;o (g)Onajudgmentthatisgivenonconsent,unlessagreedtobytheparties;o (h)Wherethereisanagreementbetweenthepartiesrespectinginterest;o (i)Wherethepaymentofpre-judgmentinterestisotherwise

- 2(3)Thecourtmay,inconsideringchangesinmarketinterestrates,thecircumstancesofthecase,ortheconductoftheaction:

o (a)Refusetoawardinterest.o (b)Awardinterestatahigherorlowerrateo (c)Awardinterestforadifferentperiodoftime

Section3–PaymentintoCourt

- Whereapartypaysmoneyintocourtinsatisfactionoftheclaim,ormakesanoffertosettle,andtheotherpartydoesnotacceptandobtainsajudgmentforanamountequaltoorlessthantheoffertosettle,thenthecourtwillonlyofferinterestfromthedateofthecauseofactiontothedatethemoneywaspaidintocourtorthedatetheofferwasgiven

Section4–CalculationofInterest

- 4(1)Interestawardedonnon-pecuniarydamagesiscalculatedat4%peryear.o Rateisbasedonthe“realrateofinterest”

- 4(2)InterestawardedonpecuniarydamageswillbecalculatedwithrespecttotherateprescribedbytheLieutenantGovernor.

o ThisinterestrateisinaregulationundertheJudgmentInterestAct- Ifarateisnotprescribed,thepriorratecontinuestoapply

Section5–PartofJudgment

- InterestawardedunderthispartisdeemedpartofjudgmentSection6–PostJudgment

- InterestonajudgmentdebtaccumulatesfromthedayitwaspayableattherateprescribedbytheLieutenantGovernorfortherelevantyear(s)

o Goesfromthedateitwasorderedtothedateitwaspaid

AetnaInsuranceCovCanadianSurety,2014ABCANotawardinginterest/awardinginterestatanotherrateorforadifferentperiod

- Mustbeacompellingreasontousesection2(3)tooverride2(1)oftheJudgmentInterestAct

321665AlbertaLtd.vExxonmobil,2012ABQBCompoundInterest

- BankofAmericaTestforAwardingCompoundInterest

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o Anawardofpre/post-judgmentcompoundinterestwillgenerallybelimitedtobreachofcontractcaseswherethereisevidencethatthepartiesagreed,knew,oroughttohaveknownthatthemoneywhichisthesubjectofthedisputewouldbearcompoundinterestasdamages,

- CompoundInterestinEquityo Aplaintiffmustproveentitlementtointeresteitherinequitybeforeastatutoryschemecameintoplayorbysome

expresscontract.o Theplaintiffmustprovethatthedefendanttraded,speculated,orearnedcompoundinterestwiththemoneyand

improperlywithheldtheprofitsofwhichshouldbejustlydisgorged,orthattheplaintiffwouldhaveearnedcompoundinteresthadthedebtbeenproperlypaid.

- Factorsfordenyingpre-judgmentinterestper2(3):o Delayonthepartoftheplaintiff.

CHAPTER9:VENUE Introduction:RulesPart3,Division1

- Venue=locationwithintheprovincethatyoubringyouractionino Thereare11judicialcentersinAB–PeaceRiver,FortMcMurray,GrandePrairie,St.Paul,Edmonton(Hinton),

Wetaskiwin,RedDeer,Calgary,Drumheller/Hanna,MedicineHat,Lethbridge/MacLeod- Rule3.2HowtoStartanAction

o AnactioncanbestartedbyfilingintheappropriatejudicialcentreunderRule3.3- Rule3.3DeterminingtheAppropriateJudicialCenter

o Theclosestjudicialcentre,byroad,totheAlbertaresidencesorplaceofbusinessofallparties,orifasinglecentrecannotbedeterminethatway,theclosestjudicialcentretooneofthepartiesselectedbythepartybringingtheaction

o Ifapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,theplaceofbusinessclosesttowherethemattersinissueistherelevantone

o Thepartiescanagreetoajudicialcentre- Rule3.5TransferofAction

o Thecourtmayorderatransfer:§ (a)Ifthecourtissatisfiedthatitwouldbeunreasonablefortheactiontobecarriedoninthejudicialcenter

inwhichitislocated,or§ (b)Attherequestoftheparties

- Rule3.6WhereanActionisCarriedOno Anactionmustbecarriedoninthejudicialcentrewherethestatementofclaimororiginatingactionwasfiledor,

continuedinthejudicialcentretowhichitwastransferred.- Rule3.7PostJudgmentTransferofAction

o Ajudgmentcreditor,onnoticetoallotherparties,mayrequestatemporarytransfertoanotherjudicialcentreforthepurposeofanenforcementapplication.

o Theordermustbefiledinthejudicialcentrefromwhichtheactionwastemporarilytransferred.

RegularvRegular,2016ABQB570–p.44UnderR3.5,theCourtmayorderthatanactionbetransferredfromonejudicialcentretoanother(a)iftheCourtissatisfiedthatitwouldbeunreasonablefortheactiontobecarriedoninthejudicialcentreinwhichitislocated…Theonusofproofliesonthepartyapplyingforthetransferofanactiontoanotherjudicialcentre.Twolinesofauthorityrespectingtheinterpretationof“unreasonableness”inr3.5:

(1) Siver–“unreasonable”inthesenseofbeingarbitraryorirrational,having“nologicalgrounding”.Thistestishighlydeferentialtotheoriginaljudicialcentreselection.

(2) WeightofauthorityisthatR3.5imposesa“balanceofconvenience”test.Intheapplicationofbalanceofconvenience,thelocationofcounselisnotadecisivefactor.Factorsthatareimportant:

a. Numberofpartiesorwitnessesincurrentjudicialcentreandproposedjudicialcentreb. Natureoftheissuesinthelawsuitc. Relationshipbetweenpartiesinrespectoftheissuesinthelawsuit(ie.whererelevantinteractionsbetweenparties

relatingtoissuestookplace)

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d. Theparties’respectivefinancialresources:Sivere. Thestageofproceedings:Siverf. Additionalfactors,butlessweightgiventothem:

i. Convenienceoflocationforpre-trialmotionsii. Locationofrelevantassets

CHAPTER10:JOINDEROFPARTIESANDCAUSEOFACTION A.ResJudicata:CauseofActionEstoppelandIssueEstoppelResJudicata–Preventsre-litigationofmattersthatarealreadydecided

1. CauseofActionEstoppela. Precludesapersonfrombringinganactionagainstanotherwhenthatsamecauseofactionhasbeendeterminedin

earlierproceedingsbyacourtofcompetentjurisdiction.i. Iftheywin,itmergestothedecision–commonlawii. Iftheylose,itisbarred–commonlaw

b. Requirements:i. Finality-Hastobeafinaldecisionofacourtii. Mutuality-Mustbethesamepartiesorhaveprivitywiththepartiesiii. Thecauseofactionintheprioractionisnotseparateanddistinctiv. thebasisofthecauseofactionandthesubsequentactionwasarguedorcouldhavebeenarguedinthe

prioractionifthepartieshadexercisedreasonablediligence.2. IssueEstoppel

a. Thesamequestionhasbeendecided.i. Thequestionmusthavebeenfundamentaltothedecisionarrivedatintheearlierproceedings.

b. Thejudicialdecisionsaidtocreatetheestoppelwasfinal.c. Thepartiestothejudicialdecisionortheirpriviesarethesamepersonsasthepartiestotheproceedingsinwhich

theestoppelisraisedortheirprivies.

ErschbamervWallster,2013BCCA76Atp48–notgoingtoreadbecausenotinAlberta.

PennervNiagra,2013SCCRATIO:Youcoulduseestoppeleveniftheyaredifferentprocedures(ie.policedisciplinaryhearings)DECISION:No,thePlaintiffshouldnothavebeenestopped.REASONING(MAJORITY):IssueEstoppel

- IssueEstoppelo Balancesjudicialfinalityandfairnesstothepartieso Appliestoadministrativetribunals

- PublicPolicyo Nopreclusionoftheapplicabilityofissueestoppeltopolicedisciplinaryhearingsbaseduponjudicialoversightof

policeaccountability.o Thedoctrineofissueestoppelcallsforacase-by-casereview.

- DiscretionaryApplicationofIssueEstoppelo Unfairnessofthepriorproceeding

§ Factorsinclude:proceduralsafeguards,availabilityofanappeal,andtheexpertiseofthedecisionmaker.o Unfairnessofusingtheresultsofthepriorproceedingtobarsubsequentproceedings

§ Factorsinclude:differencesbetweenthepurpose,process,andstakesoftwoproceedings.§ Looktothereasonableexpectationsofthepartiesabouttheimpactoftheproceedingsontheirbroader

legalrights.§ Looktothelegislativeschemetoassessthepurpose,process,andstakesofanadministrativetribunal.

AbuseofProcess

- AbuseofProcess–underinherentpowerofthecourt,allowsthecourttopreventmisuseofitsprocedures- Iftheyallowthis,willitbringdisreputetotheadministrationofjustice?- Thisismuchbroaderandmoreflexiblethanresjudicata- Requirements

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1. Hastobethesamequestion2. Thejudicialdecisionhastobefinal3. Thepartiestothedecision,ortheirrepresentatives(ie.assignees),havetobethesamepersons

SherwoodSteelLtdvOdesseyConstruction,2014ABCA- Thelawdoesnotprecludepartiesfromobtainingtwoseparatejudgmentsforthesameloss- Justasitisnoabuseofprocessforacreditortoobtainjudgmentonthedebtandthensueontheguarantee,itisnoabuseof

processforSherwoodSteeltoobtainjudgmentagainstEdmontonConcreteandthen,nothavingreceivedsatisfaction,sueOdysseyonitsallegedpromisetopay

- Thereisnobartoasecondactionproceedingonlybecauseidenticaldamageshavealreadybeenawardedinanearlieraction- Ourcivilprocedurepermitsmultiplesuitsforthesamedamage

Whatisacauseofaction?

- Whatdoesitmeantore-litigatethesamecauseofaction?TheSupremeCourthasdescribedacauseofactionas"asetoffactsthatprovidesthebasisforanaction"

- Acauseofactionis,therefore,asetoffactswhicharesaidtoentitletheclaimanttorelieffromacourt.Thisdefinitiondoesnot,westress,excludethepossibilitythatthattwodistinctcausesofactionmaysharesomefacts

- AcauseofactionisnotthesameasanothermerelybecausetheysharesubjectmatterAvoidingOverCompensation

- ConcernsaboutovercompensationareproperlyaddressedinrelationtorecoverratherthanbarringactionsaltogetherPleadingsProcedure

1. Claimarises–LimitationAct,2yearsor10yearstofileStatementofClaim2. StatementofClaim(PlaintiffA)–1yeartoserveonDefendant(Rule3.26)3. StatementofDefence(DefendantB)–MustbefiledandservedonPlaintiffwithin20daysinAlberta(Rule3.30and3.31)4. Reply(PlaintiffA)–MustbefiledandservedonDefendantwithin10daysafterserviceofStatementofDefence(Rule3.33)

a. canonlyreplytonewinformationraisedinStatementofDefence5. CloseofPleadings(Rule3.67(2))–theendofwhatyoucandowithoutanyCourtanyinvolvement

Rule13.5(1)–Partiescanagreetoextendanytimeperiodintherules,thisdoesnotapplyiftherulesspecificallysayyoucannot

- 13.5(2)ItalsoallowstheCourttovarytimelimits–ie.stayproceedingso 13.5(3)Whetherornotatimeperiodhasexpired,thecourtstillhasthispowertoextendthetimeperiod

AmendmentofPleadings

- Beforepleadingsclose(anytypeofamendment)o Rule3.62(1)(a)o Rule3.65o Rule3.62(1)(c)

- Afterpleadingscloseo Rule3.74(party)o Rule3.65(otheramendments)o Rule3.62(1)(c)(anytypeofamendment–byagreementofparties)

- Afterthelimitationperiodhasexpiredo LimitationsActSection6

Whattypeofamendmentdoyouwanttomake?

1. Adding,removing,substituting,orcorrectingthenameofaparty2. Anyotheramendment–substantivemattersliketheamountofdamages,additionalcausesofaction,additionalfactsto

supportacauseofactionRule3.62AmendingPleadings

- 3.62(1)Apartycanamenditspleadings,includingthenameofaparty,asfollows:o (a)Beforepleadingsclosedanynumberoftimeswithoutthecourt’spermission.

§ Itdoesnotmatterwhatkindofamendment.o (b)Afterpleadingsclosewiththecourt’spermission:

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§ (i)Fortheaddition,removal,substitutionorcorrectionofapartynameinaccordancewithrule3.74§ (ii)Foranyotheramendment,withCourt’spriorpermissioninaccordancewithrule3.65

o (c)Despiteclauses(a)and(b),pleadingscanbechangedbyagreementofthepartieswhetherornotthepleadingshaveclosed.[ANYTYPEOFAGREEMENT]

§ SignaConsentOrder–gotoChamberstogetthejudgetosignoff.- 3.62(2)Anamendedpleadingmustbe:

o (a)Filed,ando (b)Servedoneachoftheotherparties:

§ (i)Withintendaysafterfiling,§ (ii)IfthepleadingisastatementofclaimthathasnotalreadybeenservedtheninaccordancewithRule

3.26- 3.62(3)Apartymay,withoutthecourt’spermission,amendapleadingatanytimeifthepleadingis:

o (a)Astatementofdefenceinresponsetoanamendedstatementofclaim/counterclaim/thirdpartyclaim.o (b)Areplytoanamendedstatementofdefenceofanykind.

- (4)Aresponsepleadingreferredtoin(3)mustbe:o (a)Filed,ando (b)Servedoneachpartywithin10daysaftertheamendedpleadingwasserved.

- (5)Ifapartydoesnotfileandserveanamendedresponsetoanamendedpleading,thepartyisassumedtorelyonitsunamendedresponse.

- (6)ThissectiondoesnotapplytoproceedingsundertheClassProceedingsAct.Rule3.63IdentifyingAmendmentstoPleadings

- unlessacourtordersotherwise,ifapartyamendsapleading,thenewpleadingmustbefiled- theamendmentmust:

o (i)bedatedandidentified,andeachamendedversionmustbeidentified,ando (ii)beendorsedbytheclerkinthefollowingform:Amendedon[date]by[order][partyconsent],Dated…

- Whereapreviouslyamendedpleadingisfurtheramended,onlythelastamendmentneedbeidentifiedRule3.64TimeLimittoDisallowAmendment

- Onapplication,thecourtmaydisallowanyamendmenttoapleading(byanyparty)- Theapplicationmustbefiledwithin10daysafterserviceoftheamendedpleading

o Have10daystoobjecttotheamendmentortobringnewresponseo Ifyoudonotrespondtoit,youaredeemedtobeboundbyyouroriginalStatementofDefence

Rule3.65PermissionofCourtBeforeorAfterCloseTheonlyamendmentyoucanmakeidentifiestherealquestionandissuebetweentheparties.

- (1):Thecourt,beforeorafterpleadingsclose,maygivepermissiontoamendapleading.- (2):Ifthecourtdoesgivepermission,itmustalsogiveatimeperiodinwhichitmustbefiledandserved.- (3):Anorderunderthissectionceasestohaveeffectunlesstheamendedpleadingisfiledandservedwithinthetime

specified- (4):Ifthecourtallowsanamendmentattrial:

o (a)Theamendmentmustberecordedinwritingbytheclerk,ando (b)Noorderneedbefiled

- (5):Thisruledoesnotapplytoanamendmentforpartynamechangestowhichrule3.74applies.Whenwillthecourtnotpermitanamendment?

- Ifitwouldcauseseriousprejudicetotheotherpartythatcannotbecompensatedbycosts- Ifamendmentishopeless- IftheamendmentistryingtoaddanewpartyornewcauseofactionaftertheexpirydatepermittedbyLimitationsAct,

unlesssavedbysection6.- Ifthereisbadfaithnotoriginallypleadedintheamendment.

Rule3.66Costs

- thecosts,ifany,ofanamendmentaretobebornebythepartyamendingunless:o (a)theamendmentisaresponsetoanamendedpleading,oro (b)thecourtordersotherwise.

- Thecostsofacontestedamendmentarewithinthediscretionofthecourt

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Rule3.67CloseofPleadings

- (1):Thisruleappliesbetween:o (a)Plaintiffanddefendant.o (b)Plaintiff-by-counterclaimandadefendant-by-counterclaim.o (c)Thirdpartyplaintiffandathirdpartydefendant.o (d)Aplaintiffandathirdpartydefendant.

- (2):Pleadingsclosewhen:o (a)Areplyisfiledandservedbyaplaintiff/plaintiff-by-counterclaimorthirdpartyplaintiff,oro (b)Thetimeforfilingandservingareplyexpires…whicheverisearlier

- (3):Thecloseofpleadingsagainstonepartyrepresentsthecloseofpleadingsagainstallparties.Rule3.74Adding,removing,orsubbing[PARTY]afterclose

- (1):Aftercloseofpleadings,nopersonmaybeadded,removed,orsubstitutedasapartytoanactionstartedbyaSoCexceptinaccordancewiththisrule.

- (2):Onapplication,aCourtmayorderapersonbeadded,removed,orsubstitutedif:o (a)Inthecaseofapersontobeaddedorsubstitutedasplaintiff,plaintiff-by-counterclaim,orthirdpartyplaintiff,

theapplicationismadebyapersonorpartyandmustalsocontaintheconsentofthepersontobeaddedorsubstituted.

o (b)Inthecaseofanapplicationtoaddorsubstituteanyotherparty,ortoremoveorcorrectthenameofaparty,theapplicationismadebyapartyandtheCourtissatisfiedtheordershouldbemade.

- (3):Noorderwillbemadeunderthisruleifprejudicenotremediedbycosts,anadjournment,ortheimpositionoftermswouldresulttoaparty.

AttilaDoganConstructionInvvAmecAmericasLtd,2014ABCADECISION:Courtdoesnotallowthemtoamendtheirstatementofclaimortheirstatementofdefence.REASONSFORHOPELESSCLAIMFORATTILA:

1. noevidenceatthetimetheysignedthewaiver,thattheyprotestedatall2. whentheynegotiatedthechanges,therewasalackofalternativesforthem3. whenAttilasignedthewaiver,theyhadlegalcounsel4. theyhadn’ttakinganystepstosigntheamendingagreementfor13years

ThreeStagesofPleadingsDrafting

1. Plaintiffisallowedtoincludeanyallegationthatdisclosesacauseofaction(aslongasthepleadingisnotvexatious)withouthavingtoproduceanyevidenceinsupportofthepleadingwhenanactioniscommenced.

2. Rule3.62(1)(a)Beforepleadingsclose,plaintiffisallowedtoamendanynumberoftimeswithoutconsentorpermissionandwithouthavingtoproduceanysupportingevidence.

3. Rule3.62(1)(c),3.65Afterpleadingsclose,amendmentsmustbeaccompaniedbyconsentorpermissionoftheCourt,inwhichcasetheamendingpartywillberequiredtoproducesomeevidenceinsupportofallegations.

NOTE: Thereisnodeadlineforamendingandpleadingscanevenbeamendedattrial.Amendmentsareallowedeveniftheoriginalpleadingwascarelesslyprepared,whichmeansthatnoparticularreasonforanamendmentisrequired.

EvidentialStandardforPleadingAmendment

• Amodestdegreeofevidencejustifiesanamendmenttopleadings.• Evidencemaybesufficienttosupportanamendmentevenifcontradictoryevidenceispresented• Thetestisnotnecessarilymetbyproducingonepieceofevidenceoneachpoint

LimitationsAct,Section6&CaseLawSection6–ClaimsaddedtotheproceedingsThresholdrequirement–proceedingpreviouslycommencedwithinlimitationperiod–section6isaboutwhetheryoucanamendyourexistingclaimtobringinanewissue(ie.newdamages),changetheclaimant,andwhetheryoucanchangethedefendant

- 6(1)Therelevantlimitationperiodisirrelevantwhenaclaimisaddedtoaproceedingpreviouslycommenced,eitherthroughaneworamendedpleading,if(2),(3),or(4)aresatisfied.

- 6(2)Nochangeofpartyo Relationshiprequirement

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- 6(3)Changeofclaimanto Relationshiprequiremento Noprejudicetodefendant(limitationperiod+servicetime)o Neededtodetermineoriginalclaim

- 6(4)ChangeofDefendanto Relationshiprequiremento Noprejudicetodefendant(limitationperiod+servicetime)

- 6(5)Claimantproves(a)relationshiprequirementand(b)neededtodetermineoriginalclaim,defendantprovesprejudice.Whatmaythecourtdo?

- Limitationperiodexpired,notsavedbysection6- Saythelimitationperiodisexpired,butsavedbysection6- Cannotdeterminewhetherthelimitationperiodisexpired,butallowtheamendmentandallowthetrialjudgetodetermine

whetherthelimitationdefenceissuccessfulornot

PoffvGreatNorthernDataSuppliesLtd.,2015ABQBISSUE:WantstoamendtheStatementofClaimtoaddNewCoasadefendant,butthelimitationperiodhasexpired.DECISION:CourtsaidthatNewCodidhavetheknowledgewithinthethreeyears(2+1).Defendantcouldnotshowthattheyhadbeenprejudiced.LegalTestforAmendingPleadingsandAddingParties:

- Theburdenisonthepartyresistingtheamendmenttoshowthatitwouldsuffernon-compensableprejudiceweretheamendmenttobeallowed

- Rule3.74(3)Providesthatapartyshouldnotbeaddedifdoingsowouldcauseprejudiceforapartywhichcouldnotberemediedbyacostsaward,anadjournment,ortheimpositionofterms.

ClaimandAddedClaiminLimitationsAct,Section6:- Thewordclaimreferstothefactsandcircumstancesthatgiverisetotheallegedrighttoaremedyandnottotheprocessby

whichtheclaimismade- Anaddedclaimincludesachangeofparty,i.e.theassertionofthesamecauseofactionagainstanewdefendant,aswellas

anaddedaction.SufficientKnowledgeinLimitationsAct,Section6:

- Requiresknowledgeofthefactsandcircumstancesthatgiverisetotheallegedrightandnotknowledgeofadocumentsuchasastatementofclaim

- Corporateknowledgecanmean(a)knowledgeinthemindofasingleormultiplerepresentative(s)thatwillbeattributedtothewhole,or(b)knowledgeindocumentsthecorporationpossessesthatmaynotbeknownbyitshumanagents.

Joinder,Severance,ConsolidationIfanactionisdismissed,theentirematterends;butaclaimcanbestruckwithinanactionwithouttheentireactionceasing.

- Rule3.69JoiningClaims(withouthavingaclassaction)o 3.69(1)Apartymayjoin2ormoreclaimsinanactionunlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.

§ (2)Apartymaysueorbesuedindifferentcapacitiesinthesameaction.§ (3)Ifthereismorethanonedefendantorrespondent,itisnotnecessaryforeachtohaveaninterest

• (a)Inalltheremediesclaimedorsought,or• (b)Ineachclaimincludedintheaction

- Rule3.70PartiesJoiningtoBringActiono 3.70(1)Twoormorepartiesmayjointobringanaction,andaplaintiffororiginatingapplicantmaymakeaclaim

against2ormorepersonsasdefendantsorrespondentsinanaction,if§ (a)Theclaimarisesoutofthesametransactionoroccurrenceorseriesoftransactionsoroccurrences,§ (b)Aquestionoflaworfactcommontothepartyislikelytoarise,or§ (c)IftheCourtpermits

o (2)Thisruleappliesirrespectiveoftheremedyclaimedbyplaintiffororiginatingapplicantandwhetherornot2ormoreplaintiffsororiginatingapplicantsseekthesameremedy.

- Rule3.71SeparatingClaimso (1)Courtmayordertoseparateclaimsif:

§ (a)Undulycomplicateordelaytheaction,or§ (b)Undulyprejudiceaparty.

o (2):Thecourtmay:§ (a)Orderseparatetrials,hearings,applications,orotherproceedings

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§ (b)Orderoneormoreoftheclaimstobeassertedinanotheraction§ (c)Orderapartytobecompensatedbycostsforhavingtoattendapartinwhichithasnointerest§ (d)Excuseapartfromhavingtoattendapartinwhichithasnointerest.

o PRACTICALCONSEQUENCES:Separateeverything,andusuallytrialsetoneafteranother.- Rule3.72ConsolidationorSeparatingClaims

o (1)Thecourtmayorderoneormoreofthefollowing:§ (a)That2ormoreclaims/actionsbeconsolidated(ortrials).§ (b)That2ormoreclaims/actionsbetriedatthesametimeoroneaftertheother.§ (c)Thatoneormoreclaims/actionsbestayeduntilanotherclaim/actionisdetermined§ (d)Thataclaimbeassertedasacounterclaiminanotheraction.

o (2)Anorderunder(1)maybemadeforanyreasonthecourtconsidersappropriate,includingthatthe2ormoreclaims/actions:

§ (a)Haveacommonquestionoflaworfact,or§ (b)Ariseoutofthesametransactionoroccurrenceorseriesthereof.

o PRACTICALCONSEQUENCES:Courttreatsasoneproceeding:Allrulesthatapplytopleadingswillapplyasifthereisonepleading,thereisonesetofquestioning,thereisonejudgment,andthereisgoingtobeoneBillofCosts.

o ConsolidationvJoining–thereisnotabigdifference…prettymuchthesamething.- Rule3.73“SavingProvision”-IncorrectPartiesNotFataltoActions

o (1)Noclaimoractionfailssolelybecause:§ (a)2ormorepartiesjoininanactionthattheyshouldnothavejoined.§ (b)2ormorepartiesdonotjoininanactionthattheycouldorshouldhavejoined,or§ (c)Apartywasincorrectlynamedasapartyorwasincorrectlyomittedfrombeingnamedaparty.

o (2)If(1)applies,ajudgmententeredinrespectoftheactioniswithoutprejudicetotherightsofpersonswhowerenotpartiestotheaction

EggLakeFarmsvAlberta(MinisterofEnvironment),2014ABQBRule3.71allowsthecourttoseverclaimsiftheywould(a)undulycomplicateordelaytheaction,or(b)causeundueprejudicetoaparty.Severanceisanexceptionalremedyandshouldonlybeorderedwhereitoffersareallikelihoodorgoodprobabilityofsavingtimeandexpense.Rule3.72(2)allowsthecourttojoinclaimsif,withoutlimitation,they(a)haveacommonquestionoflaworfact,or(b)ariseoutofthesametransactionoroccurrenceorseriesoftransactionsoroccurrencesAdditionalconsiderationsforconsolidationwereoutlinedinMikisewCreeinclude:i) Whethertherearecommonclaims,disputesandrelationshipsbetweentheparties;ii) Whetherconsolidationwillsavetimeandresourcesinpre-trialprocedures;iii) Whethertimeattrialwillbereduced;iv) Whetheronepartywillbeseriouslyprejudicedbyhavingtwotrialstogether;v) Whetheroneactionisatamoreadvancedstagethantheother;andvi) Whetherconsolidationwilldelaythetrialofoneactionwhichwillcauseseriousprejudicetooneparty.Thekeyiswhetherthe

interestsofjusticewillbeservedbytheactionsbeingconsolidated.PartiesAddedonOwnMotion/Intervenors

- Rule2.10IntervenorStatuso Onapplication,acourtmaygrantstatustoapersontointerveneinanactionsubjecttoanytermsandconditions

andwiththerightsandprivilegesspecifiedbythecourt.

UniversityofAlbertavAlberta(InformationandPrivacyCommissioner),2011ABQBIntervenors:CommonLawPrinciplesofIntervenors

1. Aninterventionmaybeallowedwheretheproposedintervenerisspeciallyaffectedbythedecisionfacingthecourtortheintervenerhasspecialexpertiseorinsighttobringtobearontheissues

2. Anintervenerinanappellatecourtmusttakethecaseasshefindsitandcannot,totheprejudiceoftheparties,arguenewissuesthatrequiretheintroductionoffreshevidence

3. Intervenerstatusmayalsobegrantedwheretheproposedintervener’sinterestintheproceedingsmaynotbefullyprotectedorarguedbyaparty

4. Thecourtshouldtakeatwo-stepapproachtodetermineanintervenerapplication:a. Determinethesubjectmatteroftheproceeding.b. Determinetheproposedintervener’sinterestinthesubjectmatter.

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StatementofClaimRule3.25FormofaStatementofClaim

- Astatementofclaimmust:o BeinForm10o Statetheclaimandthebasisforito Stateanyspecificremedysoughto ComplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13(TechnicalRule),Division3(Pleadings)

“SubstantivelyAdequate”

- StatementofClaimmustsetoutfactswhichiftrueentitletheplaintifftothelegalreliefclaimed.- IftheStatementofClaimfailstodothis,thedefendantcanattackthepleadingthroughamotiontostrike.- StatementofDefencemustalsosetoutfactsthatiftrueprovidethedefendantwithavaliddefencetotheplaintiff'sclaim.- IftheStatementofDefencefailstodothistheplaintiffmaybringanapplicationtostrikeoutthedefence

CHAPTER11:SERVICE Introduction

- Serviceisthenoticetotheparties- Allowspartiestoknowtheirrightsarebeingaffected- Allowscourtstogivearemedy- PlaintifforApplicanthastoprove:(a)properservice

o DefendantorRespondentcanalsochallengeservice

NB:Specificrequirementsunderrulesoverridethegeneral(ie.ifitsayspersonalserviceunder1rule,thenitmustbepersonal).

PurposeofService

ButovskyvDonahue,1984BCAplaintiffproperlyservingadefendanthasvalidlyinvokedthejurisdictionoftheQueen’scourtsandtheplaintiffisentitledtorequirethosecourtstoproceedtoadjudicateuponhisclaim.ServiceofCommencementDocumentsPart11,Division1,Division2,Division4,andDivision5Rule3.26TimeforServiceofStatementofClaim

- (1)Statementmustbeservedwithinayearofitbeingfiledunlessthecourt,onapplication,grantsanextension- (2)Theextensioncannotexceedmorethan3months- (3)Rule13.5(variationoftimeperiods)doesnotapplytothisrule.

o Toextendthetimeforservice,youcannotuseRule13.5o Theoneyearispermanent–youandtheotherpartycannotagree

Rule3.27ExtensionofTimeforService

- (1)Courtmayextendtimeforserviceo (a)Ifdefendant/defendant’slawyerledtheplaintiff/plaintiff’slawyertoreasonablybelieveandtorelyonthebelief

that§ Servicewasmade.§ Liabilitywouldn’tbecontested.§ Timelimitwouldn’tbereliedonorwaswaived.

o (b)Ifanorderforsubstitutionalservice,anorderdispensingwithservice,oranordervalidatingserviceissetaside.o (c)Specialorextraordinarycircumstancesexistresultingsolelyfromthedefendant’soranonparty’sconduct.

- (2)Ifanextensionisgranted,nofurtherextensionsmaybegrantedunderthisrule,andRule13.5doesnotapplyunlessdifferentornewcircumstancesdescribedin(1)areestablished.

Rule13.5VariationofTimePeriods

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- (1)Theparties,unlessacourtordersotherwise,canagreetoextendanytimelimitintheRulesunlesstherulesaysotherwise.

- (2)Thecourtmaystay,extend,orshortenatimeperiod:o (a)Specifiedintheserules.o (b)Specifiedinanorder/judgment.o (c)Agreedonbytheparties.

- (3)Theordertoextendorshortenatimeperiodmaybemadewhetherornottheperiodhasexpired.Rule3.28EffectofLateServiceofStatementofClaim

- Ifthestatementisnotservedintime,then:o (a)Nofurtherproceedingcantakeplace,ando (b)Failuretoserveonedefendantintimehasnoeffectontheotherdefendants.

- TheproceedingdiesServiceofCommencingDocumentsonIndividuals- Rule2.12(2)TypesofLitigationRepresentativeandServiceDocuments

o (2)Ifanindividualhasalitigationrepresentativeinanaction:§ (a)Serviceofadocumentthatwouldbeeffectedontheindividualmustbeeffectedonthelitigation

representative,and§ (b)Serviceofthedocumentontheindividualisineffective.

- Rule11.5ServiceonIndividualso (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedby:

§ (a)Beingleftwiththeindividual,or§ (b)Beingsentbyrecordedmailaddressedtotheindividual

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwiththeindividual,or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissignedbytheindividualtowhomitisaddressed.

- Rule11.6ServiceonTrusteesandPersonalRepso (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonatrusteeorpersonalrepresentativewhoisanindividual:

§ (a)Bybeingleftwiththetrusteeorpersonalrepresentative,or§ (b)Bybeingsentrecordedmailaddressedtothetrusteeorpersonalrepresentative.

o (2)Serviceiseffectedundersubrule(1):§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwiththetrusteeorpersonalrepresentative,or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissignedbythetrusteeorpersonalrepresentativetowhomitis

addressed.o (3)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonatrusteeorpersonalrepresentativethatisacorporationin

accordancewithRule11.9- Rule11.7ServiceonLitigationRepresentative

o (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonanlitigationrepresentativewhoisanindividual:§ (a)Bybeingleftwiththelitigationrepresentative,or§ (b)Bybeingsentrecordedmailaddressedtothelitigationrepresentative.

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwiththelitigationrepresentative,or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissignedbythelitigationrepresentativetowhomitisaddressed.

o (3)AcommencementdocumentmaybeservedonalitigationrepresentativethatisacorporationinaccordancewithRule11.9.

- Rule11.8MissingPersonso (1)AcommencementdocumentmaybeservedonanindividualwhoisdeclaredtobeamissingpersonunderthePublic

TrusteeAct:§ (a)BybeingleftattheofficeofthePublicTrusteewithanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementor

controlresponsibilitiesinthatoffice,or§ (b)BybeingsentrecordedmailtothePublicTrustee.

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned

- Rule11.12OnIndividualsUsingAnotherName

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o (1)Ifaclaimismadeagainstasingleindividualcarryingonabusiness,operating,orengagedinanactivityunderanothername,acommencementdocumentmaybeserved:

§ (a)Bybeingleft• (i)Withtheindividual,or• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespecttothat

business,operation,oractivityataprincipalplaceinAlbertaorattheplaceinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmailaddressedtotheplaceandnameoftheprincipalbusiness,operation,oractivityinAlberta

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualinaccordancewith(1)(a).§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned

- Rule11.18ServiceonSelfRepresentedLitigantso Aself-repmayaccept,inwriting,serviceofacommencementdocument.o Serviceiseffectedwhentheself-repaccepts.

ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonCorporations

- Rule11.4MethodsofServiceo UnlesstheCourtotherwiseordersortheserulesotherwiseprovide,acommencementdocumentmustbeservedin

Albertaandinaccordancewith:§ (a)Amethodofserviceprovidedbyanenactment,or§ (b)thisDivision.

• Ie.byrecordedmail,butthepersonhastosignanacknowledgment- Rule11.9ServiceonCorporations

o (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonacorporation:§ (a)Bybeingleft:

• (i)Withanofficerofthecorporationwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespecttothecorporation,or

• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespecttothatbusinessoractivityatthecorporation’sprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaorattheplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothecorporation,totheprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaofthecorporation(needsignature)

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1)(a),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned

- Rule11.13ServiceonCorporationsusinganothernameo (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonacorporation:

§ (a)Bybeingleft:• (i)Withanofficerofthecorporationwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilities

withrespecttothecorporation,or• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespectto

thepartnershipatthepartnership’sprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaorattheplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothenameinuse,totheprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaofthecorporation.

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1)(a),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned.

- BusinessCorporationsAct,s256NoticetoandServiceonaCorporationo Noticemaybeservedonacorporationsregisteredofficeorthepostofficeboxdesignatedasitsaddressforservice

bymail.o Noticesentbyregisteredmailisdeemedtohavebeenreceivedatthetimeitwouldhavebeendeliveredinthe

ordinarycourseofmail.- InterpretationAct,Section23

o DoesnotapplytoindividualsinAlbertao Appliesinconjunctionwithsection256ofBusinessCorporationsAct

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o PeopleoutsideABServiceofCommencingDocumentsonFirms/Partnerships

- Rule11.4MethodsofServiceo UnlesstheCourtotherwiseordersortheserulesotherwiseprovide,acommencementdocumentmustbeservedin

Albertaandinaccordancewith:§ Amethodofserviceprovidedbyanenactment,or§ TheServiceofCommencementDocumentsinAlberta

- Rule11.10ServiceonLimitedPartnershipso (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonalimitedpartnershipthatisthesubjectofaclaiminthenameof

thepartnership:§ (a)Bybeingleft:

• (i)Withageneralpartner,or• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespectto

thepartnershipatthepartnership’sprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaorattheplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothelimitedpartnership,totheprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaofthepartnership.

o (2)Serviceiseffectedunder(1):§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned.

o (3)Ifageneralpartnerisacorporation,thenservicemustbeinaccordancewithRule11.9- Rule11.11ServiceonPartnershipsotherthanLimitedLiability

o (1)Commencementdocumentmaybeservedonapartnershipthatisthesubjectofaclaiminthenameofthepartnership:

§ (a)Bybeingleft:• (i)Withageneralpartner,or• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespectto

thatbusinessoractivityatthecorporation’sprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaorattheplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothepartnership,totheprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaofthepartnership.

o (2)Serviceiseffectedunder(1):§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned.

o (3)Ifageneralpartnerisacorporation,thenservicemustbeinaccordancewithRule11.9ServiceofCommencingDocumentsonStatutoryandOtherEntities

- First,lookattheenactmenttolookatservice,thenlookattherules.- Rule11.14onStatutoryandOtherEntities

o (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonanentityestablishedbyorunderanenactment,oronanentitynotdescribedinthisPart:

§ (a)Bybeingleft:• (i)Withanofficeroradministratorwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilities

withrespecttotheentity,or• (ii)Withanindividualwhoappearstohavemanagementorcontrolresponsibilitieswithrespectto

thatentityata/theentity’sprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaorattheplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertawheretheclaimarose.

§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtotheentity,totheprincipalplaceofbusinessoractivityinAlbertaoftheentity.

o (2)Serviceiseffectedunder(1):§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwithanindividualunder(1),or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgmentofreceiptissigned

o Theenactinglegislationwilltellyouhowtoservethepersonyouintendtoserve—theyaregenerallysimilartocorporaterules

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SpecialCircumstancesforServiceofCommencementDocumentsonPartiesinAlbertaa)AddressforService

- Rule11.15ProvidinganAddressforServiceso (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonapersonprovidinganaddressforserviceonafileddocument:

§ (a)Bybeingleft,addressedtothatperson,atthataddress,or§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothatperson,atthataddress.

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftattheaddress,or§ (b)Onthedateoftheacknowledgementofreceiptbymail.

b)Lawyer

- Rule11.16ServiceonaLawyero (1)Ifalawyeractsforaperson,thatlawyermay,inwriting,acceptserviceontheirbehalfo (2)Serviceiseffectwhenthelawyeracceptsinwriting

- Rule11.17ServiceonLawyerofRecordo (1)Acommencementdocumentmaybeservedonthelawyerofrecordforaparty:

§ (a)Bybeingleftwiththelawyer,athisoffice,oratanotheraddressspecifiedbythelawyer,or§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmail,addressedtothelawyer,tothelawyer’soffice

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwiththelawyer,athisoffice,oratanotheraddressspecifiedbythe

lawyer,or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgementofreceiptofmail

o Asthelawyerofrecordyoucanbeautomaticallyserved—youmustinformtheclientc)BusinessRepresentativeofAbsentParty

- Ifthereisabusinesswithrepresentativesintheprovince,thenyoucanservethelocalofficeeventhoughyouarenamingtheHeadOffice(oranotherdivisionofthatbusiness)

- Rule11.19ServiceonBusinessRepresentativeofAbsentPartieso (1)ACDmaybeservedonapartyoutofAlbertabutwhohasarepresentativewhoresidesandcarriesonthe

absentparty’sbusinessinAlberta,iftheclaimaroseinrespectofthatbusiness:§ (a)Bybeingleftwiththerepresentative,or§ (b)Bybeingsentbyrecordedmailtothatrepresentative.

o (2)Serviceiseffected:§ (a)Onthedatethedocumentisleftwiththerepresentative,or§ (b)Onthedateofacknowledgementofreceiptofmail.

o (3)Ifarepresentativeisacorporation,thenservicemustbeinaccordancewithRule11.9d)Agreement

- Rule11.3AgreementBetweenPartieso (1)If,inacontractthatisthesubjectofanaction,thepartiesagreeon:

§ (a)Aplaceforservice,§ (b)Amodeofservice,or§ (c)Apersononwhomservicemaybeeffected,

o Serviceofthedocumentmaybemadeinaccordancewiththeagreementandserviceiseffectedwhensomade.§ (2)AnagreedmethodofservicethatappliesoutsideofAlbertamustcomplywithRule11.26§ (3)Anagreementaboutservicedoesnotinvalidate

ServiceofCommencingDocumentsOutsideAlberta(inCanada)

- Rule11.25RealandSubstantialConnection(MoreguardPrinciple)o (1)AcommencementdocumentmaybeservedoutsideofAlbertabutinCanadaif:

§ (a)ThereisarealandsubstantialconnectionbetweenAlbertaandthefactsonwhichtheclaimisbased,and

§ (b)ThecommencementdocumentdisclosesthosefactsandspecificallyreferstothegroundsforserviceoutsideAlbertabutinCanada.

o (2)AcommencementdocumentmaybeservedoutsideCanadaif:

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§ (a)ThereisarealandsubstantialconnectionbetweenAlbertaandthefactsonwhichtheclaimisbased,andthecommencementdocumentisaccompaniedwithadocumentoraffidavitthatsetsoutthegroundsforserviceofthedocumentoutsideofCanada,

§ (b)Thecourt,onapplicationsupportedbyaffidavit,permitsserviceoutsideofCanada(getacourtorder),and

§ (b)ThepersonservedwiththecommencementdocumentisalsoservedwiththeorderallowingtheserviceoutsideCanada.

o (3)Circumstancesinwhicharealandsubstantialconnectionispresumedtoexistinclude:§ (a)TheclaimrelatestolandinAlberta.§ (b)Theclaimrelatestoacontractorallegedcontractmade,performed,orbreachedinAlberta.§ (c)TheclaimisgovernedbythelawinAlberta.§ (d)TheclaimrelatestoatortcommittedinAlberta.§ (e)Theclaimrelatestotheenforcementofasecurityagainstpropertyotherthanlandbythesale,

possession,orrecoveryofthepropertyinAlberta.§ (f)Theclaimrelatestoaninjunctioninwhichapersonistodoortorefrainfromdoingsomethingin

Alberta.§ (g)ThedefendantisaresidentinAlberta.§ (h)Theclaimrelatestotheadministrationofanestateandthedeceaseddiedwhileordinarilyresidentin

Alberta.§ (i)Thedefendantisanecessaryorproperpartytotheactionbroughtagainstanotherpersonwhowas

servedinAlberta.§ (j)Theclaimisbroughtagainstatrusteeinrelationtothecarryingoutofatrustinanyofthefollowing

circumstances:• (i)ThetrustassetsincludeimmovableormovablepropertyinAlbertaandthereliefclaimedisonly

astothatproperty,• (ii)ThetrusteeisordinarilyaresidentinAlberta,• (iii)TheadministrationofthetrustisprincipallycarriedoninAlberta,• (iv)Bytheexpresstermsofatrustdocument,thetrustisgovernedbythelawofAlberta,

- (k)TheactionrelatestoabreachofequitabledutyinAlberta.- ForumNonConveniens(HandinHandwithRule11.25)

o Allowsthecourttodeclinetohearthematterifthereisamoreappropriateforumforthemattertobeheardino Theywilltellyouwhereyoushouldbebringingyourclaimo ThisisusuallyamatterraisedbyDnotaP

- Rule11.26MethodsofServiceOutsideofAlbertao (1)Unlessthecourtordersotherwise,serviceoutsideofAlbertamustbeserved

§ Byamethodprovidedbytheserules,§ ByamethodundertheHaguerulesifitapplies,or§ Bythelawofjurisdictioninwhichthepersonbeingservedislocated

o (2)Serviceiseffectedinaccordancewiththeabovemethods.

MetcalfevYamahaPowerMotorProducts,2012CAServiceexjurisisfoundeduponadecisiontoextendthecourt’sjurisdictionbeyonditsownterritory.ServiceofNon-CommencementDocumentsinAlberta

- Rule11.20Non-commencementdocumentsoutsideofAlbertao Unlessthecourtordersotherwise,servicemaybeeffectedby

§ Servicebyamethoddescribedunderserviceofcommencementdocuments.§ Servicebyelectronicmethod:Rule11.21§ ServicebyrecordedmailRule11.22§ ServicebyanagreedmethodRule11.3

- Rule11.21ServicebyElectronicMethodo (1)AdocumentotherthanaCommencementDocumentsmaybeservedtoapersonthathasprovidedanelectronic

addressifthedocumentissenttothataddressand§ Theelectronicagentreceivesitinaformthatisusableforsubsequentreference,and§ Thesendingagentreceivesconfirmationthatthetransmissionwassuccessful.

o (2)Serviceiseffectedwhenthesendingelectronicagentreceivesconfirmation.o ElectronicTransactionsActdefines“electronicagent”

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o 3requirements(thisisprimarilyforfax,butmaybeusedforemailaswell):§ personmustprovideaddresstowhichthedataistransmitted§ documenthastobesubmittedinaformthatisusableorreadable§ theelectronicdevicehastoconfirmthatthetransmissionissuccessful

• Email:personhastoacknowledgethattheyhaveactuallyreceivedit- Rule11.22ServicebyRecordedMail

o AdocumentotherthanaCommencementDocumentmaybeservedtoapersonbyrecordedmailaddressedtotheaddressonthemostrecentlyfileddocument.

o Serviceiseffectedontheearlierofthedateofacknowledgementofreceiptor7daysafterthesateonwhichtherecordedmailissent.

o Thepersonmustsignfortheservice- Rule11.3AgreementBetweenParties

o 11.3(1)If,inacontractthatisthesubjectofanaction,thepartiesagreeon§ (a)aplaceforservice

- (b)amodeofservice,or§ (c)apersononwhomservicemaybeeffected

• serviceofadocumentmaybemadeinaccordancewiththeagreement,andserviceiseffectedwhensomade.

o (2)Anagreedmethodofservicedescribedinsubrule(1)thatappliesoutsideAlbertamustcomplywithRule11.26o (3)Anagreementaboutserviceofdocumentsunderthisruledoesnotinvalidatetheserviceofadocumentthat

otherwisecomplieswiththerulesinthisPart.

HardervHayter,ABCACourtofAppealheldthataNoticeofAppealisnotacommencementdocumentandthereforemaybeservedonthesolicitorofrecord.ProvingService–Rule11.30

- (1)ServiceofdocumentinAlbertaandserviceofotherdocumentsthanaCDoutsideAlbertamaybeprovedbyo Anaffidavit

§ Statingthatthepersonwasserved§ Describingthemethodofservice§ Statingthedateandplaceofservice

o Byacknowledgmentoracceptanceofserviceinwritingbytheperson/lawyero Byanordervalidatingservice

- (2)ServiceofaCDoutsideofAlbertamaybeprovedbyo Anaffidavit

§ Statingtherealandsubstantialconnection§ Statingthatthepersonwasserved§ Describingthemethodofservice§ Statingthedateandplaceofservice

o Byacknowledgmentoracceptanceofserviceinwritingbytheperson/lawyer§ Byanordervalidatingservice

OvercomingServiceProblems–Part11,Division1andDivision6SubstitutionalService–Rule11.28

- (1)Ifserviceisimpractical,theCourtmay,onapplication,makeanorderforsubstitutionalservice.- (2)Theapplicationmustbesupportedbyaanaffidavit

o Settingoutwhyserviceisimpractical,o Proposinganalternativemethodofservice,o Statingwhythealternativemethodofserviceislikelytobringthedocumenttotheattentionoftheperson.

- (3)Theorderforsubstitutionalservicemustbeservedwiththedocument.- (4)Serviceiseffectedonthedatespecifiedintheorder.

**“probably”betteroptionthanvalidatingservice

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ValidatingService–Rule11.27- (1)ThecourtmaymakeanordervalidatingtheserviceofadocumentinsideoroutsideofAlbertainamannernotspecified

bytheserulesifthecourtissatisfiedthatthemethodofserviceusedbroughtorwaslikelytohavebroughtthedocumenttotheattentionoftheperson.

- (2)Thecourtmaymakeanordervalidatingserviceifthedocumentwouldhavebeenservedorwouldhavecometotheattentionofthepersoniftheyhadnotevadedservice.

o Also,didthepersonunderstandthattheirrightshavebeenengaged- (3)Serviceiseffectedonthedatespecifiedintheorder.

226911AlbertaLtdvRedecopp.2012ABQB776FACTS:Ms.RedecoppsentanemailtoMr.Freemanstatingtopleaseconfirmthatthestatementofclaimisbeingprovidedforrecordsonlyanddoesnotinanywayconstituteserviceoftheclaim.Mr.Freeman’sofficesentanemailbackstatingthatMr.Freeman“confirmsthisiscorrect”.OnMay19,2011,overtwoyearsaftertheexpirationofthestatementofclaim,thisapplicationwasfiledaskingthatthisCourtvalidateserviceofthestatementofclaimpursuanttoRule11.27.DECISION:Theapplicationtovalidateserviceisdenied.ANALYSIS:TestofValidationfor11.27

- (a)Theremustbeamethodofservice.- (b)Thedocumentmusthavebroughtorbeenlikelytohavebroughttheclaimtotheattentionofthepersontobeserved.

o Hastobemorethanmereknowledge.

ThompsonvProcraneInc,2016ABCA71Serviceisaquestionoffact:didthepersonbeingservedactuallygetacopyofthedocument?Ifthedocumentwasactuallyreceived,themethodofserviceisinconsequential.DECISION:ServiceoftheProcraneOriginatingApplicationbyemailwasanunconventionalformofservicethatactuallybroughtthelegalprocesstotheattentionofthepersonbeingserved.Theuseofanunconventionalmethoddoesnotmeanthattheserviceisautomaticallyineffective.DispensingwithService-Rule11.29

- (1)Thecourtmaydispensewithserviceifitisimpracticalorimpossible.- (2)Theapplicationmustbesupportedbyanaffidavit:

o Settingoutthatallreasonableeffortstoservehavebeenexhaustedorareimpracticableorimpossible,o Statingwhythereisnoorlittlelikelihoodthattheissuewillbedisputed,ando Statingthatnoothermethodofserviceappearstobeavailable.

- Mightcomeupinamissingpersoncase(atlaw)SettingAsideService-Rule11.31

- (1)AdefendantmayapplytotheCourttosetaside:o (a)Serviceofacommencementdocumento (b)Anorderforsubstitutionalserviceofacommencementdocument,oro (c)Anorderdispensingwithserviceofacommencementdocument,

- **Onlybeforethe(D)filesastatementofdefenceorademandfornotice- (2)Anapplicationunderthisruleisnotanacknowledgementbythe(D)thattheCourthasjurisdictionwithrespecttoa

claim,counterclaimorthirdpartyclaiminrespectofwhichapplicationisfiled- (3)IftheCourtissatisfiedthat:

o (a)Theaddresseedidnotreceiveadocumentotherthanacommencementdocument,sentbyrecordedmailwithin7daysafterthedatewhichtherecordedmailwassent

o (b)Thefailureoftheaddresseetoreceivethedocumentinnotattributabletotheaddressee’sowneffortstoavoidreceivingthedocument,and

o (c)TheaddresseewouldbeprejudicedbytheapplicationofRule11.22[RecordedMailService]

CHAPTER12:RENEWALOFSTATEMENTOFCLAIM RulesPart3,Division3,Subdivision2Rule3.26TimeforServiceofStatementofClaim

- (1)Statementmustbeservedwithinayearofitbeingfiledunlessthecourt,onapplication,grantsanextension.

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- (2)Theextensioncannotexceedmorethan3monthso ITmustbeappliedforbeforethe1-yearexpiry

- (3)13.5(variationoftimeperiods)doesnotapply.Rule3.27ExtensionofTimeforService(savingrule)

- (1)Courtmayextendtimeforserviceo (a)Ifdefendant/defendant’slawyerledtheplaintiff/plaintiff’slawyertoreasonablybelieveandtorelyonthebelief

that§ Servicewasmade.§ Liabilitywouldn’tbecontested.§ Timelimitwouldn’tbereliedonorwaswaived.

o (b)Ifanorderforsubstitutionalservice,anorderdispensingwithservice,oranordervalidatingserviceissetaside.o (c)Specialorextraordinarycircumstancesexistresultingsolelyfromthedefendant’soranonparty’sconduct.

§ Ie.problemwiththeprocessserver- (2)Ifanextensionisgranted,nofurtherextensionsmaybegrantedunderthisrule,andrule13.5doesnotapplyunless

differentornewcircumstancesdescribedin(1)areestablished.Rule3.28EffectofNotServingaClaiminTime

- Nofurtherproceedingcanbetakenintheactionagainstthatdefendant.- Doesnotaffectotherdefendantsservedintime.

Rule3.29NoticeofExtensionofTimeforService

- IfservingastatementofClaimintheextendedtimeperiod,acopyoftheordergrantingtheextensionorwrittennoticeoftheordermustbeincluded.

BrousseauvJanzEstate,2014ABQB136RenewalofStatementofClaim:Rule3.27

- Rule3.27requiresasubjectivebeliefthatoneof(i)-(iii)appliedandthatthatbeliefisobjectivelyreasonable.- ConsiderationsforSpecialorExtraordinaryCircumstances

o (a)Courtshouldaimtoeliminateprocrastinationordelay.o (b)Courtshouldconsiderwhetherthereisanyprejudicetothepartiesasaresultofthelimitationissue.o (c)Courtshoulddetermineifthespecialorextraordinarycircumstancesresultsolelyfromthedefendant’sconduct

orfromtheconductofthepersonwhoisnotapartytotheaction.o (d)Courtshouldstrikeanappropriatebalanceoftheinterestsofthepartiesinordertoachievethemostjusticeand

theleastinjustice.- ConsideringPrejudice

o (a)Courtshouldonlyextendthetimeforservicewherethereisnoprejudicetothedefendant.o (b)Theplaintiffbearstheonusofprovingthatthedefendantwouldnotbeprejudicedbytheextension.o (c)Thedefendanthasatleastanevidentiaryobligationtoprovidesomedetailsofprejudiceflowingfromthe

extension.o (d)Thedefendantcannotcreateprejudicebyfailingtodosomethingthatitreasonablycouldhavedoneoroughtto

havedone.o (e)Theprejudicemusthavebeencausedbythedelay.

McGowanvLand,2015ABCA217DECISION:Dismisstheappealandupholdthedecisionofthechambersjudgewhereinshestruckthestatementofclaimforhavingexpiredpriortoservice.ANALYSIS:SpecialorExtraordinaryCircumstances

- (1)First,theplaintiffmustbringhimselforherselfwithintherequirementthatspecialorextraordinarycircumstancesexistresultingsolelyfromthedefendant’sconductorfromtheconductofapersonwhoisnotapartytotheaction.

o Theplaintiffmustdemonstratethatthosecircumstancesareconnectedinsomewaytothelackofservice.- (2)Second,thecourtthencangoontoconsiderifitwillexerciseitsdiscretiontoextendtimeforservice;thisincludes

considerationsofpolicyandprejudiceIfyouhavenotservedtheStatementofClaimorithasbeenstruck:

- Withinthe1year?o Applyfora3-monthextension

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- Pasttheyear?o Rule3.27…doesthisapplytome?

- PastayearandRule3.27doesn’tapply?o CheckthelimitationsactandfileaNEWSTATEMENTOFCLAIM(resjudicatadoesn’tapplytoastruckclaim)

- Ifnoneoftheseapply:o CalltheLawSociety—theywillhelpyou

CHAPTER13:PARTICULARS Whatareparticulars?

- Theyareinthemiddleofmaterialfactsandevidenceo InformationyouaretryingtoprovidetotheDefendantaboutwhatyouthinktheymayhavedonewrong

- IfaPlaintiffdoesnotsetoutsufficientmaterialfacts,theCourtmayorderforbetterparticularsoftheissueo Givenoticetooppositepartyoffactsinissuesotheycandefendorpleado Preventasurpriseo Allowpartiestoproperlypreparefortrialo Definestheissues(Rule1.2)andavoidlengthyquestioninganddelay

§ Rule1.2–PurposeandIntentRule–youhavetoidentifytherealissuesindispute- Particularsareconsideredpleadings:

o Whatisincludedintheparticularsispartofpleadingsandthepartyisboundbythem§ Particularsarefiledonthecourtfileandjudgewillhaveaccesstoit

- Particularshelptheothersiderespondandmaketheirresponsemoremeaningfulo BUT,theyarenotevidence

- Particularsareaproceduraloptiontogetmoredetail- Whenyoumakearequestforfurtherandbetterparticulars,thatdoesnotstopanyofthetimelimits

o ie.20daysDefendanthastorespondstaysthesameevenifyourequestfurtherandbetterparticulars- Forexample,inmotorvehicleaccidents,therewillbesomeparticularscommontoallclaims

RelevantRulesInsufficientDetails

- 13.6(2)(a):(2)Apleadingmuststateanyofthefollowingmattersthatarerelevant:o (a)Thefactsonwhichapartyrelies,butnottheevidencebywhichthefactsaretobeproved;o Youhavetogiveenoughspecificdetailsuchthatthecasewillnotbedismissedduetosufficientdetail

- IfthePlaintiffdoesnotgivesufficientparticulars,theDefendantdoesn'tknowwhattheyhavetodefendagainstandtheyhaveTWOOPTIONS:

o Applicationforfurtherandbetterparticulars(Rule3.61)(Rule13.5couldapplyhere-timelinesstillapply)o Applicationtostriketheclaim(allorpart)onthegroundsthatitdoesnotdiscloseareasonablecauseofaction(Rule

3.68(2)(b)§ NOTE:3.68(3)Noevidencemaybesubmittedunderanapplicationunder3.68(2)(b)

• ItisjustonthefaceofthedocumentsthatthecourtwilllookWhatcanCourtdo?

- Strikethewhole(orpart)oftheclaim- Courtmayorderthatcertainpartsbeamended- Courtmaystrikethestatementofclaimandgivejudgment- Courtcanorderanapplicationortheactionbestayed

Rule1.2PurposeandIntent

- 1.2(1):Thepurposeoftheserulesistoprovideameansbywhichclaimscanbefairlyandjustlyresolvedinorbyacourtprocessinatimelyandcosteffectiveway

o Thisisn’tallabouttime,wearetalkingaboutmoney—courtsarepublicallyfunded,theyareconsciousofthis- 1.2(2):Inparticular,theserulesareintendedtobeused:

o Toidentifytherealissuesinthedisputeo Thefacilitatethequickestmeansofresolvingaclaim

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o Theencouragethepartiestoresolvetheclaimthemselves,byagreement,withorwithoutassistance,asearlyintheprocessaspracticable

o Toobligethepartiestocommunicatehonestly,openlyandinatimelywayo Toprovideaneffective,efficientandcrediblesystemofremediesandsanctionstoenforcetheserulesandorders

andjudgments- 1.2(3):Theachievethepurposeandintentionoftheserulesthepartiesmust,jointlyandindividuallyduringanaction:

o Identifyormakeanapplicationtoidentifytherealissuesinthedisputeandfacilitatethequickestmeansofresolvingtheclaimattheleastexpense

o Periodicallyevaluatedisputeresolutionprocessalternativestoafulltrial,withorwithoutassistancefromtheCourto Refrainfromfilingapplicationsortakingproceedingsthatdonotfurtherthepurposeandintentionoftheseruleso Whenusingpublicallyfundedcourtresources,usingthemeffectively

- 1.2(4):TheintentionoftheserulesisthattheCourt,whenexercisingadiscretiontograntaremedyorimposeasanction,willgrantorimposearemedyorsanctionproportionaltothereasonforgrantingorimposingit

Rule3.61RequestforParticulars

- (1)Apartyonwhomapleadingisservedmayserveonthepartywhoservedthepleadingarequestforparticularsaboutanythinginthepleading.

- (2)Iftherequestingpartydoesnotreceiveasufficientresponsewithin10daysafterthedateonwhichtherequestisserved,therequestingpartymayapplytotheCourtforanorderrequiringthepartywhoservedthepleadingtoprovidetheparticulars.

o Keepinmind,that13.5appliesherebecausethepartiesCANagreetovarythe10days- (3)IftheCourtordersparticularstobeprovided,itmustspecifyatimewithinwhichtheorderistobecompliedwith

o WhatdoIwanttoaskthecourttoasktheotherparty—whatisthetimeframewethinkisacceptable- (4)Subjecttoanyorder,despitearequestforparticulars,theobligationundertheserulestofileandservepleadings

continueseventhougharequestforparticularshasbeenmadeandwhetherornotithasbeencompliedwitho Ifyouarea(D)youarestillrequiredtofilethestatementofdefence,itdoesnotstopthe“clock”o Theclockcontinuesdespitetherequestforparticulars

Rule3.62AmendingPleadings

- (1)Apartycanamenditspleadings,includingthenameofaparty,asfollows:o (a)Beforepleadingsclosedanynumberoftimeswithoutthecourt’spermission.o (b)Afterpleadingsclosewiththecourt’spermission:

§ (i)Forthechangeofanameofaparty.§ (ii)Foranyotheramendment.

o (c)Despiteclauses(a)and(b),pleadingscanbechangedbyagreementofthepartieswhetherornotthepleadingshaveclosed.

- (2)Anamendedpleadingmustbe:o (a)Filed,ando (b)Servedoneachoftheotherparties:

§ (i)Withintendaysafterfiling,§ (ii)IfthepleadingisastatementofclaimthathasnotalreadybeenservedtheninaccordancewithDivision

3,Subdivision2.- (3)Apartymay,withoutthecourt’spermission,amendapleadingatanytimeifthepleadingis:

o (a)Astatementofdefenceinresponsetoanamendedstatementofclaim/counterclaim/thirdpartyclaim.o (b)Areplytoanamendedstatementofdefenceofanykind.

- (4)Aresponsepleadingreferredtoin(3)mustbe:o (a)Filed,ando (b)Servedoneachpartywithin10daysaftertheamendedpleadingwasserved.

- (5)Ifapartydoesnotfileandserveanamendedresponsetoanamendedpleading,thepartyisassumedtorelyonitsunamendedresponse.

- (6)ThissectiondoesnotapplytoproceedingsundertheClassProceedingsAct.

- Rule3.68CourtOptionstoDealwithSignificantDeficiencieso 3.68(1)Ifthecircumstanceswarrantandaconditionundersubrule(2)applies,theCourtmayorderoneormoreof

thefollowing:§ (a)Thatalloranypartofaclaimordefencebestruckout;

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§ (b)Thatacommencementdocumentorpleadingbeamendedorsetaside;§ (c)Thatjudgmentoranorderbeentered;§ (d)Thatanaction,anapplicationoraproceedingbestayed(canberesurrected).

o (2)Theconditionsfortheorderareoneormoreofthefollowing:§ (a)TheCourthasnojurisdiction;§ (b)Acommencementdocumentorpleadingdisclosesnoreasonableclaimordefencetoaclaim;

• Itappliestoallpleadings• Itdoesnotallowanyevidencetobesubmitted

§ (c)Acommencementdocumentorpleadingisfrivolous,irrelevantorimproper;§ (d)Acommencementdocumentorpleadingconstitutesanabuseofprocess;§ (e)Anirregularityinacommencementdocumentorpleadingissoprejudicialtotheclaimthatitis

sufficienttodefeattheclaim.o (3)Noevidencemaybesubmittedonanapplicationmadeonthebasisoftheconditionsetoutinsubrule(2)(b).

§ Ifyouhavecreatedyourstatementofclaim,youcannotsupplementit(ifthecourtsaysnoreasonablecauseofaction,youareF’d)

o (4)TheCourtmay:§ (a)strikeoutallorpartofanaffidavitthatcontainsfrivolous,irrelevantorimproperinformation§ (b)Strikeoutalloranypleadingsifapartywithoutsufficientcausedoesnot

• (i)Serveanaffidavitofrecordsinaccordancewithrule5.5• (ii)Complywithrule5.10,or

§ (iii)Complywithanorderunderrule5.11- Rule13.5ExtendingTimeLimits

o Whentherequestisreasonable,youmustextend§ Whatyoumustdecideisatwhatpointitbecomesunreasonableandstartstoprejudiceyourclient.

o Aclient'sinstructionscannotoverrideyourethicalobligations.§ Butatthesametime,yourequireyourclient’sconsent

o However,anextensionoftimeisnotautomatic-eventhoughitmustbegiven,youneedareplyfromtheother'scounselforittoapply

§ Ifyoudonotreceiveareply,theoriginaltimelinestillapplies.o Keepinmindifyouneedparticularstocomposeyourpleadings,youneedtoaskthecourtforfurthertimeinorder

tofileyourstatementofdefencebecauseassoonasyougetthestatementofclaimthe20daytimelimitbegins,evenifyoudidnotgetenoughparticulars

- Rule13.7PleadingsOtherRequirementso Youcannottakeanotherpartybysurpriseo Therearecertainpleadingsthatindicatethatapartymustgiveparticulars

§ Fraud,breachoftrust,defamationorbankruptcy,youmustgiveparticulars, which form party of the pleadings

AlbertavAltriaGroupInc,2015ABQB(TobaccoLitigation)PurposeandTestforParticulars

- PurposeofParticularso Eachpartyisentitledtoknowthecasethatisintendedtobemadeagainstit,butdoesn’tneedwholecase.o Particularshelptoensurethatlitigationisconductedfairly,openly,andwithoutsurprise.o Particularshelptonarrowthescopeoftheissuestobedecided,guidethediscoveryprocess,andhelptostreamline

thelitigationprocess.- LegalTestforanApplicationforParticulars:

o Defendantsmustshowthatthepleadingisdefectiveonitsfaceandthattheallegationsaresogeneralandvaguethattheneedforparticularsisevident.

§ Whilenotmandatory,anapplicationforparticularsshouldbeaccompaniedbyanaffidavitdisclosingtheapplicant’sneedforparticulars

§ Anorderforparticularsisdiscretionary- Factsvs.Evidence

o Materialfactsarefactsuponwhichthepartypleadingreliesforitsclaim,whereasevidenceconsistsofthemannerbywhichthosefactsaretobeproved.

- ParticularsinComplexCases:

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o Aplaintiffmustsufficientlyparticularizehisorherclaimsoastopermitthedefendantstoidentifytheirdefencesforthepurposeoffilingastatementofdefence.

o Thedemandsforparticularsshouldnotbepermittedtoturnintoadelayingtactic,orasubstituteforwhatcanbeobtainedthroughaNoticetoProduceRecordsorQuestioning.

- Casemanagementordersmaybemoreconducivetothelitigationprocedure

1021018AlbertaLtdvBazinet,2015ABQBResponsestoOrdersforFurtherParticulars

- DefendantAlreadyKnows:“HeKnows”o Thefactthatthedefendantalreadyknowsthefactsisnotalegalobjectiontotheplaintiff’sgivingparticulars.o Thedefendantisentitledtoknowtheplaintiff’sclaiminlaw.

- IncludesbutIsNotLimitedto:“Thepleadingsinclude,butarenotlimitedto”o Unstatedorunknownallegationsarenotfairtothedefendanto Recalltherulesofnaturaljustice

CHAPTER14:PROCEDUREONDEFAULT RelevantRules

- RecallRule3.31(3)(a)andRule13.5o Recallunder3.31(3)(a)adefendantinABhas20daystofileastatementofdefenceaftertheyhavebeenserviced,1

monthinCanadaand2monthsoutsideofCanada§ Ifthedefendantdoesnothingyoucanmoveontothenextstage

7.2ResponsibilitytoLawyersandOthers

1. LawyerofRecord–R2.252. Undertakings3. CodeofConduct

DefaultJudgment

- DefaultjudgmentinfavourofthePlaintiffbasedonaproceduraldefect(ie.Defendanthasdonenothing)o Thejudgmentisnotbasedonthemeritsofthecase

- CannotgetadefaultjudgmentifDefendanto hasfiledaclaimtosetasideserviceo isapplyingtostrikeouttheclaimunder3.68

- Ifyouhavemultipledefendants,youcannotesomeandnotothersindefault- AfterPlaintiffprovesserviceofStatementofClaim(ie.AffidavitofServiceisfiled)–“notautomatic”,havetoproveservice

o Ifclaimtorecoverpropertyorfordebtorliquidateddemand(FormDefaultJudgmentandBillofCosts)§ NorequirementtoNoteDefendantinDefault§ NoapplicationtoCourtrequired§ Enterjudgment(Rule3.39)

• Ie.DefaultJudgmentcanbeenteredimmediatelybytheclerkaslongasyouproveserviceofyourclaim,provethatthe20days(orotheroutsideofAlberta)hasexpired,andyoufiletheDefaultJudgmentForm

• EXCEPTION:IftheDefendanthasalitigationrepresentative,youwillnotbeabletodothis.o Forallotherclaims

§ NoteDefendantinDefault(Rule3.36)• RequesttheDefendanttobenotedindefault• That“freezesit”sothattheDefendantcannotfileaStatementofDefencelateron

§ ApplytotheCourttodeterminetheamountofthejudgment(Rule3.37)• Thisallowsjudgetoassesstheamountofdamagespayabletoyou

o Plaintiffentitledtoacostsawardineithercase–thisispartoftheformitselfRule3.36JudgmentinDefaultofDefenceandNotinginDefault(whathappensifStmofDefenceisnotfiledorstruck)

- Dependsonthetypeofclaimmade

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- (1)Subjecttosubrule(2),ifadefendantdoesnotfileastatementofdefenceordemandfornotice,orifthedefendant’sstatementofdefenceisstruckout,theplaintiffmay,onfilinganaffidavitofserviceofthestatementofclaim,

o (a)Enterjudgmentagainstthedefendantunderrule3.38[Judgmentforrecoveryofproperty]or3.39[Judgmentfordebtorliquidateddemand],or

o (b)Requirethecourtclerktoenterinthecourtfileoftheaction,inForm14,anotetotheeffectthatthedefendanthasnotfiledastatementofdefenceordemandfornoticeandconsequentlyisnotedindefault

§ Ifthepersonisrepresentedbyalitigationrepresentative,thisprocessdoesnotapply- (2)Ajudgmentindefaultoffilingastatementofdefencemustnot,withouttheCourt’spermission,beenteredagainsta

personwhoisrepresentedbyalitigationrepresentative.- (3)Ifthedefendanthasfiledbuthasnotservedastatementofdefenceordemandfornotice,theplaintiffmayapplytothe

Courtforacostsawardagainstthedefendantforanythingarisingfromthedefendant’sfailureo Note,theDemandfornoticeandStatementofDefencehavebeenFILEDbutNOTserved—youwillgenerallyget

yourcostawardRule3.37ApplicationforJudgmentAgainstDefendantNotedinDefault(determineamountofjudgment)

- donothavetotelltheDefendantwhatyouaredoing- (1)Theplaintiffmay,withoutnoticetoanyotherparty,onproofoftheplaintiff’sclaim,applytotheCourtforjudgmentin

respectofaclaimforwhichdefaultjudgmenthasnotbeenenteredifo (a)Oneormoredefendantsarenotedindefault,oro (b)Thedefendant’sstatementofdefenceisstruckout.

- (2)Inthecircumstancesdescribedinsubrule(1)theplaintiffisentitledtoacostsaward.o Makesurethatyouaddresscosts

- (3)TheCourtmaydooneormoreofthefollowing:o (a)Pronouncejudgment;o (b)Makeanynecessaryorder;o (c)Directadeterminationofdamages;o (d)Adjourntheapplicationandorderadditionalevidencetobeprovided;o (e)Dismisstheclaimorapartofit;o (f)Directthattheclaimproceedtotrialandthatnoticebeservedoneveryotherdefendant;o (g)Makeacostsawardinfavouroftheplaintiff.

Rule3.38JudgmentforRecoveryofProperty[EnterJudgment–noneedtonoteindefault]

- Subjecttorule3.41[Whennodefenceisfiledinaforeclosureaction],ifastatementofclaimincludesaclaimfortherecoveryofpropertyandoneormoredefendantsdonotfileastatementofdefenceordemandfornotice,theplaintiffmayenterjudgmentagainstthatdefendantorthosedefendantsfortherecoveryofthatproperty,andtheplaintiffisentitledtoacostsaward.

Rule3.39JudgmentforDebtorLiquidatedDamages(a#easilycalculated;SeeDefaultJudgmentForm)

- (1)Ifastatementofclaimincludesaclaimforadebtoraliquidateddemand,withorwithoutinterest,whetherasdebtordamages,andoneormoredefendantsdonotfileastatementofdefenceordemandfornoticeinresponsetothatclaimoranypartofit,theplaintiff

o (a)Mayenterjudgmentforasumnotexceedingtheamountinrespectofwhichnodefenceisfiledandtheinterestpayable,iftheinterestcalculationisbasedonasetrate,eitherunderanagreementoranenactment,and

o (b)Isentitledtoacostsaward.- (2)Inthisrule,“liquidateddemand”means

o (a)aclaimforaspecificsumpayableunderanexpressorimpliedcontractforthepaymentofmoney,includinginterest,notbeinginthenatureofapenaltyorunliquidateddamages,wheretheamountofmoneyclaimedcanbedeterminedby

§ (i)Thetermsofthecontract,§ (ii)Calculationonly,or§ (iii)Takinganaccountbetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant,

o (b)Aclaimforaspecificsumofmoney,whetherornotinthenatureofapenaltyordamages,recoverableunderanenactmentthatcontainsanexpressprovisionthatthesumthatisthesubjectoftheclaimmayberecoveredasaliquidateddemandorasliquidateddamages.

Rule3.40ContinuationofActionFollowingJudgment

- Ifjudgmentisenteredagainstsomebutnotalldefendantsunder:

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o (a)Rule3.36[Judgmentindefaultofdefenceandnotingindefault]o (b)Rule3.37[Applicationforjudgmentagainstdefendantnotedindefault],o (c)Rule3.38[Judgmentforrecoveryofproperty],oro (d)Rule3.39[Judgmentfordebtorliquidateddemand],o Theplaintiffmaycontinuetheactioninrespectofanydefendantagainstwhomjudgmentisnotentered.

Rule3.42LimitationonWhenJudgmentonNotinginDefaultMayOccur

- DespiteanythinginthisDivision,judgmentmaynotbeenteredagainstadefendantandadefendantmaynotbenotedindefaultifthedefendanthasfiledanapplicationthathasnotbeendecided

o (a)Tosetasideserviceofastatementofclaim,oro (b)Underrule3.68[Courtoptionstodealwithsignificantdeficiencies]tosetasideoramendastatementofclaim,to

strikeoutaclaim,ortostayanaction,applicationorproceeding.Rule9.15SettingAside,VaryingandDischargingJudgmentsandOrders

- Forthree-parttestin9.15(3),lookatPalincase- (1)Onapplication,theCourtmaysetaside,varyordischargeajudgmentoranorder,whetherfinalorinterlocutory,thatwas

madeo (a)Withoutnoticetooneormoreaffectedpersons(parties),oro (b)Followingatrialorhearingatwhichanaffectedpersondidnotappearbecauseofanaccidentormistakeor

becauseofinsufficientnoticeofthetrialorhearing- (2)UnlesstheCourtotherwiseorders,theapplicationmustbemadewithin20daysaftertheearlierof

o (a)Theserviceofthejudgmentororderontheapplicant,ando (b)Thedatethejudgmentororderfirstcametotheapplicant’sattention.

- (3)TheCourtmay,onanytermstheCourtconsidersjust,(appliestoDEFAULTJUDGMENTONLY—NOLIMITATIONAPPLIES)—whatisfair?

o (a)Permitadefencetobefiledbyapartywhohasbeennotedindefault,o (b)Setaside,varyordischargeajudgmentgranteduponapplicationagainstadefendantwhowasnotedindefault,

orwhosestatementofdefencewasstruckoutunderrule3.37,oro (c)Setaside,varyordischargeajudgmententeredindefaultofdefencebytheplaintifffortherecoveryofproperty

underrule3.38,orforadebtorliquidateddemandunderrule3.39.o Thissectiondoesnothaveanytimelimit,butinsteadthecasesestablishathree-parttest(strictlyincaselaw)

- (4)TheCourtmaysetaside,varyordischargeaninterlocutoryordero (a)Becauseinformationaroseorwasdiscoveredaftertheorderwasmade,o (b)Withtheagreementofeveryparty,oro (c)OnothergroundsthattheCourtconsidersjust

Rule13.5ExtendingTimeLines

- Whentherequestisreasonable,youmustextendo Whatyoumustdecideisatwhatpointitbecomesunreasonableandstartstoprejudiceyourclient.

- Aclient'sinstructionscannotoverrideyourethicalobligations.o Butatthesametime,yourequireyourclient’sconsent

- However,anextensionoftimeisnotautomatic-eventhoughitmustbegiven,youneedareplyfromtheother'scounselforittoapply

o Ifyoudonotreceiveareply,theoriginaltimelinestillapplies.- Keepinmindifyouneedparticularstocomposeyourpleadings,youneedtoaskthecourtforfurthertimeinordertofile

yourstatementofdefencebecauseassoonasyougetthestatementofclaimthe20daytimelimitbegins,evenifyoudidnotgetenoughparticulars

TLAFoodServicesv1144707AlbertaLtd.,2011ABQBLiquidatedDemand:Rule3.37,3.38&3.39

• Inthecaseofdebtorliquidateddemand,thejurisprudencehasestablishedthatsuchdefaultjudgmentisonlywhenanexactoreasilycalculableamountissuedfor.

• Defaultjudgmentfortherecoveryofpropertyshouldonlybeavailablewhenthepropertyiseasilyascertainable,withoutneedforacourtapplication

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ArgentvGray,2015ABQBTherewasmorethanoneDefendantNotinginDefault:Rule3.37

• NotinginDefaulto Thisisnotajudgmentoranorderforthepaymentofmoney

§ Allyouaredoingisallowingthenextsteptooccur§ Youhavetogetanordertoenforceit

o Itcannotberenewedo Havingbeennotedindefault,adefendantcannotpleadalimitationsdefence.

• GrantingofDefaultJudgment(stillrequirescourtadjudication)o (1)Adefendantwhoisnotedindefaultisdeemedtohaveadmittedtheallegationsoffactcontainedinthe

statementofclaim.§ TheycannotfileaStatementofDefence

o (2)Beforegrantingdefaultjudgment,thecourtmuststillinquireastowhetherthecauseofactionismadeoutinthestatementofclaim

§ Thecourtmaydirectahearingonthematter§ The(P)muststillprovetheirclaim

o (3)Adefendantwhohasbeennotedindefaultcannotadduceevidencetocontradictthefactsallegedinthestatementofclaiminthecourseofahearingfordamages.

o (4)Quantumofdamagesmaybeassessedonaffidavitevidence

PalinvDuxbury:asa(P)adefaultjudgmentdoesnotmeanyouare‘homefree’SettingAsideDefaultJudgment:Rule9.15(3)

- ThedeadlineinRule9.15(2)onlyappliesto9.15(1)andnot9.15(3)and(4).- (3Part)TestforSettingAsideDefaultJudgment:

o (a)Thedefendanthasanarguableortriabledefence.§ Cannotmerelyassertthatadefenceexists,itmustactuallybeevaluatedtobeatriabledefence.

• Hastohavesomevalidityorsubstantialrealitytothatdefenceo (b)Thedefendantdidnotdeliberatelyletjudgmentgobydefaultandhassomeexcuseforthedefault.o (c)Afterlearningofthedefault,thedefendantmovedpromptlytoopenitup.

§ Meredelaywillnotabeabartoanapplicationunlessirreparableinjurywilldonetotheplaintiff,orthedelayhasbeenwillful

§ Eventhoughthereisno20-daytimelimitationinsettingasidedefault,theymustactquickly

CHAPTER15:PLEADINGSSUBSEQUENTTOSTATEMENTOFCLAIM ThreeStrategiesforStatementsofDefence

1. Denial2. ReducetheamountpayabletothePlaintiff(byfilingcounterclaim)3. Defendantcanaccusesomeoneelseofcausingthedamage

ResponsesinaStatementofDefence

- Thinkaboutadmissions–Defendantmustadmitallegationsthataretrueo Oncetheyadmitallegations,theyaredeemedtobetrueandyoudonothavetoproveitattrialo Ifyoudonotadmitallegationsthatyoushouldhave,costscouldbeawardedagainstyou

- Denialallegations–ie.mayadmitthattherewasacontract,butdenythatthegoodswereactuallydeliveredo Allegationsthataredeniedmustbeprovedattrialo Theremaybesituationswhereyoudenyeverything,buttherulesaresuchthatyoucannotsimplydenyeverything

becausetheCourtwantsyoutoworktowardsresolutionofissues- Affirmativedefences–canadmitafactfromStatementofClaim,butprovideotherfacts(thatiftheyarecorrect),would

allowtheDefendanttodefeattheclaimo Canbepleadasanalternativeo Whennewmattersareraised,thePlaintiffwillfileareply

- Mustalsostatetheremedysought

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Defendant’sProcedureRule3.30ADefendant’sOption

- Adefendantservedwithastatementofclaimcan:o Setasideservice(Rule11.31)

§ Tosetasideservice,mustdothisbeforefileaStatementofDefenceorDemandofNoticeo Applytohavesignificantdeficienciesremedies(Rule3.68)

§ Timecontinuestorun,therefore,musthavesomeagreementwiththeotherpartythatyoudonotgetnotedindefaultwhileyouarewaitingtobringthisapplication

o Fileandserveastatementofdefence(Rule3.31)ordemandfornotice(Rule3.34)1.DemandforNoticeRule3.34DemandforNoticebyDefendant

- (1)Ifthedefendantfilesademandfornotice,thedemandmustbeinForm13.- (2)Thedefendantmustfilethedemandfornoticeandserveitontheplaintiffwithintheapplicabletimeafterserviceofthe

statementofclaimonthedefendant.- (3)Theapplicabletimeis

o (a)20daysifserviceiseffectedinAlberta,o (b)OnemonthifserviceiseffectedoutsideAlbertabutinCanada,ando (c)2monthsifserviceiseffectedoutsideCanada.

- (4)Ifthedefendantfilesademandfornoticeandservesitontheplaintiff,thedefendantmustbeservedwithnoticeofanyapplicationorproceedinginwhichthedefendantisnamedasrespondent,butfilingandserviceofthenoticedoesnotgivethedefendantarighttocontestliability.

- (5)Ifadefendantfilesademandfornoticeandservesitontheplaintiff,thedefendantmaysubsequentlyfileastatementofdefenceonlywiththeCourt’spermission.

- (6)Judgmentoranordermaybegivenagainstadefendantwhohasfiledandservedademandfornoticeonlyifo (a)TheplaintiffappliestotheCourtforjudgmentoranorder,ando (b)Noticeoftheapplicationisservedonthedefendant.

DefaultJudgmentvDemandforNoticeDefaultJudgment

- AfterPlaintiffprovesserviceofStatementofClaim(AffidavitofService)–Rule3.36(1)Enterjudgmenttorecoverpropertyorfordebtorliquidateddemand,OR(2)Noteindefault…If(2),thenPlaintiffmaythenapplyforjudgmentwithoutnoticetoanyotherparty(Rule3.37)

DemandforNotice

- AfterDefendantfilesandservesDemandforNotice(Rule3.34)o DefendantcannotcontestliabilityBUTmaycontestamountofjudgment(quantum)

(1)Mustbeservedwithnoticeofanyapplication(2)PlaintiffmustapplytoCourtforjudgment

BellvGrandeMountainApartments,(1984)50AR372(QB)Thefilingofademandnoticehasbeenheldtoresultinapartiallydefendedaction.StatementofDefencevDemandforNotice

- Inastatementofdefence,theDefendantisdenyingliabilityanddenyingresponsibilityforthedamages(andpotentiallydisputingthequantumofdamages).

- Inademandfornotice,theDefendantisnotdenyingliability,buttheyaredenyingquantumoraskingtheCourttoadjudicatethedamages.

2.StatementsofDefenceRule3.31StatementofDefence(mustincludeparticulars)

- 3.31(1)Ifadefendantfilesastatementofdefence,thestatementofdefencemusto (a)BeinForm11,ando (b)ComplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13[TechnicalRules],Division3[Pleadings].

- (2)Thedefendantmustfilethestatementofdefenceandserveitontheplaintiffwithintheapplicabletimeafterserviceofthestatementofclaim.

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- (3)Theapplicabletimeis(nowhereinthissectionthatsaysthatRule13.15doesnotapply)o (a)20daysifserviceiseffectedinAlberta,o (b)OnemonthifserviceiseffectedoutsideAlbertabutinCanada,ando (c)2monthsifserviceiseffectedoutsideCanada

Rule13.12DenialofFacts

- Everyfactinapleadingisdeniedifthefactisnotadmittedinanotherpleadingfiledbyapartyoppositeininterest.- Adenialofafactinapleadingmustmeetthepointofsubstance.

Rule13.6

- (2)Apleadingmuststateanyofthefollowingmattersthatarerelevant:o (a)Thefactsonwhichapartyrelies,butnottheevidencebywhichthefactsaretobeproved;o (b)Amatterthatdefeats,orraisesadefenceto,aclaimofanotherparty;

§ IfyouwanttopleadtheLimitationsAct,youmustpleadasadefence§ Ifyouwanttopleadcontributorynegligence,youmustspecificallypleadtheContributoryNegligenceAct

o (c)Theremedyclaimed,including§ (i)Thetypeofdamagesclaimed,§ (ii)Totheextentknown,theamountofgeneralandspecialdamagesclaimed,orifeitherorbotharenot

known,anestimateoftheamountorthetotalamountthatwillbeclaimed,§ (iii)Astatementofanyinterestclaimed,includingthebasisfortheinterest,andthemethodofcalculating

theinterest,and§ (iv)Costs,includinganyknownspecialcosts.

- (3)Apleadingmustalsoincludeastatementofanymatteronwhichapartyintendstorelythatmaytakeanotherpartybysurprise,including,withoutlimitation,anyofthefollowingmatters:

o (a)Breachoftrust;o (b)Duress;o (c)estoppel;o (d)Fraud;o (e)Illegalityorinvalidityofacontract,includingthegrounds;o (f)Maliceorillwill;o (g)Misrepresentation;o (h)Payment;o (i)Performance;o (j)Release;o (k)Undueinfluence;o (l)Voluntaryassumptionofrisk;o (m)Waiver;o (n)Lackofcapacityorauthority;o (o)Wilfuldefault;o (p)Tenderofpayment;o (q)Alimitationperiod;o (r)Aprovisionofanenactment.

Rule10.33(2)(b):CourtConsiderationsinCostAwards(PunitiveCostAwards)

- (2)Indecidingwhethertoimpose,denyorvaryanamountinacostsaward,theCourtmayconsideralloranyofthefollowing:

o (a)Theconductofapartythatwasunnecessaryorthatunnecessarilylengthenedordelayedtheactionoranystageorstepoftheaction;

o (b)Aparty’sdenialoforrefusaltoadmitanythingthatshouldhavebeenadmitted;§ ie.refusingtoadmitsomethingthatyoushouldhaveadmittedcouldresultincostsagainstyou

o (c)Whetherapartystartedseparateactionsforclaimsthatshouldhavebeenfiledinoneactionorwhetherapartyunnecessarilyseparatedthatparty’sdefencefromthatofanotherparty;

o (d)Whetheranyapplication,proceedingorstepinanactionwasunnecessary,improperoramistake;o (e)Anirregularityinacommencementdocument,pleading,affidavit,notice,prescribedformordocument;o (f)Acontraventionofornon-compliancewiththeserulesoranorder;o (g)Whetherapartyhasengagedinmisconduct’

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Rule4.01(2)oftheCodeofConduct4.01(2)Whenactingasanadvocate,alawyermustnot:

a) abusetheprocessofthetribunalbyinstitutingorprosecutingproceedingsthat,althoughlegalinthemselves,areclearlymotivatedbymaliceonthepartoftheclientandarebroughtsolelyforthepurposeofinjuringtheotherparty;

b) takeanystepintherepresentationofaclientthatisclearlywithoutmerit;c) unreasonablydelaytheprocessofthetribunal;d) knowinglyassistorpermitaclienttodoanythingthatthelawyerconsiderstobedishonestordishonourable;e) appearbeforeajudicialofficerwhenthelawyer,thelawyer’sassociatesortheclienthavebusinessorpersonal

relationshipswiththeofficerthatgiverisetoormightreasonablyappeartogiverisetopressure,influenceorinducementaffectingtheimpartialityoftheofficer,unlessallpartiesconsentanditisintheinterestsofjustice;

f) endeavourorallowanyoneelsetoendeavour,directlyorindirectly,toinfluencethedecisionoractionofatribunaloranyofitsofficialsinanycaseormatterbyanymeansotherthanopenpersuasionasanadvocate;

g) knowinglyattempttodeceiveatribunalorinfluencethecourseofjusticebyofferingfalseevidence,misstatingfactsorlaw,presentingorrelyinguponafalseordeceptiveaffidavit,suppressingwhatoughttobedisclosedorotherwiseassistinginanyfraud,crimeorillegalconduct;

h) knowinglymisstatethecontentsofadocument,thetestimonyofawitness,thesubstanceofanargumentortheprovisionsofastatuteorlikeauthority;

i) knowinglyassertastrueafactwhenitstruthcannotreasonablybesupportedbytheevidenceorasamatterofwhichnoticemaybetakenbythetribunal;

j) introduceorotherwisebringtothetribunal’sattentionfactsorevidencethatthelawyerknowstobeinadmissible;k) makesuggestionstoawitnessrecklesslyorknowingthemtobefalse;permitorparticipateinapaymentorother

benefittoawitnessinexcessofreasonablecompensation;counselawitnesstogiveevidencethatisuntruthfulormisleading;

l) deliberatelyrefrainfrominformingatribunalofanyrelevantadverseauthoritythatthelawyerconsiderstobedirectlyonpointandthathasnotbeenmentionedbyanotherparty;

m) improperlydissuadeawitnessfromcommunicatingwithotherpartiesorfromgivingevidence,oradviseawitnesstobeabsent;

n) knowinglypermitawitnessorpartytobepresentedinafalseormisleadingwayortoimpersonateanother;o) discussthetestimonyofawitnesswithapersonexcludedbythetribunalduringsuchtestimony;p) knowinglymisrepresenttheclient’spositioninthelitigationortheissuestobedeterminedinthelitigation;q) needlesslyabuse,hectororharassawitness;r) whenrepresentingacomplainantorpotentialcomplainant,attempttos) gainabenefitforthecomplainantbythreateningthelayingofacriminalchargeorbyofferingtoseekortoprocurethe

withdrawalofacriminalcharge;t) needlesslyinconvenienceawitness;oru) appearbeforeacourtortribunalwhileundertheinfluenceofalcoholorv) adrugorwhenitmaybereasonablyforeseenthatthelawyerwillbeunableforanyreasontoprovidecompetent

services.

C(L)vAlberta,2011ABQB12StatementofDefence:KindandNatureofDefence

- Defendantswillberequiredtodisclosetheirpositionandstatetheirdefencessoonerratherthanlater.- Defendantsarestillentitledtodefendactionsagainstthemvigorouslyandtomaintainanyandalldefencesthatarenot

unreasonableorfrivolousandcanwithstandsummaryjudgmentapplication

BarcelonavEinarsonStepMandatedbytheRules:

- Athingthatmateriallyorsignificantlyadvancesanaction.EffectofFilingaStatementofDefence:

- Afiledstatementofdefenceisnotacompletedstepsoitmaynotbeimmunefromanexaminationdeterminingwhetheritactuallyadvancedthematter

o Youneedtoserve- UnderRules3.36and3.39:FilingaStatementofDefenceactsasabartoNotinginDefaultanddefaultjudgment(itfreezes

thefile)- Underthenewrules,filingaStatementofDefenceisnotacompletedstepmovingtheactionforwardbutisanegation;it

preventstheactionfrommovingforwardincertainways.

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NOTE:Undertheoldrules,thefilingofaStatementofDefenceresetthetimeperiodfordelay.CounterclaimAdditionalOptionsfortheDefendantRule3.32DefendantservedwithStatementofClaimmaydooneormoreofthefollowing:

1. Fileaco-defendantclaim(Rule3.43)2. Fileathirdpartyclaim(Rule3.44)3. Fileacounterclaim(Rule3.56)

NOTE:TortfeasorsAct,ContributoryNegligenceActCounterclaim:RelevantRulesRule3.32andRulesPart3,Division3,Subdivision7Rule3.56RighttoCounterclaim

- 3.56(1)Adefendantmay,bycounterclaim,fileaclaimagainsto (a)Aplaintiff,oro (b)Theplaintiffandanotherpersonwhethertheotherpersonisapartytotheactionbytheplaintiffornot

- (2)Athirdpartydefendantmay,bycounterclaim,fileaclaimagainsttheplaintiff,defendantorthirdpartyplaintiff,oranycombinationofthem,withorwithoutanyotherperson,whethertheotherpersonisapartytotheactionornot

Rule3.57ContentsofCounterclaim

- Acounterclaimmusto (a)BeinForm21,o (b)ComplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13[TechnicalRules],Division3[Pleadings],ando (c)Befiledandservedonthedefendant-by-counterclaimwithinthesametimeperiodthattheplaintiff-by-

counterclaimmustfileastatementofdefenceunderrule3.31(2)[Statementofdefence].§ (a)20daysifserviceiseffectedinAlberta,§ (b)OnemonthifserviceiseffectedoutsideAlbertabutinCanada,and§ (c)2monthsifserviceiseffectedoutsideCanada

Rule3.58StatusofCounterclaim

- acounterclaiminanindependentactiono theseactionscontinueon,theyaretheirownactiono whenyousettle,youmustsettletheclaimandthecounterclaim

Rule3.59ClaimingSettingOff

- Amatterthatmightbeclaimedbyset-offmaybeclaimedbycounterclaimorbypleadingset-offasadefenceRule3.60ApplicationofRulestoCounterclaim

- 3.60(1)Exceptwhenthecontextortheserulesotherwiseprovide,arulethatappliestoorinrespectofo (a)Aplaintiffappliesequallytoorinrespectofaplaintiff-by-counterclaimandathirdpartyplaintiff-by-

counterclaim,o (b)Adefendantappliesequallytoorinrespectofadefendant-by-counterclaimandathirdpartydefendant-by-

counterclaim,ando (c)Apleadingrelatedtoaclaimmadebystatementofclaimappliesequallytoorinrespectofapleadingrelatedto

acounterclaim.- (2)Ifthedefendant-by-counterclaimdoesnotfileastatementofdefenceordemandfornoticeinrespectofacounterclaim,

ajudgmentonthecounterclaimmaybeobtainedonlywiththeCourt’spermissionafternoticeoftheapplicationhasbeenservedonthedefendant-by-counterclaim

SetOff

HoltvTelford,1987SCC- Set-offatlaw(statutorysetoff)[Itisusuallyusedasadefence]

o (1)Bothobligationsmustbedebts,i.e.liquidatedobligationo (2)Bothdebtsmustbemutualcrossobligations,i.e.owedtothepartythatowesandviceversa.

§ Anyassignmentwoulddestroymutualityatlaw,becausethedebtwouldnowbeowedtoathirdparty

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- Set-offinEquity:o [Noneedforeitherliquidatedobligationsornorequirementofmutuality.]o (1)Adebtwhichaccruesduebeforenoticeofanassignmentisreceived,whetherornotitispayablebeforethat

date,maybesetoffagainsttheassignee,oro (2)Adebtwhicharisesoutofthesamecontractasthatwhichgivesrisetotheassigneddebt,oriscloselyconnected

withthatcontract,maybesetoffagainsttheassignee.§ Thecross-claimsformoneymustbeconnectedorinterrelatedinsomemannerthatwouldmakeitunjust

topermitonepartytoenforcepaymentwithoutaccountingfortheexistenceoftheotherclaim.Summary:Tofileacounterclaim,youhavetofileaStatementofDefencebecauseonlyaDefendantcanbringacounterclaim.WhathappensitthatthePlaintiffbecomesDefendantbyCounterclaimandDefendantbecomesPlaintiffbyCounterclaim.CounterclaimsandLimitationsActSection6(2)

- (2)Whentheaddedclaimo (a)Ismadebyadefendantintheproceedingagainstaclaimantintheproceeding,oro (b)Doesnotaddorsubstituteaclaimantoradefendant,orchangethecapacityinwhichaclaimantsuesora

defendantissued,- Theaddedclaimmustberelatedtotheconduct,transactionoreventsdescribedintheoriginalpleadingintheproceeding

Section6(4)

- Whentheaddedclaimaddsorsubstitutesadefendant,orchangesthecapacityinwhichadefendantissued,o (a)Theaddedclaimmustberelatedtotheconduct,transactionoreventsdescribedintheoriginalpleadinginthe

proceeding,ando (b)Thedefendantmusthavereceived,withinthelimitationperiodapplicabletotheaddedclaimplusthetime

providedbylawfortheserviceofprocess,sufficientknowledgeoftheaddedclaimthatthedefendantwillnotbeprejudicedinmaintainingadefencetoitonthemerits

NB:Onthecounterclaim,youcannotusethedefaultjudgmentrulesatall.

LittleDudeRanchv1229122AlbertaLtd,2014ABQBRATIO:IfyouarenotaDefendant,youcannotbecomeaPlaintiffbycounterclaim.IfthePlaintiffswanttoamendtoaddthatpersonasaDefendant,thentheycould(butwhywouldtheydothis).Rule3.56CounterclaimtoAddNon-DefendantasPlaintiff-by-Counterclaim

- AdvancingaCounterclaimo 3.56(1):Onlyadefendantcanadvanceacounterclaim.

§ Thereisnoprovisionforanyonewhoisastrangertothecasetofileacounterclaim- RequirementsforAdvancingaCounterclaim

o (1)Theapplicationmustbemadebyaparty.o (2)Thecourtmustbesatisfiedthatanordershouldbemade.o (3)Theremustbenoprejudicethatcouldnotberemedied.

ThirdPartyClaimandNoticetoCo-DefendantRulesPart3,Division3,Subdivision5and6BasisoftheClaimImportantConcepts

1. Indemnity–thirdpartypaysfullcompensation+costsofPlaintiff+Defendant’scostsa. agentandprincipalrelationships,insurancecontracts,guarantees,vicariousliability

2. Compensation–thirdpartypayspartofthejudgment

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TortfeasorsAct- AllowsaclaimfromonedefendanttoanotherpersonwhoisresponsibleforthesamedamagetothePlaintiffeventhough

thePlaintiffhasnotnamedthemasaDefendant.ContributoryNegligenceAct

- Atcommonlaw,ifaPlaintiffwascontributorynegligent,thenitwasacompletedefencetotheentireclaim.Thisisharsh.o TheActoverridesthecommonlawsayingthatcontributorynegligenceisnotanall-or-nothingdefence.

- Atcommonlaw,aPlaintiffcouldsueanynumberofdefendantsandcangetthefullamountfromanyonedefendant.Thisisapreferencethatputstheriskwiththedefendants,ratherthantheplaintiff.

o Italsomakesthedefendantsjointlyandseverallyliableforthedamages,butthedefendantscangototheothersclaimingtheymustpaytheirportionofthejudgment.

Co-DefendantClaimRule3.43HowtomakeaclaimagainstaCo-Defendant(TORTONLY)3.43–Howtomakeaclaimagainstco-defendant–defendantliablebutsomeoneelseistoo(needtohavecertainstatutesapplythough)Theotherpersonmustalreadybeadefendant,youmustbeseekingcontributionorindemnityunderoneofthestatutesbelow

- Tobringaco-defendantclaimyoumustbedealingwithatortandthisisNOTAPLEADING- Tohaveaco-defendantclaim,theTortfeasorsActortheContributoryNegligenceActmustapply.Thisisastatutoryclaim.

o Thesestatutesrequirethatthedamagesufferedbetheresultofatortorcontributorynegligence,whichmeansthataco-defendantclaimcannotariseforcontractsorothercausesofaction

o ContributoryNegligenceActsaysthatinsteadofcompletelybarringtheactionifplaintiffcontributedtonegligence,thecourtcanapportionfaultandreducetheamountthattheplaintiffreceiveswhentheyarepartlyatfault

§ The$$$isdividedbasedonfaulto TortfeasorsActmakesconcurrenttortfeasorsjointlyandseverallyliableforthesameamountofdamagestothe

plaintiff§ Intentionistomovetheriskandenforcementofajudgmentfromtheplaintiffsontothedefendants§ JointlyandSeverally:meansthattheplaintiffcanexecutethefullamountofthejudgmentagainstanyone

ofthedefendants(individually)§ Thatdefendantwillhavetotrytorecoverfromtheotherdefendant

- Thedefendantcanclaimcontributionorindemnity,orboth,againstaco-defendant.o Contribution:Theco-defendantmustcontributetowardsthejudgmentobtainedagainstthedefendant.o Indemnity:Theco-defendantmustfullyindemnifythedefendantforwhatthedefendantpaidtotheplaintiff,plus

costofallparties(makesthemwhole)o Arisesoutofcertainrelationships(ie.Contractual,agent/principal,guarantor/principledebtor,insurance,vicarious

liabilityofemployers)- 3.43(1)Adefendantwhowantstomakeaco-defendantclaimmayfileandserveonaco-defendantanoticeclaiminga

remedyundertheaboveacts[3.43(1)(a)]o (b)Neitherthedefendantnortheco-defendantneedfileapleadinginrespectofaclaimordefenceunderthose

ActsunlesstheCourtotherwiseorders,ando (c)Athirdpartyclaimneednotbefiledandservedontheco-defendant

- 3.43(2)Thenoticeclaimingcontributionmustbefiledandservedontheco-defendantwithin20daysafterthedateonwhichthedefendantfilesthestatementofdefenceordemandfornotice

ThirdPartyClaimRule3.44Whenathirdpartyclaimmaybefiled(filingagainstnon-party)

- Canbeatort,breachofcontract,etc- Youarebringingtheminbecausetheybreachedadutydirectlytothe(P)whichcausedthesameinjuriesthe(P)claimswere

causedbythe(D)- Commonlaw:breacheddutiesowedtothedefendant,whichcausedtheinjuriestothe(P)

o BoththeDefendantandthethirdpartycausethesamedamage- EXAMPLE:A:Consumer;B:Retailer;C:Manufacturer- A’sphoneblowsupandhesuesBinnegligence

o HefilesaSoCagainstB—negligenceo BbringsathirdpartyclaimagainstCbecauseCowesadutytoA.

§ UndertheTFact

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o Underthecommonlaw(thirdpartyclaim),BbringaclaimagainstCfordamagesrelatedtothedamagesheissufferingasaresultofthesuitfromA

o BcanbringanindependentclaimagainstCforthebreachofK- 3.44Adefendantorthirdpartydefendantmayfileathirdpartyclaimagainstanotherpersonwho

o (a)Isormightbeliabletothepartyfilingthethirdpartyclaimforallorpartofthe(P)’sclaimagainstthatparty,§ Liabilitytotheplaintiff’sclaim

o (b)Isormightbeliabletothepartyfilingthethirdpartyclaimforanindependentclaimarisingoutof§ (i)Atransactionoroccurrenceorseriesoftransactionsoroccurrencesinvolvedintheactionbetweenthe

plaintiffandthedefendant,or§ ii)Arelatedtransactionoroccurrenceorseriesofrelatedtransactionsoroccurrences,

• Oro (c)[Aperson]Shouldbeboundbyadecisionaboutanissuebetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant

§ Itcouldarisewhereapersonhasadutytoindemnifyanotherperson- THISISAPLEADING…thereforerule13.6applies

o Ifitisapleading,thenrule13.6appliesandyoumustconform- Thethirdparty,isapartytotheentireaction

Rule3.45FormofThirdPartyClaim(thisisapleading)

- Athirdpartyclaimmust:o (a)BeinForm16,o (b)ComplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13[TechnicalRules],Division3[Pleadings],o (c)Befiledandservedontheplaintiffandthethirdpartydefendant,whetherornotthethirdpartydefendantis

alreadyapartytotheaction,§ (i)Within6monthsafterthedateonwhichthedefendantfiledastatementofdefenceordemandfor

notice,and• The6monthsisnotalimitationperiod—thisisatimelimit• UnderRule13.5youcangetthistimelimitvaried

§ (ii)Beforejudgmentisenteredagainstthedefendantorthedefendantisnotedindefault,• And

o (d)Beaccompanied,whenitisservedonthethirdpartydefendant,withacopyofthestatementofclaimservedonthedefendant.

Example:A(purchaser)buyse-cigarettesfromB(vendor).Cisthemanufacturerofthee-cigarettes.E-cigaretteblowsupandAisinjured.Asaresult,AsuesBclaimingnegligenceforsellingAe-cigarettesthatcausedAdamage.Options:

1. CbreachedadutyandcausedinjuriestoAandthesearethesameinjuriesthatAissayingBisresponsiblefor(TortfeasorsAct).[tort]

a. Thirdpartyclaimbecomesmorelikeaflow-throughbecauseifAhadn’tbeeninjured,therewouldbenoresponsibilityfromCtoA.AnyresponsibilityofCflowsthroughB.

2. Underthecommonlaw,CalsobreachedadutytoB.ThiscausesaninjurytoBbecausetheyarebeingsuedbyA.[tort]a. Alsoflow-through.

3. Atthesametime,BcanalsoclaimathirdorindependentactionfromC.[contract] a. ThisisindependentbecauseBcouldalwayssueCevenifnodirectdamagehadhappened

**Thirdpartyclaimsallowsyoutobringallthesethreeclaimsintoonethirdpartyclaim.Rule13.6(2)Whatapleadingmustinclude

- (2)Apleadingmuststateanyofthefollowingmattersthatarerelevant:o (a)Thefactsonwhichapartyrelies,butnottheevidencebywhichthefactsaretobeproved;o (b)Amatterthatdefeats,orraisesadefenceto,aclaimofanotherparty;o (c)Theremedyclaimed,including

§ (i)Thetypeofdamagesclaimed,§ (ii)Totheextentknown,theamountofgeneralandspecialdamagesclaimed,orifeitherorbotharenot

known,anestimateoftheamountorthetotalamountthatwillbeclaimed,§ (iii)Astatementofanyinterestclaimed,includingthebasisfortheinterest,andthemethodofcalculating

theinterest,and§ (iv)Costs,includinganyknownspecialcosts

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Rule3.46ThirdPartyDefendantbecomesParty

- 3.46(1)Onserviceofathirdpartyclaim,o (a)Thethirdpartydefendantbecomesapartytothe(entire)actionbetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant,ando (b)Allsubsequentproceedingsintheactionmustnamethethirdpartyasapartyintheactionbetweentheplaintiff

andthedefendant.- (2)Thepleadingsbetween:

o (a)thedefendantandthethirdpartydefendant,ando (b)Athirdpartyplaintiffandathirdpartydefendant,

§ Formpartofthecourtfilebetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant- (3)AthirdpartyclaimmustbetriedwiththeotherclaimsintheactionunlesstheCourtotherwiseordersunderrule3.71

[Separatingclaims]o Resjudicataapplies

Rule3.47ThirdPartyDefendant’sOptions

- Athirdpartydefendantmaydooneormoreofthefollowing:o (a)ApplytotheCourttosetasideserviceinaccordancewithrule11.31[Settingasideservice];

§ Thesamerulesapplyforservingcommencementdocumentstoathirdpartyo (b)ApplytotheCourtforanorderunderrule3.68[Courtoptionstodealwithsignificantdeficiencies]withrespect

tothethirdpartyclaim;§ Ifthethirdpartyclaimisnotfiledaccordingtopleadingrules13.6(2)

o (c)ApplytotheCourtforanorderunderrule3.68[Courtoptionstodealwithsignificantdeficiencies]withrespecttotheplaintiff’sstatementofclaim;

o (d)FileastatementofdefenceordemandfornoticeRule3.48Plaintiff’sOption

- AplaintiffinanactioninwhichathirdpartyclaimisfiledmayapplytotheCourtforanorderunderrule3.68[Courtoptionstodealwithsignificantdeficiencies]withrespecttothethirdpartyclaim

Rule3.49ThirdPartyStatementofDefenceandAdditionalOptions

- 3rdpartymayfileastatementofdefencedisputingthedefendant’sliabilitytotheplaintifforitsliabilityassetoutinthethirdpartyclaim

- The3rdpartycanalsomakeitsownco-defendantclaimorcounterclaim[Rule3.49(4)]o Asaresult,the3rdpartyappearstoweartwohatsandcanpursueaclaim/defenceagainsttheplaintiffand

defendant§ (1)Astatementofdefencebyathirdpartydefendant

• MustbeinForm17,• MustcomplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13[TechnicalRules],Division3[Pleadings],

and• Maydisputeeitherorbothofthefollowing:

o thedefendant’sliabilitytotheplaintiff,or§ DefendantnotliablesoI’mnoteither

o thethirdpartydefendant’sliabilitydescribedinthethirdpartyclaim.§ DefendantisliablebutI’mnotliable

§ (2)Ifathirdpartydefendantfilesastatementofdefence,thethirdpartydefendantmustfileitandserveitoneachoftheotherpartieswithintheapplicabletimeafterserviceofthethirdpartyclaimonthethirdpartydefendant.

§ (3)Theapplicabletimeis• 20daysifserviceisinAlberta• 1monthinCanada• 2monthsoutsideCanada

Rule3.50DemandNoticebyThirdPartyDefendant

- (1)AdemandfornoticebyathirdpartydefendantmustbeinForm18.- (2)Ifathirdpartydefendantfilesademandfornotice,thethirdpartydefendantmustfileitandserveitoneachoftheother

partieswithintheapplicabletimeafterserviceofthethirdpartyclaimonthethirdpartydefendant.- (3)Theapplicabletimeis:

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o (a)20daysifserviceiseffectedinAlberta,o (b)onemonthifserviceiseffectedoutsideAlbertabutinCanada,and

- (c)2monthsifserviceiseffectedoutsideCanadaRule3.51EffectofDemandforNotice

- (1)Ifathirdpartydefendantfilesandservesademandfornotice,thethirdpartydefendantmustbeservedwithnoticeofanyapplicationinwhichthethirdpartydefendantisnamedasrespondent.

- (2)Judgmentmaybeenteredagainstathirdpartydefendantwhohasfiledandservedademandfornoticeonlyifo (a)ThethirdpartyplaintiffappliestotheCourtforjudgment,ando (b)Noticeoftheapplicationisservedonthethirdpartydefendant.

- (3)Ifathirdpartydefendantfilesandservesademandfornotice,thethirdpartydefendantmaysubsequentlyfileastatementofdefenceonlywiththeCourt’spermission

Rule3.52ConsequencesofNotFiling3rdPartyStatementofDefence

- 3.52(1)Ifathirdpartydefendantdoesnotfileastatementofdefencedisputingtheliabilityofthedefendanttotheplaintiff,thethirdpartydefendantadmitsthevalidityofanyjudgment[admittingliability]thattheplaintiffobtainsagainstthedefendant,whetherobtainedbyagreementorotherwise.[Settlementorjudgment]

- (2)Ifathirdpartydefendantdoesnotfileastatementofdefencedisputingthethirdpartydefendant’sliabilitytothethirdpartyplaintiffunderthethirdpartyclaim,thethirdpartydefendantadmitsliabilitytotheextentclaimedinthethirdpartyclaim

Rule3.53JudgmentAgainstThirdPartyDefendant

- (1)TheCourtmaygivejudgmentagainstathirdpartydefendantifthethirdpartydefendantdoesnotfileastatementofdefence.

- (2)JudgmentagainstadefendantmustbesatisfiedbeforejudgmentisenforcedagainstathirdpartydefendantunlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.

- (3)Anapplicationbyadefendanttoenforceajudgmentagainstathirdpartydefendantundersubrule(2)musto (a)BeinForm19,ando (b)Beservedontheplaintiffandthethirdpartydefendant.

Rule3.55ApplicationofRulestoThirdPartyClaims

- Exceptwhenthecontextortheserulesotherwiseprovide,arulethatappliestoorinrespectofo (a)Aplaintiffappliesequallytoorinrespectofathirdpartyplaintiff,o (b)Adefendantappliesequallytoorinrespectofathirdpartydefendant,ando (c)Apleadingrelatedtoaclaimmadebyastatementofclaimappliesequallytoorinrespectofapleadingrelated

toathirdpartyclaim.

CanadianNaturalResourcesLtdvArcelormittalTubularProductsRomanSAThirdpartyclaimsforcontributionunderthecommonlaw

- Mustallegefactsthatcouldsupportafindingthatthethirdparty’sbreachofdutytothedefendantcausedthedefendanttosufferdamagethatisrelatedtothedamagethattheplaintiffclaimsitsufferedasaresultofthedefendant’sbreachofthedutytotheplaintiff.

ThirdpartyclaimsforcontributionundertheTortfeasorsAct

- Thirdpartyclaimmustallegefactsthatcouldsupportafindingthatthethirdparty’sbreachofdutycausedtheplaintifftosufferthesamedamagethattheplaintiffclaimsitsufferedasaresultofthedefendant’sbreachofdutytotheplaintiff.

IndependentThirdPartyClaims

- Anindependentthirdpartyclaimariseswhenthethirdpartybreachesadutyowedtothedefendant,whichcausesthedefendanttosufferlossesthatarefactuallyrelatedtothelossessufferedbytheplaintiff.

o Asopposedtotruethirdpartyclaim,anindependentonearisesfromunrelatedmattersandisnotdependentontheoutcomeoftheplaintiff’sactionagainstthedefendant.

ClaimsforcontributionundertheRules

- Rule3.44(a)–thisruleisassertedtorecoveraclaimforcontributionunderthecommonlawortheTortfeasorsAct- Rule3.44(b)allowsthirdpartyclaimstobefiledagainstapartywhoisormightbeliabletothepartyfilingthethirdparty

claimforanindependentclaimifitissufficientlyrelated

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- Rule3.44(c)allowsathirdpartyclaimtobefiledagainstapartywhoshouldbeboundbyadecisionaboutanissuebetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant

O’ConnorAssociatesEnvironmentalIncvMECOPLLC,2014ABCA140FACTS:July30,2012,NEPCanadapurchasedanumberofoilandgasassetsfromMerit.Plaintiffallegesthatafterthetransactionclosed,itdiscoveredanumberofinaccuraciesinthedescriptionoftheassetsithadpurchasedanditsuedvendorsfordamages.TheStatementofDefencepleadstheagreementofpurchaseandsaleasaresponse.Itpleadsanumberof“wholeagreement”provisionsandallegesthattheassetsweresold“asis–whereis”withoutanyrepresentations.Italsopleadedthatplaintiffreliedonitsownduediligence,notonanyrepresentations.Respondents(defendants)issuedaThirdPartyClaimagainstthreeadvisorsandconsultantswhohadassistedtheplaintiffduringtheduediligenceprocess.AlsobroughtanapplicationtoamendtheThirdPartyClaimtoincludeaclaimofcontribution,ineventthatboththerespondentsandthethirdpartiesarefoundtohavebeennegligent.Casemanagementjudgeallowedtheamendmentsandalsoconcludedthatitwasreasonablypossiblethatthecourtcouldholdthethirdpartiespartlyresponsiblefortheplaintiff’sdamage,andthatthereforetheyshouldbeboundbythedecision.ThiswassufficienttofallunderRule3.44.DECISION:Thereisnorealisticprospectofanyfindingsbeingmadeinthislitigationthatwouldengagethethirdpartiessufficientlytowarranttheextraexpense,complexity,anddelaythatwillbecausedbythesethirdpartynotices.Thirdpartynoticesandamendmentalleginganindependentdutyarestruck.ANALYSIS:FailuretoDiscloseaCauseofActionAnypleadingcanbestruckoutunderR3.68(2)(b)ifitdisclosesnoreasonableclaimordefencetoaclaim.TestfromImperialTobacco.Consider(i)clarityofthefactualpleadings,(ii)existenceofcaselawdiscussingthesameorsimilarcausesofaction,(iii)thecourtsmustbecarefulnottoinhibitdevelopmentofthecommonlawbyapplyingtoostrictatesttonovelclaims,and(iv)courtsmustresistthetemptationtosendeverycasetotrial.DutyofCareTherewasnocontractualorotherrelationshipbetweenthethirdpartiesandtherespondents.Thethirdpartieswereselected,retained,instructed,andpaidbytheplaintiff.Theirproximityastotheplaintiff,nottherespondents.Nodutyofcareowedtoresps.ScopeofThirdPartyClaimsThispresentcaseisnotonewherethedesirabilityofhavingthethirdparties“bound”justifiestheuseofthethirdpartyprocedure.LimitationsActSection3(1.1)AtortfeasormustseekcontributionundertheTortfeasorsActSection3(1)(c)asajointtortfeasororotherwisewithin:

- (a)2yearsaftero (i)Thelaterof

§ (A)Thedateonwhichtheclaimant[ie.DEFENDANT]wasservedwiththepleading,and§ (B)Thedateonwhichtheclaimant[ie.DEFENDANT]firstkneworoughttohaveknownthatthedefendant

[ie.THIRDPARTY]wasliableforcontribution(meaning,theyknowtheywillbeaddingathirdpartytotheclaim)

• Thisisifthepleadingwasservedo (ii)2yearsafterthedateonwhichtheclaimantfirsthadorinthecircumstancesoughttohavehadknowledgeof

thedefendantbeingliableforcontributioniftheclaimantwasnotservedwithapleading.§ ForpleadingthatisNOTserved

- (b)OrtenyearsaftertheclaimforcontributionaroseReplyRule3.33ReplytoDefence

- 3.33(1)Aplaintiffmayfileareplytoastatementofdefence.- (2)Iftheplaintifffilesareply,thereplymust

o (a)beinForm12,ando (b)complywiththerulesaboutpleadingsPart13,Division3

- (3)Theplaintiffmustfilethereplyandserveitonthedefendantwithin10daysafterserviceofthestatementofdefenceontheplaintiff.

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Rule3.54Plaintiff’sreplytothirdpartydefence- 3.54(1)Aplaintifforthirdpartyplaintiffmayfileareplytoastatementofdefencefiledbyathirdpartydefendant.- (2)Ifaplaintifforthirdpartyplaintifffilesareply,thereplymust

o (a)BeinForm20,o (b)ComplywiththerulesaboutpleadingsinPart13[TechnicalRules],Division3[Pleadings],ando (c)Befiledandservedonthethirdpartydefendantandeachoftheotherpartieswithin10daysafterserviceofthe

statementofdefencebythethirdpartydefendantontheplaintiff.

PART TWO: DISCOVERY OF RECORDS

CHAPTER16:SCOPEOFTHEDISCLOSUREOBLIGATION - recordandoraltestimonyofparties- recordandoraltestimonyofnon-parties- recordandoraltestimonyofexpert

DisclosureofInformation

- Disclosureofrecords- Questioning–Incivilproceedings,thereareverylimitedexceptionstoquestionsthatyoudonothavetoanswer

o Itisverybroadcomparedtoevidenceo ThisisquestioningunderPart5andisverybroad;however,questioningonAffidavitinPart6isdifferent

Whatisarecord?

- Record(fromAppendix):Arepresentationof,orarecordof,anyinformation,dataorotherthingthatis,oriscapableofbeingrepresentedorreproducedvisuallyorbysound,orboth.

o RecordscanincludeFacebookprofiles,whereapartymustproduceanyofhisFacebookpostingsthatrelatetoanymatteratissueinanaction(Leducv.Roman[2009]O.J.No.681)

o RecordscanincludeaYouTubevideoRule5.1Purposeof[Disclosure]FiveReasonsforDisclosureofInformation:AppliestoRecordsandQuestioning

- 5.1(1)Withinthecontextofrule1.2[Purposeandintentionoftheserules],thepurposeofthisPartiso (a)Toobtainevidencethatwillbereliedonintheaction,

§ Whenyouquestionsomeoneandtheyadmittoit,younolongerneedtoproveitattrial§ Ex:SoD—WhenMr.Franklinadmitteditwashiscar,youstillmayask,“Isthisyourcar?”thenitisproved

fortrialandnolongeraliveissueo (b)Tonarrowanddefinetheissuesbetweenparties,

§ Ifyoukeepbeatingadeadhorse,youmayhavecostsawardedagainstyouo (c)Toencourageearlydisclosureoffactsandrecords,

§ Rule13.6youpleadthefactsandavoidthefacts;therecordsarewhattheyareandyoumustdisclosethis;thedeterminationcomesoutinthewashlater

o (d)Tofacilitateevaluationoftheparties’positionsand,ifpossible,resolutionofissuesindispute,and§ Youaretryingtodisclosethisbecausethisgiveryouanopportunitytoseethewholepictureandsettleor

atleastenhancedecisionmakingo (e)Todiscourageconductthatunnecessarilyorimproperlydelaysproceedingsorunnecessarilyincreasesthecost

ofthem.§ Givesanendtothesearchformore

- 5.1(2)TheCourtmaygivedirectionsormakeanyordernecessarytoachievethepurposeofthisPartRule5.2WhenSomethingisRelevantandMaterialAppliestoRecordsandQuestioning:[DISCLOSURETEST]

- 5.2(1)ForthepurposesofthisPart,aquestion,recordorinformationisrelevantandmaterialonlyiftheanswertothequestion,ortherecordorinformation,couldreasonablybeexpected

o (a)Tosignificantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissuesraisedinthepleadings,or§ Tiesbacktothepleadings,ifithelpssortoutthepleadings,itisrelevantandmaterial

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o (b)Toascertainevidencethatcouldreasonablybeexpectedtosignificantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissuesraisedinthepleadings.

§ Thedutyofdeterminingwhatisrelevant,lieswiththepartydisclosing§ Itisbettertotakeabroadapproach

- 5.2(2):ThedisclosureorproductionofarecordunderthisDivisionisnot,byreasonofthatfactalone,tobeconsideredasanagreementoracknowledgmentthattherecordisadmissibleorrelevantandmaterial

o Youarenotprejudicebyproducingarecord—thisdoesn’tmeanwhatyouproduceis100%admissibleANDitmaynotactuallyberelevant

§ Disclosuredoesnotmeanthattheinformationisadmissible• Ie.disclosureandusearedifferent

§ YourjobistomakesurethereiscompletedisclosureRule5.3ModificationorwaiverofthisPart

- 5.3(1)TheCourtmaymodifyorwaiveanyrightorpowerunderaruleinthisPartormakeanyorderwarrantedinthecircumstancesif

o (a)apersonactsorthreatenstoactinamannerthatisvexatious,evasive,abusive,oppressive,improperortediouslylengthy,or

o (b)theexpense,delay,dangerordifficultyincomplyingwitharulewouldbegrosslydisproportionatetothelikelybenefit.

- (2)Inadditiontomakingaproceduralorder,theCourtmaydoanyoneormoreofthefollowing:o (a)makeacostsawardunderPart10[Lawyers’Charges,RecoverableCostsofLitigation,andSanctions]orrequire

anadvancepaymentagainstcostspayable,orboth;o (b)increaseordecreasetheamountofinteresttowhichapersonisentitled;o (c)orderfuturequestioningtobeconductedbeforeajudge,masterorpersondesignatedbytheCourt;o (d)makeanyotherorderrespectingtheactionoranapplicationorproceedingtheCourtconsidersnecessaryinthe

circumstancesRule5.4AppointmentofaCorporateRepresentative

- 5.4(1)UnlesstheCourtotherwiseorders,everycorporationthatisapartymustappointacorporaterepresentative.- 5.4(2)Corporaterepresentativesmust:

o (a)InformthemselvesofrelevantandmaterialrecordsandrelevantandmaterialinformationbeforebeingquestionedunderthisDivision,

o (b)IfquestionedunderthisDivision,bringtothequestioninganyrecordslikelytoberequiredinrespectofwhichthereisnoclaimofprivilege,and

o (c)Giveappropriateevidenceoftherelevantandmaterialrecordsandrelevantandmaterialinformation.- 5.4(3)Thecorporaterepresentative’sevidenceisevidencegivenbythecorporation.- 5.4(4)Onapplication,theCourtmayordercorporaterepresentativestoinformthemselvesofrelevantandmaterialrecords

orrelevantandmaterialinformation,orboth.- 5.4(5)TheCourtmayappointacorporaterepresentativeforapartythatisacorporationifthepartyhasnotdoneso.- 5.4(6)TheCourtmayappointanadditionalorasubstitutecorporaterepresentativeforapartythatisacorporationif

o (a)Anappointedcorporaterepresentativeisnotsuitable,oro (b)Anappointedcorporaterepresentativefailedtoinformhimselforherselfofrelevantandmaterialrecordsand

relevantandmaterialinformationbeforebeingquestionedRule5.6FormandContentofAffidavitofRecords

- 5.6(1)Anaffidavitofrecordsmust:o (a)beinForm26,ando (b)discloseallrecordsthat:

§ (i)arerelevantandmaterialtotheissuesintheaction,and§ (ii)areorhavebeenundertheparty’scontrol.

- 5.6(2)Theaffidavitofrecordsmustalsospecifyo (a)Whichoftherecordsareunderthecontrolofthepartyonwhosebehalftheaffidavitismade,o (b)Whichofthoserecords,ifany,thepartyobjectstoproduceandthegroundsfortheobjection,o (c)Forthoserecordsforwhichthereisnoobjectiontoproduce,anoticestating

§ (i)Thetimewhentherecordmaybeinspected,whichmustbewithin10daysaftertheaffidavitisserved,and

§ (ii)Theplacewheretherecordmaybeinspected,whichmustbe

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• (A)Theaddressforserviceofthepartyservingtheaffidavit,• (B)AplaceagreedonbythepartiesororderedbytheCourt,or• (C)Iftherecordisinconstantuse,theplacewhereitisusuallykept,

o (d)Whichrelevantandmaterialrecordsthepartypreviouslyhadundertheparty’scontrol,and§ (i)Thetimewhen,andthemannerinwhich,thoserecordsceasedtobeunderthatparty’scontrol,and§ (ii)Thepresentlocationoftherecords,ifknown,and

o (e)Thatthepartydoesnothaveandhasneverhadanyotherrelevantandmaterialrecordundertheparty’scontrol.

- 5.6(3)Ifapartydoesnothaveandhasneverhadanyrelevantandmaterialrecordsundertheparty’scontrol,theaffidavitmustsayso

Rule5.25Appropriatequestionsandobjections

- 5.25(1)Duringquestioning,apersonisrequiredtoansweronlyo (a)relevantandmaterialquestions,ando (b)questionsinrespectofwhichanobjectionisnotupheldundersubrule(2).

- 5.25(2)Apartyorawitnessbeingquestionedmayobjecttoanoralorwrittenquestionduringquestioningbutonlyforoneormoreofthefollowingreasons:

o (a)Privilege;o (b)Thequestionisnotrelevantandmaterial;o (c)Thequestionisunreasonableorunnecessary;o (d)Anyothergroundrecognizedatlaw.

- 5.25(3)Acorporaterepresentativemayobjecttoanoralorwrittenquestionduringquestioningonthebasisthatitwouldbeundulyonerousforthecorporaterepresentativetoinformhimselforherselfinthecircumstances.

- 5.25(4)IfanobjectiontoaquestioncannotberesolvedtheCourtmustdecideitsvalidity.- 5.25(5)Afterthequestioningpartyhasfinishedquestioningaperson,thatpersonmaybequestionedbythepartyforwhom

thepersonisormaybeawitnesstoexplain,elaborateorprovidecontextforananswerinitiallygiven.- 5.25(6)Followinganswerstotheexplanatory,elaborativeorcontextualquestions,thepersonmaybequestionedagain

abouttheperson’sanswersRelevantandMaterialInformation:CaseLaw

KaddouravHanson,2015ABCA154- thereisnofixedstandardofwhatis“material”- Discoverywillnotbepermittedifitscostsisgrosslydisproportionatetoanylikelybenefit:R5.3(1)(b)- Oneofthepurposesofdiscoveryistonarrowanddefinetheissuesbetweentheparties:R5.1(1)(b)

LeducvRoman,[2009]OJNo681FACTS:Claimantwasclaiminglossofenjoymentoflife(can'tplaysportsanymore,etc),meanwhilepostingpicturesofthemselvesplayingsportsonFacebook.Defencemovedforseveralproduction-relatedordersincluding(i)interimpreservationofallinformationcontainedonMr.Leduc’sFacebookprofile,(ii)productionofallinformationontheFacebookprofile,and(iii)theproductionofaswornSupplementaryAffidavitofDocuments.DECISION:ApartymustproduceanyofhisFacebookpostingsthatrelatetoanymatterinissueinanaction.ANALYSIS:

- Facebookstuffwaspotentiallyrelevantandmaterial–dependingonwhat’sinyourpleadings- Pleadingsframeyouraction:askingfordamagesforcertainthingsthatyouallegehashappened,andeverythingyouposton

Facebookthatrelatetothosepleadings(likewhatyoucanandcannotdo),islikelyrelevantandmaterialo Ifyoutalkaboutyourinjuriesortheirbusinessonblogsetc.,thatbecomesfairgameo CourtmayrequiresomeonetoproducetheharddriveontheircomputerandthenanITpersoncancheckito Rule5.2(2)saysthatjustbecauseyouhavedisclosedorproducedarecordyouarenotadmittingthattherecordis

admissible(i.e.meettherulesofevidencethatwouldberequiredincourt,sothereisnotalotofprejudicetoyourclienttoproducethese)

- PartyObligationstoDiscloseo Eachpartyhasanobligationtodiscloseeverydocumentrelatingtoanymatterinissueinanactionthatisorhas

beeninpossession,control,orpoweroftheparty.

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- Theonusforreviewingdocumentstodeterminetheirrelevancerests,inthefirstinstance,withthepartybearingtheobligationtoproduce

TheExceptionforPrivilegedInformation

- EvenwhereinformationisrelevantandmaterialRule5.2,anexceptiontohavingtodisclosetherelevantandmaterialinformationislegalprivilege.

Solicitor-ClientPrivilegeIntroduction

- Legalprivilegebelongstotheclient,whocanwaivethisprivilege.- UndertheABCodeofProfessionalConduct,alawyerhasadutytokeeptheirclient’sbusiness,interestsandaffairsacquired

inthecourseoftheirprofessionalrelationship.- Rationaleforlegalprivilege:

o Allowslawyerstodotheirjobmoreeffectively,andinturn,promotesthepublicinterestintheproperandfairadministrationofjustice

o Arighttoprivacy;arighttobeletalone;arighttounfetteredfreedom,incertainnarrowlyprescribedrelationships- Legalprivilegeappliestocorporateandcommercialtransactions,familyrelationships,civillitigation,criminalcharges,family

secrets,companysecretsandpersonalindiscretions- Smithv.Jones,[1999]1S.C.R.455

TheWigmoreTest(ElementsoftheDutyofConfidentiality)

- Fornon-lawyers,thedisclosureofpotentiallyrelevantandmaterialinformationunder5.2willnotberequiredwherethefollowingelementsarepresent:

o Communicationsmustoriginateinconfidence.o Elementofconfidentialitymustbeessentialtotherelationshipbetweentheparties.o Relationshipmustbeonewhichoughttobefostered.o Theinterestsservedbyprotectingthecommunicationsfromdisclosureoutweightheinterestofpursuingthetruth

anddisposingcorrectlyofthelitigationHowcansolicitor-clientprivilegebewaived?

- Onlytheclientcanwaiveit,asprivilegebelongstotheclient- Mostcasesrequireanintentiontowaive,butaclientmayinadvertentlywaiveprivilegebybringingintoquestionhisstateof

mind(ie.relianceonlegaladvice)orrelyingonaprivilegecommunicationinapleading- Generally,waiveris“allornothing”foreachrecordordocument

Whatisthe“continuumoflegaladvice”?

- Legalprivilegeremainsintactforlegaladvicecommunicatedwithinclientorganization- Notnecessarythatthecommunicationspecificallyrequestorofferadvice,aslongasitcanbeplacedwithinthecontinuum

ofcommunicationinwhichthelawyertendersadviceTestforSolicitor-ClientPrivilege:SoloskyvTheQueen

1. Acommunicationbetweenasolicitorandclient2. …whichentailstheseekingorgivingoflegaladvice,and3. …whichisintendedtobeconfidentialbytheparties.

WhatSolicitorClientPrivilegeAppliestoALLCOMMUNICATIONS

- Notes- Correspondences- Conversations–anytimeyoutalktotheclientordoanythingfortheclient- Producingrecordsandquestions

TwoExceptionswhereSolicitorClientPrivilegewillNOTberespected

1. Communicationswhichareinthemselvescriminalorwhichcounselacriminalacta. Ie.thelawyeradvisestheclienttoconcealevidence.b. SCCtalksaboutwhereasituationmayarisewhereapsychiatristcouldbreachtheprivilegewiththeirclient

i. Forexample,aclienttellsthemthattheyhaveaschemetoabductandmurderpeople.

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ii. Ethics–wheredoyoudrawtheline?2. Informationthatisnotcommunicatedbutisevidenceofanactdonebycounselorastatementoffact

a. Cannothidefactsinyourfileandcoverthemwithan“aura”ofprivilegeExample:Whenyouaredoingmortgageworkandyouareactingforthemortgagorandthemortgagee,youhavetodiscloseeverythingtothebothofthembecauseyouhavesolicitor-clientprivilegewithbothofthem.

Alberta(InformationandPrivacyCommissioner)vUniversityofCalgary,2016SCC53INTRODUCTION:Legislativelanguagepurportingtoabrogate,setasideorinfringesolicitor-clientprivilegemustbeinterpretedrestrictivelyandmustdemonstrateaclearandunambiguouslegislativeintenttodoso.Privilegecannotbesetasidebyinference.However,courtisnotabandoningmodernapproachtointerpretation.FOIPP

- S2(c)individualhavearightofaccesstopersonalinformationaboutthemselvesthatisheldbyapublicbodyo Thisdoesnotgrantunfetteredaccesstorecords

- S56(3)Despiteanyotherenactmentoranyprivilegeofthelawofevidence,apublicbodymustproducetotheCommissionerwithin10daysanyrecordorcopyofanyrecord…

ISSUE:Whethersection56(3)ofFOIPPrequiresapublicbodytoproducetotheCommissionerrecordoverwhichsolicitor-clientprivilegeisclaimed,toreviewthevalidityoftheclaim.DECISION:Anyprivilegeofthelawofevidenceisnotsufficientlyclearandprecisetosetasideorpermitaninfringementofsolicitor-clientprivilege.ANALYSIS:Withoutassuranceofconfidentiality,peoplecannotbeexpectedtospeakhonestlyandcandidlywiththeirlawyers,whichcompromisesthequalityoflegaladvicetheyreceive.Itshouldonlybesetasideinthemostunusualcircumstances.Privilegebelongstotheclient.S-Cprivilegehasevolvedfromaruleofevidencetoaruleofsubstance.Thesubstantiveruleexpandedthecircumstancesinwhichsolicitor-clientprivilegeappliesandintroducedprotectionsgoverningwhentheprivilegecanbeabrogated,setaside,orinfringed.Thepresentcaseengagessolicitor-clientprivilegeinitssubstantive,ratherthanevidentiary,context.LitigationPrivilege

- Litigationprivilegeapplieswherethedominantpurposeforcreatingtherecordwasforlitigation(althoughthisdoesnotneedtobetheonlypurpose)

o Donotneedtohavealegalactionstarted–couldbeincontemplationoflitigation§ Example:reconstructionofanaccidentpriortobeingsued

LizottevAvivaInsuranceCoofCanada,2016SCC52p.129FACTS:MsLizotteisarepofQuebec’sinsuranceregulator.Inthecourseofaninquiry,MsLizotteaskedAvivatoproduceitscompleteclaimfile,statingthattheinvestigationcouldnotbecompletedotherwise.Avivarefusedsayingthatitwasprotectedbylitigationprivilege.Theregulatoryfiledamotionforfullproduction,arguingthestatutoryobligationunderQuebec’sAct…DECISION:TheSCCdismissedtheregulator’smotion.ANALYSIS:Courtconfirmedlitigationprivilegedoesexisttofacilitateaprocess,butitisstillaclassprivilegeandlikeallclassprivileges,oncetheconditionsforitsapplicationaremet,thereisapresumptionofnon-disclosure.Notcase-by-case.Courtalsodismissedtheregulator’sargumentthatlitigationprivilegemustbesubjectedtoabalancingtest,andcourtsmustassesstheharmresultingfromupholdingtheprivilegeagainstopposinginterests.Courtsaidthiswouldbeakintofindinglitigationprivilegeisacase-by-caseprivilegeandwouldunderminetheconfidenceofthosetheprivilegeprotects.Finally,theCourtrejectedtheargumentthatAvivashouldn’tbepermittedtoassertlitigationprivilegeagainstapartynotinvolvedinlitigation–particularlyaregulatorwithlegislativeinvestigativepowers,confidentialityobligations,andlimitstofurtherdisclosure.TheCourtfoundtheargumentunconvincingbasedontheriskofdisclosurebythethirdparties.,unintendedwaiver,andtheriskstoeffectivepreparationforlitigation.Itconfirmedthatlitigationprivilegecanbeassertedagainst“anyone,includingadministrativeorcriminalinvestigators”.Courtalsoconfirmedpresumptionthatalegislaturedoesn’tintenttochangefundamentalCLrules,suchasthoserelatinglitigationprivilege,withoutclearandexplicitprovisions.

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SettlementPrivilege- Anycommunicationswrittenforthepurposeofattemptingtoreachasettlementareprivileged.Privilegeappliestorecords

released“withoutprejudice”orwherethereisacontractualagreementtheyremainprivileged.o Cannotbedisclosedwithouttheconsentofbothparties–Bellatrix

UnionCarbideCanadavBombardierInc,2014SCC- Settlementprivilegeisacommonlawruleofevidencethatprotectscommunicationsexchangedbypartiesastheytryto

settleadisputeo Sometimescalledthe"withoutprejudice"rule,itenablespartiestoparticipateinsettlementnegotiationswithout

fearthatinformationtheydisclosewillbeusedagainsttheminlitigation- Settlementprivilegeappliesevenintheabsenceofstatutoryprovisionsorcontractclauseswithrespecttoconfidentiality,

andpartiesdonothavetousethewords"withoutprejudice"toinvoketheprivilege- Theruleissimple,anditisconsistentwiththegoalofpromotingsettlements- Acommunicationthathasledtoasettlementwillceasetobeprivilegedifdisclosingitisnecessaryinordertoprovethe

existenceorthescopeofthesettlement

BellatrixExplorationLtdvPennWestPetroleumLtd,ABCASettlementPrivilegeandExceptions

- SettlementPrivilegeRationale- Promotetheresolutionofdisputesbyprecludingsettlementdiscussionsfromlaterbeingusedtoprejudicetheparties.- SettlementPrivilegeRequirements

o (1)Theexistence,orcontemplation,ofalitigiousdispute.o (2)Anexpressorimpliedintentthatthecommunicationwouldnotbedisclosedtothecourtintheevent

negotiationsfailed.o (3)Thepurposeofthecommunicationmustbetoattempttoeffectasettlement.

- Oncethetestismet,theprivilegemustbegivenbroadscopeandattachtoallcommunicationsthatarereasonablyconnectedtotheparties’negotiations.

- Exceptionso Preventdoublerecovery.o Wherethecommunicationsareunlawful(example:athreat)o Toprovethatasettlementwasreachedo Settlementpostureofthepartiesmaygotowardscosts.o Whereexclusionofcommunicationwouldfacilitateanabuseofprivilege,oranotheroverridinginterestofjustice

requiresit.Requirescompellingblameworthyormeritoriousconducto Itmayapplytocosts

Case-by-CasePrivilege

- OthertypesofprivilegerecognizedbytheCourts- Maybeappliedtocommunicationsbetweendoctorandpatient,priestandparishioner,etc.- DeterminedonacasebycasebasisusingtheWigmoreelements

AMvRyan,1997SCCFACTS:Patientsuingherpsychiatristforsexualassaultandisnowseeinganewpsychiatrist.Defendantpsychiatristwantedtheinformationfromtheplaintiff’smeetingswiththenewpsychiatrist.DECISION:Courtorderedthatthenewpsychiatristdisclosurerecordshadtobedisclosed.ANALYSIS:Thecommonlawprinciplesunderlyingtherecognitionofprivilegefromdisclosurearesimplystated.Theyproceedfromthefundamentalpropositionthateveryoneowesageneraldutytogiveevidencerelevanttothematterbeforethecourt,sothatthetruthmaybeascertained.GoesthroughtheWigmoreTest:

(1)Thecommunicationmustoriginateinaconfidence(2)Theconfidencemustbeessentialtotherelationshipinwhichthecommunicationarises.(3)Therelationshipmustbeonewhichshouldbe"sedulouslyfostered"inthepublicgood.(4)Ifalltheserequirementsaremet,thecourtmustconsiderwhethertheinterestsservedbyprotectingthecommunicationsfromdisclosureoutweightheinterestingettingatthetruthanddisposingcorrectlyofthelitigation.

- ThecourtreviewedSection8oftheCharter

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- ThecourtalsoreviewedSection15oftheCharter- Inthiscase,thefourthelementofthetestwasnotmet.

StringamDeneckyLLPvSunMediaCorp,2016ABQB692–p.143

WigmoreFactors:(1) Therelationshipmustoriginateinaconfidencethatthesource’sidentitywillnotbedisclosed;

Neitherthejournalistnorthesource‘owns’theprivilege,aswouldaclientinalawyer-clientcommunication.MET(2) anonymitymustbeessentialtotherelationshipinwhichthecommunicationarises;

Itisnotclearwhyanonymityshouldbeessentialtothe‘disclosure’ofapublicdocumenttoajournalist.ButwillingtoaccepttheJournalist’sevidenceatfacevalueandaccept,thattheJournalisthasmetthissecondcriterion.

(3) therelationshipmustbeonethatshouldbesedulouslyfosteredinthepublicinterest;andTherelationshipbetweenajournalistandaconfidentialsourceisarelationshipthattheCourtrecognizesoughttobezealouslyprotectedintheinterestsofexposingthetruth.MET

(4) thepublicinterestservedbyprotectingtheidentityoftheinformantmustoutweighthepublicinterestingettingatthetruth.(a)natureoftheinformationsought(b)probativevalueoftheevidence(c)centralityoftheissuetotheproceedings(d)thestageofproceedingsinGlobeandMail(e)whetherthejournalistisawitnessoraparty(f)whetherthefacts,information,ortestimonyareavailablebyothermeans(g)degreeofpublicimportanceofthestory(h)whetherthestoryhasalreadybeenpublishedandisinthepublicdomain(i)generally,thepublicinterestinprotectingtheparticularjournalist-sourcerelationship.(j)Considerationofwhereonuslies–itiseasiertokeepasourceconfidentialifitisatsomebodyelse’sexpense.Bothself-interestandanadherencetohigherprinciplearethenaligned.ItmayberelevantwhetherprotectioninthepublicinterestwillmeanthatthePlaintifflosesthepowertoproveitscase,orwhetheradefenceofthepersonassertingtheconfidentialityisimpaired.

DECISION:THeforegoingconsiderationsfavourdisclosure.Disclosureisnotqualified.ItissubjecttotheexpressundertakinginR5.33andisonlytothePlaintiffanditscounselandnottothepublicatlarge.TherightoftheDefendant’stoobjecttotheadmissibilityofthisevidenceisreserved.Waiver

- Privilegemustbewaivedbytheclientandcanbedonetwoways:o Purposefulintentiono Inadvertently–e.g.bybringingintoquestiontheclient’sstateofmindORbyrelyingonprivilegedcommunications

inpleadings(suchasbyreferringtolegaladvicenotpreviouslydisclosed).- Waivertendstobeallornothingwhereifyouwaiveprivilege,youmustdisclosetheentirerecord

SturgeonLakeIndianBandvCanadaAG,2015ABCA- Themaingroundofappealisthatthecasemanagementjudgeerredindeterminingthatthestatementofclaimraisedissues

thatexpresslyorimpliedlywaivedthesolicitor-clientprivilege- Itisclearthattheissuearguedbeforethecasemanagementjudgewaslimitedtowhetherornottherefusedundertakings

wererelevantandmaterialtothepleadingsand,ifso,whethersolicitor-clientprivilegewaswaived- Toestablishthatprivilegehasbeenwaived,itmustbeshownthat:

o (i)Thepresenceorabsenceofthelegaladviceismaterialtothelawsuit;ando (ii)Thepartywhoreceivedthelegaladvicemustmakethereceiptofitanissueintheclaimordefence

- TheappellantsassertthatAlbertawaitedmanyyearsbeforechallengingtheprivilegednatureofthesolicitor-clientrecordso TheyrelyonRule5.3(1)(b)oftheAlbertaRulesofCourtwhichpermitsvariationofanapplicant'srighttoproduction

ofrecordswhendelayis"grosslydisproportionatetothelikelybenefit"o Thisruleappliestodocumentproductionwhichisnotatissueinthisappeal

CHAPTER17:DISCLOSUREOFRECORDS Rule5.2WhenSomethingisRelevantandMaterial(seeabove)

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- Arecordcouldreasonablybeexpected:o Tosignificantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissuesraisedinthepleadings,oro Toascertainevidencethatcouldreasonablybeexpectedtosignificantlyhelpdetermineoneormoreoftheissues

raisedinthepleadingsSeeRule5.3and5.4inChapter16.Rule5.5WhenanAffidavitofRecordsmustbeserved

- 5.5(1)Everyparty[notjustplaintiff]mustserveanaffidavitofrecordsoneachoftheotherpartiesinaccordancewiththetimeperiodspecifiedinsubrule(2),(3)or(4).

o TheyservetheAffidavitofRecords,NOTFILE(becauseallyouaredoingisgivinginformation)o Theaffidavitofrecordisasworndocument

§ Therefore,itistheclientwhoisliable.o Itisallabouttheconceptofcontroloverrecordso Itdoesn’trequirephysicalcustody—itrequirestocontroltoobtain

- 5.5(2)Theplaintiffmustserveanaffidavitofrecordsoneachoftheotherpartieswithin3monthsafterthedatetheplaintiffisserved[notfiled]withastatementofdefence,orthefirststatementofdefenceifmorethanoneisserved.

- 5.5(3)Thedefendantmustserveanaffidavitofrecordsoneachoftheotherpartieswithin2monthsafterthedatethedefendantisservedwiththeplaintiff’saffidavitofrecords.

- 5.5(4)Athirdpartydefendantwhohasfiledastatementofdefencemust,within3monthsafterthatfiling,serveanaffidavitofrecordsoneachoftheotherparties.

- NOTEunder13.5youcanvarythetimelimitRule5.6(seeabove)FormandContentofAffidavitofRecord

- 5.6(2)(a)Whichoftherecordsareunderthecontrolofthepartyonwhosebehalftheaffidavitismade,o (b)Whichrecordsthepartyobjectstoproduceandthegroundsforobjectiono (c)Setoutrecordswherethereisnoobjectiontoproduce:

§ (i)mustgivetimewhenrecordmaybeinspected,whichmustbewithin10daysafteraffidavitisserved§ (ii)theplacewheretherecordmaybeinspected

o (d)Whichrelevantandmaterialrecordsthepartypreviouslyhadundertheparty’scontrol,ando (e)Thatthepartydoesnothaveandhasneverhadanyotherrelevantandmaterialrecordunderitscontrol

- 5.6(3)HavetostatethatyouneverhadanyrelevantandmaterialrecordsHealthInformationAct

- custodiansofrecords–physicians,hospitals,pharmacistso theyhaveanobligationanddutytokeepinformationconfidentialandtheyalsohaveanobligationtodiscloseit

FOIPP–thisisprovinciallegislation

- appliestogovernment,tomunicipalities,toacademicinstitutions,andsomerecordsinhospitalso generally,allowspeopleaccesstotheirownpersonalinformationandsomehealthinformation

- thereisalsoafederalversionRule5.7ProducibleRecords

- 5.7(1)Eachproduciblerecordinanaffidavitofrecordsmusto (a)Benumberedinaconvenientorder,ando (b)Bebrieflydescribed.

- 5.7(2)Agroupofrecordsmaybebundledandtreatedasasinglerecordifo (a)Therecordsareallofthesamenature,ando (b)Thebundleisdescribedinsufficientdetailtoenableanotherpartytounderstandwhatitcontains

Rule5.8RecordsforWhichThereisanObjectiontoProduce

- 5.8Eachrecordinanaffidavitofrecordsthatapartyobjectstoproducemustbenumberedinaconvenientorder,andtheaffidavitmustidentifythegroundsfortheobjectioninrespectofeachrecord

Rule5.9WhoMakesAffidavitsofRecords

- 5.9(1)Subjecttosubrule(2),anaffidavitofrecordsmustbeswornbyo (a)Theparty,

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o (b)Ifthepartyisacorporation,bythecorporation’scorporaterepresentative,oro (c)Ifalitigationrepresentativeisappointedforaparty,bytheparty’slitigationrepresentative.

- 5.9(2)Asuitableperson,otherthanthelawyerofrecordoftheparty,maysweartheaffidavitofrecordsifo (a)Itisinconvenientfortheparty,thecorporaterepresentativeorthelitigationrepresentativetodoso,ando (b)ThepartiesagreeortheCourtsoorders.

- YouasthelawyerneversignanaffidavitofrecordRule5.10SubsequentDisclosureofRecords–thisisapositiveduty

- 5.10If,afterapartyhasservedanaffidavitofrecordsonotherparties,thefirstpartyfinds,createsorobtainscontrolofarelevantandmaterialrecordnotpreviouslydisclosed,thefirstpartymust

o (a)Immediatelygivenoticeofittoeachoftheotherparties,o (b)Onwrittenrequestandonpaymentofreasonablecopyingexpenses,supplyeachoftheotherpartieswitha

copyofit,ando (c)Priortoschedulingadatefortrial,serveasupplementaryaffidavitofrecordsoneachoftheotherparties.

Rule5.11OrderforRecordtobeProduced

- 5.11(1)Onapplication,theCourtmayorderarecordtobeproducediftheCourtissatisfiedthato (a)Arelevantandmaterialrecordunderthecontrolofapartyhasbeenomittedfromanaffidavitofrecords,oro (b)Aclaimofprivilegehasbeenincorrectlyorimproperlymadeinrespectofarecord.

- 5.11(2)Forthepurposeofmakingadecisionontheapplication,theCourtmayo (a)Inspectarecord,ando (b)Permitcross-examinationontheoriginalandonanysubsequentaffidavitofrecords.

Rule5.12PenaltyforNotServingAffidavitofRecords

- 5.12(1)Inadditiontoanyotherorderorsanctionthatmaybeimposed,theCourtmayimposeapenaltyof2timestheamountsetoutinitem3(1)ofthetariffinDivision2ofScheduleC[TariffofRecoverableFees],oranylargerorsmalleramounttheCourtmaydetermine,onapartywho,withoutsufficientcause,

o (a)Doesnotserveanaffidavitofrecordsinaccordancewithrule5.5[Whenanaffidavitofrecordsmustbeserved]orwithinanymodifiedperiodagreedonbythepartiesorsetbytheCourt,

o (b)Doesnotcomplywithrule5.10[Subsequentdisclosureofrecords],oro (c)Doesnotcomplywithanorderunderrule5.11[Orderforarecordtobeproduced]

- 5.12(2)Ifthereismorethanonepartyadverseininteresttothepartyorderedtopaythepenalty,thepenaltymustbepaidtothepartiesintheproportionsdeterminedbytheCourt.

- 5.12(3)ApenaltyimposedunderthisruleappliesirrespectiveofthefinaloutcomeoftheactionRule5.13ObtainingRecordsfromOther(ie.Rulesthatapplytonon-parties)

- 5.13(1)Onapplication,andafternoticeoftheapplicationisservedonthepersonaffectedbyit,theCourtmayorderapersonwhoisnotapartytoproducearecordataspecifieddate,timeandplaceif

o (a)Therecordisunderthecontrolofthatperson,o (b)Thereisreasontobelievethattherecordisrelevantandmaterial,ando (c)Thepersonwhohascontroloftherecordmightberequiredtoproduceitattrial.

- 5.13(2)ThepersonrequestingtherecordmustpaythepersonproducingtherecordanamountdeterminedbytheCourt- HasbeenheldbythecaselawtonotapplytotheCrown—federalorprovincial

o UseFOIPPinsteadFreedomofInformationandProtectionofPrivacyActPart1dealswithaccesstorecordsinapublicbody.

- Appliestoallrecordsofinformationinanyformrecordedorstoredinanywaythatareinthecustodyorcontrolofapublicbody(itisonlyrecords,notquestions).

Part2dealswithrulesconcerningtheprotectionofprivacyofpersonalinformationheldbyapublicbody.TheActdoesnotapplytoLandtitlesrecords,informationinacourtfile,andsimilarrecords.TheActdoesnotrequireapublicbodytoprovideoralinformationoranswerquestionsposedbyanapplicant.WhatpublicbodiesareundertheAct?AlbertaGovernmentDepartments,Agencies,Boards,Commissions,Educationalbodies,Healthcarebodies,andLocalgovernmentbodies.

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WhentousetheAct?

- Lastresort:ABRulesofCourtgiveyoumuchbroaderaccess.o However,FOIPPdoesnotcarewhoisasking.AnyonecanmakearequestundertheAct.

- Forparalleltracking:haveallrecordsheldbyapublicbodybeenproducedbyaparty?- Pre-discoverywhere1ormoredefendantshavenotfiledaStatementofDefence.- Toaccessrelevantbusinessinformation.Thereareexceptionsforthirdpartytradesecrets.

Rule5.14InspectionandCopyingofRecords

- 5.14(1)Everypartyisentitled,withrespecttoarecordthatisrelevantandmaterialandthatisunderthecontrolofanotherparty,toallofthefollowing:

o (a)Toinspecttherecordononeormoreoccasionsonmakingawrittenrequesttodoso;o (b)Toreceiveacopyoftherecordonmakingawrittenrequestforthecopyandpayingreasonablecopying

expenses;o (c)Tomakecopiesoftherecordwhenitisproduced

- 5.14(2)ThisruledoesnotapplytoarecordforwhichaclaimofprivilegeismadeunlesstheCourtorderstherecordtobeproducedforinspection.

- 5.14(3)TheCourtorapartytoanactionwhoreceivesacomputer-generateddocumentthatwasfiledwiththecourtclerkmayrequestthepersonfilingthatdocumentorcausingittobeissuedtoprovideacopyofitinanelectronicformat

Rule5.15AdmissionofAuthenticityofRecords

- 5.15(1)Inthisrule,“authentic”includesthefactthato (a)Adocumentthatissaidtobeanoriginalwasprinted,written,signedorexecutedasitpurportstohavebeen,

ando (b)Adocumentthatissaidtobeacopyisatruecopyoftheoriginal.

- 5.15(2)Subjecttosubrules(3),(4),(5)and(6),apartywhomakesanaffidavitofrecordsoronwhosebehalfanaffidavitofrecordsisfiledandapartyonwhomanaffidavitofrecordsisservedarebothpresumedtoadmitthat

o (a)Arecordspecifiedorreferredtointheaffidavitisauthentic,ando (b)Ifarecordpurportsorappearstohavebeentransmitted,theoriginalwassentbythesenderandwasreceived

bytheaddressee.- 5.15(3)Subrule(2)

o (a)Doesnotapplyifthemakerortherecipientoftheaffidavitobjectsinaccordancewithsubrule(4),o (b)Doesnotprejudicetherightofapartytoobjecttotheadmissionofarecordinevidence,ando (c)Doesnotconstituteanagreementoracknowledgmentthattherecordisrelevantandmaterial.

- 5.15(4)Themakerorrecipientofanaffidavitofrecordsisnotpresumedtomaketheadmissionreferredtoinsubrule(2)if,within3monthsafterthedateonwhichtherecordsareproduced,themakerorrecipientservesnoticeontheotherpartythattheauthenticityortransmittalofarecord,asthecasemaybe,isdisputedandthatitmustbeprovedattrial.

- 5.15(5)Notwithstandingthatthemakerorrecipientofanaffidavitofrecordsdoesnotserveanoticeundersubrule(4)withinthetimeprovidedbythatsubrule,theCourtmayorderthatthemakerorrecipientisnotpresumedtomaketheadmissionreferredtoinsubrule(2).

- 5.15(6)Thisruledoesnotapplytoarecordwhoseauthenticity;receiptortransmissionhasbeendeniedbyapartyintheparty’spleadings

Rule5.16UndisclosedRecordsNottobeUsedWithoutPermission

- 5.16Apartywhoo (a)Doesnotdisclosearelevantandmaterialrecordinanaffidavitofrecordsreferredtoinrule5.6[Formand

contentsofaffidavitofrecords],o (b)Doesnotdiscloseasrequiredbyrule5.10[Subsequentdisclosureofrecords]arelevantandmaterialrecordthat

isfound,createdorobtained,oro (c)Doesnotproducearelevantandmaterialrecordinaccordancewithavalidrequesttodosounderrule5.14

[Inspectionandcopyingofrecords]- MaynotafterwardsusetherecordinevidenceintheactionunlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeortheCourtotherwiseorders

onthebasisthattherewasasufficientreasonforthefailuretodisclose.Rule5.32WhenInformationMayBeUsed–neverfiled

- 5.32Thetranscriptofquestioning,includingexhibits,madeunderthisDivision,anaffidavitofrecords,affidavitsandanswerstowrittenquestions,andcorrectingaffidavitsunderthisDivision

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o (a)MustnotbefiledandmustnotbeputbeforetheCourtexceptduringanapplication,proceedingorattrial,ando (b)MaybefiledandputbeforetheCourtonlyaspermittedbytheserules

- InwhichcasethepersonrelyingonthedocumentsfiledmustprovidethematerialinwritingorinanyotherformpermittedbytheCourt

RecordsUnderaParty’sControl

McAlistervCityofCalgary- TheMeaningofControlinTheDiscoveryRules:

o ThecurrentAlbertaRulesofCourt,requireapartytodiscloseallrelevantandmaterialrecordsthat"areorhavebeenundertheparty'scontrol"

§ Rule5.6o Forapartytohavepoweroverarecordbeingheldbyanon-party,thepartyhadtohavealegalrighttoaccessthe

recordortogetcopiesofitfromthenon-party- ThedecisionofthisCourtinHunterisoverturned

o ThatdecisionthereforecannotserveasthebasisforanyconclusionthattheCityhasalegalrighttoaccesstherecordsofthePolice,soastogivetheCity"control"overthoserecordsforthepurposeofrule5(6)

- TheCitycouldmakeanapplicationfortherecordsunderFreedomofInformationlegislationorinacourtapplicationfornon-partyrecordspursuanttorule5.13

o Butthoseroutesareequallyavailabletotherespondentand,again,donotsufficetoestablishcontrolonthepartoftheCity

o Eitherpartyisatlibertytomakeanapplicationpursuanttorule5.13toobtainrelevantandmaterialrecordsfromthePolice

IdentificationandDescriptionofRecords

1400467AlbertaLtdvAdderly,2013ABQB- AlbertacourtshavethesameinherentpowerastoEnglishcourtstoensurethatpurportedcompliancewiththeRulesof

Courtdoesnot,infact,becomeatechniqueforunnecessarilyincreasingthecostoflitigation:o Also,AlbertacourtshavetheexplicitpowertoadvancetheobjectivesarticulatedinRules5.1(1),5.1(2)o Tonarrowanddefinetheissuesbetweentheparties

CanadianNaturalResourcesvShawCorLtd,2014ABCADisclosureofPrivilegedRecords

- Solicitor-ClientPrivilegeo Theprivilegeattachestocommunicationsbetweenlawyerandclientdesignedtoseekoutorgivelegaladvice.o Merefactthatalawyerdirectsthatallrecordsobtainedorcreatedafteracertaindatemustfirstcometoherisnot

sufficienttoplaceallsuchrecordsundersolicitor-clientprivilege.- LitigationPrivilege

o Intendedtopermitapartytofreelyinvestigatethefactsatissueanddeterminetheoptimummannerinwhichtoprepareandpresentthecaseforlitigation.

o Thetestforlitigationprivilegeisdominantpurpose:documentswillonlyfallunderthisprotectionifthedominantpurposefortheircreationwas,atthetimetheyweremade,foruseincontemplatedorpendinglitigation.

- PrivilegeandDisclosureo Rule5.7(1)and(2)wereintendedtoapplytoallrelevantandmaterialrecords,eventhoseapartyobjectsto

produce.o Everyrelevantandmaterialrecordmustbenumberedinaconvenientorderandbrieflydescribed.o Rule5.8requiresapartytoidentifytheparticulargroundsofanobjectionofaprimafacieproduciblerecordwith

respecttoeachrecordinordertoassistotherpartiesinassessingthevalidityoftheclaimedprivilege.Thatmeansthatthepartymuststatetheactualprivilegebeingrelieduponanddescribetherecordinawaythat,withoutrevealinginformationthatisprivileged,indicateshowtherecordfitswithintheclaimedprivilege

Summary:Withoutlimitingwhatwehavesaid,wesummarizeforconveniencetherequirementsoftheRulesdiscussedaboverelatingtoaffidavitsofrecordsandprivilegeclaims.Westressthatthisisnotintendedtobeanexhaustivelistofthoserequirements:

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1. EveryrelevantandmaterialrecordisprimafacieproducibleandtheminimumrequirementsandrightsunderRule5.7(1)and(2)applytoallsuchrecords,evenwhereapartyobjectstoproductionbasedonclaimedprivilegeorsomeotherlegalground.

2. Everyrelevantandmaterialrecordmustbenumberedinaconvenientorderandbrieflydescribeda. TheseshouldbesetoutintheseparateSchedulesapplicabletoeachascontemplatedinForm26b. Accordingly,apartyclaimingprivilegeoveranumberofrecordsmustnumberandbrieflydescribeeachrecordshort

ofrevealinginformationthatisprivilegedc. ThedescriptionofthoserecordsshouldbesetoutinSchedule2ofForm26intheseparatecategories

contemplatedtherein.3. Apartyispermittedtobundleandtreatasasinglerecordagroupofrecordsthatareallofthesamenaturesolongasthe

bundleis,inaccordancewithRule5.7(2)(b),describedinsufficientdetailtoenableanotherpartytounderstandwhatitcontains

a. Thisbundlingoptionalsoappliestorecordsoverwhichapartyclaimsprivilege.4. Ifapartyobjectstothedisclosureofotherwiserelevantandmaterialrecords,itshall,inadditiontonumberingtherecordsin

aconvenientorderandbrieflydescribingthem,setforththegroundsforobjectioninrespectofeachrecordtoassistotherpartiesinassessingthevalidityoftheclaimedprivilege

a. Indoingso,thepartyisrequiredto:i. Statetheactualprivilegebeingrelieduponwithrespecttothatrecord;andii. Describetherecordinawaythat,withoutrevealingprivilegedinformation,indicateshowtherecordfits

withintheclaimedprivilege.Theserequirementsalsoapplytoabundledrecordoverwhichapartyclaimsprivilege

NOTE:RulesofCourtCommitteestatedthatincludingsomuchdetailonprivilegeddocumentsmightresultininadvertentlywaivingprivilege.Enforcement

SunLifeAssuranceCompanyofCanadavTom,2003Rule5.12:“sufficientcause”

- MorespecificallyunderthenewRule’ssectiononDisclosureofInformation,thepurposeinteraliaisto“...discourageconductthatunnecessarilyorimproperlydelaysproceedings...”

o Talksaboutrule5.12wherecourtcanapplypenaltyoftwotimestheamountsetoutinitem3(1)ofthetariffindivision2ofScheduleConapartywhowithoutsufficientcausedoesnotserveanAffidavitofRecordinaccordancewithrule5.5or5.10

o Thepenaltymustbepaidtopartiesinproportionsdeterminedbythecourt,doesn’tmatterwhowinsorloseswiththispenalty-itisappliedregardlesstopreventfeetdragging

- Diligencemeansthefilingpartydideverythingitcouldbutranintoextraordinarycircumstancesoverwhichithadnopracticalcontrol

o SufficientcauseunderRule5.12willbeahardtesttomeetandcertainlywillneverbecapturedbyfactsthatsuggest“oops,Iforgot”

o ItisaRulethatcontemplatesexcusableneglectbutitfacesahighbaro Whileexcusesarerare,theymayincludesuchthingsasflooddamage,fire,documentedproofoffailedcourier,or

suddenmedicalemergency§ Notacomprehensivelist

ChevaliervSunshineVillageCorporation,2011ABQB- HighbartoproveitwasreasonabletonotproducerecordandavoiddoublecostsinRule5.12- Evenifthedefendantshavebroughtanapplicationtostrikethestatementofclaimyoustillhavetoproduceanaffidavitof

recordontheplaintiff- Justbecauseyoubringanapplicationtostrikedoesnotmeanthatyoucanignoretimelines:

o Youneedtotreatitasavalidclaimuntiltheapplicationtostrikeisapproved- Youneedtogettheotherpartytoagreetogiveyoumoretimeorapplytothecourtformoretimeifyouneedmoretime.

o Thedefendant’swantdeadlineforservingtheaffidavitofrecordextendedo Thedefendant’sfiledapreviousapplicationforordertostrikepleadingbecauseofmisjoinder,aswellasrule1.4(2),

3.68(1),and(2)(b),(c),(d)or(e).o Thedefendant’sarguedtheyshouldn’thavetofileanaffidavitofrecordifthecasemaybestrucksoiftheyDO

havetofileit,itisanabuseofprocess,violationofprivacyrights,unreasonable

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o Theplaintiffarguesthatitisintherulesthatyoumustfileexceptwithavalidexcusebasedonevidenceprovideinanaffidavitwhichprovesfailuretofiletheaffidavitofrecordwasbeyondyourcontrol

§ Thepurposeofruleistoencourageefficiencyinlitigationprocesso TheCourtsaidtheindividualdefendantdoesnothavetofilewherethereisanapplicationtostrikebecausethere

wouldbeunnecessarywasteofresourcestodoitwhenthecasemaybestruck§ Thecorporatedefendanthadtofileaffidavitofrecordthoughbecausethemotionwouldnotresultinthe

actionbeingstruck(becausethedefendantwantedseveranceofclaimsandthefirstonewouldstillgoforwardthen)

§ NOTE:Justbecauseyoubringanapplicationtostrike,doesn’tmeanyoucanignoretimelines§ Although13.5saysyoucanvarybycourtorderoragreement,youstillneedtotalkwiththeotherparty

beforethetimelimitrunsoutDocumentsinPossessionofNon-Party

CullihallvLiyanage,2016ABQB551–p.152DefappliedunderR5.13foranOrderthatthePlaintiff’semployersprovidethePlaintiff’semploymentrecords.ThereInoissuedraisedbythePastotherecordbeinginthecontrolofhisERs.CourtstatedthatR5.2definesrelevanceandmaterialityforthepurposeofdisclosure,andthatthisdeterminationmustbeinthecontextofparticularfactsandPleadingsinissue.R5.13continuestorecognizethatrelevanceandmaterialityneednotbeguaranteedinorderforCourttodirectnon-partiestoproducerecords.Partyseekingorderneedonlyshowthattherecordinquestionmayrelatetoamatterinissue.CourtrejectedP’sargumentthatnon-partyrecordsshouldfirstgotoPtobeassessedforrelevance,materialityandprivilege.ItistheCourt’sfunctiontodeterminerelevance,materiality,andprivilegeunderR5.13.Thepersonobjectinghastoprovidesome“cogentbasisforexpectingthatprivilegedrecordsmayexist,andthebasisoftheclaimtoprivilege”.

CHAPTER18:QUESTIONING PresentationonQuestioningRule1.2NaturalJustice

- Purposeofquestioning:o Discoverthecaseagainstyouo Usetheevidenceattrial–useadmissionsbytheothersidetoproveyourcase

§ Whenyouaretheonewhoisquestioning,thattranscriptisyours…youaretheonethatbenefitsfromitandtheothersidecannotreallyuseit

• Thisisimportantforassessingyourcaseandothersidecannotreallyusethetranscripto Assessthewitness–moreofacollateralreason

- Youhavetheopportunitytoreadinyourexaminationfordiscoveryo Don’toverestimatehowmuchyoucanreadin

- Questioningplaysalargepieceinfilesbecauseoftentimesfileswillnotgototrialo Importanttospendthetimedoingitsoyouhavealltheinformationyouneedtodecidewhattodo

(1)PreparationforQuestioning:

- ExchangeAffidavitofRecords–reviewalldocuments:yoursandothersideso Whatisuseful?o Whatisharmful?o Derivequestionsfromthose

- Whatdoyouneedtoproveinthosedocuments?o Justbecausethedocumentexistsdoesnotmeanthatitisevidence.Thereisnoproofthatwhatissaidinthe

documentistrue.§ Whenyougettoquestioningaskwitness:(1)didyouwritethisdocument?(2)Didyoubelieve,when

youwrotethisdocument,thatitwastrueatthetime?§ Mustproveitseparatelythroughyourwitnessandtheirwitness§ Getyourwitnesstoagreethatthefactualcontentsthatyoufindusefulinadocumentistrue§ Viceverses–youcantryandaskquestionstodiscountaletterthatisharmfultoyourcase

- Lookatyourpleadings- Reviewthelaw

o Lookforspecificdefencesthatyouhavetomakeouto Whataretheparticularsofthelaw…ifyouforgetandyourquestioningisfinished=risk

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- Whenyouarepreparingyourselfforquestioning,gobacktobasicprinciplesandrefresh(textbooks,readingothers’transcripts).

(2)PreparationofWitness:

- Occasionallyyousitwhileyourwitnessisbeingquestioned,youtellthemnottoansweraquestiono Sometimesyouhavetogetyourobjectioninbeforethewitnessblurtsouttheanswero Thisiseasierifyoupreparethewitnessforquestioning

- Representativeofcorporationisalittlemorecomplicatedforquestioningo Iftheyarethecorprep–theyrepresentthatentity,theiranswersarebindingonthatentity,buttheywill

probablynothavepersonalexperience§ Dangerthattheydonotgiveananswercarefully…theycouldsaysomethingincorrectthatcouldbe

bindingontheparty§ Asalawyer,youarepartoftheprocessofchoosingtheappropriatecorprep§ Corporaterepresentativeisexpectedtoinformthemselves–youwantthemtobeabletosaythatthey

readthedocumentsandthattheyspoketokeypeoplebecauseotherpartywillaskthis§ Whenyouhaveacorporaterepresentative,abigchunkofquestioningconsistsofundertakingandthen

responseinwriting.- Briefingwitnessesgenerally:

o Witnessmustlookatthedocumentsandpleadings§ Manyquestionsthatgetaroundthelawthatcanconfusethewitness,whichisnotgoodforyourcase§ Wantthemtohavesomebasicunderstandingaboutthepleadingswithoutgivingthemafulllegal

analysisthattheythinktheycanexplainthelawtotheotherside.§ Mostlyaboutcommonsense–whenyouarebeingquestioned,youtakecontrol

• Makesureyouunderstandthequestion–rephrase,doyoumeanthis?• Ifthereisadocumentthathelpswiththequestion,asktolookatthedocument.Slowitdown

sothatthewitnesscangivethebest,mostpreparedanswer.• Yesandno–notnodding.• Ifyoudonotrecall,sayyoudonotremember.

o Ifyoudonotknowthespecifics,thensayyoudonotrememberthespecific,butyoucananswerthequestiongenerally.

• Onlyanswerthequestionthatisasked.§ Explaintothewitnesswhatyour(thelawyer’s)roleis

• Reality:Witnessisontheirown,butthelawyer’sroleislimited.• Whenyoutakeabreak,witnesscannottalktothelawyer.Untiltheyarefinished,youcannot

talktothewitness.o Ifyouknowthereisadocumentthatreferstothespecificquestion,youcansay

“wait”andgivethedocumenttothewitnessinfrontofeveryone–iftheotherpartyisagainstthis,thenwillsayso.Transparency.

o CodeofConduct(Rule5.4)discusseswhathappenswhenquestioninggoeslongerthanoneday.

§ Explainthebasicsthatthisisnottrial:thereisnojudge,youaresittinginaninformalroom.Partiestothelitigationmaybethere–especiallyifitisafamilything.

• Recentcasewhereyoungfemaleborrowedherparents’carandhitamotorcycleperson.Plaintiffwasthismotorcycledriverwhowasanex-Hell’sAngelandhadvariouschargesthathewasneverconvictedofsuchaskidnapping.Thedefendant’smadeanapplicationtonothavehimintheroomforquestioningbecausetheyoungfemaledefendantwasafraid.Thiswasgrantedandhewasnotallowedtobeintheroom(hislawyerwas)–hewasallowedtolistenin,butwasnotallowedtoseeher.

§ Donottrytopersuadetheothersideofyourpointofview-youwillnotpersuadethem;ifitisnothelpfultothem,theywillnotreaditin;andyouwillprobablysaysomethingdetrimentaltoyourcase.

§ Example:Ifyouareaskedwhenyoumetthedefendant,justgivethedate.Nottheoccasion…§ Youareentitledtoexplainananswerifyouthinkthereismisapprehension–“whatImeanttosayis

this?”• “Canwegoback”–tellthemtocorrecttheiranswerwhentheythinktheymisspoke.

§ Afteryougetthetranscript,yougetthewitnesstoreviewtheiranswers.Ifthereisanerror,lawyerwillsendalettertoothersideandthereforeithelpsyourcaseattrialbecauseyourwitnessisnotdiscredited.

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(3)ConductingtheQuestioning

- Considerwhetherthelivequestioningofawitnessisintegral.o Somethingscanberesolvedwithdocumentsandabunchofwrittenquestions–rulesallowwrittenquestionso Oralquestioningisnotalwaysnecessaryandyouwanttobepractical.

- Isitworthwhiletopayconductmoney?o Videoconferencingmayhelptogetaroundthis.

- Writesomethingdown.Outlineyourquestions(atleast)withpointformofallthequestionswanttoask.o Youdonotwanttoforgetanyquestions.Thisdoesnotmeanthatyoustickstrictlytotheoutline,butatsome

point,youwanttogobackandensurethatyoucoveredeverythingthatyouwantedto.o Helpsdevelopthecase–helpsthinkwhatdocumentstherearethathelpsprovethecase.

- Althoughyouwanttofollowyouroutline,youneedtobeopenandflexible.Veryimportanttolistentothewitness.o Constantbackinforthwiththeplanandalsofollowwhatyouarelearningfromwitness

- Askopenquestionsfirst–goestoknowingthecasebeforeyou.(ie.Whathappened?)o Thenfollowupwithfocusedquestionstogetspecificadmissionsthatyoumightwanttoreadin.o Iftheyareblurtingoutawholelongstoryandtheysaysomethingintherethatisreallyhelpfultoyourcase.In

thatcase,youwanttoaskaspecific,targetedquestionaboutthathelpfulthing…thenyouhaveanicetightthingtoread-in.Thisisbetterthantryingtojustextractitfromthewholelonganswer–morepersuasive.

- Avoidlengthy,convolutedquestions.- Avoidharassingthewitness.- Courtsgivealotofweighttotherelevantandmaterialtest.- Whenyouareactingforalargeparty,youcanobjecttoquestionsiftheyleadtoundueworkortheyaretooonerous.

o Lawyeronthepartofgovorcorporationcanobjecttothat.Objections:

- Unreasonableorunnecessary–cannotmakeawitnessdoworkforyou…thatisanappropriateobjection- Objecttoharassment- Witnessesaregenerallynotexperts.Donotaskthemtogiveanopiniononsomething,certainlynotsomethingthatthey

arenotexpertsin.- Objectionstolegalquestions–lawyerswillaskwitnessestointerpretdocumentsorexplainalegalissue.- Objectionstoquestionsthatarenotrelevantandmaterial.- Avoidcomplexhypotheticalquestions–isitfairornot?- Objecttovague,ambiguousquestions–witnessesgettired- Objecttoquestionsthataresubjecttoprivilege.

Donotneedtostatethereasonforyourobjectionontherecord(atthatpoint).Ifyoucan,thenyes.However,youcantaketheobjectionunderadvisement–eithertelltheminwritingwhyyourefusethatquestion,ortheywillanswerinwriting.Youcanalwayshaveadiscussionwithopposingcounsel“offtherecord”.Rebuttalquestions–canonlyaskafollow-upquestiononevidencethatisgiven…butyouwanttobecarefulthatyoudonotopenacanofwormsbecausethisisNOTyourtranscript.Whenyouaredoingquestioningandreferringtoadocument,youcanmarkitasanExhibit.Ifyouwanttoreadsomethinginthatreferstoadocument,youneedtoittogoinasanExhibit.TomarkitasanExhibit,thewitnesshastoauthenticateit.Ifthewitnessdoesnotauthenticateit,youneedtomarkitasanExhibitforidentification.Read-insattrial:

- Somepeoplewilltakethetranscript…blackoutthepartsthattheywillnotuse,createacoverpageandthenmarkitasanExhibit.

- Somepeoplewillreaditin.- WhatyoudodependsonHOWMANYread-insyouhave.- Somepeoplehaveittypedupseparately.

o Havetogiveyourread-instotheotherpartyaheadoftimetoreview.Usuallythelawyerwillbetheonewhosaysthatwewillanswerthatbyundertaking.

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RulesPart5,Division1,Subdivision3andRule6.38IntroductiontoQuestioning

- Inquestioning,itjustinformationthatyouareseeking.Therefore,somethingthatmaynotbeadmissibleattrial,couldbeacceptableinquestioning.

- Whatisrelevantandmaterial–hastohavesomeconnectiontothecauseofactionofthepleadings.- Therehastobesomerelevancetowhatisinissueinthecauseofactionandsomeevidencetoshowthis.- Broad,however,notexcessive.

Rule5.17Whatquestionsmaybeasked?

- 5.17(1)-Questionsaskedmustbeaboutrelevantandmaterialrecordsandinformation.o Youcannotdeclinetoansweraquestioneveniftheanswerisaversetoyourcase.o Youquestionotherparty(likecross-examination,notanexamination-in-chief)

- AlbertaEvidenceAct–Sections6(1)and(2)o (1)Awitnesswillnotbeexcusedfromansweringquestionswhichmayincriminatethewitnessorestablishthe

witness’sliabilitytoprosecutionunderanActofLegislature.(MustanswerRelevant&MaterialQuestions)o (2)However,awitnesswhotestifiesinanyproceedinghastherightnottohaveanyincriminatingevidenceusedto

incriminatetheminanotherproceeding,exceptinaprosecutionforperjuryorforthegivingofcontradictoryevidence.

§ Cannotbeusedinacriminalproceedinglater,forexample- Whocanbequestioned–5.17(1)–7groups

o (a)eachoftheotherpartieswhoisadverseininteresto (b)ifthepartyadverseininterestisacorporation,[2options]

§ (i)oneormoreofficersorformerofficersofthecorporationwhohaveorappeartohaverelevantandmaterialinformationthatwasacquiredbecausetheyareorwereofficers,and

• Youcanchooseanofficerofthecorporationaslongasyoushowthattheyhaverelevantandmaterialinformation.

• Youcannotarguethatthisistheevidenceofthecorporation,however,unlessthecorporationadoptsitastrue.

§ (ii)thecorporaterepresentative;• Thecorporationpicksthecorporaterepresentative…theonlyrequirementisthattheyhave

sufficientknowledgerelatedtotheaction.o (c)ifalitigationrepresentativeisappointedforaparty,

§ (i)thelitigationrepresentative,and§ (ii)withtheCourt’spermission,thepersononwhosebehalfthelitigationrepresentativeisappointedif

thatpersoniscompetenttogiveevidence;• ie.children,personwhomaylackcapacity…whetherthepersoniscompetenttogiveevidence.

§ AlbertaEvidenceAct,Section19:(EvidenceofaChild)• 19(1)Inalegalproceedingwhereachildoftenderyearsisofferedasawitnessandthechilddoes

not,intheopinionofthejudge,justiceorotherpresidingofficer,understandthenatureofanoath,theevidenceofthechildmaybereceivedthoughnotgivenonoathif,intheopinionofthejudge,justiceorotherpresidingofficer,thechildispossessedofsufficientintelligencetojustifythereceptionoftheevidenceandunderstandsthedutyofspeakingthetruth.

• 19(2)Nocaseshallbedecidedontheevidenceunlesstheevidenceiscorroboratedbyothermaterialevidence.

o Thisisdependentonwhetherthechildiscapableofgivingswornevidence.o Caselawsaysthatyouhavetoconsidertherequirementsatthetimeofquestioning.

o (d)oneormoreotherpersonswhoareorwereemployeesofthepartyadverseininterestwhohaveorappeartohaverelevantandmaterialinformationthatwasacquiredbecauseoftheemployment;[formeremployees]

o (e)anauditororformerauditorengagedbyapartyadverseininterest,butnotanauditororformerauditorengagedsolelyforthepurposeoftheaction;

o (f)ifapartnershipisapartyadverseininterest,apartnerorformerpartnerofthepartnership;o (g)inanactionwithrespecttoanegotiableinstrumentorchoseinaction,

§ (i)anassignorofthenegotiableinstrumentorchoseinaction,§ (ii)apriorendorser,drawer,holderormakerofthenegotiableinstrument,and§ (iii)anemployeeorformeremployeeofanassignorofthenegotiableinstrumentorchoseinaction,andif

theassignorisacorporation,anofficerorformerofficerofthecorporation

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Rule5.18PersonsProvidingServicestoaCorporation–[privatecontractors]

- 5.18(1)Subjecttosubrules(2)and(3),ifo (a)Apartycannotobtainrelevantandmaterialinformationfromanofficeroremployeeoraformerofficeror

formeremployeeofacorporationthatisapartyadverseininteresto (b)Itwouldbeunfairtorequirethepartyseekingtheinformationtoproceedtotrialwithouthavingtheopportunity

toaskquestionsabouttheinformationsought,ando (c)Thequestioningwillnotcauseunduehardship,expenseordelayto,orunfairnessto,anyotherpartyortothe

persontobequestioned,§ Thepartymayquestion,underoath,apersonwhohasprovidedservicesforthecorporationandwhocan

providethebestevidenceontheissue.- 5.18(2)Apersondescribedinsubrule(1)maybequestionedonly

o (a)Bywrittenagreementoftheparties,oro (b)withtheCourt’spermission.

- 5.18(3)Anexpertengagedbyapartyforthepurposesoftheactionmaynotbequestionedunderthisrule.o Ie.ifyouhireanexpertforthepurposeoftheaction,youcannotquestionthem.

- 5.18(4)Evidencefromapersonquestionedunderthisruleistobetreatedasifitwereevidenceofanemployeeofthecorporation.

- 5.18(5)Thecostsrelatedtoquestioningapersonunderthisrulearetobebornebythequestioningpartyunlesso (a)Thepartiesotherwiseagree,oro (b)TheCourtotherwiseorders

Rule5.19LimitorCancellingofQuestioning

- 5.19Onapplication,theCourtmaydoeitherorbothofthefollowing:o (a)Limitthenumberofpersonssubjecttoquestioningbyaparty;o (b)CancelanappointmentforquestioningthattheCourtconsidersunnecessary,improperorvexatious

Rule5.20WhenQuestioningistotakeplace–Requirementstomeetpriortoquestioning.

- TRIGGER:MUSTSERVETHEAFFIDAVITOFRECORD- 5.20(1)Unlessthepartiesotherwiseagree,ortheCourtinexceptionalcircumstancesotherwiseorders,apartymaynot

questionapartyorpersonunderthisDivisionunlessthequestioningpartyhasservedanaffidavitofrecordsonthepartyadverseininterest.

o NOTE:Theaffidavitofrecordisinformationnotevidence,youarenotfilingit,justservingit.- 5.20(2)Subjecttosubrule(1),thequestioningofapersonistotakeplaceasfollows:

o (a)Questioningbytheplaintiff,atanytimeafter§ (i)Astatementofdefencehasbeenservedontheplaintiff,or§ (ii)Thetimeforservingthestatementofdefencehasexpired;

o (b)Questioningbythedefendantandeveryotherparty,atanytimeafterastatementofdefencehasbeenserved- NOTE:Unlessitisaliquidateddebtyoustillmustgotocourttogetajudgment.

Rule5.21AppointmentforQuestioning

- 5.21(1)ApartymayquestionapersonwhomthepartyisentitledtoquestionunderthisPartbyservingonthepersonanoticeofappointmentforquestioninginForm29.

- 5.21(2)Rules6.16[Contentsofappointmentnotice]to6.19[Interpreters]and6.38[Requiringattendanceforquestioning]applyforthepurposesofsubrule(1)withonemodification,namely,unlessthepartiesotherwiseagree,thenoticeofappointmentforquestioningmustbeserved20daysormorebeforetheappointmentdate

o Form29o Whatiftheydonotattendforquestioning?

- Rule6.38istheruleiftheydonotshowupRule5.22QuestioningOptions

- 5.22Subjecttorule5.24[Oralandwrittenquestioninglimitations],questioningmaybeconductedo (a)Orally,underoath,oro (b)Bywrittenquestions,answeredunderoath,subjecttothelimitationsofRule5.28[Writtenquestions].

Rule5.23PreparationforQuestioning

- 5.23ApersontobequestionedunderthisDivision,otherthanacorporaterepresentative,must

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o (a)Reasonablyprepareforquestioning,ando (b)Bringtothequestioninganyrecordslikelytoberequiredinrespectofwhichthereisnoclaimofprivilege

Rule5.24OralandWrittenQuestioningLimitations

- 5.24UnlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeortheCourtotherwiseorders,o (a)Ifmorethanonepartyisentitledtoquestionaperson,thequestioningmustbeoral,ando (b)Apartymaynotquestionapersonbothorallyandbywrittenquestioning.

Rule5.25AppropriateQuestionsandObjections

- 5.25(1)Duringquestioning,apersonisrequiredtoansweronlyo (a)Relevantandmaterialquestions,ando (b)Questionsinrespectofwhichanobjectionisnotupheldundersubrule(2).

- 5.25(2)Apartyorawitnessbeingquestionedmayobjecttoanoralorwrittenquestionduringquestioningbutonlyforoneormoreofthefollowingreasons:[OBJECTIONS]

o (a)Privilege;§ Wigmoretest§ Relationships§ Litigation

o (b)Thequestionisnotrelevantandmaterial;o (c)Thequestionisunreasonableorunnecessary;o (d)Anyothergroundrecognizedatlaw.

§ Objectionsifabusiveorharassing§ Objectionsforopinionquestionsfromlaywitness§ Legalquestions“whatdidyouthinkclause7meantwhensigningtheK?”§ Hypotheticalquestions§ Misstatetheanswertobuildonittoaskanewquestion:“Theroadwasicy”Soyouaresayingyoucould

notstopyourcar?- 5.25(3)Acorporaterepresentativemayobjecttoanoralorwrittenquestionduringquestioningonthebasisthatitwouldbe

undulyonerousforthecorporaterepresentativetoinformhimselforherselfinthecircumstances.- 5.25(4)IfanobjectiontoaquestioncannotberesolvedtheCourtmustdecideitsvalidity.- 5.25(5)Afterthequestioningpartyhasfinishedquestioningaperson,thatpersonmaybequestionedbythepartyforwhom

thepersonisormaybeawitnesstoexplain,elaborateorprovidecontextforananswerinitiallygiveno Youcanquestionsomeonewhereyouneedcontext—thisisrarelyusedo Youarequestioningyourownclient—thentheothersidecanrequestion5.25(6)

- 5.25(6)Followinganswerstotheexplanatory,elaborativeorcontextualquestions,thepersonmaybequestionedagainabouttheperson’sanswers

Rule5.26TranscriptofOralQuestioning

- itmustberecordedinsuchawaythatthereisawrittentranscriptRule5.27ContinuingDutytoDisclose:thisisanotheroptionto5.25(5)

- 5.27(1)Apersonwhoisorhasbeenquestionedmust,byaffidavit,correctananswerifo (a)Theanswerwasincorrectormisleading,oro (b)Theanswerbecomesincorrectormisleadingasaresultofnewinformation.

- 5.27(2)Thecorrectingaffidavitmustbemadeandservedoneachoftheotherpartiesassoonaspracticableafterthepersonrealizesthattheanswerwasorhasbecomeincorrectormisleading

Rule5.28WrittenQuestions(YouMUSTrespondinAFFIDAVIT)

- 5.28(1)UnlesstheCourtotherwiseordersorthepartiesotherwiseagree,thefollowingrulesapplywithrespecttowrittenquestionsandtheanswerstothem:

o (a)Thewrittenquestionsmustbenumberedandsuccinct;o (b)Theanswersprovidedtothequestionsmustbegivenbyaffidavitandmuststatethequestionbeinganswered;o (c)Thepartybeingquestionedmustservetheanswerstothequestionsoneachoftheotherpartieswithinatime

agreedonbythepartiesororderedbytheCourt.- 5.28(2)Apartyisentitledtoask

o (a)Onesetoffollow-upwrittenquestionsasaresultoftheanswerstotheinitialwrittenquestions,oro (b)Follow-uporalquestionsifagreedbytheparties.

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- 5.28(3)Iftheanswerstothewrittenquestionsortheanswerstothefollow-upwrittenorfollow-uporalquestionsareunsatisfactory,thequestioningpartymayapplytotheCourtforanorderforeitherorbothofthefollowing:

o (a)Oralorfurtheroralquestioning;o (b)Furtherwrittenquestionstobeanswered

Rule5.29AcknowledgmentofaCorporateWitness’Evidence

- 5.29(1)Theevidencegivenbyacorporatewitnessduringquestioningmaynotbereadinasevidenceattrialunlessacorporaterepresentativeofthecorporation,underoath,acknowledgesthattheevidenceformssomeoftheinformationofthecorporation.

- 5.29(2)Subjecttosubrule(3),thecorporaterepresentativemayrefusetoacknowledgesomeoralloftheevidenceofthecorporatewitnessand,ifso,muststatewhy,butisnotentitledtorefusetoacknowledgethecorporatewitness’sinformationjustbecausethecorporaterepresentativedisbelievesordisagreeswithit.

- 5.29(3)Ifthecorporaterepresentativedisbelievesordisagreeswithsomeoralloftheevidenceofacorporatewitness,thecorporaterepresentative

o (a)Mustacknowledgetheevidenceasinformationofthecorporationunlessitisinadmissibleunderthelawsofevidence,and

o (b)Maythenqualifytheacknowledgmentwithfurtherevidencethatiscontrarytoorinconsistentwiththecorporatewitness’sevidenceifthefurtherevidenceisbasedoneitherorbothofthefollowing:

§ (i)Thecorporaterepresentative’spersonalknowledge;§ (ii)Arecordpreparedbythecorporaterepresentativeorprovidedtothecorporaterepresentativebya

personhavingpersonalknowledgeoftheissueinquestionRule5.30Undertakings–Whatdoesapersondoiftheydonotknowtheanswerduringquestioning?

- 5.30(1)If,duringquestioning,apersonansweringquestionso (a)Doesnotknowtheanswertoaquestionbutwouldhaveknowntheanswerifthepersonhadreasonably

preparedforquestioning,orifasacorporaterepresentativethepersonhadreasonablyinformedhimselforherself,or

o (b)Hasundertheperson’scontrolarelevantandmaterialrecordthatisnotprivileged,§ Thepersonmustundertaketoinformhimselforherselfandprovideananswer,orproducetherecord,

withinareasonabletime.- 5.30(2)Aftertheundertakinghasbeendischarged,thepersonwhogavetheundertakingmaybequestionedontheanswer

givenorrecordprovidedo Ifyouareunsureifyouwanttotakeanundertaking,thenyoucansay“Iwilltakeitunderadvisement”

Howareanswersused?Rule5.31andRule5.32Rule5.31UseofTranscriptandAnswerstoWrittenQuestionsONLYTHEPARTYWHOQUESTIONEDTHEPERSONCANUSEIT!

- 5.31(1)Subjecttorule5.29[Acknowledgmentofcorporatewitness’sevidence],apartymayuseinsupportofanapplicationorproceedingorattrialasagainstapartyadverseininterestanyoftheevidenceofthatotherpartyinatranscriptofquestioningunderrule5.17[Peoplewhocanbequestioned]or5.18[Personsprovidingservicestoacorporation]andanyoftheevidenceintheanswersofthatotherpartytowrittenquestionsunderrule5.28[Writtenquestions]

- 5.31(2)Evidencereferredtoinsubrule(1)isevidenceonlyofthequestioningpartywhousesthetranscriptevidenceortheanswerstothewrittenquestions,andisevidenceonlyagainstthepartywhowasquestioned.

- 5.31(3)Ifonlyaportionofatranscriptoraportionoftheanswerstothewrittenquestionsisused,theCourtmay,onapplication,directthatalloreachotherportionofthetranscriptoranswersalsobeusedifalloranyotherportionissoconnectedwiththeportionusedthatitwouldormightbemisleadingnottousealloranyotherportionofthetranscriptorotheranswers

- NOTEEVIDENCEVINFORMATIONSLIDEinTWENRule5.32WhenInformationMayBeUsed**Youserveit,butyoudonotfileitwiththecourt**NEVERFILED**

- 5.32Thetranscriptofquestioning,includingexhibits,madeunderthisDivision,anaffidavitofrecords,affidavitsandanswerstowrittenquestions,andcorrectingaffidavitsunderthisDivision

o (a)MustnotbefiledandmustnotbeputbeforetheCourtexceptduringanapplication,proceedingorattrial,ando (b)MaybefiledandputbeforetheCourtonlyaspermittedbytheserules

- InwhichcasethepersonrelyingonthedocumentsfiledmustprovidethematerialinwritingorinanyotherformpermittedbytheCourt

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Rule5.33ConfidentialityandUseofInformation–Aretheanswersconfidential?

- 5.33(1)Theinformationandrecordsdescribedinsubrule(2)mustbetreatedasconfidentialandmayonlybeusedbytherecipientoftheinformationorrecordforthepurposeofcarryingontheactioninwhichtheinformationorrecordwasprovidedordisclosedunless

o (a)TheCourtotherwiseorders,o (b)Thepartiesotherwiseagree,oro (c)Otherwiserequiredorpermittedbylaw.

- 5.33(2)Forthepurposesofsubrule(1)theinformationandrecordsare:o (a)InformationprovidedordisclosedbyonepartytoanotherinanaffidavitservedunderthisDivision;o (b)Informationprovidedordisclosedbyonepartytoanotherinarecordreferredtoinanaffidavitservedunderthis

Division;o (c)Informationrecordedinatranscriptofquestioningmadeorinanswerstowrittenquestionsgivenunderthis

DivisionRule6.38RequiringAttendanceforQuestioning

- 6.38(1)Onapplication,theCourtmayorderapersontoattendforquestioningatadate,timeandplacespecifiedbytheCourt,iftheperson

o (a)Isrequiredtobequestionedundertheserules,o (b)WasservedwithanoticeofappointmentforquestioninginForm29undertheserules,o (c)Wasprovidedwithanallowance,determinedinaccordancewithScheduleB[CourtFeesandWitnessandOther

Allowances],ifsorequiredbytheserules,ando (d)Didnotattendtheappointment,attendedtheappointmentbutrefusedtoanswerorfullyanswerproper

questionsordidnotbringarecordrequiredtobebroughttothequestioning.- 6.38(2)TheCourtmayorderthepersontobequestionedtobringrecordstothequestioningthatthepersoncouldbe

requiredtoproduceattrialCODE:5.4CommunicationwithWitnessesGivingEvidenceCommunicationwithWitnessesGivingEvidence

1. 5.4-1Alawyermustnotinfluenceawitnessorpotentialwitnesstogiveevidencethatisfalse,misleadingorevasive.2. 5.4-2Alawyerinvolvedinaproceedingmustnotobstructanexaminationorcross-examinationinanymanner.

CommentaryGeneralPrinciples

1. Theethicaldutyagainstimproperlyinfluencingawitnessorapotentialwitnessappliesatallstagesofaproceeding,includingwhilepreparingawitnesstogiveevidenceortomakeastatement,andduringtestimonyunderoathoraffirmation.Italsoappliestothepreparationofswornwrittenevidenceand“willsay”statementsforuseinanyproceeding.Theroleofanadvocateistoassistthewitnessinbringingforththeevidenceinamannerthatensuresfairandaccuratecomprehensionbythetribunalandopposingparties.

2. Alawyermayprepareawitness,forquestioningandforappearancesbeforetribunals,bydiscussingcourtroomandquestioningproceduresandtheissuesinthecase,reviewingfacts,refreshingmemory,andbydiscussingadmissions,choiceofwordsanddemeanor.Itis,however,impropertodirectorencourageawitnesstomisstateormisrepresentthefactsortogiveevidencethatisintentionallyevasiveorvague.

CommunicatingwithWitnessesUnderOathorAffirmation

3. Duringanywitnesstestimonyunderoathoraffirmation,alawyershouldnotengageinconductdesignedtoimproperlyinfluencethewitness’evidence.

4. Theabilityofalawyertocommunicatewithawitnessataspecificstageofaproceedingwillbeinfluencedbythepractice,proceduresordirectionsoftherelevanttribunal,andmaybemodifiedbyagreementofcounselwiththeapprovalofthetribunal.Lawyersshouldbecomefamiliarwiththerulesandpracticesoftherelevanttribunalgoverningcommunicationwithwitnessesduringexamination-in-chiefandcross-examination,andpriortoorduringre-examination.

5. Alawyermaycommunicatewithawitnessduringexamination-in-chief.However,theremaybelocalexceptionstothispractice.

6. Itisgenerallyacceptedthatalawyerisnotpermittedtocommunicatewiththewitnessduringcross-examinationexceptwithleaveofthetribunalorwiththeagreementofcounsel.Theopportunitytoconductafull-ranginganduninterruptedcross-examinationisfundamentaltotheadversarialsystem.Itiscounterbalancedbyanopposingadvocate’sabilitytoensureclarityoftestimonythroughinitialbriefing,directexaminationandre-examinationofthatlawyer’switnesses.Thereis

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thereforenojustificationforobstructionofcross-examinationbyunreasonableinterruptions,repeatedobjectionstoproperquestions,attemptstohavethewitnesschangeortailorevidence,orothersimilarconductwhiletheexaminationisongoing.

7. Alawyershouldseekapprovalfromthetribunalbeforespeakingwithawitnessaftercross-examinationandbeforere-examination.

QuestioningandOtherExaminations

8. Rule5.4alsoappliestoquestioning,includingallexaminationsunderoathoraffirmationthatarenotbeforeatribunal.Lawyersshouldscrupulouslyavoidanyattemptstoinfluencewitnesstestimony,particularlyasthetribunalisunabletodirectlymonitorcompliance.Thisruleisnotintendedtopreventdiscussionsorconsultationsthatarenecessarytofulfilundertakingsgivenduringsuchexaminations.

EvidencevInformationInformation EvidenceIsobtainedthroughquestioning. Onlythatwhichisputbeforethecourt(filedaffidavits,

documents,orquestioningofwitnessattrial).Maybeoralorinwriting Generalruleattrialisoralevidence.Onlytestforgatheritiswhetheritis“relevantandmaterial” Rulesofevidenceapply(ie.evidence)Answersarenotrequiredtobefiledorputbeforethecourt Answersbecometheevidenceofthepartywhoputsthem

beforethecourt.Answersmaybeusedinanapplicationorattrial(putbeforethecourt)andthenitbecomesevidenceofthequestioningparty.

NOTE:Part5Questioningisobtaininginformationwhereasquestioningonafiledaffidavitinsupport(Part6)isevidenceasifthepersonisquestionedbeforetheCourt.A.WhoCanQuestionWhom1.PartiesAdverseinInterest

TurtavCPR,(1951)2WWR(NS)628PartiesAdverseinInterest:Rule5.17FACTS:CPRmadeathirdpartyclaimagainstMontrealTrust.MontrealTrustCompanyproducedforexaminationfordiscoveryitsofficer,J.Bell.

- BellnotapersonadverseininteresttoImperialOilLimitedandthereforeisnotentitledtoexamineitoritsofficer- MontrealTrustCompanyandCPRare“personsadverseininterest”

o Itisclearthatthesetwopartiesareadverseininterestwithinthemeaningoftherule,andthatCPRhasarighttoexaminefordiscoveryanofficerofthetrustcompany

GoldenEstatevNeilson,2011ABCA338AdverseinInterest:FatalAccidentsAct

- Apersonforwhosebenefitanactionisprosecutedisregardedasapartytothelawsuito Inthiscase,thedeceased’sspouseandmothero Thechambersjudgeerredinconcludingthatthemotherandspouseofthedeceasedwerenotadverseininterest

totheappellants.Theyarethepersonsforwhosebenefittheclaimforreliefwasbrought,andcouldhavebroughttheclaimontheirownbehalfhadthePublicTrusteefailedtodoso.Theyalsohavepersonalknowledgeoffactsessentialtoestablishtheclaimandwillundoubtedlybewitnessesatanytrial.

- Courtadopteda“trueparties”approachtotheassessmentofquestioningundertheRuleso Themotherandthespouseofthedeceasedaretruepartieswhoseevidencewouldenhancespeed,economy,

fairnessanddisclosure(WilburvFoothillsHospital)o PartiesonwhosebehalfaclaimisbroughtundertheFatalAccidentsAct,orwhoclaimreliefdirectlyundertheFatal

AccidentsActarepartiesadverseininteresttothepartyorpartieswhosenegligenceorwrongfulactsareallegedtohavecausedthedeathofthedeceased

NOTE:FatalAccidentsActsaysthatifthepersonalrepresentativedoesnotbringtheactionwithinoneyear,thenthebeneficiariescanbringtheactionthemselves.BecauseofthewaytheFatalAccidentsActwasdrafted,thebeneficiariesaretruepartiesadverseininterest.

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2.EmployeesandOfficers

CogentGroupIncvEnCanaLeaseholdLtdPartnership,2011ABQB335FACTS:CogenthasacontractwithEnCanaLeaseholdandEnCanaPower.EPisnotaparty.EnCanaLeaseholdterminatestheircontractsandthenEPalsoterminatestheircontract.CogentclaimsELwrongfullyinterferedwiththeircontractwithEP.CogentwantstoquestionsomeonewhoworksforEP.ISSUE:IstheEPworkeraserviceproviderforEnCanaLeasehold?No.ANALYSIS:ThepurposeofR5.18istoallowquestioningofpersonsakintoemployeeswhohavegainedrelevantandmaterialknowledgeasaresultofprovidingservicestoapartycorporation.Itisonthebasisoftheprovisionofservices,notacorporaterelationshiporaffiliation,thatapersonmaybequestionedundertherule.Itwouldbeinconsistentwiththerulestoconcludethatserviceproviderswhomayhaveacquiredrelevantandmaterialknowledgeoutsidetheservicerelationship,canbequestionedpriortotrialinthesamefashionasanemployeeofaparty.Knowledgemustberelatedtotheissuesinstatementofclaimandcomefromwithintheservicerelationship.NOTE:Non-partywitnessesarenotsubjecttopre-trialquestioning.

TremcoIncvGienowBuildingProductsLtd,(2000)255AR273(CA)AformeremployeeofapartywhoisapropersubjectofdiscoveryunderRule200(1)maybeexaminedonallknowledgetouchingthemattersinissueeventhoughtheinformationwasacquiredafteremploymentended.

CDMDirectMailvCentreforImmigrationPolicyReform,2015ABCA168Rule5.31permitsapartytouseanyoftheevidencegivenbytheadversepartyinatranscriptofquestioninginsupportofitsowncaseattrial.Thatgeneralruleisexpresslyqualified,however,inthecaseofevidenceinquestioninggivenbyacorporatewitness.

- Ie.Thequestioningpartyistheonewhogetstousetheinformation,notthepartyproducingthepersonfordiscovery.Rule5.29–Theevidencegivenbyacorporatewitnessduringquestioningmaynotbereadinasevidenceattrialunlessthecorporaterepresentativeofthecorporation,underoath,acknowledgesthattheevidenceformssomeoftheinformationofthecorporation.Thisappliestotheemployeeaswell.Iftheemployeeprovidesinformationandcorporaterepresentativedisagrees,thecorporaterepresentativehastoshowsomeevidencewhythisisnotcorrect.Canrelyonwhatthecorporaterepresentativesays.

- Thisisincontrasttothegeneralrule—thegeneralruleisyoucanreadintranscripts,withacorporatewitness,theymustadoptit.NOTEdifferentiatingbetweencorporaterepresentativeandcorporatewitness.

- Whenyouarequestioningawitnessyouwantthemtoacknowledgeinformationprovidedbyotherbecausethenitbecomesinformationyoucanrelyon

3.Infants,PersonsofUnsoundMindAlbertaEvidenceAct,s19–seeabove19(1)Inalegalproceedingwhereachildoftenderyearsisofferedasawitnessandthechilddoesnot,intheopinionofthejudge,justiceorotherpresidingofficer,understandthenatureofanoath,theevidenceofthechildmaybereceivedthoughnotgivenonoathif,intheopinionofthejudge,justiceorotherpresidingofficer,thechildispossessedofsufficientintelligencetojustifythereceptionoftheevidenceandunderstandsthedutyofspeakingthetruth.19(2)Nocaseshallbedecidedontheevidenceunlesstheevidenceiscorroboratedbyothermaterialevidence4.TheCrownProceedingsAgainsttheCrownAct,s1111InproceedingsagainsttheCrown,theAlbertaRulesofCourtastoproductionandinspectionofrecordsandquestioningapplyinthesamemannerasiftheCrownwereacorporation,exceptthattheCrownmayrefusetoproducearecordortomakeanswertoaquestioninquestioningonthegroundthattheproductionofitortheanswerwouldbeinjurioustothepublicinterest.5.EvenIfNoDefenceRule5.20–seeaboveB.Undertakings

PsychologistsAssociationofAlbertavSchepanovich,(1991)ABCA- UndertakingstoanswerlaterarenotknownintheUSA

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- TheyareausefulCanadiancreationwhicharereallyrequestsbythewitnessforanindulgence. o Itisapromisetoanswerthequestioninawrittenformatalatertime.

§ “takethequestionunderadvisement”–itmeanstheyaregoingtothinkaboutit;ifyouthinkitisrelevantandmaterial,thenyoucanpushforthemtoanswerit

- Nounilateralrevocationofanundertaking- Youneedthecourtspermissiontoberelievedofanundertakingbyshowing:

o Itwasgiveninadvertently,o (Withevidence)thatitshouldnothavebeengiven,ando Thattheothersidehasnotbeenprejudiced,oryouoffertorepairtheprejudice(bycosts).

NOTELanguageisimportant:- Ifyousayquestioningiscomplete,youcannolongeranswer- Adjournthequestioning–leavesthedooropentoaskmorequestions- Youmaysayquestioningiscompletesubjecttoundertaking–becauseyoumightwanttoquestiononthatundertaking

Iftrialisalongtimeaway–youmightwanttoasktoquestionatlatertimeagaintoseethestatusoftheinjuries.NotimelimitforquestioninginAlberta,butithastobecompletedwithinareasonabletime.C.AbusiveQuestioning

HolowaychukvLopushinsky,2015ABQB63AbuseofQuestioning:Thisisquestioningonanaffidavit

- ThisisPart6questioning—whenyouquestiononanaffidavititallbecomepartoftherecordo Theaudiencewhenyouhavepart6questioning,isthecourto Thedecorummustbethesame

- Lengthyexaminations,repetitivequestions,questionsonmattersthatdonotgotothefactsinissue,questionsonmattersthatwouldbetreatedasdeminimus,andgratuitouscommentsareinappropriate.

- Theaudienceofquestioningonanaffidavitisthecourt.Theentiretranscriptisfiledforthebenefitofthecourt.Questioningshouldbeconductedasifitwasbeforethecourt,orelseitisawasteofcourttimeandresources.

LandesvRoyalBankofCanada,(1997)ABQBCounsel’sBehaviorinQuestioning

- Counselshouldallowcross-examinationofhisclienttobecarriedoutwithoutundueinterruption.- Counselshouldnotobjecttoaquestiononthegroundthathedoesnotunderstandit.- Counselshouldneverfeedananswertoawitness- Counselshouldnotgiveanswerstoquestionsaskedofthewitness

D.UseofQuestioning1.ProceduretoReadIn

410675AlbertaLtdvTrailSouthDevelopmentsIncReadIn:Rule5.31(4)

- Thequestionwillbewhethertheread-inaddsto(completesorclarifies)theanswergivenattrialordoesitcontradicttheanswergivenattrial

- Assumingtheansweraddstoorcontradictsthetrialevidencethenitmaybeadmissibleunlessitamountstoapriorconsistentstatement

2.ImpliedUndertakingofConfidentiality

JumanvDoucette,2008SCC8- ImpliedUndertaking

o Evidencecompelledduringpre-trialdiscoveryfromapartytocivillitigationcanbeusedbythepartiesonlyforthepurposeofthelitigationinwhichitwasobtained.

o Thisisanundertakingtothecourto Thisruleisneededtoensurethatpeoplearemorelikelytobehonestincivilproceedings

§ Iftheyareseekingtocompelthedisclosureofthetranscript,thentherebestbeasuperiorpublicsafetyrule

o Thisrulewasprotectedbythecourttoensurethattheprivacyinvasiondoesnotextendbeyondthediscoveryroom- RationalforImpliedUndertaking

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o Althoughstatuterequirestheexamineetoanswerallrelevantandmaterialquestions,theexamineeisstillentitledtoameasureofprivacy.

o Anexamineewhoknowsthattheiranswerswillnotbeusedforanulteriorpurposewillbemoretruthful.- RemediesforBreach

o Stayordismissalofproceeding,strikingadefence,orcontemptproceedings.- ModifyorVarytheUndertaking

o Applicantmustdemonstrateonabalanceofprobabilitiestheexistenceofapublicinterestofgreaterweightthanthevaluestheimpliedundertakingisdesignedtoprotect(privacyandefficientlitigation).

§ Non-party’smayapplybutwillrarelybesuccessful.o Clearandimminentthreatofseriousbodilyharmtoanidentifiablegroupoutweighstheinterestsabove.o Deponentgivingcontradictoryevidenceaboutsimilarmattersindifferentproceedingsoutweighstheinterests

above.o Noneedtoapplytoacourtifthereexistsimmediateandseriousdanger

- Thisruleonlybindsthepartiesthemselveso Theyarenotprivileged,theycanbeseizedo Theevidenceactprotectsit

HallvWillcox,2011ABQB78Transcriptsfromcrossexaminationonanaffidavitorstatutorydeclarationisnotsubjecttorule5.33whichsays:

- 5.33(1)Havetotreatinformationdisclosedinconfidentialunless:o (a)Thecourtorderso (b)Partiesagreeoro (c)Otherwiserequiredorpermittedbylaw

- 5.33(2)saysthisappliesto:o (a)Infoinaffidavitsservedo (b)Infoprovidedinarecordo (c)Inforecordedinatranscriptofquestioningmadeorinanswerstowrittenquestions

- YoucannotrelyontheaffidavittoprotectyoufromwhatyousayinresponseUseofTranscripts:Rule5.33

- Codifiesthecommonlawimpliedundertaking.- Doesnotapplytocross-examinationsonaffidavits,whichareakintotestimonyincourttowhichtheopencourtprinciple

applies

CHAPTER19:ADMISSIONS Introduction:Wherecanadmissionsbefound?OralAdmission

- (1)Admissionsattrial:o Witnessoraltestimonyofevidence

§ BestEvidenceRule- (2)Admissionsduringquestioning:

o WhenwetalkaboutPart5questioning,itstillmaycontainadmissionso Contradictions,inconsistency

- (3)QuestioningonAffidavits(Thiswillberelevantininterlocutoryapplications):o Assoonasitisfiled,itbecomespartofcourtrecordandthepersoncanbequestionedontheinformationprovided

§ Questioningisnarrowerbecauseyoucanonlyquestiononwhatisintheaffidavit(QuestioninginPart6)o Theymaycontainstatementsthatareadmissions

WrittenAdmissions

- AdmissionsinAffidavits:o Written:therecanbeadmissionsthatareanswers

- AdmissionsinPleadings:o Admittedthingslike,date,car,owneretc

- AgreedStatementofFacts:o Bothsidesconsenttothecontentsanditnarrowsthelitigationtotheissues

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o ConsistentwithRule1.2whereyouhavetonarrowandfocustheissueso Itisimportanttogettheothersidetoagree,thenyounolongerneedtoproveit

- NoticetoAdmitFacts:o GettheotherpartytoadmittocertainthingsandfileitwiththeCourto Rule6.37:Beawareofspecifically

Whyareadmissionsimportant?

- Ifthereisanadmission,thereisnoneedtoproveitusingevidence- NOTE:Rule13.12Pleadings,DenialofFacts

- Everyfactinthepleadingisdeniedifthefactisnotadmittedinanotherpleadingbythepartyoppositeininteresto Denialispresumedifnotadmitted

Admissions:RelevantRulesRule6.37NoticetoAdmit[askapartytoadmitanyfact–includingaboutarecord,oranywrittenopinion,attachedtothenotice

- 6.37(1)Apartymay,bynoticeinForm33,callonanyotherpartytoadmitforthepurposesofanapplication,originatingapplication,summarytrialortrial,eitherorbothofthefollowing:

o (a)Anyfactstatedinthenotice,includinganyfactinrespectofarecord;[ANYFACT]o (b)Anywrittenopinionincludedinorattachedtothenotice,whichmuststatethefactsonwhichtheopinionis

based.[ANYWRITTENOPINION]- (2)Acopyofthenoticemustbeservedoneachoftheotherparties.[FILEDANDSERVED]

o Note:Anytimeyouaremakingsomethingforanapplication,thenitisfiled.Mustkeepinmindwhenyoufileandservesomethingversuswhenyoujustserveit.

- (3)Eachofthemattersforwhichanadmissionisrequestedispresumedtobeadmittedunless,within20daysafterthedateofserviceofthenoticetoadmit,thepartytowhomthenoticeisaddressedservesonthepartyrequestingtheadmissionastatementthat[CREATESAREBUTTALPRESUMPTION]

o (a)Deniesthefactortheopinion,orboth,forwhichanadmissionisrequestedandsetsoutindetailthereasonswhythefactcannotbeadmittedortheopinioncannotbeadmitted,asthecaserequires,or

§ [DENYFACTOROPINIONANDREASONSFORDENYING]o (b)Setsoutanobjectiononthegroundthatsomeorallofthemattersforwhichadmissionsarerequestedare,in

wholeorinpart,[OBJECTTOFACTOROPINION]§ (i)Privileged,or§ (ii)Irrelevant,improperorunnecessary.

• Thiscreatesarebuttablepresumption• Itispresumedrebuttablebecausetheothersidecansubmitreasonswhytheywillnotadmitit• Denialmustmeetthesubstanceoftheadmission;ifitisfacts,youmuststatewhatyouarewilling

andunwillingtoadmit• Denialmustbeservedonallpartiestothelitigation

- (4)Acopyofthestatementmustbeservedoneachoftheotherparties.[SERVERESPONSE]- (5)Adenialbyapartymustfairlymeetthesubstanceoftherequestedadmissionand,whenonlysomeofthefactsor

opinionsforwhichanadmissionisrequestedaredenied,thedenialmustspecifythefactsoropinionsthatareadmittedanddenyonlytheremainder.

- (6)Apartymayamendorwithdrawanadmissionordenialmadeunderthisruleonly[WITHDRAWALOFADMISSION]o (a)WiththeCourt’spermission,or[PERMISSION]

§ Ifthepartysaysno,thenyoucanendupinaninterlocutoryproceedingtoaskthecourttowithdrawito (b)Byagreementoftheparties[AGREEMENT]

§ Searchfortruthisparamounttoimprudence§ Towithdrawanadmissionisanuphillbattle§ THEMAJORPENALTYISINCOSTS—thisisaquasipunitivecost

- (7)Anadmissionunderthisruleismadeonlyforthespecificpurposeforwhichitismadeandmaynotbeusedasanadmissionagainstthepartymakingitonanyotheroccasion,orinfavourofapersonotherthanthepersonrequestingtheadmission,withouttheagreementofthepartymakingtheadmission

o Justbecauseonepartyhasmadeanadmission,itcannotbeusedbyanotherpartyonanotheroccasion- (8)Onapplication,theCourtmaysetasideanoticetoadmit

o Whenyoureceivethenoticetoadmit,youcanadmit,denyorobject,butyoucanalsobringapplicationtosetasidethenoticetoadmit.

o Ifnoticetoadmitisimproper,notrelevant,or“abusivelanguage”

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Rule10.33(2)(b)CourtConsiderationinMakingaCostsAward- Indecidingwhethertoimposeacostsaward,thecourtmayconsideraparty’sdenialoforrefusaltoadmitanythingthat

shouldhavebeenadmittedo Courtisexercisingitsdiscretionovercosts.Thiswastescourtstimeandresources.

§ Inmostcases,denialofallfactsisnotconsistentwithR1.2andR10.33(2)(b).

StringervEmpireLifeInsuranceCompany,2015ABCA:WithdrawalofAdmissionsISSUE:WhethertherespondentsshouldbepermittedtowithdrawcertaindeemedadmissionsthataroseundertheRulesofCourtwhentheyfailedtoreplyinatimelywaytoaNoticetoAdmitFacts?ANALYSIS:Rule6.37allowsanypartytostatefactsthatitbelievesarenottrulyindispute,andtocallontheotherpartytoadmitthosefacts.Ifnoresponseisreceivedwithin20days,thefactsaredeemedtobeadmitted.UnderRule10.33(2)(b)costscanbeimposedonapartythatunreasonablyrefusestoadmitfacts.Courtdoesnotwantadmissionstobetakenlightly.Thecaselawconfirmsthatthecourtwillconsideranumberofoverlappingfactorsindecidingwhetherpermittingwithdrawalofanadmissionisoverallintheinterestsofjustice:

- (a)Wastheadmissionintentionallymade,orwasitinadvertentlymade,orinadvertentlypermittedtoarisebyoperationoftheRules(ie.deeming);

- (b)Whatistheexplanationforpermittingtheadmissiontoarise,orforhavingmadeanadmissionwhichisnowsaidtobeinaccurate;

o Howdidyoucometomakethisadmission?- (c)Iftherehasbeenanydelayinmovingtowithdrawtheadmission,whatistheexplanationforthatdelay;- (d)Hastheapplicantprovidedsufficientevidencetodemonstratethattheadmittedfactmaynotbetrue,andthatthereisa

genuineissueaboutanimportantenoughfacttowarrantsendingthedisputedfacttotrial;- (e)Wouldthewithdrawaloftheadmissioncauseprejudicetotheotherpartythatcannotberemediedbycostsorother

terms:Rule1.5(4)o Noneofthesefactorsaredeterminative,buttheymustbebalancedandthenthejudgeormasterhasthediscretion

toallowthewithdrawalofdeemedadmission

CHAPTER20:EXPERTS Introduction

- Anexpertisapersonwhoisproposedtogiveexpertopinionevidence(inAppendix)o Asopposedtoawitness,theyarenotexpertsundertherules.

- Thepurposeofexpertreportso Preventdisruptionofthetrialprocesswhenlitigantsaretakenbysurprise.o Allowspartiestoknowaheadoftimewhattheywillencounter:

§ Youarenotsupposedtoambushsomeone§ Thentheycanadjusttheircaseaccordingly

o Tosavetheexpenseofcallingexpertwitnesseswhenthereisnorealdispute- Ifyouarerelyingonexpertevidence,itwaiveslitigationprivilege

o Ifyoudecidenottouseit,thenyoudonothavetoprovideitbecauseitissubjecttoprivilege.RelevantRulesRule5.34ServiceofExpertReports(procedurematters)

- Anexpert’sreportmusto (a)BeinForm25andcontaintheinformationrequiredbytheform,oranymodificationagreedonbytheparties,

and§ Musthavethenameandqualificationoftheexpert

• Qualificationsoftheexpertareimportant§ Provideallinformationandassumptionsthattheexperthasreliedon§ Provideasummaryoftheopinionitself

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o (b)Beservedinthesequencerequiredbyrule5.35Rule5.35SequenceofExchangeofExpertReports

- 5.35(1)Ifapartyintendstousetheevidenceofanexpertattrial,theexpert’sreportmustbeservedinthesequencedescribedinsubrule(2).

- (2)UnlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeortheCourtotherwiseorders,experts’reportsonwhichapartyintendstorelymustbeservedinthefollowingsequence:

o (a)Thepartywhobearstheprimaryonusofproofmustserveoneachoftheotherpartiesthereportofthatparty’sexpert;[EXPERTREPORT]

o (b)Theotherpartyorpartiesmustservetheirexpert’srebuttalreport,ifany,andmayincludeinthereportissuesnotraisedintheinitialexpert’sreport;[REBUTTALREPORT]

o (c)Thepartywhoservedtheinitialexpert’sreportmayserveasurrebuttalexpert’sreportthatrespondsonlytothenewissuesraisedintherebuttalreport.[SURREBUTTALREPORT]

§ Ifpartydoesn’tobjecttotheadmissibilityoftheexpertreportwithreasonsthentheycannotobjectattrialRule5.36ObjectiontoanExpertReport

- 5.36(1)Apartywhoreceivesanexpert’sreportmustnotifythepartyservingthereportofo (a)Anyobjectiontotheadmissibilityoftheexpert’sreportthatthepartyreceivingthereportintendstoraiseat

trial,ando (b)Thereasonsfortheobjection.

- (2)Noobjectiontotheadmissibilityofanexpert’sreportispermittedattrialunlesso (a)Reasonablenoticeoftheobjectionwasgiventotheotherparty,oro (b)TheCourtpermitstheobjectiontobemade

- **YOURFIRSTOBJECTIONCANNOTBEATTRIAL**havetoobjectassoonasyouareservedwithit.Rule5.37QuestioningExpertsBeforeTrial

- 5.37(1)Thepartiesmayagree,orinexceptionalcircumstancestheCourtmaydirect,thatanexpertbequestionedbyanypartyadverseininteresttothepartyproposingtocalltheexpertwitnessattrial.

- (2)Thequestioningmustbelimitedtotheexpert’sreport.- (3)TheCourtmayimposeconditionsaboutquestioningwithrespecttoalloranyofthefollowing:

o (a)Limitingthelengthofquestioning;o (b)Specifyingtheplacewherethequestioningistotakeplace;o (c)Directingpaymentofcostsincurred;o (d)Anyothermatterconcerningthequestioning.

§ NotasbroadasPart5Questioning;morelimited.- (4)EvidenceofanexpertunderthisDivisionistobetreatedasifitwereevidenceofanemployeeofthepartywhointends

torelyontheexpert’sreporto (a)Thepartymustbeadverseininteresttoquestiontheexperto (b)Thisisnotaninformationtypequestioning—itismoreakintoquestioningregardinganaffidavit,thisis

questioningonthesubstanceofthereport§ Iftheychangetheiropinion–seeRule5.38

Rule5.38ContinuingObligationofanExpert

- 5.38If,afteranexpert’sreporthasbeenprovidedbyonepartytoanother,theexpertchangeshisorheropiniononamatterinthereport,thechangeofopinionmustbe

o (a)Disclosedbytheexpertinwriting,ando (b)Immediatelyservedoneachoftheotherparties.

Rule5.39UseofExpertsReportattrialwithouttheExpert

- 5.39(1)Apartyservinganexpert’sreportmay,atthesametime,alsoservenoticeofintentiontohavethereportenteredasevidencewithoutcallingtheexpertasawitness.

- (2)Ifapartyservesanoticeofintentionundersubrule(1),noobjectionmaybemadeattrialtoenteringtheexpert’sreportasevidenceunless,within2monthsafterserviceofthenoticeundersubrule(1),anyotherpartyservesastatementonthepartyservingthenoticeofintention

o (a)Settingoutallorpartsofthereportthatthatotherpartyobjectstobeingenteredasevidenceunderthisrule,andgivingreasonsfortheobjection,or

o (b)Servingonthepartyarequestthattheexpertattendthetrialforcross-examination.

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- (3)Agreeingtohavetheexpert’sreportenteredasevidencewithoutcallingtheexpertasawitness,eitherexplicitlyorbyallowingsubrule(2)tooperatewithoutobjection,isnotanadmissionofthetruthorcorrectnessoftheexpert’sreport

Rule5.40ExpertsAttendanceatTrial

- 5.40(1)Apartywhoagreestohaveallofanexpert’sreportenteredinevidenceattrial,eitherexplicitlyorbyallowingrule5.39(2)[Useofexpert’sreportattrialwithoutexpert]tooperatewithoutobjection,may,atthesametimeasrespondingtothenoticeofintention,servearequestthattheexpertbeinattendanceattrialforcross-examination.

- (2)Theexpertwhoseentirereportistobeenteredattrialmustnotgiveoralevidenceattrialunlesso (a)Arequestthattheexpertattendforcross-examinationhasbeenserved,oro (b)TheCourtpermits.

- (3)Thepartywhorequestsanexpert’sattendanceforcross-examinationmustpaythecostsoftheexpert’sattendance,determinedunderScheduleB[CourtFeesandWitnessandOtherAllowances],unlesstheCourtissatisfiedthatthecross-examinationisofsufficientassistancetowarrantadifferentorderaboutwhoistopaythosecosts.

- (4)Ifthepartyproposingtoentertheexpert’sreportreceivesarequestthattheexpertattendforcross-examination,thepartyproposingtoenterthereportmayquestiontheexpertattrial.

o Youareonlygoingtohaveoneexpertperissue.Rule5.41MedicalExaminations

- 5.41(1)Thepartiesmayagreethatthementalorphysicalconditionofapersonisatissueinanactionandagreeonahealthcareprofessionaltoconductamedicalexamination.

- (2)Onapplication,theCourtmayinanactioninwhichthementalorphysicalconditionofapersonisatissuedoeitherorbothofthefollowing:

o (a)Orderthatapersonsubmittoamentalorphysicalmedicalexamination;o (b)Appointahealthcareprofessionaltoconductamedicalexamination.

- (3)TheCourtmayorderasecondorfurthermedicalexaminationbyahealthcareprofessional.- (4)Iftheplaintiffhasbeenthesubjectofamedicalexaminationbyahealthcareprofessionaloftheplaintiff’schoicewhowill

ormaybeprofferedasanexpert,theCourtmayorderthattheplaintiffbethesubjectofamedicalexaminationbyoneormorehealthcareprofessionalsofthedefendant’schoice

Rule5.42OptionsDuringMedicalExam

- 5.42(1)UnlessotherwiseorderedbytheCourt,apersonwhoistobethesubjectofamedicalexaminationbyahealthcareprofessionalmayelecttodooneormoreofthefollowing:

o Nominateahealthcareprofessionaltobepresentduringthemedicalexamination;o Videotapethemedicalexamination;o Makeaword-for-wordrecordingofthemedicalexamination.

- (2)TheCourtmayo Defineorlimitthepresenceorroleofthenominatedhealthcareprofessional,o Directthatanypartofthemedicalexamination,includinganystandardizedtests,notberecorded,ando Otherwiseprovidedirectionastotheconductofthemedicalexamination

Rule5.44ConductofExamination

- 5.44(1)Ahealthcareprofessionalconductingamedicalexaminationmayaskthepersonbeingexaminedquestionsrelatingtothatperson’smentalandphysicalconditionandmedicalhistory,andthepersonbeingexaminedmustanswerthequestions.

- (2)Ifthepersontobeexaminedagreesinwriting,oriftheCourtsoorders,theexamininghealthcareprofessionalmayo Takeorobtainsamplesfromthepersonbeingexamined,andmakeananalysisofthesamples,ando Performanytestrecognizedbymedicalscience.

- (3)Thepartycausingthemedicalexaminationtobeconductedo Must,onrequest,deliverpromptlytoeachoftheotherpartiesacopyofadetailedwrittenreportofthehealthcare

professional’sfindingsandconclusions,ando Is,onrequest,entitledtoreceivepromptlyfromthepersonexaminedareportofeverymedicalexamination

previouslyorsubsequentlymadeofthephysicalormentalconditionofthepersonresultingfromtheinjuriessustainedorthementalorphysicalconditionthatisinissue.

- (4)Ifapartyrefusestoprovideareportinthemannerdescribedinsubrule(3),theCourtmayorderthereporttobeprovided,andifthehealthcareprofessionalrefusestomakethereportinwriting,theCourtmaymakeanyorderitconsidersproper,oneoftheprovisionsofwhichmaybetheexclusionofthehealthcareprofessional’sevidenceifthatperson’sevidenceisofferedattrial.

- (5)Onapplication,theCourtmaymakeanyorderitconsidersnecessarytolimitorcurtailamedicalexamination

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Rule8.16NumberofExperts

- 8.16(1)UnlesstheCourtotherwisepermits,nomorethanoneexpertispermittedtogiveopinionevidenceonanyonesubjectonbehalfofaparty.

- 8.16(2)If2ormorecorporatepartiesareaffiliateswithinthemeaningoftheterm“affiliate”intheBusinessCorporationsActandthecorporatepartiescannotagree,theCourtmaydirectwhichofthecorporatepartiesmaycallanexpertwitness

Rule8.4TrialDateScheduledbyCourtClerk(wherethepartiesagreeandtheycertify,andpartiessign:theclerkcansetdate)8.4(1)Thepartiesmay,inForm37,requestthecourtclerktoscheduleadatefortrial.

(2) TherequestmustcontainatleastthefollowinginformationunlessotherwisedirectedbytheCourt:(a) Theanticipatednumberofwitnesses,includingthenumberofexpertwitnesses;(b) Theanticipatedlengthoftrial;(c) Acopyofthepleadingsandparticulars,ifany,forthejudge’suseattrial;(d) Ifapplicable,theorderdirectingthatthetrialbebyjury;(e) Thecertificationsrequiredbysubrule(3);(f) Anyadministrativerequirementsforthetrial;(g) Anypotentialconflictofinterestajudgemayhaveandthereasonsforit.

(3) Inadditiontotherequirementsofsubrule(2),thepartiesrequestingatrialdatemust(a) Provide

(i) Acertificatethatthepartieshaveparticipatedinatleastoneofthedisputeresolutionprocessesdescribedinrule4.16(1),or

(ii) Acopyofanordermadeunder4.16(2),waivingthedisputeresolutionprocessrequirement,(b) CertifythatquestioningunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]iscomplete,(c) Certify that any expert reports have been exchanged and the process described in Part 5 [Disclosure of

Information],Division2[ExpertsandExpertReports],includingquestioningofexperts,iscomplete,(d) CertifythatanymedicalexaminationandreportunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation],Division3[Medical

ExaminationsbyHealthCareProfessionals]iscomplete,(e) CertifythatanyundertakinggivenbyapersonquestionedunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]hasbeen

discharged,(f) Certifythattheywillbereadyfortrialbyaspecifieddate,(g) Inthecaseofajurytrial,certifythatthedepositrequiredunderrule8.3[Depositforjury]hasbeenpaid(h) Certifythatallamendmentstopleadingshavebeenfiledandserved,and(i) Certifythatallapplicationsrelatedtotheactionhavebeendisposedofandnootherpre-trialstepsare

required.(4) Ifthecourtclerkissatisfiedthatsubrules(2)and(3)havebeencompliedwith,thecourtclerkmustscheduleatrial

date.(5) Ifthepartiescannotcertifyastothemattersreferredtoinsubrule(3)butaresatisfiedthatthematterwillbe

completedorundertakingdischargedinatimelyway,thepartiesmustsodiscloseandmayrequestthecourtclerktoscheduleatrialdate.

(6)Ifthecourtclerkissatisfiedthatthepartieswillorarelikelytobereadybytheproposedtrialdate,thecourtclerkmayscheduleatrialdate,butifthecourtclerkisindoubtaboutanymatter,thecourtclerkmustreferthemattertoajudgefordirectionsordecision.

KonConstructionLtdvTerrahovaDevelopmentsLtd,2015ABCA249RATIO–Thereisnoautomaticoruniversalrulethatcomputer-generatedreportsareinadmissiblehearsay,oronlyadmissiblethroughexpertevidence.TerranovaarguesthatExhibits105and106areexpertevidence,andcouldnotbeintroducedthroughalaywitness.DECISION:Merelyrelyingonandreportingonthevolumecalculationsinthecomputerreportsdidnotrequireanyspecializedknowledge.Insummary,theentryofthetwodisputedexhibits,andtheevidenceabouttheirsignificance,couldhavebeenhandledinamorestructureway.Theevidence,however,wasadmissibleandtherecorddoesnotdiscloseanypalpableandoverridingerrorinhowthetrialjudgereliedonit.ANALYSIS:

- Thelawsofevidencemustadapttoaccommodatethecurrentrealityofrecordmanagement

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- Electronicrecordsareeitheradmittedbythepartiesbyconsent,theyaredeemedadmissibleinlaw,ortheyareintroducedintoevidencebywitnesses

o Theautomatedcreationofrecords,however,meansthatsometimesthereisnowitnesswhoactuallyparticipatedin,orcantestifyastohowtherawrecordswerecreated

- Mechanicallygeneratedevidenceisacceptedbycourtsbecauseofvariousindiciaofreliabilityo Equipmentandsoftwarearedesignedbyexpertsinaccordancewithscientificandengineeringknowledgeo Theprototypeequipmentistestedagainstknownsamplestoensurethatitdoesprovideaccurateresultso Thefieldequipmentismass-producedinaccordancewithprecisedesignandspecsoftheprototype,andeach

pieceisusuallytestedbeforeitleavesthefactoryo Thosewhousetheequipmentfollowestablishedstandardsformaintenance,calibration,andoperationo Theequipmentandthedataarethenusedonaday-to-daybasis,andareshownbyexperiencetobereliable

- Informationgatheredbyelectronicequipmentisroutinelyreliedonbytheaveragecitizenandthecourtsbecauseoftheindicesofreliabilityjustnotice

o Theinformationmaynotbeperfect,infallibleoraccuratetoacertainty,butitissufficientlyreliabletobeusedincourt

- Theadmissibilityofevidencedoesnotdependonprooftoacertaintyofexactaccuracy;flawedevidenceisroutinelyadmitted,anditsweightisassessedbythetrieroffact

- Opinionevidenceispresumptivelyinadmissiblesubjecttoafewexceptionsincludingexpertopinionevidenceonmattersrequiringspecializedknowledge

o Therearealsoopinionsthataremerelycompilationsofordinaryobservations,andtheyareadmissibleeventhroughalaywitness

- Outputfromequipmentwhichhascomputerprogramsandformulasembeddedinitdoesnotinvariablyrisetothelevelof“expertopinionevidence”

o Whenacomputerprogramreachesthepointwhereitwillbejustifiedbyexpertevidencerequiresadecisionbythetrialjudgeastowhetheritrequires“specializedknowledge”orismerelyamanifestationofordinarylearning.

§ Expertevidencewilloftenberequiredwherethewitnesspurportstointerpretthecomputerdata,explainwhatitmeans,ordrawinferencesfromit

ReidvBitangol,2016ABQB122FACTS:DefendantsapplyforanordercompellingthePlaintiffstoproducecertainrecordsunderRule5.44ANALYSIS:ErketuvWilson–TheMastersinbothcasesheldtheplaintiffswerenotrequiredtoprovideexpertreportsbeforethedefendantsdecidedtowaiveorrequestanME.Onappeal,NielsenJconcludedthattheMastershaderredinrefusingtoordertheplaintiffstoproduce.AndrevWeibe–Rule217(7)isastatutoryexceptiontolitigationprivilegeasitrelatestoexpertreportssoughtbyadefendantunderrule217.Therulemandatesthatsuchreportsbedisclosedtotheplaintiff.Therulealsomandatesthatthesereportscontainthe“findings”madebytheexpert.Findingsmeanthefactualunderpinningsthatsupportanexpert’sconclusionsoropinions.So,testprotocolsandrawdataoftestswouldnormallybetheunderpinningsandthereforeshouldbedisclosed.HELD:Plaintiffswereentitledtodisclosureofallfactsuponwhichtheinferencesandconclusionscontainedinthereportwerebasedinsofarasthereportfialedtopreciselysetforththosefacts.However,theMEinthatcasehadalreadytakenplace,andthedefense’smedicalreportshadbeenprovidedtotheplaintiffs.VokesvBaker–IdonotthinkthataplaintiffshouldhavetoforegotheprivilegeattachedtoitsexpertreportsuntilithasbeenprovidedwiththefinaldefenceDMEreport.“IamnotsatisfiedthatthecommonlawinAlbertasupportstheDefendant’sapplicationfordisclosureofdocuments,testprotocols,andrawdatafromtestsunderlyingtheexpertreportsonwhichplaintiffsintendtorelyforthecompletionofMEsunderRule5.44AsstatedinErketu,disclosureoftheplaintiffs’expertreportsuponwhichtheyintendtorelyattrialmustoccurfirstunderrule5.35.However,thismandatorydisclosuredoesnotincludedisclosureofdocuments,testprotocolsandrawdatafromtestsunderlyingtheexpertreports.”Apartydeliveringadetailedwrittenreportofthehealthcareprofessional’sfindingsandconclusionsunderRule5.44(3)(a)isentitledtoreceive,onrequest,everyMEpreviouslyorsubsequentlymadeofthephysicalormentalconditionofthepersonunder5.44(3)(b).ThecontinuinglitigationprivilegeoverrelateddocumentsdoesnotdisappearuntilRule5.44(3)comesfullyintoplay,inotherwords,whenthereportsunderRule5.44(3)(a)havebeenprovided,andarequesthasbeenmadeforRule5.44(3)(b)disclosure.

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HendersonEstatevArnett,2011ABQBFilingExpertReports

- Expertreportsshouldonlybecomepartofthecourtrecordbyconsentorwithapprovalofthecourt- Youserveitontheparties,butyoudonotfileitwiththecourt

o Thisisanotherexampleofinformationvsevidence- **YOUDONOTFILETHESE**

AdascivAmin,2013ABCABloodTests:Rule5.44(2)

- BloodtestsarepossibleunderRule5.44(2),assumingabalancingofinterestsofthepartiestolitigationjustifiesito Thecourtwillallowthisbecausewhenyoubringcivillitigation,youare100%exposed,ifitisrelevantandmaterial,

(example:thisbloodworkinrelationtothequantumofdamages)thecourtwillrequireyoutocomplyB.PreservationandInspectionofEvidenceRulesPart6,Divisions2and3C.CourtAssistanceRule6.40AppointmentofCourtExpert

- 6.40(1)TheCourtmayappointapersonasacourtexperttogiveevidenceonamatter.- (2)ThecourtexpertmustgiveindependentevidencetotheCourt.- (3)Ifpossible,thepartiesmustagreeonthecourtexperttobeappointedundersubrule(1).- (4)Theappointmentofacourtexpertdoesnotaffecttherightofapartytocalltheparty’sownexpertasawitness.- (5)Ifthecourtexpertisahealthcareprofessional,thecourtexperthasalltheauthorityandresponsibilityconferredona

healthcareprofessionalbytheserulesRule6.41InstructionsorQuestionstoCourtExpert

- 6.41(1)Ifthepartiesdonotagreeonthedirectionsorinstructionstobegivenorquestionstobeputtoacourtexpert,theCourtmaydecidewhatdirectionsorinstructionsaretobegivenorquestionsaretobeputtothecourtexpert.

- (2)TheCourtmaygiveanydirectionorinstructionorposeanyquestiontothecourtexpertthattheCourtconsidersnecessary,whetherthepartiesagreeornot.

- (3)Thecourtexpert’sreporto Mustbeinwriting,verifiedbyaffidavit,o Mustbeservedonthepartiesbythecourtclerk,ando Isadmissibleinevidence

Rule6.42ApplicationtoQuestionCourtExpert

- 6.42(1)Within20daysafterreceiptofacopyofthecourtexpert’sreport,apartymayapplytotheCourttoquestionthecourtexpertonthereport.

- (2)TheCourtmayorderthequestioningofthecourtexpertbeforeoratahearingofanapplicationororiginatingapplicationorbeforeorattrial.

- (3)Thequestioningmaytaketheformofcross-examinationRule6.43TheCostofaCourtExpert6.43ThecostsofacourtexpertaretobepaidbythepartiesinequalproportionsunlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.

CHAPTER21:OTHEREVIDENCE Rule8.17ProvingFacts(generallytheruleisoralevidenceattrialishowyouproveit)

- 8.17(1)AfacttobeprovedattrialbytheevidenceofawitnessmustbeprovedbyquestioningthewitnessinCourtunlesso Theserulesoranenactmentotherwiserequiresorpermits,

§ Example:filingtheentireexpertreportmeansyoudonotneedtheexperttoattendo Thepartiesagreetothatfact,oro TheCourtotherwiseorders.

- (2)TheCourtmaynotorderthatafactbeprovedbyaffidavitevidenceofawitnessif

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o Aparty,forgoodreason,wishestocross-examinethewitness,ando Thewitnessmayberequiredtoattendthetrial.o Evidencetakeninanyotheractionmaybepresentedattrialbutonlyifthepartyproposingtosubmittheevidence

giveseachoftheotherpartieswrittennoticeofthatparty’sintention5daysormorebeforethetrialisscheduledtostartandobtainstheCourt’spermissiontosubmittheevidence

AffidavitEvidenceatTrial

TolivervKoepke,2013ABCA304PresumptionofVivaVoce/LitigantsResponsibility

- Rule8.17presumesthatevidenceattrialisvivavoce(oral),andifthepartywantstoenteraffidavitevidenceitisincumbentonthemtoprovideanacceptablereasonfordoingso.

- LitigantisresponsiblefortenderingevidenceitwishesenteredintotherecordPreservingEvidenceforFutureUseRule8.14UnavailableorUnwillingtoWitness[modifiesthecommonlaw]–exceptionto8.17

- 8.14(1)Subjecttosubrules(2)and(3),apartymay,withthejudge’spermission,readintoevidenceallorpartoftheevidencegivenatquestioningconductedunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]astheevidenceofthepersonquestioned,totheextentthatitwouldbeadmissibleifthepersonweregivingevidenceinCourt,ifthepersonquestioned

o Isdead,o IsunabletogiveevidencebeforetheCourtbecauseofaccident,illhealthordisability,o Refusestotakeanoathortoanswerproperquestions,oro Foranyothersufficientreasoncannotberequiredtoattendatthetrial.

§ Thisisanexceptionbecausethepersonreadinginthestatementisnotadverseininterest- (2)Beforedecidingwhethertogivepermission,thejudgemustconsider

o Thegeneralprinciplethatevidenceshouldbepresentedorallyincourt,o HowthoroughlythepersonwasquestionedunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation],ando Anyotherappropriatefactor.

- (3)Thejudgemaygrantpermissionunderthisruleonlyifo ThefactorfactssoughttobeprovedthroughthequestioningunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]areimportant

aspectsoftheparty’scase,(cannotjustreadtheentiretranscript)o Thefactorfactscannotbeprovedinanyothermanner,ando Thepermissionisrestrictedtotheportionorportionsofthequestioningthatrelatetothefactorfacts(thatneedto

beproven)Rule6.21PreservingEvidenceforFutureUse[COMMISSIONEVIDENCE–evidenceoutsideofCourtinAlberta]

- (1)TheCourtmayorderthatapersonbequestioned,underoath,o Forthepurposeofpreservingevidence,oro ForanyotherpurposesatisfactorytotheCourt.

- (2)Anordermaybemadeundersubrule(1)(a)o IfthepersontobequestionedisormightbeunabletogiveevidencebeforetheCourtbecauseofaccident,illhealth

ordisability,orifthereisthelikelihoodthatthepersonmightdiebeforebeingrequiredtogiveevidence,o IfthepersontobequestionediswithintheCourt’sjurisdictionwhentheapplicationisfiled,butwillbeormightbe

beyondtheCourt’sjurisdictionwhenthepersonisrequiredtogiveevidence,o If,consideringtheevidencetobegiven,theexpenseandinconvenienceofbringingthepersontogiveevidenceis

notwarranted,oro ForanyotherpurposetheCourtconsidersappropriate

Rule6.22ObtainingEvidenceOutsideAlberta[PRESERVINGEVIDENCE–sameas6.21]OutsideofCourtandoutsideofAlberta.

- 6.22(1)Onapplication,theCourtmayordertheevidenceofapersontobetakenoutsideAlbertaforthepurposeofoneormoreofthefollowing:

o Questioningunderrule5.17[Peoplewhocanbequestioned];o Anapplication;o Anoriginatingapplication;o Trial;o AnyotherpurposethattheCourtconsidersappropriate.

- (2)Inmakingitsdecisionontheapplication,theCourtmustconsidero Theconvenienceofthepersontobequestioned,

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o WhetherthepersonisormightbeunabletogiveevidencebeforetheCourtbecauseofaccident,illhealthordisability,orifthereisthelikelihoodthatthepersonmightdiebeforegivingevidence,

o WhetherthepersonmightbebeyondthejurisdictionoftheCourtwhenthepersonisrequiredtogiveevidence,o Regardingtheevidencetobegiven,andtheexpenseandinconvenienceofbringingthepersontogiveevidence,o Whetherthewitnessshouldgiveevidenceinperson,ando Anyothersufficientreasonforgrantingorrefusingtheapplication.

- (3)TheCourtmaydetermineo Thedate,timeandplaceofthequestioningo Theminimumnoticetobegiventothepersontobequestionedofthedate,timeandplaceofthequestioning,o Thepersonbeforewhomthequestioningistobeconducted,o Theamountoftheallowancetobepaidtothepersontobequestioned,ando Anyothermatterthatneedstoberesolvedaboutthequestioning.

- (4)AnorderunderthisrulemustbeinForm31,filedandserved,andmayo Authorizethetakingofevidencebeforeanamedperson,o Giveinstructionstothepersonnamedtotakeevidenceandtohaveatranscriptoftheevidenceprepared,o Ordertheproductionofrecordsapplicabletothequestioning,ando AuthorizealetterofrequestinForm30tobesenttothejudicialauthorityofthejurisdictioninwhichthepersonto

bequestionedislocated,requestingthenecessaryorderordocumenttobeissuedtorequirethepersontobequestionedtoattendbeforethepersonauthorizedtotakeevidenceand,ifnecessary,toproducerecords

Rule6.23DutiesofPersonAuthorizedtoTakeEvidence

- 6.23(1)Apersonauthorizedtotakeevidenceunderrule6.22[ObtainingevidenceoutsideAlberta]must,totheextentthatitispossibletodoso,conductthequestioninginaccordancewiththeserules,thelawofevidenceofAlberta,andthetermsoftheauthorizationunless

o AnotherformofquestioningisrequiredbytheCourt,oro Thelawoftheplacewherethequestioningisconductedotherwiserequires.

- (2)Onorattachedtothetranscript,thepersonpreparingthetranscriptmusto Statetheperson’sname,o Specifythedateandplacewherethetranscriptwasprepared,ando Certifythetranscriptascompleteandaccurate.

- (3)Assoonasthetranscriptofthequestioningispreparedandcertifiedascompleteandaccurate,thepersonauthorizedtotakeevidencemust

o Returntheauthorization,togetherwiththeoriginaltranscriptandexhibits,tothecourtclerkofthejudicialcentreinwhichtheactionislocated,

o Keepacopyofthetranscriptand,wherepracticable,theexhibits,ando Notifythepartieswhoappearedatthequestioningthatthetranscriptiscompleteandhasbeensenttothecourt

clerkRule6.24AssistancetoJudicialAuthoritiesOutsideAlberta

- 6.24IfajudicialauthorityinanotherjurisdictionrequestsorauthorizesarequesttobemadetotheCourtfortheCourt’sassistanceinobtainingevidencefromapersoninAlbertaforuseinacourtorotherproceedingoutsideAlberta,theCourtmaymakeanyorderthatitconsidersappropriate,includinganyoneormoreofthefollowing:

o (a)Requiringapersontoattendforquestioning,underoath,whichmaytaketheformofcross-examination;o (b)Requiringapersontoproducerecords;o (c)Requiringatranscriptofthequestioningtobeprepared;o (d)Specifyingthemannerinwhichquestioningistobeconducted

CHAPTER22:MANAGINGLITIGATION A.ResponsibilitiesofthePartiesRule4.1ResponsibilitiesofthePartiestoManageLitigation

- Thepartiesareresponsibleformanagingtheirdisputeandforplanningitsresolutioninatimelyandcost-effectiveway.Rule4.2WhattheResponsibilityIncludes

- 4.2Theresponsibilityofthepartiestomanagetheirdisputeandtoplanitsresolutionrequirestheparties

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o (a)Toactinamannerthatfurthersthepurposeandintentionoftheserulesdescribedinrule1.2[Purposeandintentionoftheserules],

o (b)Inanactioncategorizedasastandardcase,torespondinasubstantivewayandwithinareasonabletimetoanyproposalfortheconductofanaction,

o (c)Inanactioncategorizedasacomplexcase,tomeetortoadjustdatesinatimelywayinacomplexcaselitigationplan,

o (d)Whenthecomplexityorthenatureofanactionrequiresit,toapplytotheCourtfordirection,orrequestcasemanagementunderrule4.12[Requestforcasemanagement],and

o (e)Toconsiderandengageinoneormoredisputeresolutionprocessesdescribedinrule4.16(1)[Disputeresolutionprocesses]unlesstheCourtwaivesthatrequirement.

§ Itisn’tmandatorybutitisagoodideaRule4.3CategoriesofCourtActionWhatarethecategoriesofcourtactions?

- 4.3(1)Forthepurposeoftheserules,actionsarecategorizedaso Standardcases,oro Complexcases.

Howdoyoudecideifyouractionisstandardorcomplex?

- (2)Indecidingwhetheranactionshouldbecategorizedasastandardorcomplexcase,thepartiesortheCourt,asthecaserequires,mustconsiderthefollowingfactors:

o Theamountoftheclaim,thenumberandnatureoftheclaims,andthecomplexityoftheaction;o Thenumberofparties;o Thenumberofdocumentsinvolved;o Thenumberandcomplexityofissuesandhowimportanttheyare;

§ Issues–notsolelylegalquestions,buthowyouaregoingtoprovethings,etc.o HowlongquestioningunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]islikelytotake;o Whetherexpertreportswillberequiredand,ifso,thetimeitwilltaketoexchangereportsandtoquestionexperts

underPart5[DisclosureofInformation];o WhethermedicalexaminationsandreportsunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation],Division3[Medical

ExaminationsbyHealthCareProfessionals]willberequired;o Anyothermatterthatshouldbeconsideredtomeetthepurposeandintentionoftherulesdescribedinrule1.2

[Purposeandintentionoftheserules];§ Whetherathirdpartyclaimhasbeenorislikelytobemade.Thirdpartyclaimleansmoretowardscomplex

- (3)If,within4monthsafterthedateastatementofdefenceisfiled,thepartiesdonotagreeonwhethertheactionisastandardorcomplexcase,andtheCourtdoesnototherwiseorder,theactionistobecategorizedasastandardcase

o Thecasewillautomaticallybecategorizedasstandard(asageneralrule)unlessyougetitcategorizedascomplexo Thiscanbeimportantbecausetherearedifferentobligationsforstandardversuscomplexcases

Rule4.4StandardCaseObligations

- 4.4(1)Unlessthepartiesotherwiseagree,ortheCourtotherwiseorders,andsubjecttomattersarisingbeyondthecontroloftheparties,thepartiestoanactioncategorizedasastandardcasemust,withinareasonabletimeconsideringthenatureoftheaction,completeeachofthefollowingstepsorstagesintheaction:[requirements]

o Closeofpleadings;[notehowamendmentschangeafterclose]o DisclosureofinformationunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation];

§ Affidavitofrecordsserved?Questioningcompleted?• Affidavitofrecords:

o Plaintiffmustservewithin3monthsofbeingservedwithStatementofDefenceo Defendantmustservewithin2monthsofbeingservedPlaintiff’sAffidavitofRecords

• Triggerforquestioningisservingtheaffidavitofrecords.Questioningmustbebypartiesadverseininterest.

o Atleastoneofthedisputeresolutionprocessesdescribedinrule4.16(1),unlesstherequirementiswaivedbytheCourt;[notenforcedbecauseoflackofjudges]

§ Thisisnotarequirementundertherulerightnow.o Applicationforatrialdate.

- 4.4(2)Apartytoanactioncategorizedasastandardcasemayserveontheotherpartyaproposedlitigationplanoraproposalforthecompletionortimingofanystageorstepintheaction,andifnoagreementisreached,anypartymayapply

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totheCourtforaproceduralorotherorderrespectingtheplanorproposal[mayservealitigationplan(itisdiscretionary);notarequirement]

StandardCaseTargets Steps Days Comments

Stage1

Disclosureofdocuments(Serviceofbothplaintiff’saffidavitofrecordsanddefendant’saffidavitofrecords)

4months PlanstartsfromthedateoffilingofthelastStatementofDefence

Attheendofthisstage,theissuesshouldbeclear;thepartiesdetermined;andthenatureofthedisputeunderstood.

Stage2

Questioning:- oralorwritten- transcripts- undertakings

5monthsfromendofStage1(9monthstotal)

InterlocutoryapplicationsallfiledExpertReportsThisinformationismoreorlesscompleteandthepartiescanperformacomprehensiveevaluationoftheircase(settlementpossible?)

Stage3Applicationfortrialdate 1monthfromend

ofStage2(10monthstotal)

Rule4.5ComplexCaseObligations

- 4.5(1)Thepartiestoanactioncategorizedasacomplexcasemust,within4monthsafterthedatethatthepartiesagreetothecategorizationortheCourtdeterminesthattheactionisacomplexcase,

o Agreeonacomplexcaselitigationplan[thisisarequirement],ando Unlessreasonsaregivenintheplannottodoso,[all7arerequired]

§ Establishadatebywhichtherealissuesindisputewillbeidentified[consistentwithR1.2],§ Agreeonaprotocolfortheorganizationandproductionofrecords,[identifywhatisprivileged,whatisn’t;

whatisrelevantandnot]§ Setadatebywhichdisclosureofrecordswillbecompletedunderrule5.5[Whenanaffidavitofrecords

mustbeserved],particulardateonwhichyourAffidavitofRecordswillbecompleted§ SetadatebywhichquestioningunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]willbecompleted,

• Allofthesemustbeparticulardates(notSpringofthisyear)§ Setadatebywhichallexperts’reportsandrebuttalandsurrebuttalexpertreportswillbeserved,§ Setadatebywhichreportsofanyhealthcareprofessionalswillbeobtained,and§ Agreeonanestimateddatetoapplyforatrialdate.

- (2)Whenacomplexcaselitigationplanoranamendmenttotheplanisagreedto,theplaintiffmustfileitandserveitonallparties

Rule4.6SettlingDisputesAboutComplexLitigationPlans

- 4.6(1)Ifnoagreementisreachedonacomplexcaselitigationplanwithintheperiodreferredtoinrule4.5(1)[Complexcaseobligations],orifthepartiescannotagreeonanadjustmenttoadateintheplan,theCourtmay

o (a)Establishoramendacomplexcaselitigationplanfortheaction,oro (b)Makeaproceduralorderwithrespecttotheactiongenerallyortodealwithparticularissuesorissuesthatmay

arise

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Rule4.7MonitoringandAdjusting- 4.7(1)Thepartiesmustmonitorprogressintheiractionandadjustthedatesbywhichastageorstepintheactionis

expectedtobecompletedifapartyisaddedtotheactionorascircumstancesrequire.- (2)Onapplication,theCourtmayadjustorsetdatesbywhichastageorastepintheactionisexpectedtobecompleted

Rule4.8TheCourtMayCategorizeActions

- 4.8(1)Onapplication,theCourtmaydirectwhetheranactionistobecategorizedasastandardorcomplexcase.- (2)TheCourtmaychangethecategorizationofanactiontocomplexorstandardatanytime.

Howcanthecourtassistinmanaginglitigation?Rule4.11Rule4.9OrderstoFacilitateProceedings(1-ProceduralOrders)

- 4.9IfapartyortheCourtisnotsatisfiedthatanactionisbeingmanagedinaccordancewithrule4.2[Whattheresponsibilityincludes],

o (a)Thepartymayapplyforaproceduralorder,anorderunderrule4.10[AssistancebytheCourt]oranyotherappropriateorder;

o (b)TheCourtmaymakeaproceduralorder,anorderunderrule4.10[AssistancebytheCourt]oranyotherappropriateorder

Rule4.10AssistancebytheCourt(2-Caseconference)

- 4.10(1)TheCourtmay,atanytime,directthepartiesandanyotherpersontoattendaconferencewiththeCourt.- (2)Theparticipantsintheconferencemayconsider

o Disputeresolutionpossibilities,theprocessforthem,andhowtheycanbefacilitated;o Simplificationorclarificationofaclaim,apleading,aquestion,anissue,anapplicationoraproceeding;o Acomplexcaselitigationplanoramodificationtotheplan;o Casemanagementbyajudge;o Practice,proceduralorotherissuesorquestionsandhowtoresolvethem;o Anyothermatterthatmayaidintheresolutionorfacilitatetheresolutionofaclaim,applicationorproceedingor

otherwisemeetthepurposeandintentionoftheserulesdescribedinrule1.2[Purposeandintentionoftheserules].- (3)Ifapartyfilesanapplicationforaconferenceunderthisrule,thatpartymust

o Giveareasonfortheconference,ando Fileandserveoneveryotherpartynoticeoftheapplicationandanymaterialtobereliedoninsupportofthe

applicationareasonabletimebeforethedatetheconferenceisscheduledtotakeplace.o TheCourtmaymakeaproceduralorderbefore,atorfollowingtheconference

Rule4.12RequestforCaseManagement(3-RequestCasemanagementbyajudge)

- 4.12(1)ArequestforacasemanagementordermustbemadeinwritingtotheChiefJusticeandacopyoftherequestmustbeservedoneachoftheotherparties.

- (2)Therequestmuststateo Thereasonfortherequest,ando Whetheranyoftheotherpartiesagreeswiththerequest.

- (3)AnactioncommencedorcontinuedundertheClassProceedingsActmusthaveacasemanagementjudgeappointedfortheactionunlesstheChiefJusticedecidesotherwise,andtherequestforacasemanagementjudgemustbemadenolaterthanthedateonwhichthefirstapplicationinrespectoftheclassproceedingismadeundersection2(2)oftheClassProceedingsAct

Rule4.13AppointmentofCaseManagementJudge(3–AppointmentofCasemanagementbyajudge)

- 4.13TheChiefJusticemayorderthatanactionbesubjecttocasemanagementandappointajudgeasthecasemanagementjudgefortheactionforoneormoreofthefollowingreasons:

o Toencouragethepartiestoparticipateinadisputeresolutionprocess;o Topromoteandensurethefairandefficientconductandresolutionoftheaction;o Tokeepthepartiesonschedule;o Tofacilitatepreparationfortrialandtheschedulingofatrialdate

Rule4.14AuthorityofCaseManagementJudge(3–AuthorityofCasemanagementjudge)

- 4.14(1)Acasemanagementjudge,orifthecircumstancesrequire,anyotherjudge,may:o (a)Orderthatstepsbetakenbythepartiestoidentify,simplifyorclarifytherealissuesindisputeo (b)Establish,substituteoramendacomplexcaselitigationplanandorderthepartiestocomplywithit,o (c)Makeanordertofacilitateanapplication,proceeding,questioningorpre-trialproceeding,

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o (d)Makeanordertopromotethefairandefficientresolutionoftheactionbytrial,o (e)Facilitateeffortsthepartiesmaybewillingtotaketowardstheefficientresolutionoftheactionoranyissueinthe

actionthroughnegotiationoradisputeresolutionprocessotherthantrial,o (f)Makeanyproceduralorderthatthejudgeconsidersnecessary,oro (g)Asacasemanagementjudge,exercisethepowersthatatrialjudgehasbyadjudicatinganyissuesthatcanbe

decidedbeforecommencementofthetrial,includingthoserelatedto§ Theadmissibilityofevidence,§ Expertwitnesses,§ Admissions,and§ Adverseinferences.

- (2)UnlesstheChiefJusticeorthecasemanagementjudgeotherwisedirects,ortheserulesotherwiseprovide,thecasemanagementjudgemustheareveryapplicationfiledwithrespecttotheactionforwhichthecasemanagementjudgeisappointed.

- (3)Adecisionthatresultsfromtheexerciseofthepowerreferredtoinsubrule(1)(g)isbindingonthepartiesfortheremainderofthetrial,evenifthejudgewhohearstheevidenceonthemeritsisnotthesameasthecasemanagementjudge,unlessthecourtissatisfiedthatitwouldnotbeintheinterestsofjusticebecause,amongotherconsiderations,freshevidencehasbeenadduced

Rule4.15CaseManagementJudgePresidingatSummaryTrialandTrialRule4.15Unlesseverypartyandthejudgeagree,acasemanagementjudgemustnothearanapplicationforjudgmentbywayofasummarytrialorpresideatthetrialoftheactionforwhichthecasemanagementjudgeisappointed[createsarmslength]

• Thecasemanagementjudgecanhearthematterattrialifthereisanagreementfromallparties• Priortotrialallapplicationsarebroughttothecasemanagementjudge

DisputeResolutionProcessesCodeofConductRule3.2–Alawyermustadviseandencourageaclienttocompromiseorsettleadisputewheneveritispossibletodosoonareasonablebasis…Rule1.2discussesdisputeresolutionprocesses.R4.16(1)Theresponsibilityofthepartiesmanagetheirdisputeincludegoodfaithparticipationindisputeresolutionprocesseswithrespecttoalloranypartofaction.

- Disputeresolutionprocessinprivateorgovernmentsectorinvolvinganimpartialthirdperson[mostcommon:mediation]- Courtannexeddisputeresolutionprocess- JudicialdisputeresolutionprocessdescribedinR4.17to4.21- AnyprogramorprocessdesignedbytheCourtforpurposeofthisrule

R4.16(2)Onapplication,courtmaywaivetheresponsibility,butonlyif- Beforetheactionstartedthepartiesengaged inadisputeresolutionprocessandthepartiesandtheCourtbelievethata

furtherdisputeresolutionprocesswouldnotbebeneficial,- Thenatureoftheclaimisnotone,inallthecircumstances,thatwillorislikelytoresultinanagreementbetweentheparties,- thereisacompellingreasonwhyadisputeresolutionprocessshouldnotbeattemptedbytheparties,- theCourtissatisfiedthatengaginginadisputeresolutionprocesswouldbefutile,or- theclaimisofsuchanaturethatadecisionbytheCourtisnecessaryordesirable.

R4.16(3)Thepartiesmustattendthehearingofanapplicationundersubrule(2)unlesstheCourtotherwiseordersRule4.17PurposeofJudicialDisputeResolution[JDR]

- Rule4.17:ThepurposeofthisSubdivision[JudicialDisputeResolution]istoprovideaparty-initiatedframeworkforajudgetoactivelyfacilitateaprocessinwhichthepartiesresolveallorpartofaclaimbyagreement.

Rule4.18JDRProcess

- 4.18(1)Anarrangementforajudicialdisputeresolutionprocessmaybemadeonlywiththeagreementoftheparticipatingpartiesand,beforeengaginginajudicialdisputeresolutionprocess,andsubjecttothedirectionsofthepresidingjudge,theparticipatingpartiesmustagreetotheextentpossibleonatleastthefollowing:

o Thateverypartynecessarytoparticipateintheprocesshasagreedtodoso,unlessthereissufficientreasonnottohavecompleteagreement;

o Rulestobefollowedintheprocess,includingrulesrespecting§ Thenatureoftheprocess,

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§ Thematterstobethesubjectoftheprocess,§ Themannerinwhichtheprocesswillbeconducted,§ Thedateonwhichandthelocationandtimeatwhichtheprocesswilloccur,§ Theroleofthejudgeandanyoutcomeexpectedofthatrole,§ Anypracticeorprocedurerelatedtotheprocess,includingexchangeofmaterials,before,atorafterthe

process,§ Whowillparticipateintheprocess,whichmustincludepersonswhohaveauthoritytoagreeonaresolution

ofthedispute,unlessotherwiseagreed,and§ Anyothermatterappropriatetotheprocess,thepartiesorthedispute.

- (2)Thepartieswhoagreeontheproposedjudicialdisputeresolutionprocessareentitledtoparticipateintheprocess.- (3)Thepartiestoaproposedjudicialdisputeresolutionprocessmayrequestthatajudgenamedbythepartiesparticipatein

theprocessR4.19OnlydocumentsthatmayresultfromaJDRareanagreementpreparedbyparties,consentorderorconsentjudgmentresultingfromprocessortranscriptofproceedingsmadeinopencourtattimeofJDRwhichrecordsoutcomeofJDRprocess.Rule4.20ConfidentialityandUseofInformation4.20(1)Ajudicialdisputeresolutionprocessisaconfidentialprocessintendedtofacilitatetheresolutionofadispute.

(2) Unlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeinwriting,statementsmadeordocumentsgeneratedfororinthejudicialdisputeresolutionprocesswithaviewtoresolvingthedispute

(a) Areprivilegedandaremadeorgeneratedwithoutprejudice,(b) Mustbetreatedbythepartiesandparticipantsintheprocessasconfidentialandmayonlybeusedforthe

purposeofthatdisputeresolutionprocess,and(c) Maynotbereferredto,presentedasevidenceorreliedon,andarenotadmissibleinasubsequentapplication

orproceedinginthesameactionorinanyotheraction,orinproceedingsofajudicialorquasi-judicialnature.(3) Subrule(2)doesnotapplytothedocumentsreferredtoinrule4.19[Documentsresultingfromjudicialdispute

resolution].(4)Subrule(2)doesnotpreventtheuseofstatementsmadeordocumentsgeneratedfororinthejudicialdisputeresolutionprocesstoprovethefactthatasettlementwasreachedorthetermsofasettlement

Rule4.21InvolvementofJudgeAfterProcessConcludes

- 4.21(1)JudgeinJDRcannothearordecideanysubsequentapplication.- (2)Thejudgefacilitatingajudicialdisputeresolutionprocessmusttreatthejudicialdisputeresolutionprocessas

confidential,andalltherecordsrelatingtotheprocessinthepossessionofthejudgeorinthepossessionofthecourtclerkmustbereturnedtothepartiesordestroyedexcept[documentsfromR4.19and(c)cannotgiveevidenceattrial]

FactorstoConsiderinADR

1. Stageofthelitigationa. YouprobablywanttohavecompletedquestioningandknowtheissuesifyouwantJDRb. Ifyouwantfacilitationthenyoucouldconsiderfacilitativemediation

2. Relationshipbetweentheparties:a. Isthereanongoingrelationshipthatneedstobesalvagedb. Youcanconsiderwhatyourplaintiffmakesandhowitrelatestotheneedsofyourclient

i. Youneedtolookataprocesswheretheycancometoaresolutionandstillpreservethebusinessrelationship

3. Dotheparties“needtohearitfromajudge”a. JDRisagoodsolutionb. TheJudgeactuallyevaluatesthecasebutdoesnot100%requireabindingagreementattheendoftheJDR

4. Doyouwantanopportunityforcreativeorextrajudicialsolutions:a. Makingtradesandbalancingneeds/wantstogetwhateachpartywantsb. NotfoundincourtorinaJDRc. Employmentexample:

i. Wrongfuldismissalclaimdroppedforletterofreference5. Expenses:

a. JDRischeap(free)b. Arbitrationandmediationhavefeesc. Buttheearlieryouresolveit,thelessitcosts

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CHAPTER23:CHAMBERSPRACTICE WhatareInterlocutoryApplications?

- Decideamatterorpointbutarenotafinaldecisionofthewholeissueo Theformofevidenceisbywayofaffidavit(contrarytotrialwherethegeneralruleisoralevidence).

- Applicationsthattakeplacebetweenthefilingofthepleadingsandpriortothetrialoftheaction.- Theydecidesomepointorsomematterthatarisesduringthecourseoftheactionbuttheyarenotafinaldecisiononthe

meritsofthewholecontroversy/case.- Someinterlocutoryapplicationsmeanthatthemattersend(summarytrial)butitdoesn'tmeanthatthemeritshavebeen

determined.- Laymencase:

o Indianbandsclaimedland,Crownusedlimitationdefence.CourtusedasummaryjudgmenttosayLimitationActappliesandthatlimitationhadexpired.Didthatdecideifbandhadalandcase?No,itdidn'tdecidethemerits,butitdidendtheaction,becausetheycouldn'tgotocourt.Somaydecideapointoramatter,butnotthemerits.Sometimesstopsthingsfromgettingtoajudgingonthemerits.

Part5Questioning InterlocutoryApplicationsInformationisobtainedthroughquestioning Evidenceisprovidedinswornaffidavits,whichmustbefiled.Maybeoralorinwriting. Affidavitevidenceonly;nooralevidence.Onlytestforgatheringitiswhetheritis“relevantandmaterial”. Affidavitsmaybebasedonpersonalknowledgeorinformation

andbelief(ie.hearsay).Answersarenotrequiredtobefiledorputbeforethecourt. Answersonquestioningonaffidavitmustbefiledbythe

questioningparty.Answersmaybeusedinanapplicationorattrial(putbeforethecourt)andthenitbecomesevidenceofthequestioningparty.

Answersareliketestimonyincourt.

A.ChambersPractice

1.OnNoticeRule6.3ApplicationsGenerallyWhenareinterlocutoryapplicationsallowed?

- 6.3(1)UnlesstheserulesoranenactmentotherwiseprovidesortheCourtotherwisepermits,anapplicationmayonlybefiledduringanactionorafterjudgmentisentered.

Whatisrequiredforaninterlocutoryapplication?Timelimitfornotice?

- 6.3(3)Unlessanenactment,theCourtortheserulesotherwiseprovide,theapplicantmustfileandserveonallpartiesandeveryotherpersonaffectedbytheapplication,5daysormorebeforetheapplicationisscheduledtobeheardorconsidered,

o Noticeoftheapplication,ando Anyaffidavitorotherevidenceinsupportoftheapplication

- MustbeinForm27NOTE:ThesearePart6:Thisisevidenceandbecomespartofthefile.PartVI:ChambersApplicationandTrialAlternatives

- Wheneversomeonefilesanapplication,theymustfileanaffidavitinsupport

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- SoR6.7apersonmakesanaffidavitinsupportandmaybequestionedonitanditmustbefiled- AffidavitinsupportisEVIDENCE- Thatiswhywhenyouquestionsomeoneontheaffidavitinsupport,itbecomesevidence- Generally,whereapartyadverseininteresthasabroadrighttoquestion,thequestionsherewillbemuchnarrowerbecause

youarelookingforananswerbasedontheaffidavit- Undertakingsarelesscommon

o Forthesetwoparts,seewhereyouareintheprocess…Part5isnotfiledandisnotevidence- Part6isquestionsinsupport—thereforewhatevertheysayispartofthefile

Rule4.01(1)Whenactingasanadvocate,alawyermustrepresenttheclientresolutelyandhonourablywithinthelimitsofthelaw,whiletreatingthetribunalwithcandour,fairness,courtesy,andrespect.2.ExParte–withouttheotherpartyRule6.4ApplicationsWithoutNotice

- 6.4Despiteanyotherruletothecontrary,noticeofanapplicationisnotrequiredtobeservedonapartyifanenactmentsoprovidesorpermitsortheCourtissatisfiedthat

o (a)Nonoticeisnecessary,oro (b)Servingnoticeoftheapplicationmightcauseundueprejudicetotheapplicant.

B.AppearanceinMasters’Chambers1.Jurisdiction

- MasterinChambers:Jurisdiction:CourtofQueen’sBenchAct,ss8–16o Section8:LieutenantGovernorinCouncilmayappointmastersandshallmakeregulationsrespectingthe

remunerationandbenefitstobepaidtomastersinchambers.o Section8.1Mastershallretireat70.SubjecttoPart6ofJudicatureAct,nomasterinchambersmayberemoved

fromofficebefore70.o Section8.2and8.21dealwithreappointmentofmastersandreappointmentofhalf-timemastersinchambers.o Section8.3appointmentofadhocmasterinchambers.o Section8.4masterinchambersmayatanytimeresignbygivingsignedwrittennotice…o Section9:Outlinesthejurisdictionofmasters.o Section10:powerandjurisdictionofmasterinsection48ofLawofPropertyAct.

SouthSideWoodwork(1979)LtdvRCContractingLtd(1989),(1989)95AR161(AltaQB)Mastersoccupythebottomrungofthesuperiorcourtjudicialladder.Thebigpeckersoverrulethelittlepeckers.

Janvierv834474AlbertaLtd,2010ABQB800TheMastergenerallydoesnothavejurisdictiontodeterminedisputedorcontentiousquestionsoffact:CourtofQueen’sBenchAct,s9(3)(b).Ifthereisadisputeonmaterialfactsattimeofapplication,theremustbeatrial.However,ifoneparty’sevidenceonmaterialfactsiseitherdestroyedbycross-examinationonaffidavitortheintroductionofotherevidencerenderingthatparty’sevidencecompletelynon-credible,thentheMastermayacceptcertainfactsormaydrawinferencesoffact.

SchaffervLalonde,2014ABQB222- Mastersmaydecidecontentiousmattersoffactbasedonaffidavitevidenceifthepartiesagree.- Queen’sBenchAct9(3):Amastermaynotdeterminedisputedorcontentiousquestionsoffactunlessthepartiesagreeto

thedispositionofthequestionsinchambersonaffidavitevidenceandwithoutthetrialofanissueorthehearingoforalevidence.

2.Appeals:RelevantRulesandLegislationsRule6.14AppealfromMastersJudgmentorOrder&FORM286.14(1)Ifamastermakesajudgmentororder,theapplicantorrespondenttotheapplicationmayappealthejudgmentorordertoajudge(2)AnoticeofappealinForm28mustbefiledandservedwithin10daysafterthejudgmentororderisenteredandservedandreturnablewithinareasonabletime,notexceeding2months,afterthedatethenoticeofappealisfiled.Seetherestoftherulesformoredetails.CourtofQueen’sBenchAct,s12

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Anappealliestoajudgeinchambersfromadecisionofamasterinchambers.

BahchelivYorktonSecuritiesInc,2012ABCAThestandardofreviewonappealfromaMastertoajudge,onallissues,isstillcorrectness.R6.14(3)Anappealfromamaster’sjudgmentororderisanappealontherecordofproceedingsbeforethemasterandmayalsobebasedonadditionalevidencethatis,intheopinionofthejudgehearingtheappeal,relevantandmaterial.C.Affidavits1.Content13.18(1)Anaffidavitmaybesworn

(a) Onthebasisofpersonalknowledge,or(b) Onthebasisofinformationknowntothepersonswearingtheaffidavitandthatperson’sbelief.

2typesofaffidavits:R13.18(2)and13.18(3)

(2) Ifanaffidavitisswornonthebasisofinformationandbelief,thesourceoftheinformationmustbedisclosedintheaffidavit.

(3) Ifanaffidavitisusedinsupportofanapplicationthatmaydisposeofallorpartofaclaim,theaffidavitmustbeswornonthebasisofthepersonalknowledgeofthepersonswearingtheaffidavit

13.19(1)Inadditiontocomplyingwithrule13.13[Requirementsforallfileddocuments],anaffidavitundertheserulesmustcomplywithallofthefollowing:

(a) BeinForm49,(b) State,onthefrontpage,thefullnameofthepersonswearingtheaffidavitandthedatetheaffidavitwassworn,(c) Statetheplaceofresidenceofthepersonswearingtheaffidavit,(d) Bewritteninthefirstperson,(e) Bedividedintoconsecutivelynumberedparagraphs,withdatesandnumbersexpressedinnumeralsunlesswordsora

combinationofwordsandnumeralsmakesthemeaningclearer,(f) Besignedoracknowledgedandswornbeforeapersonempoweredtoadministeroaths,whetherthatpersonpreparedthe

affidavitornot,(g) Containastatementofwhen,whereandbeforewhomtheaffidavitwassworn,and(h) Besignedbythepersonadministeringtheoath.

(2)AnaffidavitisnotinvalidorotherwiseimproperjustbecauseitwasswornbeforeacommencementdocumentwasfiledRule13.20ChangeinAffidavitsAnaffidavitwithaninsertion,alterationorerasuremustnotbeusedwithouttheCourt’spermissionunlesstheinsertion,alterationorerasureisauthenticatedbytheinitialsofthepersonadministeringtheoath.Rule13.21RequirementsforExhibitstoAffidavits13.21(1)Arecordtobeusedwithanaffidavitmustbe

(a) Anexhibittotheaffidavit,and(b) Identifiedbyacertificateofthepersonadministeringtheoath.

(2) Ifthetotalnumberofpagesofanaffidavitandattachedexhibitsis25ormore,(a) Theexhibitsmustbeseparatedbytabs,andthepageswithineachtabmustbenumberedconsecutively,or(b) Thepagesoftheaffidavitandallexhibitsmustbeconsecutivelynumberedusingasingleseriesofnumbers.

(3) Anexhibittoanaffidavitmustbeattachedorappendedtotheaffidavitwhentheaffidavitisfiledunless(a) Theexhibitisundulylargeorbulkyandcanbeadequatelyidentified,(b) Theexhibithasalreadybeenfiledandisidentified,or(c)TheCourtotherwiseorders

Rule13.22AffidavitsbythoseVisuallyImpairedorUnabletoReadRule13.23UnderstandingAffidavits13.23(1)Ifitseemstothepersonadministeringtheoaththatthepersonswearingawrittenaffidavitdoesnotunderstandthelanguageinwhichtheaffidavitiswritten,beforetheaffidavitisswornthecontentsoftheaffidavitmustbetranslatedforthepersonswearingtheaffidavitbyapersoncompetenttodoso.[seealsothesubsequentsections]

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Rule13.24Anaffidavitmaybemadeby2ormoreindividualsandthatfactmustbestatedinthestatementofwhen,whereandbeforewhomtheaffidavitwassworn.Rule13.25UseofFiledAffidavitsInanapplicationorproceedinginanaction,apartymayuseandrefertoanyaffidavitfiledintheaction.Rule13.26ExhibitsFilingandReturn13.26(1)Exhibitsfiledwiththecourtclerkinahearingortrialmust

(a) Bedatedandnumbered,(b) Indicatethepartiesinvolvedintheaction,applicationorproceedingforwhichtheexhibitisfiled,and(c) Statewhoownstheexhibitandbywhomtheexhibitisfiled.

(2) Alistofexhibitsfiledinthehearingortrial,brieflydescribingtheexhibitsandwhofiledthem,mustbenotedintheCourtfile.

(3) Afterthetimeforanappealhasexpired,thecourtclerkmay,subjecttoanyorder,returnarecordorexhibittotheownerorpersonwhofiledit.

(4) Thecourtclerkmaydestroyordisposeofarecordorexhibitifthecourtclerk(a) Givesatleast3months’writtennoticebyordinarymailtotheownerorpersonwhofileditofthecourtclerk’s

intentiontodestroyordisposeoftherecordorexhibit,and(b)Receivesnoresponsetothenoticebytheendofthenoticeperiodgivenunderclause(a)

Oaths:AlbertaEvidenceActSection15:AdministrationofOath15(1)Anoathmaybeadministeredintheformandmannerfollowing:

ThepersontakingtheoathshallholdtheBibleorNewTestament,orOldTestamentinthecaseofanadherentoftheJewishreligion,intheperson’supliftedhandandtheofficeradministeringtheoathshallsay:“Youswearthattheevidenceyougiveastouchingthemattersinquestioninthisactionormattershallbethetruth,thewholetruthandnothingbutthetruth.SohelpyouGod”,towhichthepersonbeingswornshallsay“Ido”orgivehisorherassenttoitinamannersatisfactorytothecourtortotheofficeradministeringtheoath.

(2)Withoutinanywaylimitingorrestrictingthemannerinwhichanoathmaybeadministered,theoathmaybetakenorswornonanyoneofthe4Gospels.Section16:ScottishOathIfapersontowhomanoathistobeadministereddesirestoswearwithupliftedhandintheformandmannerinwhichanoathisusuallyadministeredinScotlandthepersonshallbepermittedtodoso,andtheoathshallbeadministeredtothepersoninthatformandmannerwithoutfurtherquestion.Section17:AffirmationInsteadofOath

• 17(1)If,inanactionoronanoccasionwhenanoathisrequiredorpermitted,apersoncalledasawitness,orrequiredordesiringtogiveevidenceortomakeanaffidavitordeposition,objectstotakinganoathorisobjectedtoasincompetenttotakeanoath,ifthepresidingjudgeorthepersonqualifiedtotakeaffidavitsordepositionsissatisfiedthatthewitnessordeponentobjectstobeingsworn

o (a)fromconscientiousscruples,o (b)onthegroundofthereligiousbeliefofthewitnessordeponent,oro (c)onthegroundthatthetakingofanoathwouldhavenobindingeffectontheconscienceofthewitnessor

deponent,thewitnessordeponentmaymakeanaffirmationanddeclarationinsteadoftakinganoath.• (2)Theaffirmationanddeclarationofthatpersonisofthesameforceandeffectasifthatpersonhadtakenanoathinthe

usualform.- (3)Whentheevidenceisintheformofanaffidavitorwrittendeposition,thepersonbeforewhomitistakenshallcertify

thatthedeponentsatisfiedthepersonthatthedeponentwasapersonentitledtoaffirm.R4.02ofCodeofConduct–TheLawyerasWitness.2.QuestioningonAffidavit3.13(1)Thefollowingpersonsmaybequestionedbyapartyadverseininterest:

(a) Apersonwhomakesanaffidavitinsupportofanoriginatingapplication;(b) Apersonwhomakesanaffidavitinresponse;(c) Apersonwhomakesanaffidavitinreplytoaresponse.

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(2) Subjecttorule3.21[Limitonquestioning],apersonmaybequestionedunderoathasawitnessforthepurposeofobtainingatranscriptoftheperson’sevidenceforuseatthehearingofanoriginatingapplication.

(3) Apartymayquestionapersonwhomthepartyisentitledtoquestionunderthisrulebyservingonthepersonanappointmentforquestioning.

(4) Rules6.16[Contentsofappointmentnotice]to6.20[Formofquestioningandtranscript]and6.38[Requiringattendanceforquestioning]applyforthepurposesofthisrule.

(5)ThequestioningpartymustfilethetranscriptofthequestioningRule6.7QuestioningonAffidavitinSupport,Response,andReply

6.7 Apersonwhomakesanaffidavitinsupportofanapplicationorinresponseorreplytoanapplicationmaybequestioned,underoath,ontheaffidavitbyapersonadverseininterestontheapplication,and

(a) Rules6.16[Contentsofappointmentnotice]to6.20[Formofquestioningandtranscript]applyforthepurposesofthisrule,and

(b) ThetranscriptofthequestioningmustbefiledbythequestioningpartyRule6.11EvidenceatApplicationHearings6.11(1)WhenmakingadecisionaboutanapplicationtheCourtmayconsideronlythefollowingevidence:

(a) Affidavitevidence,includinganaffidavitbyanexpert;(b) AtranscriptofquestioningunderthisPart;(c) Thewrittenororalanswers,orboth,toquestionsunderPart5[DisclosureofInformation]thatmaybeusedunderrule5.31

[Useoftranscriptandanswerstowrittenquestions];(d) Anadmissiblerecorddisclosedinanaffidavitofrecordsunderrule5.6[Formandcontentsofaffidavitofrecords];(e) Anythingpermittedbyanyotherruleorbyanenactment;(f) Evidencetakeninanyotheraction,butonlyifthepartyproposingtosubmittheevidencegiveseveryotherpartywritten

noticeofthatparty’sintention5daysormorebeforetheapplicationisscheduledtobeheardorconsideredandobtainstheCourt’spermissiontosubmittheevidence;

(g) WiththeCourt’spermission,oralevidence,which,ifpermitted,mustbegiveninthesamemannerasattrial.(2)Anaffidavitorotherevidencethatisusedorreferredtoatahearingandthathasnotpreviouslybeenfiledintheactionmustbefiledassoonaspracticableafterthehearing.Rule6.15AppointmentsforQuestioningunderthisPart[6]6.15IfapartyisentitledtoquestionapersonunderthisPart,thatpartymaydosobyservingonthepersonanoticeofappointmentforquestioninginForm29,andrules6.16[Contentsofappointmentnotice]to6.20[Formofquestioningandtranscript]applyRule6.16ContentsofNoticeofAppointment6.16(1)Anoticeofappointmentforquestioningmust

(a) Specifyareasonabledate,timeandplacefortheappointmentforquestioning,(b) Describeanyrecordsthepersonisrequiredtobringtotheappointmentforquestioning,and(c) Requestthepersontobequestionedtospecifyanyarrangementsnecessarytoaccommodatetheperson’s

reasonableneedswhich,totheextentreasonablypossible,mustbeaccommodated.(2) Thenoticeofappointmentforquestioningmustbeserved5daysormorebeforetheappointmentdate

(a) Onthepersontobequestioned,orifalawyeractsforthatperson,onthelawyer,and(b) Oneachoftheotherparties.

(3) Onapplication,theCourtmayresolveadisputeoverthedate,time,placeandpersontobequestionedandanyrelatedmatters,andtherecordstobeproducedattheappointmentforquestioning.

(4)Theattendanceofapersontobequestionedandtherecordstobeproducedattheappointmentforquestioningmayberequiredbyanorderunderrule6.38[Requiringattendanceforquestioning].

Rule6.17Allowancemustbepaidbyquestioningpartytopersontobequestioned,unlessCourtdispenseswithallowance.Ifallowancenotpaid,theydonotneedtoattendunlessorderbyCourt.AllowancetobepaidisdeterminedunderScheduleBorifthereisadispute,theamountorderedbyCourt.Rule6.18LawyersResponsibilities6.18(1)Ifalawyerisservedwithanoticeofappointmentforquestioningandanallowanceisalsopaid,thelawyermust,

(a) Assoonaspracticable,informthepersontobequestionedabouttheappointment,and(b) Usetheallowanceonlyforthepurposeforwhichitispaid.

(2) Ifapersontobequestioneddoesnotattendtheappointmentforquestioning,theallowancemust,unlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeortheCourtotherwiseorders,berepaidtothepersonwhopaiditby

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(a) Thelawyer,or(b)Ifthelawyerpaidtheallowancetoanotherperson,thatotherperson

Rule6.19Interpreter6.19(1)Ifapersontobequestionedwillnotbeabletounderstandthequestionsorbeabletoanswerthequestionswithouttheaidofaninterpreter,thepersontobequestionedmustgivereasonablenoticeofthatfacttothepartywhoservedthenoticeofappointmentforquestioning,andthequestioningpartymustthennotifyeveryotherpartythataninterpreterwillbepresent.

(2) Thequestioningpartymustprovideaninterpreter(a) Whoisimpartialandcompetent,and(b) Whotakesanoathtointerpretthequestionsandanswerscorrectlyandhonestly.

(3)ThecostoftheinterpretermustinitiallybebornebythequestioningpartyRule6.20FormofQuestioningandTranscript6.20(1)ApersonquestionedonanaffidavitunderthisPartorapersonquestionedasawitnessforthepurposeofobtainingatranscriptunderthisPartforuseatahearingmayalsobequestionedbyanyotherparty,andthepersonquestionedmaythenbequestionedagainbythequestioningpartyonthatperson’sanswerstothequestionsofotherparties.

(2) Questioningandquestioningagainunderthisrulebypartiesadverseininterestmaytaketheformofcross-examination.(3) Thequestionsandanswersmustberecordedwordforwordbyapersonqualifiedtodoso

(a) Byamethodthatiscapableofproducingawrittentranscript,and(b) InamanneragreedonbythepartiesordirectedbytheCourt.

(4) Thepersonrecordingtheoralquestioningmust(a) Keepinsafecustodytherecordedquestioning,(b) Ifrequiredtodoso,honestlyandaccuratelytranscribetherecordedquestioninganddeliveracopyofthe

transcript,asrequired,and(c) Onorattachedtoanytranscript

(i) Statetheperson’sname,(ii) Specifythedateandplacewherethequestioningoccurred,and(iii) Certifythetranscript,ortheportionofthequestioningtranscribed,ascompleteandaccurate.

(5) Thequestioningpartymust(a) Makenecessaryarrangementsforthequestioningtoberecorded,and(b) FilethetranscriptunlesstheCourtotherwiseorders.

(6) ApersonisqualifiedtorecordandtranscribeoralquestioningunderthisPartifthepersonis(a) Anofficialcourtreporter,(b) ApersonappointedbytheCourtasanexaminerundertheAlbertaRulesofCourt,or(c) Ashorthandwriter,sworntorecordthequestioningwordforwordandtoimpartiallyfulfilthedutiesimposed

bysubrule(4),who(i) Isanagentoremployeeofanofficialcourtreporter,or(ii)Hasbeenapprovedbytheparties

PennWestPetroleumvDevonCanadaCorp,2017ABQB26Theexistingrulewhichspeakstocross-examinationonanAffidavitofRecordscanbefoundinR5.11whichprovidesthataCourtmayorderarecordtobeproducednotwithstandingithasnotbeenandforthepurposesofmakingadecisionmaypermitcrossexaminationonanAffidavitofRecords.CNRLcontendsthatthenewrulesdonotprovidearighttocrossexamineonanAffidavitofRecordswithoutleave.RejectsCNRL’sinterpretationbecauseitisinconsistentwiththegoalsinthefoundationalrules,mostimportantlyRule1.2(1).Itisimpossibletotestthemethodologyoradequacyofadocumentproductionwithoutcrossexaminingonthataffidavit.Furthermore,R5.17entitlesanadversepartytoaskinquestioningaboutrelevantandmaterialrecords.ThiswouldincludequestionsabouttheAffidavitofRecords.“Iseenothingtobegained,intermsofexpeditinglitigation,byrequiringapartytoobtainCourt’spermissiontocrossexamineapartyoritsrepresentativesonanAffidavitofRecords.Underthenewrulespartiesarerequiredtomanagetheirownlitigation.IftheywishtochallengethedocumentproductiontheyoughttobeabletocrossexaminetheaffiantwithoutaCourtOrder.

SmithvCoperstoneCapitalInc,2013ABCAAnadversepartyhasaverywiderighttocross-examineanapplicationforsummaryjudgmentonhisaffidavit.Itisnoanswerthattheapplicantwillbeinconveniencedbyanydelaywheretherequesttocross-examineismadeinatimelyway.Itisalsonoanswerforthe

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applicanttosaythathedoesnot“knowwhytheReceiverwouldwanttoquestionme”.Smith,asanapplicantforsummaryjudgment,wasrequiredtodemonstrateaclarentitlementtothatrelief.

RozakEstatevDemas,2011ABQB- Undertakingsshouldonlybedirectedatquestioningonaffidavits/cross-examinationswhere:

o (a)Thedeponentreferredtoinformationordocumentsintheaffidavit,orcouldonlyhavemadetheassertionscontainedintheaffidavitafterhavingreviewedtheinformationordocumentssought.

o (b)Theundertakingsrelatetoanimportantissueintheapplication,andtheprovisionofsuchevidence:§ (i)Wouldnotbeoverlyonerous;and§ (ii)Wouldlikelysignificantlyhelpthecourtinthedeterminationoftheapplication.

- Itshouldbemoredifficulttohaveundertakingsdirectedatquestioningonaffidavits/cross-examinationthanatdiscovery.- Anaffiantcanberequiredtoinformhimself,i.e.discovertheanswertoquestionshedidnotknowatthequestioning

QuestioningWitnessRule6.8Apersonmaybequestionedunderoathasawitnessforthepurposeofobtainingatranscriptofthatperson’sevidenceforuseatthehearingoftheapplication,and(a)Rules6.16[Contentsofappointmentnotice]to6.20[Formofquestioningandtranscript]applyforthepurposesofthisrule,and(b)Thetranscriptofthequestioningmustbefiledbythequestioningparty.D.AppearanceinChambers&OrdersR4.02ofCodeofConduct

- Alawyerwhoappearsasadvocatemustnottestifyorsubmithisorherownaffidavitevidencebeforethetribunalunlesspermittedtodosobylaw,thetribunal,theRulesofCourtortherulesofprocedureofthetribunal,orunlessthematterispurelyformaloruncontroverted.

E.OrdersRule9.1Judgmentsandordersmustbedividedintoconsecutivelynumberedparagraphsandmustincludedateonwhichandlocationatwhichitwaspronounced;nameofmasterorjudge;dateofentry.Rule9.2PreparationofJudgmentandOrders9.2(1)TheCourtmaydirectwhichpartyistoprepareadraftofthejudgmentororderpronouncedbytheCourt,butiftheCourtdoesnotdoso,thesuccessfulpartyisresponsibleforpreparingthedraft.

(2) Thefollowingrulesapply,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders:(a) Within10daysafterthejudgmentororderispronounced,theresponsiblepartymustprepareadraftofthe

judgmentororderinaccordancewiththeCourt’spronouncementandserveitoneverypartyinattendanceatthehearing,butiftheresponsiblepartydoesnotprepareandservethedraftthenanyotherpartymaydoso;

(b) Within10daysafterthedraftjudgmentororderisserved,eachpartyservedmay(i) Approvethedraft,or(ii) Objecttothedraft,providingparticularsoftheobjection;

(c)Ifapartydoesnotapproveorobjecttothedraftjudgmentororderwithinthe10daysdescribedinclause(b)butallotherrequirementsaremetandserviceofthedraftisproved,thejudgmentorordermaybesignedandentered.

Rule9.3DisputeOverContentofJudgmentorOrderIfthereisadisputeaboutthecontentsofajudgmentororder,thedisputantsmayapplytotheCourttoresolvethedisputeRule9.4(1)Ajudgeormastermaysignajudgmentororderwhenitispronounced.

(2) Ifajudgeormasterdoesnotsignajudgmentororderwhenitispronounced,thecourtclerkmaysignthejudgmentororderinanyofthefollowingcircumstances:

(a) Inaproceedingwhichapartyadverseininterestdidnotattend;(b) Ifthepartyadverseininterestapprovestheformofthejudgmentororderorwaivesapprovalofitsform;(c) IftheCourtdirectsthatapprovaloftheformofthejudgmentororderbyapartyisnotrequired;(d) IftheCourtdirectsthecourtclerktosignthejudgmentororder.

(3)Inanycircumstanceotherthanthosedescribedinsubrule(2),ajudgmentorordermustbesignedbyajudgeormaster.Rule9.5requiresthatjudgmentororderbefiledwithin3months(orlongerwithCourt’spermission).Rule9.6Judgmentorordercomesintoeffect,whetherornotithasbeenentered,ondateofpronouncementoranotherdateorderedbytheCourt.

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CHAPTER24:PRE-TRIALSTRATEGIESANDJUDICIALRESOLUTIONWITHOUTAFULLTRIAL A.StrikingOutPleadings

- StrikingoutisoneofthethreeoptionsthattheDefendanthas(underR3.30)–itsuspendsthetimeforfilingandservingtheStatementofDefence.

- Itisalsousedforotherpurposes:ie.penaltyforcontemptR10.53–apunishmentcanincludestrikingoutpleadings.- IfaRulesays,“acourtmayorder”or“onapplicationthecourtmay”itistalkingaboutaChamber’sapplication- Strikingoutpleadings:

o Resolvesanactiononaproceduralbasis,notmerits§ Abuseofprocess,pleadingsthatwastecourt’stime.

- Ifsuccessful,allorpartoftheirpleadingmaybestruckoutandyouareawardedcostso Ifyouareunsuccessfulthelitigationcontinuesandyouhavecostsawardedagainstyou

Rule3.68CourtOptiontoDealwithSignificantDeficienciesWhatmaytheCourtorder?R3.68(1)3.68(1)Ifthecircumstanceswarrantandaconditionundersubrule(2)applies,theCourtmayorderoneormoreofthefollowing:

(a) Thatalloranypartofaclaimordefencebestruckout;• Iftheystrikeaclaim,theycanissueanewstatementofclaimaslongasitiswithinthelimitationperiod.

(b) Thatacommencementdocumentorpleadingbeamendedorsetaside;(c) Thatjudgmentoranorderbeentered;(d) Thatanaction,anapplicationoraproceedingbestayed.

WhenwillacourtgiveanorderunderR3.68?R3.68(2)

(2) Theconditionsfortheorderareoneormoreofthefollowing:(a) TheCourthasnojurisdiction;

(i) Inrelationtothepartiesortheplace:seejurisdiction(b) Acommencementdocumentorpleadingdisclosesnoreasonableclaimordefencetoaclaim;

(i) Allorpartofthepleadingmaybestruck(c) Acommencementdocumentorpleadingisfrivolous,irrelevantorimproper;(d) Acommencementdocumentorpleadingconstitutesanabuseofprocess;

(i) Resjudicata–ifthishasalreadybeendecided,thentheyshouldnotgetanothertry(ii) Impropercollateralpurpose(iii) Twoormoreactions(ie.vexatiouslitigant)

(e) Anirregularityinacommencementdocumentorpleadingissoprejudicialtotheclaimthatitissufficienttodefeattheclaim.

(3) Noevidencemaybesubmittedonanapplicationmadeonthebasisoftheconditionsetoutinsub-rule(2)(b).

(a) Ifthebasisisnoreasonableclaimordefence,youcannotprovideanyotheraffidavitevidence–canonlylookatthepleadings.

PunitiveprovisionunderR3.68–thiscanbeusedinadditiontothepenaltyofcosts.

(4) TheCourtmay(a) Strikeoutallorpartofanaffidavitthatcontainsfrivolous,irrelevantorimproperinformation;(b) Strikeoutalloranypleadingsifapartywithoutsufficientcausedoesnot

(i) Serveanaffidavitofrecordsinaccordancewithrule5.5[Whenanaffidavitofrecordsmustbeserved],thinktimerules

(ii) Complywithrule5.10[Subsequentdisclosureofrecords],or(iii)Complywithanorderunderrule5.11[Orderforarecordtobeproduced]

Whatgroundsmaybeusedforstrikingout?

- Non-existentparty-Unincorporatedentity,dissolvedcompany,deceasedperson- Unauthorizedactionordefence(whereacompanyorassociationdoesnotauthorizetheactionbyresolution)- Statutoryprohibitionorlackofjurisdiction(Worker’sCompensationorLabourRelationsBoard)- Contemptofcourt–R10.53- Nocauseofactionorgroundsfordefence(causeofactionmustclearlyexistalthoughitmaybenovel)

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RvImperialTobaccoCanadaLtd,2011SCCRATIO-Aclaimwillonlybestruckifitisplainandobvious,assumingthefactspleadedaretrue,thatthepleadingdisclosesnoreasonablecauseofaction.

- Thisisnotaboutevidence,butaboutthefactsinthepleading.Thereisanassumptionthatthefactspleadedaretrue,unlesstheyareincapableofbeingproven.Basedonthisassumption,wouldthepleadingsdiscloseareasonablecauseofaction?

NOVELCLAIMS:Theapproachmustbegenerousanderronthesideofpermittinganovelbutarguableclaimtoproceedtotrial.Thisisinrespectoftheassumptionthatfactspleadedaretrue.Thisisviewedatthatparticulartime(asinwhentheapplicationisbrought).

JolyvPelletier,1999ONSuperiorCourtofJusticeDeficiencies–Acourtmustreadthestatementofclaimgenerouslywithallowanceforinadequaciesduetodraftingdeficiencies.Generalrule:assumethefactspleadedaretrue.Inthiscase,hepleadsthatheisaMartian.BUT,amartianisanon-existentparty.Ifheisn’tamartian,thentheseclaimsarefrivolous.

ChutskoffvBonoraLitigationthatisvexatiouscanbestruckunderRule3.68.Thevexatiousofabusivecharacteroflitigationistestedonreviewoftheentirehistoryofthematter,includingconductbothinsideandoutsidethecourtroomandotherinotherjurisdictions.StereotypicfeaturesofVexatiousLitigation:

1. CollateralAttack2. HopelessProceedings3. EscalatingProceedings4. Bringingproceedingsforimproperpurposes:SLAPP5. Initiatingbusybodylawsuitstoenforceallegedrightsofthirdparties.6. Failuretohonorcourtorderedobligations.7. Persistentlytakingunsuccessfulappealsfromjudicialdecisions.8. Persistentlyengagingininappropriatecourtroombehavior.9. Unsubstantiatedallegationsofconspiracy,fraud,andmisconduct.10. Scandalousorinflammatorylanguageinpleadingsorbeforethecourt.11. AdvancingOrganizedPseudolegalCommercialArgumentstrategies.

ErnstvEnCanaCorporation,2014ABCA672- Adecisiongrantingsummaryjudgmentfinallydeterminestheissuesinanaction,whileadecisionstrikingastatementof

claimdoesnoto Subjecttolimitationperiods,aplaintiffcansimplyissueanotherstatementofclaiminanotheraction

- Partiesdonothavetoelecttobringonetypeofapplicationortheother,andtheapplicationsmaybebroughtinthealternative

o Whilethetestsonanapplicationforsummaryjudgmentandanapplicationtostrikearesimilar,itispermissibletobringbothapplicationsbypleadinginthealternative

SLAPPLawsuits–StrategicLitigationAgainstPublicPolicyPeoplewhospeakoutonissuesofpublicinterest.Thepurposeistosilencecriticsbyforcingthemtodefendlawsuits.Theeffectistodiscouragepublicdebate.InAlberta,wecanuseR3.68tostrikeoutaSLAPPlawsuit.Youcouldclaimabuseofprocess,frivolousorimproper(R3.68(2)(c)or(d)).NOTE:DoNOTusenoreasonableclaim(R3.68(2)(b)).Whenyouusenoreasonableclaim,youcannotintroduceotherevidence.Strikingoutisdifferentthansummaryjudgment:

- Strikingoutdoesnotendanactionlikeajudgmentdoes.- Youcouldapplyforstrikingoutthepleadings,butinthealternativeapplyforsummaryjudgment.

o However,theyhavetwodifferentpurposesandwillbetreatedintwodifferentways.B.SecurityforCosts

- Securityforcosts:

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o Anordertoputsecurityofmoneyfromonepartyintothecourtsothatiftheotherpartywinstheycanclaimthemoneyforcosts

o Applieswhenthereisanapplicationbyapartyifitappearsthatiftheopposingpartyisunsuccessfultheywillnotbeabletopaythecostsofthesuccessfulparty

§ Generallyusedbythe(D)- Requires:

o ChambersApplication&affidavitevidenceofprimafaciemeritsofthelitigationandabilityoftherespondenttopaycosts

o Partymakesapreliminarybillofcoststogivejudgewithideaofcostso Cangetseveralsecurityofcostsawardsiflitigationtakeslongerthanexpected.

- Eitherpartycanbringthisapplication,ifapplicationmadelitigationfrozenuntilthepartyputsthemoneyintothecourt- Aproceduralorder:

o Iftheapplicationissuccessful,litigationisstayeduntilsecurityispaid(rulerequirespaymentwithin2monthsbuttheCourtcanvarythat)andthenlitigationcontinues,ifunsuccessfullitigationcontinues.

- Doesnotresolveanythingliketheabovealternativeso Justtorquesupthepressurebecausethepartiesareforcedtoputthemoneyupfronto Createsincreasedinterestinsettlingorotherwiseresolvingthelawsuit

- CourtOrdermustspecifynatureofsecurity;requirepaymentwithin2months(orvarythistime),staytheproceedinguntilsecurityispaid;statethatifsecurityisnotpaid,theclaimisdismissedorpleadingsarestruckout.

WhenwillR4.22apply?

- Anapplicationbyapartyifitappearsthatiftheopposingpartyisunsuccessfultheywillnotbeabletopaythecostsofthesuccessfulparty

Whatfactorsmustthecourtconsider?R4.22

4.22 TheCourtmayorderapartytoprovidesecurityforpaymentofacostsawardiftheCourtconsidersitjustandreasonabletodoso,takingintoaccountallofthefollowing:

(a) whetheritislikelytheapplicantfortheorderwillbeabletoenforceanorderorjudgmentagainstassetsinAlberta;

(b) theabilityoftherespondenttotheapplicationtopaythecostsaward;(c) themeritsoftheactioninwhichtheapplicationisfiled;(d) whetheranordertogivesecurityforpaymentofacostsawardwouldundulyprejudicetherespondent’sability

tocontinuetheaction;(e) anyothermattertheCourtconsidersappropriate[anyotherfactor]

Whatmusttheorderinclude?R4.234.23(1)Anordertoprovidesecurityforpaymentofacostsawardmust,unlesstheCourtotherwiseorders,

(a) Specifythenatureofthesecuritytobeprovided,whichmayincludepaymentintoCourt,(b) Requireapartytowhomtheorderisdirectedtoprovidethesecuritynolaterthan2monthsafterthedateofthe

orderoranyothertimespecifiedintheorder,(timelimit)(c) Staysomeorallapplicationsandotherproceedingsintheactionuntilthesecurityisprovided,and

(i) Stayofproceedingsuntilthesecurityisprovided(d) Statethatifthesecurityisnotprovidedinaccordancewiththeorder,asthecaserequires,(provideconsequences)

(i) Allorpartofanactionisdismissedwithoutfurtherorder,or(ii) Aclaimordefenceisstruckout.

(2) Ascircumstancesrequire,theCourtmay(a) Increaseorreducethesecurityrequiredtobeprovided,and(b) Varythenatureofthesecuritytobeprovided.

(5)AnorderunderthisrulemayamendacomplexcaselitigationplanAlbertaBusinessCorporationsAct,s245

- Inanyactionorotherlegalproceedinginwhichtheplaintiffisabodycorporate,ifitappearstothecourtontheapplicationofadefendantthatthebodycorporatewillbeunabletopaythecostsofasuccessfuldefendant,thecourtmayorderthebodycorporatetofurnishsecurityforcostsonanytermsitthinksfit

- WHENyouapplyforsecurityforcostsmatters,theearlieryouapply,thebetterchanceofsuccess

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AmexElectricalLtdv726934AlbertaLtd,2014ABQBSecurityforCosts:Rule4.22• YoumustalwaysrecognizethataSPECIFICprovisionwillALWAYSoverrideageneraltest:

o Asinhere,theABCAoverridestheABRulesofCourto TheABCAgovernedherebecauseitappliestoaCORPORATION

• Corporations:ABCA254o Onlyapplieswhentherespondentisacorporation.o Theapplicantmustestablishonabalanceofprobabilitiesthatthecorporatedefendantwillbeunabletopaythe

applicant’scostsifthedefenceissuccessfulo Thislegislationbuildsintothestatuteapaymentofsecurityforcosts

• Parties:Rule4.22o Appliestoallsituationswhenacorporationisnottherespondent.o Theapplicantmustconvincetheadjudicatorthatasecurity-for-costsorderisjustandreasonable.

• Stepso Determinetheamountofcost.o Applytheappropriatestandard

• Discretiono Eachnormhasitsownstandardbutbotharediscretionaryandtheexistence(ornon-existence)ofcertainfactorsmay

leadtoanincreasedlikelihoodofanorderforsecurity:a. TherespondentisacorporationandhasnoassetsinAlberta.b. TherespondentisacorporationandtheassetsithasinAlbertaareofanatureorvaluethatthereisa

substantialriskthattheapplicantmaynotbeabletorecoveralikelycostaward.c. Thelikelihoodtherespondentwillreceivejudgmentagainsttheapplicantislow.d. Asecurity-for-costsorderwillnotpreventtherespondentfromprosecutingitsaction.e. Theapplicantisnotseekingsecurityforstepsalreadytaken.f. Iftheapplicanthascounterclaimedandtheissuesraisedbytheapplicantandtheclaimaredifferent,thiswill

notdeteracourtfromgrantingsecurity.g. Theapplicanthasappliedforsecurityattheearliestopportunity.h. Theresolutionoftheissuespresentedbytherespondent’sactionisnotimportanttothegreatercommunity.

C.DelayIntroduction

- RequiresaChambersapplication.o Bothrules(4.31&4.33)requireaffidavitevidenceofthedelay,includinglengthofthedelayandreasonsforthe

delay.- GeneralDelayRule(4.31):

o Wherethereissomedelay,court(MasterorJustice)canissueaproceduraldirectionorifdelayhasresultedinsignificantprejudice,candismissallorpartoftheclaim

o RequiresChambersapplication.o Inordinateandinexcusabledelaypresumessignificantprejudice.

- 3thingsCourt(MasterorJustice)candowithdelayapplication:o 1.Findnodelay,don’tissueanorderandlitigationcontinueso 2.Finddelay,andissueproceduralorder-litigationcontinuessubjecttothatorder.o 3.Finddelay,anddismisstheclaim,litigationendsregardingthatclaim.

- DifferencebetweenRules4.31&4.33:o 4.31hasthewordMAYandcourtcanorderparametersformovinglitigationalong;o 4.33ismandatoryandendsthesuit

- WhatAdvancesanAction?o Questionis—whatisthenature,valueandquality,genuineness,timingandincertaincircumstances,theoutcome

ofwhatoccurred?o Forexample:Settlementdiscussionsmaynotadvanceanactioninthemselvesbutifthenegotiationsresultin

narrowingissues,agreementoncertainfacts,oranagreementonsomeaspectoftheaction,theyadvancetheaction

- Asaplaintiff,thisruleisusefulbecauseyouneedtothinktoyourself,whatcanIdotoavoiddelayo Ifyouseefailuretomoveasthe(P),youhavetotakepositivestepstoavoiddelayo ItisNEVERthe(D)’sresponsibility

Whatarethedelayrules?

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R4.33–the“dropdead”rule- TheCourtmustdismissif3ormoreyearswithouta“significantadvance”

o “mustdismiss”–courtdoesnothaveanydiscretionhere,however,Courtdoeshavediscretionwithasignificantadvance

o DoesnotincludethetimebetweenserviceoftheSofClaimandserviceofStmofDefenceor1yearafterserviceofStatementofClaim–whicheverisearlier

§ NewCases–“functionalapproach”• Courtsmustapplya“contextualandfunctional”analysis(functionalapproach)• Anymandatorystepnolongerrestartstheclock;didthestepactuallyadvancetheaction• Shifttowardssubstanceoverform–whatisthesubstanceofwhatyouhavedone?• Tickingtheboxonarequiredstepwillnolongerkeepanactionalive

§ Caseshavediscussed:Nature,value,quality,genuineness,timingandoutcomeofwhatoccurred?• Ie.settlementdiscussionsmaynotadvanceatall

- Merepassageoftime–prejudiceisnotaconsideration- AVOIDINGtheDROPDEADRULE

o Suspensionperiodagreement(“standstill”agreements)§ Agreeinwritingtoaperiodthatendsonaspecificdateoroccurrenceofevent§ Buildincontingencyifthingsdonottakeplaceforanyreasonatthetimeagreedtoduetoillness,

cancellation,etc.(seeR4.33(1)and(5))o Order–getanorderforasuspensionperiod(R4.33(9))

§ Ifotherpartydoesnotwanttoagree,youseekanordertohavesuspensionperiodo Ordertostayoradjourn–getanorderforastayoradjournmentoftheactiono LitigationPlan(R4.33(2)(a))

§ Alitigationplanprovidingfordelay–draftdelayintolitigationplan§ Refertowhatisasignificantadvanceandwhathappensintheeventofnon-compliance

o Writtenproposal§ Respondent(Plaintiff)couldissueawrittenproposalsettingoutdelaytotheApplicant(Defendant)–R

4.33(6)§ IfApplicantdisagreesornoresponse,RespondentmayapplyunderR4.33(9)foranorder

o Acquiescence§ HaveapplicationsbeenfiledorproceedingstakensincethedelayandtheApplicanthasparticipatedin

them?R4.33(2)(b)R4.31–the“chronicdelay”rule

- Courtmaydismissifsignificantprejudiceduetodelayo Protectsdefendantsfrominjusticeandunfairnessinthelitigationprocesso “maydismiss”–courthasdiscretion

- nospecificpassageoftimerequiredo canbebroughtatanytimeintheaction;topreventactionsfromlanguishing

- inordinatedelay–delaythatislongerorunnecessary(delaythatoccurredthatshouldnothavehappened)o likelycalculatedfromcommencementofactionbutmaybecalculatedfromtimecauseofactionarose;determined

bythecircumstanceso easierfordefendantswhodonotmeetrequirementsofR4.33;10-year“bestbeforedate”(LimitationsAct)

- prejudicepresumedwheredelay“inordinateandinexcusable”howevercanberebuttedwithadequateexcuse- casespecific:courtwilllookatqualityofexcuse;nooneeventwillautomaticallybecredible- Howdoesdefendantshowseriousprejudice?

1. Fadedmemories–morelikelywhereactionisoralevidenceratherthanrecordsbased2. Deathordisappearanceofwitness–defendantlosesabilitytotestevidence;onusstillondefendanttoprove

prejudice3. Difficultiesofloomingaction–prejudicebyactionhangingoverperson’shead(professionalnegligenceclaims)

HumpheysCase,2017ABCA116FACTS:CommencedagainstDec14,2006.AppellantsinvokedR4.31(1)roughly9.5yearsafterplaintiffsstartedtheirlawsuit.Tosupporttheirclaimoflitigationprejudice:Severalpersonstheyintendedtocallaswitnesseshaveeitherdiedordisappearedandtheyhavelostsomeimportantdocuments.Inaddition,theysaythatthememoriesofpotentialwitnesseshavedegradedovertime.ISSUE:Appealfromadecisiontodismissthedefendant’sdelayapplicationsunderR4.31(1)[chronicdelayrule].

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DECISION:Motionscourtcommitted4reversibleerrors:(1)itfailedtoexplainitsconclusionthatinordinateandinexcusabledelaywerenotfeaturesoftheplaintiff’saction.(2)Failedtoasktherightquestionsintherightorder.Itdidnotstartisanalysiswithconsiderationofdelay.Howmuchdelayisthere?Isdelayinordinate?Haveplaintiffsprovidedanexplanationfordelay?Whatisit?Doesitjustifyorexcusetheirdelay?(3)Didnotaddressthemovingparties’non-litigationprejudicecomplaints.(4)Theplaintiffs’delaywasofsuchamagnitudeandnaturethatitcouldonlybedescribedasinordinate,inexcusable,andthecauseofsignificantprejudicethedefendantsendured.Plaintiffssaythattheystruggledtoobtaincontinuousrepresentationofcounsel.However,thisisnotavalidexplanationfordelay.Prejudicecausedtodefendants:

- Claimoffraudulentactshavedamagedtheappellants’businessreputationincommunityinwhichtheyoperateandhaveharmedtheirinterestsintheshortorlongterm

- Thosewhomakethoseclaimsmustprosecutethemwithinreasonableexpedition- Plaintiffshavenotproceededwithreasonableexpedition-morethan10yearshavepassedsinceplaintiffscommencedtheir

actionanditwillnotbetrieduntil2020- Plaintiffs’interestinsecuringajudicialdeterminationoftheirdisputewithappellantsisnolongermoreimportantthanthe

appellants’interestincarryingonbusinesswithoutfearthatunsubstantiatedclaimsoffraudulentconductinanextantlawsuitillcauseothersinthecircleinwhichtheyfunctiontorefrainfromdoingbusinesswiththem.

ANALYSIS:(1)Albertadoesnotcondonelitigationdelay.DelayrulesinRulesofCourthelpcombatthelongstandingandcorrosiveproblemoflitigationdelay.(2)Thecourthasjurisdictiontoensurethatlitigantsdonotabusetheirrightsandunjustifiablyadverselyaffecttheinterestsoftheiradversariesandotherswhoaredirectlyorindirectlyaffectedbyunresolvedlitigation.Rightofaccesstocourtsisnotabsolute.MainfeaturesofR4.31TomakeR4.31(1)moreeffective,R4.31(2)introducesarebuttablepresumption:proofofinordinateandinexcusabledelayisproofofsignificantprejudice.

- “delay”–arelativeconcepto complexcasemayadvancemoreslowlythanastandardcaseo inordinatemeansthedifferentialbetweenthenormandtheactualprogressofanactionissolargeastobe

unreasonableorunjustifiableo someallegationsmadebynon-movingpartymaybeofsuchaharmfulnaturetoamovingpartythattheyare

qualitativelydifferentfromotherallegationsandmerituniquetreatmentwhenconsideringR4.31(1)–forex,fraud.- “prejudice”–injuryordamagesufferedbythemovingpartyasaresultofthenon-movingparty’sdilatoryprosecutionofits

actiono thisshouldincludebothlitigationandnon-litigationprejudice

- “significant”–prejudicethatisnotminornortrivialQuestionstoaskforR4.31:

1. hasthenon-movingpartyfailedtoadvancetheactiontothepointonthelitigationspectrumthatalitigantactingreasonablywouldhaveattainedwithinthetimeframeunderreview?

2. Istheshortfallordifferentialofsuchamagnitudetoqualifyasinordinate?3. Ifthedelayisinordinatehasthenon-movingpartyprovidedanexplanationforthedelay?Ifso,doesitjustifyit?4. Ifdelayisinordinateandinexcusable,hasthisdelayimpairedasufficientlyimportantinterestofthemovingpartytojustify

dismissingtheclaim?5. IfmovingpartyreliesonthepresumptionofsignificantprejudicecreatedbyR4.31(2),hasnon-movingpartyrebuttedit?6. IfmovingpartyhasmetcriteriaunderR4.31(1),isthereacompellingreasonnottodismissthenon-movingparty’saction?

FlockvFlockEstate,2017ABCA67- Litigationrepresentativeforwife–seekstodismissclaimfromtheex-spousewhohadbroughtaclaimfordivisionof

matrimonialofproperty- CourttalksaboutinR4.33,prejudicedoesnotmatter,justthepassageoftime.

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o Itdoesnotmatterthattherewillbeanunequaldivisionoftheproperty,theproblemisthatMr.Flockdidnotpursuethisanddidnotdoanythingforanumberofyears…becauseofthat,3yearshaspassedandstatementofclaimisnowstruck

D.DiscontinuanceIntroductionTherearethreetimeperiodsfordiscontinuance?

1. R4.36(1)–beforeadateissetfortrial,Plaintiffmaydiscontinueallorpartofaction(aslongastrialdateisnotset)2. R4.36(2)–Afteratrialdateisset,butbeforethetrialstarts

a. Plaintiffcandiscontinuewithwrittenagreementof[all]partiesorcourtorder3. R4.26(3)–Afteratrialstarts,Plaintiffcanonlydiscontinuewithcourtorder

Consequenceofdiscontinuance?

- R4.36(4)–Defendantentitledtoacostsawardo NOTE:R4.36(5)–discontinuanceisnotafinalorder–noresjudicata–notadefencetoasubsequentclaim

§ DoesnotresolvethemeritsoftheclaimCanadefendantdiscontinueadefence?

- R4.37(1)–Defendantisindefaultofdefence;plaintiffentitledtoacostsawardso Form24

NewelPostDevelopmentsv1402801Alberta,2012ABQBRATIO–WhathappensifaPlaintiffwantstodiscontinuewithoutcosts?2-partexceptiontest.DECISION:IfPlaintiffchoosestodiscontinue,theywillbeliableforthecoststothedefendant.Discontinuance(WithoutCosts)

- GeneralRuleo Thepartyreceivingthediscontinuancemustpaytheotherparty’scosts.

- ExceptionTest(1) Theapplicantcanshowitsclaimdisclosesabonafidecauseofactionthatisnotfrivolousorvexatiouswithsome

justificationforthecommencementoftheaction,and(2) Theapplicantmustshowthattherearecircumstancesbeyonditscontrolthatwouldrenderthecontinuationofthe

actionproceedingtojudgmentmeaninglessSettlement AlbertaRulesofCourtencouragesettlement:

- Rule1.2:o Givesthepartiesanobligationtoresolvemannersinthemostcostefficientway

- Rule4.16&8.4(3):o Requirespartiestoenterintosomesortofdisputeresolutionprocesso Thereisnowanoticetotheprofessionthatsaysthealternatedisputeresolutionrequirementruleisnotbeing

enforcedcurrentlyduetolackofjudges

- Partiesmaysettleoutsideoftheformallitigationprocess–“informalofferstosettle”o subjecttocommonlawrequirementsofofferandacceptanceo generally,hasnothingtodowiththerules

- PartiesmaysettleundertheRulesofCourt(“formalsettlement”)o Createsanexceptiontothecommonlawrulesofcontract

- PartiesmaysettleinmediationorarbitrationFormalSettlementOffers(Rules,Part4,Division5)

- Displacesthecommonlawbysettingasetofprocedurestofollow.- Whymakeit?Forcosts.- R4.29(1)IfaPlaintiffmakesaformalofferthatisnotacceptedandthejudgmentisthesameasormorefavourabletothe

plaintiff,theplaintiffisentitledtodoublecostsforallstepsaftertheofferisserved.- R.4.29(2)IfDefendantmakesaformalofferthatisnotacceptedandthejudgmentisthesameormorefavourabletothe

defendant,thedefendantisentitledtocostsforallstepstakenintheactionafterserviceoftheoffer.

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- R.4.29(3)Ifdefendantmakesaformalofferthatisnotacceptedandtheactionorclaimisdismissed,thedefendantisentitledtodoublecosts

Rule3.10(1)Subjecttosubrule(2),Part4andPart5donotapplytoanactionstartedbyoriginatingapplicationunlessthepartiesotherwiseagreeortheCourtotherwiseorders.Whendoesthisrulenotapply?

- R4.29(4)o IfcostsareawardedunderR10.31(1)(b)–toindemnifylawyer’schargesoralumpsumo Forasummarytrial,iftheofferismadelessthan10daysbeforethedateforthehearingo Foranyothermatter,iftheofferismadelessthan10daysbeforethedatethetrialissettostarto WhenaformalofferiswithdrawnunderR4.24(4)o Ifthecourtordersthatspecialcircumstancesapplytoavoidtherule

Whencanaformalofferbemade?

- R4.24(1)–AnytimeafterSofCisfiled,but10daysormorefromsummarytrial,trialorapplicationo Onceyougetwithinthe10-daywindow,thenitwillnotbringinthecostconsequences

Whatisthecontentoftheoffer?

- R4.24(2)o Whatistheofferandwhatconditionsareattachedtoito Detailsofwhetherinterestisincludedintheoffero Detailsofwhethercostsareincludedintheoffero Requirementsforhowtheoffercanbeacceptedo Aformtoaccepttheoffero Costconsequencesiftheofferisnotaccepted

Howlongdoesaformalofferremainopen?

- R4.24(3)–openforacceptanceuntilo 2monthsafterserviceoftheofferoranylongerperiodintheoffer

§ youcannotmakeitshortthan2months,onlyexceptionisthatitexpiresatstartof[trialetal]o offerexpiresatstartofsummarytrial,trialorapplication

§ evenifthatislessthan2monthsfromthetrialdateCanaformalofferbewithdrawn?

- R4.24(4)–onlywiththepermissionoftheCourtiftherearespecialcircumstanceso Onnoticetoallthepartieso Towithdrawbeforethe2-monthperiodexpires

UnionSquareCase,2017ABQB151Rule4.29:Thetwoissuesthatarise:(1)istheoffergenuine?and(2)doestherequirementtodiscontinuesubrogatedclaims…?Theremustbeanelementofcompromiseinasettlement.Generally,ifsomeonemakesanofferreallyearly,itdoesnotseemgenuine–howdotheyknowthestrengthoftheircase,howdotheyknowthepositionsoftheparties?Inthiscase,theyofferedreallyearly.ItisclearfromthepleadingsthatthePlaintiffknowsthattheultimatelimitationperiodhasexpired,therefore,itisverylikelythattheirclaimwouldnotbesuccessful–thatiswhytheDefendantsaresoconfidentinbringingforthaformalsettlementsoearly.Courtfindsthatthisisagenuineoffer…becauseofthis,theyareentitledtodoublecosts.Whatelsecouldtheyhavedone?Theycouldhavelikelybroughtasummaryjudgmentapplication(thisiscommonwherelimitationperiodhasexpired).Instead,Defsmadeanoffertosettleandtheywaivedtheircosts.Theywerebeingquitereasonable.

PillarResourcesCase,2017ABCA14FACTS:Attrial,thejudgelooksatPrimeWest(Def)andsaysthattheywillawardfullindemnificationcostbecausetherewasmisconduct.Nowthatitisgoingtoappeal,therulessaythat“unlessotherwiseordered,thescaleofcostsonappealisthesamescaleasthecostsappealedfrom”.ISSUE:Doesthecourthavetoapplythisfullindemnificationonappeal?

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DECISION:No,ontheappeal,theydidnotdoanythingimproper–therewasnomisconduct;theyjustsimplylost.Courtisnotgoingtofollowtrialjudge’srulingoncosts,insteadgoingtogivePlaintifftheircostsfortheappeal.NOTE:Foranoffertobegenuine,thecourtwilllookatthingslikewaivingcosts,droppingaclaim,etc.InformalSettlementOffers

- Generally,thenewrulesdonothaveanymandatoryconsequencesoninformaloffers,however,evenwithaninformaloffer,ajudgehasfulldiscretionundertherulesunderhowtheywilldeterminecosts

PanicciaEstatevToal,2012ABCA397- TrialJudgeDiscretion

o Whetheraninformalofferhascostseffects,andwhatthoseare,areinthediscretionofthetrialjudge.o Courtalwayshasdiscretionovercosts,soevenifyoudonotcomplywiththeformalofferrules,thecourtcan

exercisediscretiontoapplythedoublecostsrules(usuallyjustforformaloffers)toaninformaloffer§ Courtfoundthatitwasnotimproperconsideringtheconductoftheotherparty

- Ifyouwantthepresumptionthatthecourtwillfollowthedoublecostsrulesyouneedaformaloffer

ClientInstructions–3.2-4(2)Alawyerhasanethicalobligationtoputallsettlementofferstotheclientandtoobtainspecificinstructionswithregardtomakingoracceptingsettlementoffersonaclient’sbehalf(seeR3.2-1).

- Youhaveanethicalobligationtoputallofferstoclient…cannotacceptorrejectofferswithoutgettingspecificinstructions

- Generally,applieswheneverthereareanymattersunderanaction- Evenifitisaroutinestep,youshouldprobablytalktoyourclientaboutit–ie.givingsomeonetimetofilestmofdefence

SettlementProcessR8.6(2)Whereatrialdateisset,itcannotbeadjournedorabandonedunless

- Anoticeofdiscontinuanceisfiledo SeeR4.36(2)

§ Discontinuanceisnotthecourtjudgingthatiswhyresjudicatadoesnotapply.o Form23–Plaintiffisgoingtosign;needtogetdefendanttosignwithnocosts

§ Fileandserveit–noresjudicata;notissuebecauseyouhavereleaseo Youhavetouseadiscontinuanceasadocument–alongwiththat,outsideoftheprocess,youwillhavesome

settlementagreement.Resjudicatadoesnotapplytoadiscontinuance.However,youwouldhavethissettlementthatwouldstoptheactionfromcomingback.

- Amemorandumofsettlementsignedbythepartiesisfiled,oro However,drawbackisthatthisisfiledandthereforenotprivate.[Reminder:courtfilesareoutsideofFOIPP].

- Thejudgepermits–needanorderfromajudge,cannotgotothemasterforthis.R8.6(3)Atrialdateandtheperiodoftimescheduledforthetrialmaybechangedonlywiththejudge’spermission.R8.6(4)Subrules(2)and(3)applywhetherornotthepartiesconsenttoanadjournmentortoachangeinthedurationofthetrialIfnotrialdateset,then8.6(2)doesnotapply.However,youstillneedtodosomethingtoenteraction.Generally,youenterintoanagreementandthenyouwanttomakesureinthatsettlement,thatyoutalkaboutcostsandinterests–becauseyouwanttomakeanallinclusive.Therefore,whenyoufileyourdiscontinuance,youwanttomakesureitisalreadytakenintoaccount.Usually,youwouldhaveaninformalsettlementagreement,settlementcheque[usuallyontrustconditionthatclientsignsrelease],andbothpartieswillsignthediscontinuancewithoutanycosts.RELEASE

- Eventhoughyouhavefiledadiscontinuanceandresjudicatadoesnotapply,thereleaseisacontractandthereforeitIsbindingontheparties.

- Mustbesignedbytheindividualandallparties.ConsentAgreement(Rule3.35)

- Thereisnoformofconsentorder–anysituationwhereyouandtheothersidehaveagreedtoamattero Differencehereisthatyouwillalwayshavetogetbothpartiestosign

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o needtomakeanapplicationfortheconsentjudgment[Chamber’sapplication–explaintojudgewhyyouhaveagreed,thentheysignit]

o resjudicataapplieso everyoneknowsexactlywhatyouhaveagreedto

- Discontinuance,especiallywithinsurancecompanies,theywillnotwantthedocumentsfiledbecausetheydonotwanttosetaprecedent

- Lawyerofrecordhastosignorconsenttotheagreemento Ifsomeonedoesnothavealawyer,SRLmustsigntheagreementandtheremustbeanaffidavitofexecution

[commissionedbycommissionerofoaths]

CHAPTER25:JUDICIALRESOLUTIONWITHOUTAFULLTRIAL A.SummaryJudgment–Rule7.3

- HeardbyaMasterorajudge- Nostrictlyinterlocutory;ifsuccessful,becomesfinalorder;ifunsuccessfulactionproceedstotrial

o Notallornothing,butwhateverisdecided–resjudicataapplies- Affidavitevidenceonly–nooralevidence- Whencansummaryjudgmentbeused?- Findingonthemerits(mightfitintochambers,butlikelyspecialchambers)

o Youcangotoamaster(generallystartwithmaster)- Factsareadmitted(inpleadingsorotherwise)or- Onlyevidenceisrecordsandaffidavitscanproverecordsareauthentic(R7.2)- NOTE:Affidavitsmustbebasedonpersonalknowledge

o Cannotbebasedonpersonalopinionandbeliefo R13.18(3)cannotbebasedonhearsay

- Ifyouaresuccessful,theactionorissuesubjecttothesummaryjudgmentorderisended(judgmentisissued),endsthelitigation

- Ifyouarenotsuccessful,thecasecanbeprovenpotentiallyatafulltrialwithoralevidenceo Justbecauseyouaresuccessfulinresistingasummaryjudgment,doesn’tmeanyouwino InastateofdevelopmentbecauseofHryniak

- Anypartycanapplyforsummaryjudgment[eitherplaintiffordefendant–dependsoncircumstances]Ifyouhaveacasewhereyouhaveanissueofcredibility,thensummaryjudgmentwouldn’treallyworkWhatgroundsapplytoallowforsummaryjudgment?Court(MasterorJustice)authorizedtogivepartorfulljudgmentinanactionif(R7.3)

- Nodefencetoaclaimorpartofit(limitations)- Nomerittoaclaim- Onlyrealissueistotheamounttobeawarded(quantum)

Whattestapplies?

- Isthereagenuineissuethatrequiresatrialtodecideitorcanitbedoneatachambersapplicationbasedonaffidavitevidence?

o Isitfairandjusttobothpartiestomakeadeterminationontheissue?- Itisunlikelytoapplyincasesofcompetingcredibility.

Whatcanthecourtorder?

- Dismissoneormoreclaimsorgivejudgmentforallorpartofaclaim- Determinetheamountifthatistheonlyissueorreferittoarefereetodetermine

o IfjudgmentforpartofaclaimtherestcanbereferredtoatrialorarefereeRule7.4Ifthesummaryjudgmentisgivenagainstoneormoreofthedefendantsorplaintiffs,theactionmaybecontinuedbyorwithrespecttoanyplaintiffordefendantnotboundbythejudgment.

SummaryJudgmentCases

HryniakvMauldin,SCCDiscussionofanecessaryshiftinculturetoothermeansofresolvingmatters.Thealternativemodelsneedstobenolesslegitimatethantheconventionaltrial.Theymustbeproportionate,timelyandaffordable.Theproportionalityprinciplemeansthatthebestforumforresolvingadisputeisnotalwaysthatwiththemostpainstakingprocedure.Theproportionalityprinciplesisnowreflected

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inmanyoftheprovinces’rules.Evenwhereproportionalityisnotspecificallycodified,applyingrulesofcourtthatinvolvediscretion“includes…anunderlyingprincipleofproportionalitywhichmeanstakingaccountoftheappropriatenessoftheprocedure,itscosts,andimpactonlitigation,anditstimeliness,giventhenatureandcomplexityofthelitigation”.SummaryJudgment:enhanceaccesstojustice(cheaper,fasteralternative)• Interpretation

o Summaryjudgmentrulesmustbeinterpretedbroadly,favoringproportionalityandfairaccesstotheaffordable,timely,andjustadjudicationofclaims.

• SummaryJudgmento Summaryjudgmentsmayoccurwherethereisnogenuineissuerequiringatrialo Thejudgeisabletoreachafairandjustdeterminationonthemeritswheretheprocess:

§ (1)Allowsthejudgetomakethenecessaryfindingsoffact.§ (2)Allowsthejudgetoapplythelawtothefacts.§ (3)Isproportionate,moreexpeditious,andlessexpensivemeanstoachieveajustresult.

• Processo (1)Judgeshoulddetermineifthereisagenuineissuerequiringtrialbasedontheevidencebeforehero (2)Ifthereisagenuineissuerequiringatrial,judgeshouldthendetermineiftheneedforatrialcanbeavoidedby

usingspecialpowersTheyadoptedthetestfromOntarioinAlberta.(1)Canthematterbefairlydecidedonaffidavitsonly?(2)Istherereallyanissuethatgenuinelyrequiresatrial?Ifthereisanyconflictonmaterialfacts,thenchambersjudgecannotweightheevidence,sonosummaryjudgment.Whereyouseealotofsummaryjudgmentiswherethelimitationperiodhasexpired.ItisnotclearinAlbertaastohowsummaryjudgmentisbeingapplied.Itseemswhentherulefirstcameintoforce,itwasleaningtowardsgivingsummaryjudgments.Subsequentcaseslookthatthecourtsaregettingcoldfeet.Maybecreatingahigherstandardagain.

WindsorvCanadianPacificRailway,2014ABCATestforSummaryJudgment:Rule7.3

• Examinetherecordtoseeifadispositionthatisfairandjusttobothpartiescanbemadeontheexistingrecord.o Wheretheresolutionofthedisputeturnsprimarilyonissuesoflaw,summaryjudgmentisoftenappropriateo Themodernsenseofcivilprocedureisnogenuineissuerequiringtrialo However,newR7.3callsforamoreholisticanalysisofwhethertheclaimhas“merit”,andisnotconfinedtothe

testofa“genuineissuefortrial”foundinthepreviousrules’

CondominiumCorp0321365vCuthbert,2016ABCA46(1)Whetherexaminationofanexistingrecordcanleadtoanadjudicationanddispositionthatisfairandjusttobothparties?(2)Whetherthereisanyissueofmeritthatgenuinelyrequiresatrialor,conversely,whethertheclaimordefenceissocompellingthatthelikelihooditwillsucceedisveryhighsuchthatitshouldbedeterminedsummarily?Summaryjudgmentnotavailableifaffidavitsconflictonmaterialfacts.Complexlegalquestionsmaybesufficienttodenysummaryjudgment.Trialisalsorequiredwhenanapplicationsjudgeisnotsatisfiedshecanfairlyresolvethedisputeontherecordbeforeher.

TransamericaLifeCanadavOakwoodAssociates,2015ABQBSummaryjudgmentcanbegrantedifafairandjustprocessrevealsthatthereisnomerittotheplaintiff’sclaim.Thekeyiswhethervivavoceevidenceisrequiredtoproperlyresolvethedispute.

McDonaldvBrookfieldAssetManagementInc,2016ABCA375Theonusisonthedefendanttobringforwardevidenceindicatingtheabsenceofmerit(underR7.3“nomerittoaclaimorpartofit”).Ifthatisdone,Plaintiffmustprovidesomeevidenceof“merit”.Theplaintiffisnotrequiredatthisstagetodemonstratethattheactionwillsucceed,ortoshowthatthereismeritonabalanceofprobabilities.

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ThenitsummarizesHryniakvMauldin,AmackvWishewan,andWindsor.

StoutvTrack2015ABCA(1)Thecomparativestrengthsofthemovingandnonmovingparty’spositionsneednotbesodisparatethatthenonmovingparties’prospectsofsuccessmustbeclosetozerobeforesummaryjudgmentmaybegranted.Ifthatwasthelaw,thepurposeofsummaryjudgmentwouldbefrustrated.(2)ifthecomparativestrengthsofmovingandnonmovingparties’positionsarejustaboutequal,sothatthebestonecansayisthatthemovingparty’spositionismarginallystrongerthanthenonmovingparty’sposition,summaryjudgmentisnotappropriate.Inotherwords,ifthelikelihoodthemovingpartywillprevailattrialison51%,themovingpartywillnotbegrantedsummaryjudgment.

WolfevShawcorLtd,2017ABCAAsummaryjudgmentmaybegrantedifthemovingparty’spositionisunassailable.Amovingparty’spositionisunassailableifitslikelihoodofsuccessisveryhighandthenonmovingparty’sprospectsofsuccessareverylow.Eachpartytoasummaryjudgmentapplicationshouldputforthitsstrongestcase.Theappellants’positioniswithoutmerit.(1)Amovingpartycanraiseanyargumentinsupportofitssummaryjudgmentapplication;itneednotfirstbeflaggedinastmofdefence.R7.3introducesnotemporalbarriersintotheprocess;adefendant“mayapplyatanytimeforsummaryjudgment”.Asaresult,amovingpartymaybringasummaryjudgmentapplicationbeforeitfilesitsstmofdefence.(2)Thedefendantshavedeniedintheirdefencesthattheplaintiffsownthetechnologythattheyclaimistheirproperty.Eachofthedefendantsdenytheallegationsmadeinthestmofclaimunlessexpresslyadmittedinthedefence.Noneofdefendantsadmittedthatplaintiffsownedthetechnology.(3)TheappellantscannotreasonablyarguethattheyweretakenbysurprisewhentheyappearedbeforeMasterWacowich…Theplaintiffswerenotdisadvantagedinanywayasaresultofthesummaryjudgmentapplicantsraisinganargumentnotpreviouslyrecordedintheirdefences.B.TrialofaParticularQuestionorIssueRulesPart7,Division1Whatruleapplies?R7.1Courtmayorderaquestionorissuetobeheardortriedbefore,atorafteratrialWhatisthepurposeofthisorder?

- Todisposeofallorpartofaclaim- Toshortenatrial- Tosaveexpense

Whatistheprocess?ApplytothecourttohavethequestionorissueheardWhatcanthecourtorder?

- IftheCourtbelievesthedecisiondisposesofaclaimormakesatrialunnecessary,thecourtmay:o Strikeoutaclaimororderanamendmenttoapleadingo Givejudgmentforallorpartofaclaimo Decideaquestionoflawo Makeafindingoffact

**itisoftenreallyhardtomeetthepurposeofthisrule.

BaileyvGuarantyTrustCoofCanada,1987ABCAAjudicialdeterminationofapointoflawontheadmittedfactshasthesamebindingeffectthatitwouldhavehadifmadeattheconclusionofthetrial.Onceenteredthedecisionoperatesasanestoppelbyresjudicataifthesamepointissoughttoberelitigatedorrearguedbythesamepartieswhetherinthesameactionoranother.NEPCanadaULCvMECOpLLC,2016ABCAFACTS:NEPisclaimingthatMeritfraudulentlyconcealedtheirreportthataffectthevalueoftheirsharespriortosellingthosesharestoNEP.Thenthereisaseparateindividual,Mr.Carr,whowasworkingforMeritatthetimeMeritsoldthesharestoNEP.HewassubsequentlyhiredbyNEPandsomehowwhenNEPfindsoutaboutthisreport,theythenfireMr.Carrthinkinghehadsomethingtodowithit.Mr.CarrissuingNEPforwrongfulterminationofhisemployment.

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ISSUE:Mr.Carrwantshisemploymentclaimtobeaseparateissueanddecidedbeforetheotherclaim.Isthatquestioncapableofbeingdecidedseparatelyordotheywaitforfulltrialofissue?DECISION:MrCarrdoesnotreallyhaveanyinterestinthelawsuitbetweenNEPandMerit,therefore,noproblemlookingatthatseparately.CourtalsolookatR1.2andfoundationrulesandwhetherthereisanyissuethereaboutquickestmeanstosolvethedisputeandfoundthatrequiringthatissuetobeheardatthesametimewouldslowdownthewholeprocess.ANALYSIS:

• IsitgoingtoresolveallorpartofMr.Carr’sclaim?• Isitgoingtoshortenthelengthofthetrial?• Isitgoingtosavesomeexpense?• IsitgoingtoprejudiceMerit’srighttofairhearing?• Doesitmeettherequirementsoftherulesofcourt?

MunicipalAirportinEdmontonCaseCourtsaidthattheywerenotallowedtoseparateoutsomequestions.NOTE:Thesecasesarefewandfarbetween.C.Summarytrial(RulesPart7,Division3)Rule7.5

- Onlyheardbyajudge- Afinaldecision;oncegranted,onlyoptionistoappealthedecision- Affidavits,crossexamineonaffidavits;discoverytranscripts;answerstowrittenquestionsoradmissionsmaybeused;nooral

evidenceunlessjudgepermitso Candisputedquestionsoffactbedecidedonaffidavitsandotherevidence?o Unjusttodecideissuesthisway?

- Generally,withtrials,thecourtsaidthatwhenyoursubstantialproceduralsafeguardsinvolvegettingevidencethroughoraltestimonybecauseitalsoallowsyoutocross-examineandyouneedtohavethisattrialinordertoavoidprejudice

- TestfromImperialOil

ImperialOilvFlatironConstructorsCanadaLtd.,2017ABCA102Chambersjudgedecidedappellantshadnostatustoobjecttosummarytrialprocessunlesstheycouldestablishthattheymaybeprejudicedbytheoutcomeofthesummarytrial.Achambersjudge’sdecisiontoproceedbywayofasummarytrialisdiscretionary,reviewableonareasonablenessstandard.Thetrialjudge’sinterpretationofthetestforsuitabilityofsummarytrial,however,isaquestionoflaw,reviewableforcorrectness.Apartfromthedubiousefficacyofseverance,thesummarytrialrulesarenotintendedtoencouragelitigationofanactioninslices.Directingseveranceofanissueintoaseparatetrial–thatis,afulltrialandnotsummaryjudgment,thatwillfirstdecidewhetherAltaLinkisliableatall,butthenleaveallremainingissues,manyofwhichareconnectedoroverlap,tobedecidedatafurtherconventionaltrial,isnotanintendedorsuitableuseofthesummarytrialrules.Correcttestforsummarytrial:twofoldtest:(1)CanthecourtdecidethedisputedquestionsoffactonaffidavitsorbyanyoftheotherproceedingsauthorizedbytheRulesforasummarytrial?(2)Woulditbeunjusttodecidetheissuesinsuchaway?**Neitherofthesetwoweremetinthiscase.Thereisarealriskofproceduralandsubstantiveprejudicetotheappellantsfromanysummarytrialprocess,makingit“unjusttodecidetheissuesinsuchaway”.Theonusofproofdoesnotshiftsimplybecauseatrialisconductedsummarily.THepersonassertinganissuemuststillproveitonabalanceofprobabilities.Trialproceduresmustbefairandappropriateforallparties.NOTE:Didn’treadthedissentatp269.

CHAPTER26:ENTRYFORTRIALANDTRIAL A.EntryforTrial–RulesPart8,Divisions1&2R8.4–firsthavetorequestthatcourtclerkscheduleatrialdate–thereisaprescribedform(Form37)

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- Havetorequestatrialdatetobescheduledo Form37–R8.4

§ R8.4(2)theinformationthatyoumusthave:howmanywitnessesattrial;howlongthetrialwillbe,copiesofallthedocumentationcourtwilllookat;anyadministrativerequirements.

§ R8.4(3)Whatyoumustbeabletostatewhenyouarerequestingatrialdate,youmustcertify:• QuestioningunderPart5iscomplete;• Expertreportshavebeenexchanged• Questioningofexpertsiscomplete• Anymedicalexaminationsorreportsarecomplete• Anyundertakingshavebeendischarged• Thatbothpartiesarereadyforatrialbyaspecificdate• Inthecaseofjurytrial,certifythatdepositrequired• Allamendmentstopleadingshavebeenfiledandserved• Allapplications,andallpre-trialsteps,havebeencompleted

o Fitsnicelyintolitigationplan- Havetoapplytothecourttosetacourtdate(inForm38)

o **havetobothoftheseR8.5R8.16UnlesstheCourtpermits,youareonlyallowedoneexpertperopiniononanyonesubjectmatter.R8.7Threemonthsormorebeforethescheduledtrialdate,eachpartymustconfirmthattheyarereadytogototrialonscheduledtrialdateandverifyormodifytheestimatednumberofwitnessesandtheestimateddurationoftrial.Form39

BencvParker,2016ABCA82FACTS:BothpartieshadsignedForm37,buttheydidnotfiletheform.DefendanthadbroughtanapplicationtotryandhavethePlaintiff’sinjuriesdeemedasminor.Theylostthatapplication.Afterwards,DefendantappliedPlaintifftodoanindependentmedicalexamination.TheproblemisthattheDefendanthasalreadysignedForm37.ISSUE:WhatisthepurposeofR8.4?ANALYSIS:Withscarcejudicialresources,theclerkneedstoknowthatwhensomethingissetscheduledfortrial,thepartiesarereadytogo.ThepurposeoffilingunderR8.4istoassurethattheClerkdoesnotsetmattersdownfortrialunlessanduntilthepartiescertifythatallpre-trialstepshavebeencompleted,orthatwillbecompletedbeforetrial.However,onceyousignForm37,itconstitutesabindingmutualrepresentationthatbothpartiescanrelyon.Ifnot,thensomeonewillbeprejudiced.Form37constitutesanundertakinginlitigationbyonepartytoanotherthatabsentmutualerrororunilateralmistakeincompletingtheform,theplaintiffanddefendantwilltakenofurtherstepspre-trial.Howdoesatrialproceed?R8.10OrderofPresentation:

- Plaintiffmaymakeoneopeningstatement,mustthenadduceevidence- Defendantmaymakeopeningstatementeitherimmediatelyaftertheplaintiff’sopeningstatementandbeforeplaintiff

adducesevidence,oratconclusionofplaintiff’sevidence- Defendantadducesevidence[iftheychoseto]- Plaintiffmaythenadduceevidencetorebutdefendant’sevidence- Plaintiffmakesclosingstatements;Defendantmakesclosingstatement;andthenreplybythePlaintiff

NOTE:SometimesitisthestrategicfortheDefendanttowaituntilthePlaintiffhasconcludedtheirevidenceandaskthecourttodismisstheentirecasebecausethePlaintiffhasnotmadetheircase.R8.20AtthecloseofthePlaintiff’scase,theDefendantmayrequestthatthecourtdismissthecasewithoutpresentingtheirevidencewiththeargumentthatthePlaintiffhasnotmadetheircase.Howarefactsprovenattrial?

- Agreedexhibits- Agreedstatementoffacts- Commonbookofauthorities

R8.17Ifyouadmitfacts,thenyoudonotneedtoprovethembyquestioningawitnessattrial.

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- Therefore,anythingthatisintheagreedstatementoffacts,nobodyhastoquestiononthemattrial.- HOWEVER,youcannotprovideanyevidencethatiscontraryorinadditiontotheagreedstatementoffactsonthatissue.

R5.31Read-Ins

- Youcanusetranscriptinformationattrial,butyouarenotfilingit- Doesn’tbecomeevidenceuntilyouarereadingitin- Hastobethewitnessthatreadsintheportion

o LookingateitherrefreshingthememoryofthewitnessorimpeachingthewitnessAlbertaEvidenceAct,Section23Proofofcontradictorystatement

- 23(1)Ifawitnessoncross-examinationwithregardtoaformerstatementmadebythewitnessaboutthematterinquestionandinconsistentwiththewitness’spresenttestimonydoesnotdistinctlyadmitthatthewitnessmadethestatement,proofmay,subjecttosubsection(2),begiventhatthewitnessdidinfactmakethatstatement.

- (2)Beforethatproofisgiven,thosecircumstancesoftheallegedstatementthataresufficienttodesignatetheparticularoccasionshallbementionedtothewitness,andthewitnessshallbeaskedwhetherthewitnessdidmakethestatement.

Havetomakesurethattheyremembertheoccasionwheretheygavetheanswer.Howarewitnessesrequiredtoattend?RulesPart8,Division3R8.8Noticetoattendaswitnessattrial

- youcanserveanoticetoattendonanyperson,thatcanincludeapartyornon-parties- noticemustcontain2specificthings

o wheretheymustattend:date,timeandplace(8.8(3))o mayrequirethemtoberecordswiththembecausetheremayberecordsthattheywouldneedtoproduceattrial

- Form40- Hastobeserved20oremoredaysbeforethetrial

o 8.8(4)serveitthesamewayyouwouldserveacommencementdocumento R11.16–alawyerofrecordcanreceivethenotice

- 8.8(5)Havetogivethemmoney–ifyousendthenoticetoattendwithoutmoney,theydonotneedtocome:o accommodation,transportation,mealso ScheduleBsetsouttheallowancesformeals,accommodation,transportation,etc

Whathappensifawitnessdoesnotattend?R8.9RequiringtheAttendanceofWitness

- AllowstheCourttoorderthatthepersonbeapprehendedbyapeaceofficertobringthemintocourt- Therefore,noticetoattendhasconsequences

R8.11

- WhatcantheCourtdo?Giveajudgmentororderagainstthepartywhosewitnessdoesnotattend;couldadjournthetrial;orcontinuethetrialintheabsenceofthewitness

o Dependinguponthecircumstances,youmaysuggesttocontinueonwithtrialintheperson’sabsenceR8.14Unwillingorunavailablewitness

- Talkedaboutitinthecontextofpart5andquestioning- AllowsyoutoreadinallorpartoftheevidencegivenunderquestioningunderPart5

o Cannotreadinhearsayo Allowedtoreadinifperson

§ Isdead§ Isunabletogiveevidencebecauseofaccident,illhealthordisability§ Iftheyrefusetotakeoathortoanswerquestionsproperly§ Foranyothersufficientreason

- Judgewillonlyallowo Ifthefactstobeprovenareimportanttotheparty’scaseo Thefactorfactscannotbeprovedinanyothermanner,ando Permissionisrestrictedtotheportionorportionsofthequestioningthatrelatetothefactorfacts

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B.ModeofTrial–RulesPart8,Division1GeneralRule–R8.1

- Trialbyjudgealoneisthegeneralrule- However,8.1alsoallowstheChiefJusticetodirectthetrialpartbyjudge,partbyjuryorwhollyjury

o HavetomakeanapplicationbywritingtotheChiefJusticebeforeanydatesetfortrialo Affidavitrequestingjuryhastoinclude:R8.2(2)

§ Whetherexpertevidenceisgoingtobecalled§ Areasofknowledgewhereexpertswillgiveevidence§ Whethertherewillbeinterpretersrequiredfortrial§ Numberofdaysthatwillberequiredfortrial

o Alsosetsoutciviltrialswherejurytrialmayoccur:§ Defamation§ Maliciousprosecution§ Iftortorcontract,ithastoexceedacertainamountintheregulations

• Regulation68/193ofJuryAct–hastobe$75,000ormoreJuryActSection17:Righttojuryincivilproceeding17(1)Subjecttosubsections(1.1)and(2),onapplicationbyapartytotheproceeding,thefollowingshallbetriedbyajury:

(a)anactionfordefamation,falseimprisonment,maliciousprosecution,seductionorbreachofpromiseformarriage,(b)anactionfoundedonanytortorcontractinwhichtheamountclaimedexceedsanamountprescribedbyregulation,or(c)anactionfortherecoveryofpropertythevalueofwhichexceedsanamountprescribedbyregulation.

(1.1)If,onanapplicationmadeundersubsection(1)oronasubsequentapplication,ajudgeconsidersitappropriate,thejudgemaydirectthattheproceedingbetriedbyjudgealonepursuanttothesummarytrialproceduresetoutintheAlbertaRulesofCourt.(2)If,onanapplicationfordirectionsoronasubsequentapplication,itappearsthatthetrialmightinvolve

(a)aprolongedexaminationofdocumentsoraccounts,or(b)ascientificorlonginvestigation,thatintheopinionofajudgecannotconvenientlybemadebyajury,thejudgemay,notwithstandingthattheproceedinghasbeendirectedtobetriedbyajury,directthattheproceedingbetriedwithoutajury.

(3)Inthissection,“proceeding”includesacounterclaim.Section18Depositofmoneyforexpenseswithclerk

- Thepartywhogetstheordersayingthatthereistobeajurytrial,shalldepositwiththeclerkwithin10daysfromorderthesumofmoneythatclerkconsiderssufficienttopaytheexpensesofconductingthetrialbyajury,andifinsufficient,thepartyshallondemandbyclerkpayanyfurthersumthattheclerkrequires.

- Anysurplusisreturned.Section19:Coststobeapportionedbetweenparties

CHAPTER27:JUDGMENT Introduction:A.PreparationandEntryofJudgmentsandOrders:Rules,Part9,Division1B.VariationbeforeEntry:Rule9.13C.VariationafterEntry:Rules9.12,9.14,and9.15(4)JudgmentsandOrdersWhatisthedifferencebetweenajudgmentandorder?

- Judgmentisafinaldeterminationontheissueorissuesthatrelatestosubstantiveissues- Order–preliminary,interlocutory,subsidiaryquestionthatoftenrelatestotheprocedure

o Ie.substitutionalserviceorder- Formforajudgmentandorderisthesame–R9.1(1)

o Alwaysincludethedateandlocationo Nameofmasterorjudgeo Havetohavethedatethatitisfiledon(ie.dateofentry)

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Whoisresponsibleforpreparingthejudgmentororder?- R9.2Partywhoisresponsiblefordraftingthejudgmentororderiswhoeverissuccessfulonthatmatter.

o R9.2(2)havetodraftjudgmentororderwithin10days§ Havetosendonotherpartyinattendanceatthehearing§ Eachpartyhas10daystoapproveorobjecttothedraftjudgmentororderwithin10days§ Ifeachpartydoesnotapproveorobjecttothedraftwithin10days,thenitmaybesignedandfiled

o Whatisimportantaboutfiling?Youcannotenforceituntilitissignedbymasterandjudge,andfiled- R9.4(1)MasterorJudgemaysigntheorderwhenitispronounced

o Therearespecifiedcasesunder9.4(2)wherecourtclerkcanalsosignthejudgmentororder- Afteritispronounced,mustbefiledwithin3months(R9.5(2)).- Ofteninspecialchambers,ortrial,generally,thejudgeormasterwillreservejudgment

o However,iftheydomakeajudgmentororderrightaway,thentheorderiseffectiveimmediatelyo SeeR9.6EffectiveDateofJudgmentsandOrders–effectiveorderfromdateofpronouncement

Variation

- 2differenttypesoferrors:o substantiveerrorso clericalerrors

SubstantiveErrors

- Beforefiling–R9.13(notusedoften)o Hastobethesamejudgeo Filingthejudgmentisimportantbecausethecourthasthepowertochangethejudgmentbeforeitisfiled

- Afterfiling–appealplusseeR9.14o Afterfiling,theremedyistoappealito However,thatruleappliestofinaljudgmentsororders

- R9.14letstheCourtmakeadditionalorders,afterfiling,insupportoftheoriginaljudgmento Acourtcanmakeanyfurtherorotherorderifitdoesnotvarythepreviousorderanditisneededtoprovidea

remedytowhichthepartyisentitledto§ Ie.forgettingtoaskforcostscanbeanadditionalorderafterfiling

ClericalErrors

- Canbefixedeitherbeforeorafterfiling–SLIPRULE(R9.12)- Mistakeorerrorinthejudgmentarisingasaaccident,sliporomission

o UseR9.12–doesn’tmatteriforderwasfiledyetornoto Generallygoingbacktosamejudge

Specialcircumstances

- Exparteorders–yourresponsibilitiesasofficerofthecourttotellthecourtbothsideso Haveahigherresponsibilityo Althoughthereisthe20days

- R9.15Courtcansetaside,varyordischargeanorderorjudgmentifitismadewithoutnoticetooneormorepartieso DifficultywithexparteordersisthatR9.15considersexparteorderstobespecialcircumstances

§ Therefore,itiseasierfortheothersidetocomeuplaterandsaythattheydidnotgetnoticewhentheyshouldhavegottenit

- Canalsoapplywherethereisatrialorhearingwhereapartydidnotattendwhereyouhaveanaccidentormistake;itiseasierforanorderwhereonepartydoesnotattend

R9.16setsoutthegeneralrulethatwhenyouapplytovaryanorder,inanyevent,yougotothejudgewhograntedtheoriginalorderorjudgment.Howlongdoesajudgmentremainenforceable?

- Appealperiodhasexpired(usually30daysinQB)- CivilEnforcementAct,s27(2)Ajudgmentremainsinforceuntilitissatisfiedorfor10yearsfromthedatethejudgment

takeseffect,unlessthejudgmentisrenewedwithinthe10-yearperiod

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ADMINISTRATIVELAW ABCs=Administrativeagencies,boards,andcommissionsWhoisyourclient?

- Thedecision-makerorpanelofdecisionmakers(Counseltothedecision-maker)- theABCorCollegeinaprofessionaldisciplinehearing(generallylawyerwillactasProsecutorforanABC)- amemberwhoisbeingdisciplinedoraprivatepartywhoisrequiredtoparticipateinahearingorwishestoappearbeforean

ABC(ie.acttodefendapartyinaprofessionaldisciplinehearing)- PublicinterestgroupthathasstandingtointerveneinanABChearing

o Ex:NationalEnergyBoardJurisdictionandStatutoryCompliance

- ABCsarecreaturesofstatuteandthereforehavenoinherentjurisdictiono Anypowerstheypossessmustbefoundinsomeenactment.

- However,ABCshavesomeimpliedpowers.Otherwise,theycouldnotfunctiono Allpowersthatarereasonablynecessaryfortheaccomplishmentoftheobjectintendedtobesecured–Chrysler

CanadavCanadaCompetitionTribunal§ ThiscommonlawprincipledhasbeencodifiedintheInterpretationAct–s25(2)

• Ifanenactmentpowerisgiventoapersontodoorenforcethedoingofanyactorthing,allotherpowersthatarenecessarytoenablethepersontodoorenforcethedoingoftheactareimplied.

o Courtsroutinelyapplythistypeofprovisioninrecognizingthatstatutorytribunalspossessmanypowersthatarenotspecificallyspelledoutinstatute

§ RvVanStraten–ProvincialCourtJudgehasimpliedpowertoreceiveoralevidenceundertheProvincialOffencesProcedureAct

§ ReOsinchuk–AlbertaHospital’spowertocareandtreatpatientsincludespowertodosowithouttheirconsent.

o Evenifthetribunallacksthepowerinquestion,itmaybepossibleforasuperiorcourttomakeordersinaid.§ PoliceAct,s47(1)Whereahearingisproceededundersection45(3)or46(4),thefollowingapplies:

• (d)ifapersonfailstoattend,toanswerquestionsortoproduceanitemasrequiredunderclause(c),thepersonconductingthehearingmayapplytotheCourtofQueen’sBenchforanordercommittingthatpersonforcontemptinthesamemannerasifthatpersonwereinbreachofanorderorjudgmentofthatCourt…

- TodeterminethejurisdictionandstatutoryrequirementsforanABC?o Relevantstatutes–therearestatutesthatapplytoeverybody,colleges,etc.o Specificstatutesgoverningtheboardorsubjectmatterinquestion

§ Forexample,isitanenvironmentalissue?o GeneralstatutessuchastheAdministrativeProceduresActandInterpretationAct

- Whatisthefirstrule?Readthestatute.Makesureyouunderstandtheprocess.o Thereareonlysomanythingsthatadministrativeofficerscandointermsoftheirpowers.

- Itisalsorelevanttolookforanyrelevant:(1)regulations,(2)ordersincouncil,(3)ministerialorders,or(4)writtenrules,policies,orproceduresbytribunal(eithergeneralorspecific).

o Generally,theirlegislationwillsetoutarightofappealanditisusuallyanappealdirectlytotheCourtofAppealo Appealisdifferentthanjudicialreview–judicialreviewisaboutjurisdictionalerrors(likewastheirdecisionultra

viresthebody,wasitmadeinbadfaith,weretherecertainproceduralerrorsthatwouldbereviewableonjudicialreview)

DistinctcharacteristicsofABCs?

1. Nouniformsetofrulesthatapplytoalltribunalsa. WhereastheRulesofCourtappliestoallcourts.b. Tribunalscanestablishtheirownrulessubjecttotheirstatute–cannotbeinviolationoftheiractorregulations

2. Atribunalmayalsohaveinvestigativepowers a. ThisisuniquebecausetheCourtwillnotinvestigatethings.InAlberta,forcriminalmatters,thepolicewilldoallthe

investigativework.3. Proceduralefficiencyishighlyvalued

a. Trytomaketheprocessalotmorestreamlined4. Interventionbythepublic

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ConceptsthatapplytoallABCs?- Adminlawprincipleof“naturaljustice”hasdevelopedbythecourtsthroughthejudicialreviewprocess- Rulesofnaturaljusticegenerallyfollowacourtprocessbutarelessformalandlessrigidthenfollowedbyacourt- Generalruleofthumb–themorecourtlikeatribunalis,themoreimportantitisthattherulesofnaturaljusticeapply

o Naturaljusticeandproceduralfairnessrefertothingslike:§ Notice,adjournments,righttocounsel,righttocross-examine,knowingthecaseagainstyou,rightto

adduceevidenceonyourownbehalf,righttomakesubmissions,therequirementthatonlythetribunalmemberstakepartinthedecision-makingprocess(thirdpartiescannotbepresentorbeconsulted)

- Generaldutytoactfairlywilldependontheconsiderationofthreefactors:o Thenatureofthedecisiontobemadebytheadministrativebody;o Therelationshipbetweenthatbodyandtheindividual;ando Theeffectofthatdecisionontheindividual’srights

§ KnightvIndianHeadSchool,1990SCCProcedure/Evidence

- Enablinglegislationandgeneralrulesmaysaynothingaboutthepreciseprocesstobefollowedinconductingahearing- Moststatutesexpresslystipulatewhereahearingisopentothepublicorheldincamera(closedtothepublic)- Enablinglegislationwillgenerallyindicatewhomaycallevidenceatthehearingincludingwhohastheonusorburdenof

proof- Rulesforadmissibilityofevidencearemorelaxthanforacourtoflaw;muchisleftinthediscretionofthedecisionmaker- Manyenablingstatutesprohibittheuseofanyevidencegivenbyawitnessifanyothertrialorproceedingtakingplace

exceptforperjuryproceedingsABCsvsCourts

ABCs COURT- Relaxedrulesofevidence- Minimaladvancenoticeofevidence- Notboundbypreviousdecisions

o However,doesnotmeanthatitdoesnotinfluencethem

- Informalprocess- Lessadversarial- Writtenororalsubmissions- Noconstitutionalquestions- Selfrepresentationcommon- Interventionbypublic

- Rulesofevidenceapply- Completediscoverypriortotrial- StareDecisisapplies- Formalprocess- Adversarial- Primarilyoralsubmissions- Constitutionalquestions- Selfrepresentationlesscommon- Usuallyprivatedisputeswhereonlythepartiesparticipate

FreedomofInformationProtectionActPart5ReviewandComplaints–Division1ReviewsbyCommissions

- Righttoaskforareview–section65o Therefore,specifictypesofreviewstheCommissionercanlookato 65(4)survivingspouseoradultinterdependentpartnerorarelativeofadeceasedindividualmayaskthe

Commissionertoreviewadecisionofaheadofapublicbodyunders40(1)(cc)nottodisclosepersonalinfoo s65(6)whattheactdoesnotapplyto

§ adecisionoftheCommissionitself§ decisionofspeakeroflegislation?Etc.

- Howtoaskforareview–section66[process]o HavetomakeawrittenrequestandhavetodeliverytotheCommissioner

§ Specificrulesforwhenyoudeliver–whenyouarereviewinganactionofpublicbodyorsomethingtodowwithyourownpersonalinformation,thenyouhave60daysoranylongerperiodallowedbytheCommissioner

- Notifyingothersofreview–section67- Mediationmaybeauthorized–section68- Burdenofproof–section70- Commissioner’sOrders–section72- Noappeal–section73–norighttoappealdecisionofCommissioner[doesnotapplytojudicialreview]

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GuestLectureronAdministrativeLaw- Administrativelawhasitsowncivilprocedure–someisinlegislation.- Jurisdictioniseverything–canaBoardissueadecision,etc.- LookforAct,regulationsundertheAct,looktoadministrationoftheBoardiftheyhaveanyprocedures.Thiswillsupplement

whatyoucando,whenyoucandoit,howyoucandoit,whatthejurisdictionis.- Ifyouareoutsidethetimeline,forexample,inthelegislation,youcannotjustagreetooverrideit.Ie.youcannotmake

jurisdictionwherethereisnone.- Lookforcaselaw.Sometimestheydonothaveacatalogueofdecisions,however.- Legislationdealsalotwithsubstantiveissues,butalsotheprocedure.- ABCsarethemastersoftheirownprocess.Therefore,ifyoucannotfindtheanswerintheActorregulations,looktothem.- WhathappenswhenpoliciescontradicttheAct?Ifyouseeitbeforethehearing,dealwithbefore.However,ifyoudonotsee

itbeforethehearing,raiseitinadvancewithothercounsel.Bepolite.- HealthandProfessionAct–writtenandsigned.Looktoregulationsforsupplemental.Ifthereisn’tstrictstatutory

compliance,thenjurisdictionfallsaway.o Section55–whencomplaintisreceived,regulatorybodyhas30daystochoosethestepitistaking.Ifyoudonotdo

that,theyhavelostjurisdiction.o Howwitnessesarecalled

- Lookatquorumforthedecision-maker.- Inadvance,knowyourboardmembers.Seewhotheyarebecauseitmightbehelpfultoyou.- Administrativelawwilloftentellyouwhat“goodserviceis”…itisoftendifferentthanundertheRulesofCourt.

o LooktotheAct,suchastheHealthandProfessionAct.- Unrepresentedparty–havetobecourteous,butyoucannotgivethemlegaladvice.

o Cannottellthemwhatyourlegalargumentsareorwhattheirlegalresponsemaybe.o Cannotspeaktothemaboutsubstantivelaw.o Becarefulwhatyousay.

- Often,therulesofevidencedonotapply.o Somelegislationsaysthattheformalrulesofevidencedoapply.o Evenwheretheformallegislationsaysthattheformalrulesofevidencedonotapply,doesnotmeanthattheyare

notrelevant.- Properdisclosure

o Oftentimes,adminlawstatutesdonottalkaboutproperdisclosure.o Discusswiththeotherpartyandsetsometimelines.Ifyoucannotgetthatagreement,thenthatisawarningsign–

usethattoyouradvantage.- Youmaybeabletoaskforallorpartofahearingtobeheldinprivate–especiallyifthereissensitiveinformation.- Thereisnoinherentrighttoanappeal–youcanalwaysgetjudicialreview,buttheappealissetintheact.- Ifthereisnothingthatallowsforcostsinthelegislation,thenyouwillnotgetit.- Therearetimeswhenyoucanworkwithopposingpartytousethetimelinesmoreefficiently.Besuretomeetthetimelines

though.- Oncosts:Intheprofessionalregulatorycontext,ifamemberisfoundguiltyofcommittingprofessionalmisconduct,theycan

requirethelawyertopayallofthecostsoftheprocedure.Ifyouareunsuccessful,youhavecostsagainstyou.Ifyouaresuccessful,youdonotgetcosts.

o Weightherisks- Writtenbriefs- Advocacygenerally,intermsofadministrativelaw.

o Knowtheterminologyinyouractorlegislation.Knowwhattocallthepanel,etc.§ Beprecise–tractthewordinginthelegislation.

o Getitrightthefirsttime–noexcusefornotmakinginquiriesintothethings.THemoreyoucaninformyourselfthemoreyoucanbeonyourfeet.

o Givearoadmatter.Givepeopletimetofindthingsthatyouarereferringto.o Whenpeopleaskyouquestions,respondtoit.o Knowwhentobequiet.Knowwhentobemeasured.