Civil Materials Notes for AL Tech by Hafeel Sir

8/11/2019 Civil Materials Notes for AL Tech by Hafeel Sir

1/89

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Eng. A.A.HAFEEL AHAMED

BSc(Hons)(Eng)(AMIESL)(1stClass Honor)


2/89

f;Ff;Ff;Ff;F.

Naturally Occurred Materials -

such as

Cla -

Sand - Wood - Rocks Twigs and Leaves -

have been used to construct buildings

many man-made products(Synthetic materials ) - Cement , Petrolium product, Plastics


3/89

use of these materials is typically segmented

into specific specialty trades, such as ( )

Car entr - Plumbing -

Roofing -

Insulation work -


4/89


5/89


6/89


7/89

Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the mostbasic building materials

, ,

In general stone and/or brush are used as

basic structural components in these buildings,while mud is used to fill in the space between,acting as a type of concrete and insulation.


8/89

clay is good thermal mass - it is very good atkeeping temperatures at a constant level

omes u w ear en o e na ura ycool in the summer heat and warm in coldweather

Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over aperiod of time like stone


9/89


10/89


11/89


12/89


13/89

It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usuallyreadily available

Rock is a

very dense material more protection

high weight and awkwardness

energy density is highstone is hard to keep warm


14/89

Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans haveput one stone on top of another.

Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold thestones together, cement being the most commonplace now.


15/89

Ice was used by the Inuit for igloos, but has also been used for icehotels as a tourist attraction in northern areas that might not

otherwise see many winter tourists.


16/89

Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous

plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressedinto

boards

planks

It is a generic building material and is used in building just aboutany type of structure in most climates


17/89


18/89


19/89


20/89


21/89


22/89


23/89

Another type of block replaced clay bricks inthe late 20th century. It was the Cinder block.

Made mostly with concrete

An important low-cost building material

ndeveloping countries is the Sandcrete block,which is weaker but cheaper than fired claybricks.


24/89

CEMENT

Popular as building material.

Material with adhesive & cohesive

properties.

To bind the sand & coarse aggregate

CalciumSilicaAlumina

Iron

To fill voids in between sand & coarseaggregate particle form a compact mass.


25/89

Cement GroutCement GroutCement GroutCement Grout- A mixture of cement & water

Cement MortarCement MortarCement MortarCement Mortar- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.

Cement concreteCement concreteCement concreteCement concrete- ,

water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.


26/89

AGGREGATE

added up to 80% by volume in ordinary concrete toprovide bulk

CHARACTERISTIC- Must clean & durable & Free from organic impurities & dust(WHY?)

-

aggregate properly- Also preventing bonding- Also lowering the strength of the concrete


27/89


28/89

Aggregates may affect thefollowing properties of

concrete:StrengthDurability

Structura Per ormanceEconomy


29/89

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

Fine Aggregatesnatural sand crushed rock crushed gravel that pass 5mm Bs Sieve dry

vary in character depending on their location, method of extration & gradin

Sharp sand has angular grains used mainly for concrete

Soft sand has smaller rounded grains used for mortars & renderingsCoarse Aggregate

materials that retained on a 5mm sieve when dry.

10mm for small section work with a lot of close reinforcement

20mm for general work100 150 mm for large reinforced pours

All in Aggregate

mixture of coarse & fine aggregate either as extracted / delivered

not allowed for structural purposes

Graded Aggregates

natural agg. consist of different size of stones randomly mixed.


30/89

Concrete is a composite building material made fromthe combination of aggregate (composite)

PortlandPortlandPortlandPortland CementCementCementCementAggregateAggregateAggregateAggregate - sand, gravel, crushed rockWaterWaterWaterWater

AdmixturesAdmixturesAdmixturesAdmixtures - when necessary

After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventuallyhardens into a stone-like material. When used in thegeneric sense, this is the material referred to by the

term concreteconcreteconcreteconcrete.

binder such as cement.


31/89

Ability to be cast

Economical

Durable

Fire resistant

nergy e c ent On-site fabrication


32/89

Low tensile strength

Low ductility

Volume instability

Low strength to weight ratio


33/89


34/89


35/89


36/89

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildingssuch as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, andis the usual choice for metal structural building materials

It is strongstrongstrongstrong ---- cWjpcWjpcWjpcWjp

flexibleflexibleflexibleflexible ---- nefpOknefpOknefpOknefpOk;;;;jd;ikAilaJjd;ikAilaJjd;ikAilaJjd;ikAilaJ

lastslastslastslasts a longa longa longa long timetimetimetime ----ePz;lePz;lePz;lePz;l MASilaJMASilaJMASilaJMASilaJ....

Corrosion is metals prime enemy when it comes to longevityJUNtJUNtJUNtJUNt ,,,,Uk;gpdUk;gpdUk;gpdUk;gpd;;;;gpujhdgpujhdgpujhdgpujhd vjpupahFkvjpupahFkvjpupahFkvjpupahFk;;;;


37/89

It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal,

especially in the large amounts needed for the buildingindustries.

,jd;fl;Lkhdj;jw;F mjpfkhd kdpj tsk;Njitg;gLk;

Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver.Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is muchmore expensive than steel.

Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, becausethese materials are expensive and lack structural qualitiessuch as tensile strength or hardness.


38/89


39/89


40/89

Clear windows have been used since the invention of glassto cover small openings in a building

light into rooms ntspr;rk;

moF - Aesthetic

Glass is generally made from

mixtures ofsand kzy;and silicates

very brittle,yFtpy;cilaf;$baJ


41/89

Modern glass

curtain walls & space frame.


42/89


43/89

Ceramics are such things as

TilesFixtures

fixtures or coverings inbuildings.

Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings.Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles to covermany buildings.


44/89


45/89


46/89

The term plastics covers a range of syntheticor semi-synthetic organic condensation or

polymerization products that can be moldedor extruded into objects or films or fibers.

nraw;ifahd fl;Lkhdg;nghUshFk;

heat tolerance ntg;g tpupTilaJ

Hardness -cWjpahdJ

Resiliency nefpof;$baJ


47/89


48/89


49/89

Aluminium Bitumen Materials Soil Conditioning Agents Tempered Glass

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics Bamboo reinforced plastics

Ferro-cement Polyester Fibres


50/89

More that 3000 commercialized applications.

35 percent aluminum produced is used in construction.

Non Corrosive -

. -

.

Can be alloyed.

Ductile and malleable.

Aesthetically attractive.

.


51/89

Applications ofApplications ofApplications ofApplications of AluminiumAluminiumAluminiumAluminium In ConstructionIn ConstructionIn ConstructionIn Construction

Windows, doors, facades

Roofs, walls, building superstructure

, ,

Hvac and waterproofing

As a support structure for solar

Panels, solar collectors and light Shelves.

Wall cladding.


52/89


53/89

Super pave system Superior performing asphalt pavements systems AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages Reduces Permanent deformation Fatigue cracking Low temperature cracking in hot asphalt mixtures

Soil Conditioning Agents Bentonite Slurry Polymer Liquids Foams ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications Tunneling Pipe Jacking


54/89


55/89

Thermally tempered glazing automobilewindows

Polycarbonate glazing bullet proof glazing


56/89

Crumb scrap tyres are shreded

Crumb rubber is added to asphalt is called

crma ( crumb rubber modified asphalt.)

AdvantageAdvantageAdvantageAdvantage

e ps n no se re uc on

reduces skid


57/89


58/89

Njbg;ngw;w jputpaq;fs;rpytw;iw ,dq;fz;L ngauplr;re;ju;g;gkspf;f. rupahfngaupl cjtpnra;f.

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;ba jputpaq;fs;rpytUkhW

rPke;JRz;zhk;G

kzy;nfhq;fpwPl;Lf;fy;>

nrq;fy;>

rPke;jpyhd mupfy;rf;iff;fy;

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l mupkuq;fs;

fz;zhb

cUf;Ff;fk;gp>

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l cUf;Ffspd;ntl;LKfq;fs;

cNyhfj;jfLfs;

nrk;Gf;Foha;fs;>

fy;itdRg;gLj;jg;gl;l Foha;fs;

gPtPrp Foha;fs;


59/89

,tw;iw,aw;ifj;jputpaq;fs;cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gl;l jputpaq;fs;

vd tifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

gpd;d ;jpz;k jputpaq;fs;gpizg;Gj;jputpaq;fs;ghJfhg;Gj;jputpaq;fs;

vd tifg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

xt;nthU jputpaj;jpd;,ay;Gfs;kw;Wk;gad;gLj;jg;gLk;re;ju;g;gq;fs;gw;wp fye;JiuahLf. mt;ntht;nthUgad;ghl;Lf;Fk;VJthFk;,ay;Gfis ntspf;nfhzu;f.


60/89

fl;Lkhdj;jputpaq;fshfg;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhdgy;NtW jputpaq;fspy;fhzg;gl Ntz;ba,ay;Gfspd;gl;baiyr;rku;g;gpj;J ,ay;Gfisxt;nthd;whf tptupf;Ff.

mt;thwhd ,ay;Gfs;rpy tUkhW

nghJthdnghJthdnghJthdnghJthd ngsjpfngsjpfngsjpfngsjpf ,,,,ay;Gfsay;Gfsay;Gfsay;Gfs;;;;----mlu;j;jpgad;gLjd;iknrytpdk;>

Gwj;Njhw;wk;ePbj;j ciog;G


61/89


62/89

ntg;gtpay;Gfs;

vupgw;W epiynfhjpepiy; ;

cUFepiyntg;gf;flj;Jjpwd;jd;ntg;gk;


63/89


64/89

DensityDensityDensityDensity: It is defined as mass per unit volume. It is expressed as kg/m3. Specific gravitySpecific gravitySpecific gravitySpecific gravity: It is the ratio of density of a material to density of water. PorosityPorosityPorosityPorosity: The term porosity is used to indicate the degree by which the

volume of a material is occupied by pores. It is expressed as a ratio ofvolume of pores to that of the specimen.

StrengthStrengthStrengthStrength: Strength of a material has been defined as its ability to resistthe action of an external force without breaking.

ElasticityElasticityElasticityElasticity: It is the property of a material which enables it to regain its.

PlasticityPlasticityPlasticityPlasticity: It is the property of the material which enables the formationof permanent deformation.

HardnessHardnessHardnessHardness: It is the property of the material which enables it to resistabrasion, indentation, machining and scratching.

DuctilityDuctilityDuctilityDuctility: It is the property of a material which enables it to be drawn outor elongated to an appreciable extent before rupture occurs.


65/89

BrittlenessBrittlenessBrittlenessBrittleness: It is the property of a material, which is opposite to ductility. Material,having very little property of deformation, either elastic or plastic is called Brittle.

CreepCreepCreepCreep: It is the property of the material which enables it under constant load todeform slowly but progressively over a certain period.

StiffnessStiffnessStiffnessStiffness: It is the property of a material which enables it to resist deformation. FatigueFatigueFatigueFatigue: The term fatigue is generally referred to the effect of cyclically repeated

stress. A material has a tendency to fail at lesser stress level when subjected torepeated loading.

Impact strengthImpact strengthImpact strengthImpact strength: The impact strength of a material is the quantity of work required.

material.

ToughnessToughnessToughnessToughness: It is the property of a material which enables it to be twisted, bent orstretched under a high stress before rupture.

Thermal ConductivityThermal ConductivityThermal ConductivityThermal Conductivity: It is the property of a material which allows conduction ofheat through its body. It is defined as the amount of heat in kilocalories that willflow through unit area of the material with unit thickness in unit time whendifference of temperature on its faces is also unity.

Corrosion ResistanceCorrosion ResistanceCorrosion ResistanceCorrosion Resistance: It is the property of a material to withstand the action of

acids, alkalis gases etc., which tend to corrode (or oxidize).


66/89


67/89


68/89


69/89


70/89

Nkw;gb Njitfs;G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wikia mtjhdpj;jwptjw;fhf epu;khz

Ntiyj;jsnkhd;wpy;mtjhdpg;Gg;gaznkhd;wpidj;jpl;lkpLq;fs;.

Ntiyj;jsf;fsg;gpuahzj;ijj;jpl;lkpLk;NghJ khztiuf;FOf;fshfg;gpupj;J>

gpd;tUk;jiyg;Gf;fspd;fPo;Njly;elj;j topg;gLj;Jf.

epu;khzpg;Gr;re;ju;g;gq;fs;(gpd;tUk;jiyg;gf;fspd;fPo;tplaq;fisj;NjbawpAkhW

khztu;FOf;fis topg;gLj;Jf.)

; ; ; ; ; ; eyklljjwFf fOk kYk

cs;> ntsp Rtu;fhiu G+Rjy;

Plintt wall> mbgPlr;Rtu;(fPo;j;jsf;fiu) rPke;J ,ly; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;epu;khz myFfs;

gpizg;Gj;jputpaq;fs;$WfSk;mtw;wpd;juKk;> fyit tpfpjKk;mjd;

Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

ntt;NtW fUkq;fSf;fhfg;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khw;Wg;nghUs;fs;/ jputpaq;fs;


71/89

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;- Manufacture Matirial

nghUl;fspy;mlq;fpAs;s ,ay;G - Properties ofMatirials

jur;rhd;wpjo;- Standerized Certificates

fl;Lkhzg;nghUs;- Bonding Matirials


72/89

fl;llg;nghUl;fisg;ngaupLjy;

fl;ll epu;khzpg;Gf;fhfg;nghUl;fis

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff;fhuzkhd ,ay;Gfisf;Fwpg;gpLjy;.

gy;NtW fl;llg;ghfq;fSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd; ; ;jutaqfisg gau jy.

jputpaq;fisg;gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mtw;wpd;,ay;Gfis fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;baeltbf;iffis tptupj;jy;.

Njitf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jputpa ,ay;Gfis

mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUs;fisg;gpNuupj;jy;.


73/89


74/89


75/89


76/89


77/89


78/89


79/89


80/89


81/89


82/89


83/89


84/89


85/89


86/89


87/89


88/89


89/89

Documents

Civil Materials Notes for AL Tech by Hafeel Sir