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agvisto 2015 #5
c i v i c u s
03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe
04 tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebi 1897 levan lorTqifaniZe
06 ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTva 1897 wels
08 giorgi lasxiSvilis memuarebidan
10 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi
irakli iremaZe
16 debatebi saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb
16 maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema saqarTveloSi Temo beJaniZe
19 risi eSianiaT mmarTvel partiebs ??? levan lorTqifaniZe
22 saarCevno sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi baCo jojua
27 pirveli mariam miqiaSvili
30 grZeli rigi Tavisuflebamde TinaTin maRedani
sarCevi
02 | CIVICUS#5
03 | CIVICUS#5
redaqtoris sveti
levan lorTqifaniZe
SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe gan-
viTareba warmoudgenelia. Cven mudmivad vus-
menT xolme rCevebs, romlebic Jurnalis gaum-
jobesebas uwyoben xels. mkiTvelTa Soris
gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac publikaciaTa
avtorebis gamoucdelobaze dasves aqcenti. SeniS-
vna absoluturad samarTlianad SegviZlia miviC-
nioT. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes CIVICUS-is
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miznis Sesaxeb. Cven
sakuTar movaleobad miviCnevT, rom axalbeda
aqtivistebsa da codnis mudmivi ganaxlebis
procesSi CarTul moazrovneebs davexmaroT
pirveli patara nabijebis gadadgmaSi. maSasa-
dame, nu gagikvirdebaT, Tu CvenTan “puliceris premiis” armqone axalgazrdebs gadaawydebiT.
daimaxsovreT, rom isini mxolod droebiT
arian sanukvari jildos gareSe darCenilebi.
axali nomeri ki arCevnebis Tematikas
ukavSirdeba. saarCevno procesis mimoxilva
adreuli qarTuli precendentebis warmoCeniT
iwyeba. icodiT Tu ara, rom saqarTveloSi
pirveli met-naklebad inkluziuri arCevnebi
mecxramete saukuneSi Catarda. kenWisyraSi ki
didi qalaqebis is moqalaqeebi monawileobdnen,
romlebic asakobriv, qonebriv, genderul da
sxva tipis cenzs akmayofilebdnen. icodiT
Tu ara, rom ilia WavWavaZe orgzis ar air-
Cies oTxmocidan erT-erT xmosnad tfilisis
saqalaqo sabWoSi. aRniSnuli movlenebisa,
asoci wlis win moqmedi saarCevno wesebisa
da dedaqalaqSi moRvawe politikuri jgufebis
Sesaxeb SeityobT ori saarqivo dokumentidan,
romelebic Cven Tsu-s biblioTekasa da Ses-
aniSnav vebgverd nateba.net-ze movipoveT.
saqarTvelos sayovelTao, faruli, demokra-
tiuli, pluralisturi da pirdapiri arCevnebis
adreuli gamocdilebac aqvs. 1919 wlis Teber-
valSi Cvens qveyanaSi damfuZnebeli krebis
arCevnebi Catarda. damoukidebeli saqarTve-
los pirveli kenWisyris Sesaxeb da maSindeli
saarCevno marketingis formebis Taobaze
irakli iremaZis statiaSi waikiTxavT. Aaqve,
pirvelad ibeWdeba maSindeli kenWisyris am-
saxveli diagramebic.
Jurnalis furclebze SeiZleba waawydeT de-
batebs, romlebic Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas ukavSirde-
ba. baCo jojuasa da Temo beJaniZesTan erTad
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis momavalze
vkamaTobT.
ukanasknel gverdebze ki SegiZliaT waikiTx-
oT marika miqiaSvilis SesaniSnavi sveti, sa-
dac avtori pirveli saarCevno precendentebis
Sesaxeb wers.
Dakvirvebul adamiani JurnalSi kidev erT
saintereso masalas aRmoaCens. axalgazrda
mkvlevari da politikis mecnierebis bakala-
vri, TinaTin maRedani aparteidisa da misgan
gamomdinare SedegebiT dainteresda, Tan mov-
lenebis ukeT aRsaqmelad ramdenime SesaniSnavi
fotoc SemogvTavaza.
tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebi 1897levan lorTqifaniZe
04 | CIVICUS#5
saqarTveloSi arCevnebis istoria rusuli carizmis liber-alizaciis epoqidan iwyeba. Cvens qveyanaSi pirveli kenWisyra, romelSic moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mravalricxvovani jgufebi iRebdnen monawileobas, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi Catarda.
1866 wels qalaq tfilisis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis debuleba damtkicda. urbanuli politikis istoriis mkvle-vari nino satkoeva wers: "debulebis safuZvelze arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda oTxi socialuri kategoriis (4 Tanrigi), 21 wels mitanebul, garkveuli qone-brivi cen-zis mqone da qalaqis sasargeblod gadasaxadis gadamxdel moqalaqeebs. isini irCevdnen 100 kacisagan Semdgar saqalaqo sakrebulos (sakanonmdeblo organo), romlis wiaRidanac airCeoda 8 kaciani (TiToeuli fenidan or-ori) saqalaqo ganmkargulebeli organo (aRmasrilebeli organo) da qalaqis Tavi. amas emateboda meTvalyuris rwmunebiT aRWur-vili,xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli erTi piri."
1870 wlidan saqalaqo TviTmarTvelobis uflebamosileba SedarebiT gafarTovda da oTx weliwadSi erTxel xmosanTa sabWos arCevnebi samoqalaqo tradiciad dainerga. Tumca, rusuli imperializmis mier daRdasmuli warmomadgenlo-biTi organo verasdros axerxebda evropuli standartebiT muSaobasa da Sesabamisi funqciis Sesrulebas.
tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso kenWisyra 1897 wels Catarda. saukunis dasasruls ilia WavWavaZem xelmeored scada qalaqis xmosani gamxdariyo. paradoqsulia, magram 'iveriis" damfuZneblis orive mcdeloba warumateblad dasrulda. maSindel ken-Wisyras sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba mohyva.
1897 wels mimdinare saarCevno procesebis ukeT gasacnobad or patara statias gTavazobT. ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTvas cota xnis win dafuZnebul SesaniSnav, genialur (ar vaWarbebT) vebgverdze nateba.net-ze gadavawydiT, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis pirveli ministrisa da cnobili publicistis girogi lasxiSvilis memuarebis fragmenti ki samoqalaqo presaSi pirvelad qveyndeba. Tu orive maTgans gadaavlebT Tvals, zusti STabeWdileba SegeqmnebaT im pirveli mokle nabijebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Cvenma sazogadoebam saarCevno demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze gadadga.
foto | wyaro: http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=71&info_id=13142
05 | CIVICUS#5
san
dro tab
ataZ
e | Cartistuli moZrao
ba
06 | CIVICUS#5
ematebodes Cvens mSobel qalaqsa.yvelam erTad, rom patronoba
da movla movindomoT, SeuZlebe-lia. kanonma es kargad icoda da dagviwesa ukeTesni kacni ricxviT oTxmoci amoirCieT Tqven Soris da imaT miandeT eg patronoba da movlao.
icodeT, didi codva-madli Tana sdevs arCevansa da vidre xeli ken-Wis Casagdebad daiZrodes, Tqvens namuss, Tqvens sindiss, Tqvens guls, Tqvens Wkuas ramdenjerme daekiTxeT - vin aris Rirseuli da vin ara, ganurCevlad didisa da patarisa.
icodeT, Tqven gindaT kaci,
ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTva
1897 wels:
xval, 18 maiss, gankiTxvis dRea. gankiTxvis dRe imisi Tu, - vin unda mouaros, vin unda upatronos tfiliss am oTxs weliwads da vin unda izrunos da isaqmos adami-anuris gulistkiviliTa da gulm-odginebiT Cvenis keTildReobi-saTvis, Cvenis avkargianobisaTvis.
kanonma neba mogvca Cvens dedaqa-laqs Cvenve movuaroT, Cvenve vupa-tronoT am mxriT. Cvenc sakmao xarjs vixdiT, rom es patronoba, es movla yinulze dawerili Tamasuqi ar iyos, xarjic tyuilubralod ar iqaqsebodes, saqme Cvenda sakeTilod keTdebodes da keTili dRedadRe
foto | wyaro: http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/14514
07 | CIVICUS#5
romelsac Tqveni sikeTe, Tqveni siy-varuli, TqvenTvis gulSematkivroba sulelobad ar miaCnia, romelsac unda ebralebodes Tqveni Tavi, Tqveni col-Svili da Tqveni ofliT monagars fuls, xarjad Tqvens mier gacemuls, Tqvens keTilad cxovre-bas, Tqvens mSvidobiT da uSiSrad yofnas axmarebdes, ramodenadac yovelive es SesaZloa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom mdidars gangeb ar aklebdes qalaqis xarjsa da xmaamouRebels SeuZlebels gange-bve ar umatebdes, da rac mdidars daaklebs, Raribs ar axdevinos.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom Tqveni miyruebuli ubnebi talaxisa da tyl-apoebisagan ara hyardes da marto mdidarTa quCebi ara hlaplapebdes sifaqiziTa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom xoragi, saWmel-sasmeli, qalaqis bazarSi kargi da saRi iyos da Tqven ar gaxdendnen, ar gafuWebdnen da am mxriT uSiSar iyvneT.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom purs, Rvi-nos, saWmel-sasmels CarCebi Tu sxva vinme gangeb mamasisxlad ar hxdid-nen da amiT Tqven da Tqvens col-Svils ar uZvirebdnen saWiro saz-rdos da sakvebsa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom qalaqis moxeleebs xelsa da kalTas ar afarebdnen, roca igini ar varganan da tyuilubralod sWamen Tqvenis ofliT monagars fulsa jamagire-bis saxiTa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom bunebiTad keTili haeri Tqvenis dedaqalaq-isa ar iSxamebodes uwmindurebis siyraliTa da ara gSxamvides Tqven, Tqvens ojaxs, Tqvens wvrilSvilsa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom wyali uvne-beli da mouwyveteli gqondeT da amasTanac, rac SeiZleba iafi.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom raki xor-ags Tu sasmels bazarSi hyidulobT, daxaTrijamebuli iyvneT, rom wamx-dars da mowamluls ar Semogapa-reben.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom Tqvens wvrilSvilebs swavla-ganaTlebis gza da saxsari misces, guli keTils SeuCvios, Wkua sjasa da mosazrebasa, ramdenadac SesaZloa.
Tqven gindaT kaci, rom TiTqmis or milionamde yovelwvliv Semo-savali qalaqisa, Tqvenganve xarjad aRebuli, Tqvenve da Tqvens qalaqs saerTod hxmardebodes gamozo-gviTa da codniTa da ara aqeT-iqiT ifantebodes guldaudeblobiT da uTadarigobiTa.
visac xeli migiwvdebaT, yvelani unda mixvideT arCevanze da Tqveni moqalaquri, kacadkacuri mova-leoba gadauxadoT Tqvens mSobel qalaqsa.
icodeT, rom visac xval Caaba-rebT sabWoSi xmosnobas, imas aba-rebT mTelis oTxis wlis Tqvens saerTo sve-bedsa, Tqvenis ojaxobis saerTo keTilsa da borotsa. oTxi weliwadi bevris risamea SemZle-beli, avic SeiZleba bevri mogvay-enos kars da kargic.
guls nu gaimrudebT, suls nu waiwymedavT! icodeT, es didi saqme Tqvens namuss, Tqvens sinidiss, Tqvens patiosnebas abaria. axseneT RmerTi, da RvTisa da marTlis saxeliT, SeudeqiT arCevanis dids saqmes da marjvenas Tqvensas is ar aqmnevinoT, rasac guli da sindisi ar geubnebaT.
08 | CIVICUS#5
giorgi lasxiSvilis*
memuarebidan:
1897 wels me pirvelad gavxdi mowme tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebisa. es ambavi imdenad sayuradRebo da sain-tereso iyo, rom cota dawvrilebiT unda mogiyveT, miT umetes, rom im xanebSi tfilisis yvela saqalaqo arCevnebi Tavis mimdinareobiT da SedegebiT, erTmaneTs Zalian waaga-vda.
unda gagaxsenoT, rom maSin arse-bobda mefis aleqsandre mesamis mier Secvlili da damaxinjebuli axali saqalaqo debuleba, romelic 1870 wlis debulebasTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro aviwrovebda moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebas da kidev ufro zRudavda TviTmmarTvelobis saqa-laqo asparezs. saarCevno ufleba miniWebuli hqonda mxolod msxvil saxlis patronT da msxvil vaWarT.
dadga Tu ara 1897 weli, roca unda momxdariyo sabWos ganaxleba, "ive-riam" maSinve daiwyo kampania: mxur-vale monawileobiT mihmarTa qarT-vel saxlis patronT, vaWrebs da yvela imaT, visac saarCevno ufleba hqonda, - dauyovnebliv SeitaneT saqa-laqo gadasaxadebio, - vinaidan, visac gadasaxadebi ar eqneboda srulad Setanili, isini saarCevno siebidan gamoiricxebodnen. es mowodeba, rasakvirvelia haerSi darCa, radgan qarTvel amomrCevlebs mcire ram organizaciac ar hqondaT mowyo-bili, romelsac siebiT xelSi unda Camoevlo qarTveli saarCevno uflebiani xalxi da eeZulebia isini - gadasaxadebi droze Seeta-naT. aprilSi gamocxadda siebi da marTlac aRmoCnda, rom bevri qarT-veli gamoricxuli iyo gadasaxadebis droze Seutanlobis gamo. sul siebSi iyo moTavsebuli 600-ze meti somexi, 300 -amde qarTveli da 100-ze meti rusebi daa danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. amgvaraT ZalTa ganwyobileba qarTvelebis sasarge-blod ar iyo. magram somxoba ar
09 | CIVICUS#5
gamodioda gaerTianebuli fron-tiT. aq ibrZoda ori partia: umrav-lesobas Seadgenda e.w. "dvorcovi nomrebis" partia (amomrCevlebi ikribebodnen saTaTbirod golo-vinis prospeqtze "dvorcovi nom-rebSi") anu "sololakelebi" rogorc qarTvelebi veZaxodiT. es iyo somxis msxvili burJuazia, romelic wamoW-imuli iyo sololakis sasaxleebSi.
meore partia iyo e.w. "somxis axalgazrdebis jgufi", romelic Sedgeboda somex inteligenciisagan, savaWro da sabanko dawesebulebTa momsaxureebisagan da saerTod wvril burJuaziisagan: ai am axal-gazrda somexTa partiam winadadeba misca qarTvelebs - SeTanxmebulis siiT gamovideT sololakelebis winaaRmdego. brZolis taqtika aucileblad moiTxovda am SeTanx-mebas, magram qarTvelebma winadadeba uaryves. roca amis gamo SevekiTxe vladimer miqelaZes da sxva xelmZ-RvanelT, sabuTad winadadebis uary-ofisa moiyvanes:
- SeTanxmeba ar SeiZleba, radgan sul erTia somxebi mogvatyueben, ris magaliTebic yofila warsulSi, da garda amisa Cven Soris urTier-Toba metad gamwvavda da sjobs mTel somxobas SevebrZoloTo.
samagierod qarTveli amomrCev-lebi SeuTanxmdnen rusebs, romelTa umravlesobas Seadgendnen tfilisis msxvili moxeleebi da moijaradeebi - wminda wylis "WeSmariti rusebi", rogorc SemdegSi eZaxdnen am xuli-gan elementebs.
dadga arCevnebis dRe. qarTvelebs arc axla hqondaT organizacia, romelsac unda ezruna amomrCev-lebi moeyvana saarCevno krebaze. marTlac, qarTvelobidan monawil-eoba miiRo amomrCevelTa mxolod 39%-ma, maSin rodesac somxebis 50%-ze meti movida arCevnebze, cxadi
iyo, rom am pirobebSi qarTvelebi ueWvelad damarcxebodnen. me piradad mxolod, ase vTqvaT, fsiqologiur momentis imedi mqonda. vfiqrobdi, radgan somxebis winaaRmdeg mTav-robis mier sastiki brZolaa gamar-Tuli da oficialuri presa muqaras muqaraze ugzavnis somxebs, eseni ver gabedaven ukidures Sovinizmis gamom-JRavnebas da qarTvel oc kandidats Seiyvanen sabWoSi meTqi. miT umetes, vfiqrobdi me, rom qarTvelebis siaSi Setanili arian ilia WavWavaZe da sxva cnobili moRvaweebi, amitom somxebi windaxedulad moiqcevian da ar moisurveben qarTvelTa erovnul grZnobis Selaxvas-meTqi. molodini gamicruvda; "sololkelebma" sasti-kad dagvamarcxes: oc kandidatidan qarTveli airCies mxolod Svidi kaci iseTebi, romelTac TiTqmis ara-viTari wona ar hqondaT qarTvel sazogadoebriobaSi; mxolod erTi mohyva cnobili sazogado moRvawe, vasil rostomis Ze yifiani, magram amanac Cxubi astexa - aTi TeTri qva meti CamiTvaaleso, gaSavebuli varo. gaaS-aves ilia WavWavaZe, vladimer miqelaZe, giorgi wereTeli da sxva gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweebi. damatebiT arCev-nebze uari sTqves da uari ganacxades imaTac, vinc arCeuli iyo. amrigad axal sabWoSi mohyva mxolod erTi qarT-veli Tav. giorgi orbeliani.
saarCevno brZolis amgvarma Sedegebma Rrma STaveWdileba moax-dina mTel qarTvel sazogadoebaze, somex-qarTvelTa urTierToba kidev ufro gamwvavda.
am ambavs me ori feletoni miuZR-veni "iveriaSi". aRvniSne qarTvelebis Secdomebi brZolis taqtikaSi, somxis plutokratiis Sovinizmi da imave dros vcdilobdi damemtkicebina, rom arc qarTvel ers da arc somxis ers mTlianad danaSauli ar miuZRvis, rom ar Rirs erovnul SuRlisa da brZolis gamwvaveba.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo, organom, romelic ar iyo oficialurad arCeuli, Tumca misi legitimaciis xarisxi qarTul sazogadoebaSi eWvs qveS namdvilad ar damdgara, gamom-dinare iqidan, rom mis Semadgen-lobaSi Sediodnen wamyvani politi-kuri subieqtebi: qarTveli social-de-morkatebi (menSevikebi), social-fed-eralistTa partia, social-revolu-cionerTa partia, erovnul-demokra-tiuli partia. amasTanave, am sabWoSi faqtobrivad warmodgenili iyo maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fenis, yvela eTnosis, yvela religiis da qveyanaSi arsebuli Zir-iTadi profesiuli gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebi. 1917 wlis noem-berSi Seqmnili erovnuli sabWo ara-formalurad ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis Semdgomi periodis saqa-rTvelos mTavar politikur orga-nos warmoadgenda. damoukidbelobis gamocxadebis Semdeg is ukve oficial-urad qveynis mTavar sakanonmdeblo organod iqca, romelsac 1918 wlis Semodgomaze "saqarTvelos parla-menti" ewoda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoe-baSi erovnuli sabWos, SemdgomSi saqa-rTvelos parlamentis mimarT legit-imaciis naklebloba ar igrZnoboda, qveynis politikur wreebSi ukve didi
irakli iremaZe
xania dominirebda azri sakanonmde-blo organos arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb. jer kidev 1917 wlis noem-berSi erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdom-ris (noe Jordania) moadgilem akaki Cxenkelma organos warudgina wina-dadeba saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb. Tumca es sawy-isi winadadeba pirvelive etapze Tav-isive partiis (social-demorkatebis) gavleniani liderebis (Jordania, CxeiZe, wereTeli) mier uaryofili aRmoCnda, revoluciis saboloo Sedegebis bundovanebis gamo. ukve 1918 wlis bolos parlamentis Semadgen-loba Sejerda saerTo poziciaze. maT miiRes gadawyvetileba damfuZne-beli krebis saarCevno komisiis Cam-oyalibebis Sesaxeb da saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organos pirveli arCevnebisaTvis momzadebas Seudgnen. 1918 wlis 22 noembers saqarTvlos parlamentma daamtkica damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno debuleba.
debulebis Tanaxmad damfuZnebeli kreba airCeoda pirdapiri propor-ciuli gziT, damfuZnebeli kreba Sedgeboda 130 wevrisagan. arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba eZleoda saqa-rTvelos yvela moqalaqes, ganurCev-lad erovnebisa, sqesisa da warmo-mavlobisa, romelsac Seusrulda 20 weli.
damfuZnebeli krebis centraluri saarCevno komisia arCevnebis Catare-
10 | CIVICUS#5
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi
bis savaraudo TariRad 1919 wlis martis Tvis bolos miiCnevda, bune-brivi pirobebi am droisaTvis saqa-rTvelos yvela regionSi saarCevno procesebis warmarTvisaTvis ukve xelsayreli iqneboda, amasTan komi-sias miaCnda, rom 1918 wlis bolos somxeTTan mimdinare samxedro eska-lacia ganeldeboda. Tumca 29 dekeme-brs saarCevno komisiis winaSe warsdga saSinao saqmeTa ministri noe ramiS-vili da komisias mimarTa TxovniT, arCevnebis TebervalSi Catarebis Ses-axeb, iqidan gamomdinare, rom parizis sazavo molaparakebebze qveyanas ukve oficialurad arCeuli parlamentis delegacia mievlina. 30 dekembers cen-tralurma saarCevno komisiam daad-gina arCevnebis TariRi. kerZod, 14,15 da 16 Tebervali. saarCevno komisiis dadgenileba SemdgomSi daamtkica parlamentmac.
centralurma saarCevno komisiam daakompleqta samazro da saolqo komisiebi, maT ki Tavismxriv saubno komisiebi, yvela donis komisias gae-gzavna Sesabamisi finansuri saxsrebi. centraluri, samazro, saolqo da saubno komisiebi kompleqteboda partiebis wamromadgenlebiT. masSi Sediodnen sxvadasxva partiis siebSi warmodgenili kandidatebic, mag-aliTad komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo aleqsandre lomTaTiZe romelic social-demokratiuli partiis siaSi
11 | CIVICUS#5
"ai, aqve, am adgilas
gamaTavos zeciT mexma
Tu erovnul-demokratebs
mivaSavo kviras me xma!"
"marTalia, megobaro
Senc mogbezrda, Senc daRaldi,
magram mainc erTxel kidev
daiWire es qaRaldi,
inaxule Sens ubanSi
saarCevno yuTi didi
da CauSvi Cveni sia:
mxolod xuTi, mxolod xuTi."
1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCev-
nebis saarCevno kampaniidan, social-
demokratebis saagitacio teqsti:
1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
saarCevno kampaniidan, socialist-feder-
alistebis saagitacio teqsti:
sadeputato mandatebis gadanawileba 1919 wlis damfuZnebel krebaSi:
centralurma saarCevno komisiam kanonierad aRiara:
505477 biuleteni
damfuZnebel krebaSi erTi deputatis gasayvanad aucilebeli iyo 3748 xmis dagroveba.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Sedegebi (14-16 Tebervali 1919):
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11-e nomeri iyo da SemdgomSi dam-fuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomris amx-anagad (vice spikerad) iqna arCeuli. aseve komisiis xazinadari gaxlda erovnul-demorkatiuli partiis me-4 nomeri giorgi gvazava. centralurma saarCevno komisiam partiebs misca saSualeba Tu maT eqnebodaT survili Tavad daebeWdaT biuletenebi, sxva SemTxvevaSi komisia uzrunvelyofda saarCevno dokumentebis gamocemas. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT biuletenebi daibeWda qarTul, rusul, somxur da TaTrul enebze. 24 ianvridan komisia moqalaqeebs mouwodebda saarCevno siebSi sakuTari Tavis gadamowmebas. 27 ianvars centralurma saarCevno komi-siam daasrula saarCevno subeiqtebis registracia, oficialur registra-ciaSi gaatara 15 politikuri subieqti.
30 ianvars komisiam daazusta olqebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva gare-moebis gamo arCevnebi ver Catar-deboda. arCevnebi gadaido sox-umis olqSi, saxalxo sabWoebisa da erobebis arCevnebis mimdinareobis gamo, aseve arCevnebi ar Catarda axal-cixis, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazraSi saomari moqmedebebis (bor-CaloSi somxeTTan omi, samcxeSi ki ajanyebis) gamo, arCevnebi uamindobisa da didTovlobis gamo gadaido svane-Tisa da TianeTis mazraSi.
31 ianvars saqarTvelos parla-mentma ukanaskneli sxdoma Caatara da uflebamosileba SeiCera. damfuZne-beli krebis arCevnebis winasaarCevno procesi sakmaod mwvave politikuri dapirispirebebis pirobebSi mimdin-areobda, Tumca es dapirispirebebi metwilad kostruqciuli gaxldaT. amasTan xSiri iyo partiul gazeTebSi erTmaneTis kritika da arc Tu iSviaTi lanZRvac. opoziciuri partiebisaT-vis mTavar samiznes marTveli (marTa-
lia koaliciur mTavrobis lideri, magram mainc) partia warmoadgenda, xolo yvela partiisaTvis kritikis mTavari samizne somxuri daSnakciu-Tuni gaxldaT, romelic somxeT-Tan samxedro eskalaciis pirobebSi aSkarad antisaxelmwifoebrivi politikis gzas adga.
opoziciuri partiebi social-de-morkatebis mxridan saarCevno kano-nis darRvevaze da arCevnebis pro-cesSi saxelisuflebo resursis gam-oyenebaze saubrobdnen, Tumca Tavad social-demokratiuli partia amas uaryofda. Sinagan saqmeTa minis-tris (noe ramSvili) 12 Tebervlis gancxadebiT, yvela administraciuli moxele, romelic Caereva arCevnebis procesSi umkacresad iqneba dasjili.
14 Teberval dilis 8 saaTze dai-wyo damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, ubnebi saRamos 8 saaTze ixureboda yuTebi ki iluqeboda, 16 Tebervals 8 saaTze ki arCevnebi dasrulda. opozi-ciuri partiebis gazeTebi saubrobd-nen darRvevebze, Tumca yvela maTgani aRiarebda social-demorkatebis didi upiratesobiT gamarjvebas.
9 marts damfuZnebeli krebis centralurma saarCevno komisiam, samazro, saolqo da saubno saarCevno komisiebis saarCevno oqmebis safuZ-velze daamtkica arCevnebis Sema-jamebeli oqmi. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi 130 mandatidan 109 moipova social-demorkatiulma partiam, 8-8 mandati social-federalisturma da erovnul-demokratiulma partiam, xolo 5 mandati social-revolu-cionerTa partiam. 130 mandatidan 122 mandati zomierad memarcxene da radikalurad memarcxene partiebma miiRes. memarjvene erovnul-demor-katebma ki mxolod 8 mandati moipova da arCevnebSi mesame adgils dasjerda.
rigSi gamorCeuli iyo sayovelTao-bis maRali xrisxiT, saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdebloba xmis micemis uflebas aZlevda yvela moqalaqes sqe-sisa da wamromavlobis ganurCevlad. saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeul iqna 5 qali, maSin roca am drois msoflios saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi qalebs ar gaaCndaT xmis micemis ufleba, 1919 wlis 12 marts krebis pirvel sxdomaze ki prezdiumis wevrad (mdivnad) arCeuli iqna social-demorkati, qali qris-tine SaraSiZe. garda qalTa CarTulo-bisa arCevnebSi xmis micemisa da deputa-tad arCevis saSualeba (gansakuTrebiT social-demokratiuli partiidan) aqtiurad miecaT saqarTveloSi mcx-ovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis war-momadgenlebs.
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1919 wels damfuZnebeli krebis kidev 2 damatebiTi arCevnebi Catarda, agvis-tosa da seqtemebrSi arCevnebi gaimarTa soxumis olqSi, axalcixis, axalqa-laqis, borCalos mazrebSi, svaneTsa da TianeTSi. ganmeorebiTi arCevnebis Sedegad ki damfuZnebel krebaSi man-datebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda. social-demokratiuli partia - 102 mandati, social-federalisturi par-tia - 9 mandati, erovnul-demorkati-uli partia - 8 mandati, social-rev-olucionerTa partia- 6 mandati, daSnakciuTuni - 3 mandati, saqarTve-los erovnuli partia - 2 mandati. 1919 wlis bolosaTvis damfuZnebeli kreba ukve eqvspartiuli gaxldaT.
1919 wlis saqarTvelos damfuZne-beli krebis arCevnebi mravali faqto-ris gamo gamorCeuli iyo. pirvel
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1919 wlis 12 marts mTavrobis sasaxlis (dRevandeli moswavle-axal-gazrdobis) TeTr darbazSi sazeimod Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma, romlis para-leluradac rusTavelis gamzirze namdvili saxalxo dresaswauli mim-dinareobda, gazeT saqarTvelos respublika werda: "martis Tormets mziani dRe dadga, Tumca cota hqroda, magram dari saerTod namdvili gazafxulisa iyo. da swored rom es meore gazafxulia saqarTvelosaT-vis, rogorc bunebisa, ise politi-kuri. am dRes gaixsna srulaid saqa-rTvelos pirveli damfuZnebeli kreba... sasaxlesTan teva aRaraa, quCis orTave mxare savsea xalxiT. nemsi ver Cavardebao, rom ityvian swored isea, tramvais moZraoba SeCerebulia".
debatebi \\
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb
maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema saqarTveloSi
Temo beJaniZe
nebismier saxelmwifoSi politikurad yvelaze aqtiuri winasaarCevno periodia. am dros politikuri urTierTobebis Suamaval rgolad e.w "meoTxe xelisufleba" anu media gvevlineba, politikuri socializaciis procesi gadamwyvet fazaSia Sesuli da iwyeba mudmivi dialogi, kamaTi saarCevno sistemis xarvezebis Sesaxeb. am mxriv, arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss. saarCevno sistemis uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebze saubari mudmivad mimdinareobs rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan, Tumca faqtia, rom rekomendaciebi naklebad aris gaTvaliswinebuli da saarCevno urTierTobebi kvlav uamravi nakliT aris datvirTuli.
1990 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi "hibriduli" anu Sereuli saarCevno Sistema muSaobs, rac gulisxmobs rogorc proporciuli, aseve maJoritaruli sistemis gamoyenebas.
statiaSi ganvixilavT maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas da saqarTvelos magaliTze davasabuTebT mis gardauval saWiroebas. pirvel rigSi ganvsazRvroT zogadi debulebebi. saarCevno sistema martivad, rom vTqvaT es aris politikosebis arCevis procesi, romlis drosac "xmebi iqceva (transformirdeba) mandatebad". aRsaniSnavia, rom saarCevno sistema metwilad ganapirobs sabolood arCevnebis Sedegebs.
ras gulisxmobs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema da ra Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi gaaCnia mas?
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foto | © aNDre KerTes, wvimiani dRe, tokio
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debatebi \\
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb
"gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs" (winner takes all) xSirad am fraziT gansazRvraven maJoritarul sistemas, romelic yvelaze Zveli sistemaa, saxeli warmoiSva franguli sityvidan majorité, rac umravlesobas niSnavs. aseT dros, sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi iyrian kenWs da gamarjvebuli xmaTa umravlesobiT vlindeba. imis mixedviT Tu ra umravle-sobaa saWiro ganasxvaveben fardobiTi umravlesobis maJoritarul sistemas, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom arCeulad iTvleba is kandidati, romelmac Ti-Toeul mis oponentze meti xma miiRo, Tundac es upiratesoba ramdenime xmas Seadgendes. absoluturi umravlesobis maJoritaruli sistemis dros, aucile-belia amomrCevelTa xmebis absoluturi umravlesobis (50%+1) dagroveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia gaimarTos meore turi. am sistemis upiratesoba misi potenciuri demokratizmia, radgan is iTvaliswinebs amomrCevelTa umrav-lesobis interesebs. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom meore turSi absentizmis ricxvi gacilebiT matulobs da SesaZle-belia amomrCevelTa dabali aqtivobis Sedegad airCion esa Tu is pirovneba. da bolos, es aris kvalificiuri um-ravlesobis maJoritaruli sistema, am dros arCeulad iTvleba kandidati, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa xmebis gansazRvrul raodenobas. (2/3 an 3/4 an ufro mets daagrovebs. saqarTveloSi es modeli gamoiyeneba, Tumca arCeu-lad iTvleba is kandidati, romelic xmebis 1/3-s daagrovebs. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis dros individs eki-sreba mniSvnelovani pasuxismgebloba. sistema uzrunvelyofs mTavrobis Se-darebiT martiv formirebasa da, rac mTavaria, stabilurobas. sistema xels uwyobs amomrCevlebsa da kandidatebs Soris mtkice urTierToba Camoayali-
bos. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis Rirsebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT is, rom kandidatis arCeva xdeba ara parti-uli kuTvnilebis aramed pirovnuli Rirsebebis da damsaxurebebis mixedviT. gamomdinare aqedan, mcirdeba partiis saxels amofarebuli uRirsi adamianebis moxvedris albaToba parlamentSi, rac saqarTvelos politikur sistemaSi farTod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. dReisTvis saqarTveloSi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis erTi nawili moiTxovs maJoritaruli sistemis gauqmebas, aqcents ki akeTeben Semdeg problematur sakiTxze:
amomrCevelTa xmis wonis uTanabroba - yvelaze didi saarCevno olqis quTaisi amomrCevelTa raodenoba - 160 000ze metia, xolo yvelaze patara olqis yazbegis amomrCevelTa raodenoba - 6000ze naklebi, Sesabamisad yazbegis olqis 1 amomrCevlis xma = quTaisis olqis 32 amomrCevlis xmas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia msxvili olqebis gayofa, ris Sedegadac uTanasworoba saqarTveloSi arsebul olqebs Soris SedarebiT dabalansdeba da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba amomrCevelTa Tanabari raodenobiT warmodgenili olqebis arseboba. swored am rekomendacias gvTavazobda veneciis komisia, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqna. Tumca es sakiTxi aranakleb aqtualuria, faqtia, rom maJoritaruli olqebis sazRvrebi, ZiriTadad, municipalitetebis sazRvrebs emTxveva. Sesabamisad politikurad Zalian rTuli iqneba saarCevno olqebis xelaxali gadanawileba da olqebisa da munipaluri sazRvrebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. es sistema gavs safrangeTSi aprobirebul meTods "olqebis daWras", safrangeTSi am sistemiT mmarTveli Zala cdilobda olqebis danawilebis principiT damatebiTi mandatebi moepovebina, am sistemam saqarTveloSi ver gamaarTla.
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foto: Wayne Miller
da mainc, ras gvaZlevs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema:•upirveles yovlisa, saqarTveloSi
ar aris Camoyalibebuli partiuli politikuri kultura, xSirad iqmneba "fsevdopartiebi" winasaarCevno peri-odSi, ase, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis dros mcirdeba partiis saxels amofarebuli "uRirsi" adamianebis moxvedris alba-Toba parlamentSi. •es sistema saSualebas aZlevs damou-
kidebel kandidatebs da patara partiebs, rom daamarcxon finansuri resursebis mqone partiis kandidatebi, xolo pro-porciuli sistemis dros amis albaToba gacilebiT ufro mcirea. •aseve rac mTavaria, xelisuflebis
wyaro xdeba xalxi da ara politikuri partiebi, rac demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari gamovlinebaa.daskvnis saxiT, SemiZlia vTqva, rom
saqarTveloSi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis arseboba mniSnvelovania da aucilebelic, amis ramdenime mniSvnelovani argumenti arsebobs. pirveli es aris qarTuli politikuri klasis dabali saarCevno, politikuri Tu samarTlebrivi kultura da meore - politikuri partiebis ararseboba, vinaidan dRevandel partiebs met-naklebad gaaCniaT ideologiuri Tu moraluri Rirebulebebi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom proporciuli saarCevno sistemis dros sustia kavSiri amomrCevlebsa da parlamentarebs Soris, aseve Zalian didia kandidatis damokidebuleba partiul aparatze da xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba sirTuleebi mTavrobis formirebis dros. Sesabamisad, proporciul sistemaze gadasvliT am periodSi roca sazogadoeba ar aris mozmadebuli am sistemisTvis zianis momtani SeiZleba aRmoCndes saxelmwifosTvis.
foto | © veine miler
risi eSianiaT mmarTvel partiebs ???
levan lorTqifaniZe
nebismieri politikuri sistemis samarTlebriv safuZvels sami ZiriTadi iuridiuli dokumenti gansazRvravs. konstituciis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb kanonisa da saarCevno kodeqsis ZiriTadi principebis gaazrebis gareSe partiebisaTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia qveynis politikuri scenis sazRvrebis dadgena. albaT, SeniSnavdiT, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arc erTi aRniSnuli dokumenti ar warmoadgens xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi diskusiebisa da politikuri SeTanxmebis produqts. yoveli axali xelisufleba mxolod Tavisi politikuri gemovnebis mixedviT cdilobs politikuri sistemis reformirebas. Sedegad, saqarTvelos politikuri cxovreba arastabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. mdgradi sistemis Seqmna mxolod konsensusis miRwevis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
2016 wlis saparlamento kenWisyris moaxlovebasTan erTad politikuri aqtorebisaTvis dapirispirebis mTavar sagnad saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi iqca. ganvixiloT saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdeblobis yvelaze problemuri zogadi debulebebi.
politikis mecnierebaSi saarCevno sistemis or ZiriTad tips ( maJoritarul da proporciul) gamoyofen. maTi kombinaciis safuZvelze yalibdeba
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sistema arRvevs saerTo evropul standartsac, romlis mixedviTac maJoritaruli olqebis amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba 10-15%-s ar unda aWarbebdes.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli sistemis defeqturobas SesaniSnavad warmoaCens Cvens qveyanaSi Catarebuli ukanaskneli arCevnebis Sedegebic. Tbilisis sakrebulos 2014 wlis arCevnebze samTavrobo koaliciam xmaTa mxolod 46.01% moipova. maSasadame, dedaqalaqSi "qarTul ocnebas" amomrCevelTa naxevaric ar uWerda mxars. miuxedavad amisa, koaliciam sakrebulos wevrTa mandatebis 74% moipova (37 mandati 50-dan). ratom ganviTarda movlenebi amgvari scenariT? "qarTul ocnebas"absoluturi umravlesoba TiTqmis yvela maJoritarul olqSi gamarjvebam moapovebina.
maSasadame, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema mmarTveli partiisaTvis absoluturi umravlesobis mopovebis efeqtiani meqanizmia. aRniSnuli sistema erTi partiis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis winapiroba xdeba xolme. dominanturi maJoritaruli sistema realurad amaxinjebs qveynis partiul politikur landSafts samTavrobo koaliciis sasargeblod. amasTanave, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebi adekvaturad ar aisaxeba warmomadgenlobiTi organos Semadgenlobaze, rac saxelmwifo institutisadmi ndobis Semcirebasa da politikuri umciresobebis marginalizacias ganapirobebs. wesisamebr, gariyuli politikuri organizaciebi radikalizaciis gzas daadgebian xolme da Sovinisturi, populisturi ritorikiTa Tu Zaladobisken mowodebebiT cdiloben
mesame, Sereuli saarCevno sistemac. 1995 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelo swored Sereuli saarCevno sistemiT xelmZRvanelobs. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad dadgenili saarCevno procedurebi mravalgzis Seicvala. odesRac miRebulma Sereulma sistemam Tavisi saxe dakarga, rac maJoritarTa warmomadgenlobis SesamCnev zrdaSi gamoixata. kerZod, Tu Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos parlamentSi maJoritar deputatTa raodenoba mxolod 35% gaxldaT (235-dan 85), 2008 wlis Semdeg Cveni qveynis sakanonmdeblo organos TiTqmis naxevars erTmandatian olqebSi arCeuli parlamentarebi akompleqteben (150-dan 73). maJoritaruli kenWisyriT arCeul pirTa aseTi kolosaluri wili kontinenturi evropis TiTqmis arc erT saxelmwifoSi (garda safrangeTisa) ar arsebobs. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis umravlesoba cdilobs upiratesoba mianiWos proporciul arCevnebs an regionaluri warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelsayofad Seqmnas parlamentis calke palata.
ra ZiriTadi naklovanebebi axasiaTebs maJoritarul arCevnebs saqarTveloSi ???
oficialuri monacemebiT qalaq quTaisSi 160 aTasamde amomrCevelia registrirebuli, xolo lentexis municipalitetSi mxolod oTxi aTasamde adamians aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. dasaxelebuli olqebis mosaxleobis raodenobebs Soris arsebuli kolosaluri gansxvavebis miuxedavad orive regioni saqarTvelos parlamentSi erT maJoritar deputats irCevs. assamoc aTas adamiansac da oTxi aTas amomrCevelsac erTi parlamentari warmoadgens saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organoSi (!). Sedagad, udavod darRveulia demokratiis erT-erTi umTavresi principi - erTi amomrCeveli erTi xma. saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli saarCevno
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sakuTari Tavis politikur scenaze damkvidrebas.
saqarTveloSi pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebi 1919 wels Catarda. respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis asocdaaTive wevri proporciuli wesiT airCies. maSin respublikis liderebma proporciuli sistemis sasargeblod arCevani ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT gaakeTes. upirveles yovlisa, kanonmdebelTa mizani gaxldaT qveyanaSi arsebuli realuri ZalTa balansis parlamentSi warmodgena. amasTanave, maT amocanas warmoadgenda respublikaSi moqmedi umciresobebis interesebis dacvac (proporciuli sistemis wyalobiT damfuZnebel krebaSi moxvda politikuri umciresoba "eserebis" saxiT, maT mosaxleobis 4% uWerda mxars. parlamentari gaxda somxuri partia "daSnakciutunis" sami warmomadgenelic).
mgoni, dRevandel saqarTveloSic aranakleb mniSvnelovania realuri ZalTa balansis parlamentSi asaxva da qveyanaSi moqmedi yvelaze mcirericxvovani jgufebis politikuri uflebebis dacvac.
ratom eSiniaT saqarTvelos mmarTvel partiebs proporciuli saarCevno sistemis?
pasuxi martivia. proporciuli warmomadgenlobis dominirebis SemTxvevaSi nabijebi avtoritari lideris erTfirovnuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze ver gadaidgmeba xolme. gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad meti droisa da energiis daxarjva xdeba saWiro. samTavrobo koaliciebi biujetisa da sxva mniSvnelovani kanonebis damtkicebis dros iZulebulebi arian iTanamSromlon opoziciur politikur jgufebTan. parlamentSi absoluturi umravlesobis ararseboba
politikur Zalebs molaparakebebisa da TanamSromlobis, konsensusis kulturis gamomuSavebisken ubiZgebs. konsensusi ki, rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, stabilurobis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes.
msoflioSi arsebul praqtikas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, saarCevno sistemis demokratizaciisaTvis "qarTul ocnebas" ramdenime gza SegviZlia SevTavazoT:
• orpalatiani parlamentis Camoyalibeba, sadac maJoritaruli wesiT dakompleqtebul zeda palatas SezRuduli uflebamosileba eqneba miniWebuli.
• maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamsxvileba da saparlamento man-datebis axali principiT gadanawileba (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo organos Semadgenlobis mxolod 1/3 an - Sei-Zleba dakompleqtdes maJoritaruli wesiT)• axali saarCevno kodeqsiT re-
gionuli proporciuli arCevnebis institutis damkvirdreba (amgvari saarCevno sistemis damkvidrebis Sansi 2008 welsac gvqonda, magram maSin "na-cionalurma moZraobam"da "demokra-tiuli moZraobis" dRevandelma liderma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba Caagdes).
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li angariSvaldebuleba, efeqturoba da rac mTavaria stabiluroba, Tu rogori saxis stabiluroba, amas odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilav.
meores mxriv, proporciuli reprezentacia, gulisxmobs yvelas CarTulobas. "kargi demokratiis dros, yvela da yvelaferi warmod-genili unda iyos ara, dispropor-ciulad, aramed proporciulad". stiuart milis am mosazrebas bevri politikis Teoretikosi eTanx-meba, maT miaCniaT, rom reprezen-tatuli anu warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisas, sociumis yvela seg-menti Tanabrad unda iqnas CarTuli politikur procesebSi. Tavad pro-porciuli reprezentaciac imisT-vis aris mowyobili, rom yvela amomrCevlisTvis gamoinaxos adgi-li qveynis "umaRles sakrebuloSi". parlamentSi ki adgilebi, partiis siis mier aRebuli xmebis mixedviT gamoiTvleba. politikur partiebs SeuZliaT hqondeT rogorc "Ria" aseve "daxuruli siebi". Ria siebis dros, amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs erT kerZo individs partiaSi. daxuruli siebis dros ki, xalxi xmas aZlevs partias da Semdeg, siaSi rigis mixed-viT, partia wyvets, Tu vin moxvdeba parlamentSi.
ase da amgvarad, orive saarCevno sistemis zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, davadgineT, rom maJoritaruli
sanam maJoritarul sistemasa da proporciul warmomadgenlobaze visaubrebde, msurs mkiTxvels mok-led avuxsna Tu ra aris saarCevno sistema. saarCevno sistemis yvelaze mokle da kargi ganmartebis povna, pipa norisis naSromSi SevZeli. pipa norisi saarCevno sistemas ase ganmar-tavs: politikosebis arCevis dros, "xmebi skamebad iqceva". msoflioSi arsebobs ori yvelaze gavrcelebu-li saarCevno sistema, formula Tu algoriTmi, romlebic migviTiTe-ben Tu rogor "iqceva xmebi skamebad"... esenia, maJoritaruli sistema da proporciuli warmomadgenloba.
vinaidan Cemi mizania, zogadi STabe-Wdileba SegiqmnaT orive saarCevno sistemaze da ase vTqvaT, dagexmaroT maT ufro martivad SedarebaSi, kar-gi iqneba Tu amisaTvis imis gaanali-zebas daviwyeb, risi SemoTavazebac am or sistemas SeuZlia.
maJoritaruli sistema tradici-uli saarCevno sistemaa, fokusirebu-lia ra "efeqtur marTvaze". es sistema SeiZleba iyos pluralisturic da absoluturad maJoritarulic, am ukanasknels ki mTavrobis formire-bisTvis 50% +1 validuri xma esaW-iroeba. misTvis mTavari damaxasiaT-ebeli niSan-Tviseba, erTi, dominanti partiaa... damatebiTi Tvisebebis mok-le CamonaTvali ki ase gamoiyureba: mTavrobis SigniT erTianoba, sru-
saarCevno sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi: 3 kriteriumis mixedviT
baCo jojua
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ganxilvisas, ki kidev erTxel unda vaxseno is faqti, rom eseTi mTav-roba Sedgeba mravali partiisgan, romlebic urTierTSeTanxmebis sa-fuZvelze iReben gadawyvetilebebs. warmoudgenelia proporciuli warmomadgenlobisas mxolod erT partias daakisro sruli pasuxismge-bloba, swored amitomac proporci-uli reprezentacia pasuxismgeblobis naklebobas ganicdis.
swored amitomac daskvnis saxiT unda vTqvaT, rom maJoritaruli sistema am mxriv ufro efeqturia vidre proporciuli reprezent-acia da am SemTxvevaSi erTi qula SegviZlia maJoritarul sistemas mivaniWoT.
Semdegi niSan-Tviseba socialuri reprezentaciaa. SegviZlia social-uri reprezentacia ase ganvmartoT: misi meSveobiT SegviZlia davadgi-noT Tu ramdenad aris warmodgeni-li parlamentSi, sxvadasxva politi-kuri, socialuri, eTnikuri Tu sxva erTobebi. proporciuli reprez-entacia uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi sxvadasxva jgufebis, magaliTad, qalebis an Tundac sxvadasxva eT-nikuri umciresobis warmomadgen-lobas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TiToeul aseTi saxis amomrCevels sakuTari politikuri partia aqvs, romelic mTavrobis Semadgenloba-Si Sedis. TiToeuli politikuri
sistema proporciulisgan didad gansxvavdeba, radganac erTs erTi dominanti partia hyavs, meores ki ramdenime partia, romelic sociumis yvela fenasa Tu jgufs warmoadgens.
am ori sistemis erTmaneTTan Sedareba SeiZleba Zalian didxans gagrZeldes, swored amitomac ga-davwyvite gamomeyo is mTavari Tvise-bebi, romelTa Sedareba aucile-belia da romlebic sakmaod did rols TamaSoben saxelmwifos ganvi-TarebaSi. aseTi ki sami niSan-Tviseba minda gamovyo: socialuri reprez-entacia, angariSvaldebuleba da stabiluroba.
CemTvis, rogoc moqalaqisTvis, angariSvaldebuleba pasuxismgeblo-bas ukavSirdeba, es ukanaskneli ki swored is pasuxismgeblobaa, ro-melic mTavrobam Cemgan arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg moipova. vinaidan maJoritarul sistemaSi, erTi do-mimanti partiaa da mTeli Zalau-fleba ZiriTadad swored am erT partiazea morgebuli, rasakvirve-lia kiTxvaze - Tu vin unda grZnob-des Tavs pasuxismgeblad sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, pasuxi Zalian martivia. ase da amgvarad, maJoritaruli sistemis pirobebSi, swored gamarjvebuli partiaa val-debuli xalxis winaSe, radganac mTe-li Zalaufleba, swored mis xelSia.
proporciuli reprezentaciis
partia, parlamentSi adgils imis mixedviT ikavebs, Tu ramdeni xmis mogrovebas SesZlebs arCevnebis pe-riodSi.
maJoritaruli sistemis pirobeb-Si, adamiani xmas aZlevs im partias, romelsac is mxars uWers. maJor-itaruli arCevnebis Semdeg, partia Tavad xdeba mTavroba. aseTi SemTx-vevebis dros ki, umciresobebs sakma-od mcire adgils uTmoben xolme, vinaidan da radganac mTavroba ufro met efeqturobaze morgebas saWiroebs. oRond egecaa, sakamaTo SeiZleba gaxdes is faqti, rom maJor-itaruli sistemis dros, arCevnebis Sedegi, naTlad aCvenebs Tu realu-rad visi xilva surs eleqtorats xelisuflebaSi.
ase da amgvarad, proporciuli reprezentacia gvTavazobs social-uri warmomadgenlobis sakmaod maRal xarisxs, maSin roca, igive
faqti, maJoritarul sistemaSi kiTx-vis niSnis qveS rCeba, magram mainc, ZiriTadad maJoritaruli sistema, aseTi "fufunebis" saSualebas ar iZleva, swored amitomac, am katego-riaSi qula SegviZlia proporciul warmomadgenlobas mivaniWoT.
Sedarebis daskviniT etapi, mTavro-bis SigniT stabilurobaa. mTavrobis SigniT stabilurobaze saubrisas, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani faqti: stabiluroba, mTlianad damok-idebulia arsebul eleqtorul sistemaze. maJoritaruli sistemis momxreebi, amboben, rom maJorita-ruli sistema sakmaod stabiluria, vinaidan da radganac iq mxolod erTi partiaa, romelic mTavrobas akontrolebs, es ukanaskneli ki mTavrobis SigniT erTobasa da efeq-tur mmarTvelobas uzrunvelyofs. meores mxriv, isini proporciul
foto | © bruno barbei
"kargi demokratiis dros, yvela da yvelaferi war-modgenili unda iyos ara, disproporciulad, aramed proporciulad".
sistemas akritikeben da amboben, rom proporciuli reprezentaciis dros, mTavroba naklebad aris sta-biluri, vinaidan Zalaufleba ram-denime partias aqvs gadanawilebuli. sakiTxis aseTi kuTxiT ganxilivsas albaT udao favoritad maJori-tarul sistemas movnaTlavdiT... Tumca... politikuri stabiluroba maSin dgeba safrTxis winaSe, roca legitimaciis krizisi iCens Tavs. proporciuli reprezentacia ki, cdilobs qveyana politikurad da socialurad ufro stabiluri gaxa-dos, imis xarjze, rom sistemam, mop-ovebuli xmebis meSveobiT, mmarT-velebs legitimacia Tavad mianiWos.
legitimaciaze saubrisas, pirveli rac maxsendeba, jon lokis socialu-ri kontraqti da misi legitimaciaa. mokled rom vTqvaT, jon loki gveub-neba, mmarTvelebi da marTulebi socialuri kontraqtis meSveobiT
arian erTmaneTTan dakavSrebulnio. gvmoZRvravs, Tu liderebi Zalau-flebas kanonis farglebSi gamoi-yeneben, maSin xalxi maT martivad daemorCilebao. oRond egecaa, xalxi srulebiTac ar aris valdebu-li xelisuflebas daemorCilos, Tu es ukanaskneli sakuTar avtoritets SebRalavs. maJoritaruli sistema um-ciresobebisaTvis iseTive efeqturi ver iqneba, rogorc proporciuli reprezentacia.
Sevecade saarCevno sistemebi erT-maneTisaTvis Semedarebina, warmome-Cina ra maTi ZiriTadi naklovanebebi da aseve pozitiuri mxareebi... kiTx-vaze: - Tu romeli sistemaa ukeTesi, pasuxis gacemis ufleba, msurs mkiTx-vels mivando.
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Tanamedrove msoflio istoriuli procesebidan momdinareobs, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom istoria hgavs Tana-medroveobas. arc dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebas etyoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mraval evropul saxel-mwifoSi ultrakonservatizmi da Se-umwynarebloba mefobda. msoflioSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo umravleso-bis diqtatura, oRond ara imdenad politikuri, ramdenadac socialuri: idevnebodnen eTnikuri, rasobrivi, re-ligiuri umciresobebi, gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebi. dRevandeli gad-mosaxedidan albaT Rimilismomgvrel-ic ki aris, rom Sua saukuneebSi toleran-toba arabTa saxalifosa da osmaleTSi ufro faseuli iyo. Tumca TandaTan daiwyo ganmanaTlebloba, humanizmi, niderlandebis revolucia, Semdeg safrangeTis, britaneTSi damkvidrda kanonis uzenaesoba... Sors wagviyvans im movlenaTa analizi, romlebmac araerT "pirvel" precedentamde migviyvana, Tumca Tavad am "pirvelTa" ganxilva, vfiqrob, saintereso unda iyos.
mecxramete saukunis bolomde poli-tika TeTrkaniani mamakacebis sferod rCeboda. SeZlebuli ojaxebi ukeT arT-mevdnen Tavs Svilebis inteleqtualur aRzrdas, Tanac jer kidev bevrgan mo-qmedebda batonymuri sistema, amitom politikosebis TiTqmis sayovelTao niSani ekonomikuri keTildReobac iyo. Tumca, "droni mefoben da ara mefeni" da
„pirveli“
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mariam miqiaSvili
"sin feinis" partiis wevri iyo da antibritanul ajanyebaSi monawil-eobda 1916 wels, amitom londo-nis cixeSi ijda da iqidan iyrida kenWs dublinis mandatisaTvis 1918 wlis dekemberSi. markieviCma man-dati miiRo da britaneTis TemTa palatis de iure wevri gaxda, Tumca Tanamdeboba, mdgomareobis gaTval-iswinebiT, ver daikava. markieviCi mainc darCa istorias pirvel ar-Ceul qal warmomadgenlad. pirveli realuri warmomadgeneli, visac muSaobaSi xeli ar SeSlia, aSS-Si dabadebuli nensi astori gaxda. is colad britanel politikoss, uoldorf astors, plimut satenis grafs gahyva da amave mandatiT TemTa palatis konservatori wevri gaxda. Tanamdebobas 1945 wlamde, pensiaze gasvlamde ikavebda.
gavida dro da, Tavs uflebas mi-vcem, vTqva, Tamasa aiwia - qali saxel-mwifo meTauris arCevis jeri dadga. monarqiuli memkvidreoba ucxo arc qalbatonebisTvis yofila, isec momxdara, rom respublikur siste-maSi gauTvaliswinebeli procesebis Sedegad uceb qali aRmoCeniliyo qveynis saTaveSi (izabel martines de peroni, argentina, 1974). aseve meuRl-is "memkvidreobiT" miRebuli legit-imacia ar iyo ucxo indoeTsa da Sri lankaSi - benazir bhuto da sirimavo bandararaike. pirvel qal preziden-tad mainc peroni miiCneva, magram minda gamovyo pirveli realurad da sxvisi gavlenis gareSe arCeuli qalbatoni - vigdis finbogadotiri, islandiaSi, 1980 wels. islandia qalTa moZraobis mxriv yovelTvis gamorCeulad aqtiuri iyo. is ar aurCeviaT didi upiratesobiT, sul 1 procentiT mougo oponents, Tum-ca dRemde Tanamdebobaze yvelaze didxans myof qal prezidentad miiC-neva - 1996 wlamde. finbogadotiri
msoflios xalxTa Segneba TandaTan "pirvelebis" misaRebad emzadebo-da... istoriulma aucileblobam jer rasobriv umciresobebs arguna arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba, Semdeg ki - qalbatonebs.
"pirvelTa" Soris pirveli iyo hiram revelsi, 1870 wels misisipis StatSi arCeuli Savkaniani respub-likeli senatori. winaaRmdegoba revelss mainc Sexvda, radgan bevr adamians ar surda afroamerikelis senatSi xilva da uamrav konstituci-ur interpretacias warmoaCenda, raTa igi Tanamdebobidan Camoe-SorebinaT. da mainc, sayovelTao Tavisufleba qveyanaSi mxolod xu-Tiode wlis miRweuli iyo da siamay-iT aRsavse senatorebma batoni rev-elsis mier SenobaSi Sesvlas fexze adgomiTa da aplodismentebiT sces pativi. Tumca yvelas mogvexseneba, rom samoqalaqo omiT afroamerike-lTa uflebebi srulad ar realize-bula. maT rogorc Tavisufleba, ise Tanamdebobebic etapobrivad, didi brZolis Semdeg miiRes - pirveli afrikuli warmoSobis gubernatori mxolod 1990 wels airCies virjini-aSi - lorens duglas uilderi. am as weliwads Seucvlia afroamer-ikelTa partiuli ganwyobac, Tuki omis dros respublikuri partia SavkanianTa uflebebis damcvelad gamodioda, uilderis dros Tanas-woroba demokratiulma partiamac gaiTavisa da Tavis eqskluziur Temad aqcia.
qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZola ufro nela, gangrZobilad da rac mTavaria, axlac mimdinareobs. sau-dis arabeTSi qalebma wels pirvelad unda miiRon arCevnebSi monawileo-ba. am qveynis qalebze asi wliT adre gaumarTla irlandiel grafinia markieviCs, Tumca gaumarTlac rTu-li saTqmelia - is nacionalisturi
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dResac cocxalia. da bolos, aucileblad minda
aRvniSno pirveli qali Savkaniani prezidenti, elen jonson sirlefi, liberiis moqmedi prezidenti 2006 wlidan, afrikis kontinentze pir-veli qali meTauri. is iyo finansTa ministri, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis maRalCinosani, 1997 wels arCevnebSi damarcxda, Tumca mainc ar dauxevia ukan. meore vadiT arCevisas man 90.7% miiRo. sirlefs uamravi kritikosi hyavs, Tumca amas misi eri da istoria gansajis.
"pirvelTa" mokle mimoxilvis Ses-aZleblobac ki yvela im mamaci adami-anis damsaxurebaa, vinc aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TavganwirviT ibrZoda sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis, ramac samudamod Secvala msoflio azrovneba da politikuri cxovreba. warmatebis miuxedavad, bevri prob-lema rCeba, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianTa cnobierebaSi cvileba arc swrafad xdeba da arc martivad, amitom mjera, kidev bevr sferoSi gamovavlenT Rirseul "pirvels".
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grZeli rigi Tavisuflebamde TinaTin maRedani
foto | wyaro: http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/missions/1994/south-africa/index_en.htm
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samxreT afrikis respublikaSi 1994 wlamde arsebobda rasobrivi diskriminaciis erT-erTi yvelaze sastiki forma aparteidi, romlis Sedegadac samxreT afrikis moqalaqe-Ta udides nawils aRkveTili hqonda samoqalaqo, socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. aparteidis dasruleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1994 wels Catarebuli pirveli sayovelTao, Tavisufali da demokra-tiuli arCevnebis meSveobiT. milion-obiT amomrCeveli moTminebiT idga rigSi saaTobiT, raTa xma miecaT TavisuflebisTvis. evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis monacemebiT, potenciuri 20 milioni amomrCevli-dan zustad 19 726 579 moqalaqem miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba.
erT-erTi adgili, sadac amomrCev-elTa gansakuTrebulad grZeli rigi idga iyo saarCevno ubani soueto-Si, iohanesburgis gareubanSi, sad-ac aparteidis periodSi iZulebiT asaxlebdnen Savkanian afrikelebs. soueto 1994 wlamdec gamoirCeo-da aparteidisadmi SeugueblobiT. 1976 wels souetos axalgazrdobam demonstraciebis gziT gailaSqra mCagvreli sistemis winaaRmdeg. isini aprotestebdnen mTavrobis poli-tikas ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT da moiTxovdnen, rom TeTrkaniani samxreT afrikelebis msgavsad esarge-blaT ganaTlebis uflebiT. gamosv-lebs policiasTan Setakeba mohyva da sxvadasxva wyaroebiT 176-dan 700-mde demonstranti daiRupa, aTasobiT mo-qalaqe daiWra da Zalian bevri daapa-timres. mkacri aparteidis pirobebSi amgvari gamosvlebi namdvilad did gambedaobas moiTxovda. am gamosv-lebiT cxadi gaxda, rom miuxedavad mCagvreli sistemisa, mosaxleoba da gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdebi, ar iyvnen nihilizmiT Sepyrobilebi, jer kidev inarCunebdnen mebrZol suliskveTebas da surdaT sakuTari uflebebisTvis brZola. mSvidobiani
gziT sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebis saSualeba ki maT 1994 wlis arCevnebSi miecaT. swored amitom, amomrCevel-Ta aqtivobis maRali done gasakviri sulac ar iyo. samxreT afrikis re-spublikis moqalaqeebma samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis kargi magaliTi uCvenes msoflios. amomrCevelTa mobili-zeba ar momxdara iZulebiT da mo-qalaqeebi sakuTari nebiT, TavianTi uflebebisa da TavisuflebisTvis idgnen rigSi. isini acnobierebdnen, rom arCevnebis dRe iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gadamwyveti dRe maTi qveynis istoriaSi. dRe, rodesac saSualeba miecaT daesrulebinaT aparteidi da esargeblaT yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebiTac sargeblobda qveynis TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba. represiul sistemaSi mudmivi SiSis qveS cxovrobis Semdgom, es iyo imedi, rom arCevnebis gziT dasruldeboda maT mimarT sas-tiki mopyroba, damcireba da raRac aucileblad Seicvleboda ukeTeso-bisken. da marTlac, amomrCevlis ase-Ti aqtivoba logikur dasasrulamde mivida da 1994 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad nelson mandela gaxda prezidenti da samxreT afrikis respublikam, real-urad, amis Semdeg daiwyo msoflio sazogadoebasTan reintegracia.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom 1994 wels amomrCevelTa uzomod maRali aq-tivoba aparteidis dasrulebis sur-vilma ganapiroba da es aqtiuroba spontanuri da erTjeradi iyo, magram sainteresoa is faqti, rom aparteidis dasrulebidan 20 wlis Semdegac ki 2014 wels saarCevno ubnebTan isev idga uzarmazari rigebi da amomrCevlebi moTminebiT icdidnen, raTa arCev-nebis gziT ebrZolaT axla ukve ara aparteidis dasrulebiTvis, aramed cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. soueto-sa da zogadad samxreT afrikis res-publikaSi Zalian didia progresis wyurvili da grZeli rigi saarCevno ubnebTan cvlilebebis erT-erTi gzaa.
redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe
proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia
teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe
Jurnalze muSaobdnen:
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am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno
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ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is,USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis
Sexedulebebs.
