Civic Integration in Civic Integration in the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

Foreigners in the Foreigners in the NetherlandsNetherlands

What is the largest group of foreigners in What is the largest group of foreigners in the Netherlands?the Netherlands?

Germans (390,000)Germans (390,000)

Population Breakdown in Population Breakdown in Holland 2004Holland 2004

Total: 16 292 000Total: 16 292 000 Ethnic Dutch: 13 179 000Ethnic Dutch: 13 179 000 Western Migrants: 1 410 000Western Migrants: 1 410 000 Non-Western Migrants: 1 700 000Non-Western Migrants: 1 700 000

Ethnic Minorities in the Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands 2004Netherlands 2004

Turks: 380 000Turks: 380 000 Surinamers: 360 000Surinamers: 360 000 Moroccans: 340 000Moroccans: 340 000 Antilleans: 150 000Antilleans: 150 000

NB: Does not include illegal immigrantsNB: Does not include illegal immigrants

Population of Surinam: 380 000Population of Surinam: 380 000

Population of Antilles: 220 000Population of Antilles: 220 000

Growth of ethnic minoritiesGrowth of ethnic minorities

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

1975 1985 1995 2005

Other

Moroccans

Turks

Antilleans

Surinamers

Non-Western MigrantsNon-Western Migrants

0 10 20 30 40

NL 2004

NL 1996

R'dam 2004

R'dam 1996

A'dam 2004

A'dam 1996

Turks

Moroccons

Surinamers

Antilleans

Other

Two stages of integration Two stages of integration policypolicy

1968-2002: Multiculturalism1968-2002: Multiculturalism Successful integration no condition for Successful integration no condition for

citizenship, rights, benefitscitizenship, rights, benefits Funding of religious and ethnic Funding of religious and ethnic

organizations, Islamic schoolsorganizations, Islamic schoolsAccommodation through social services in Accommodation through social services in

migrant’s languagemigrant’s languageNo real civic integration debate to speak ofNo real civic integration debate to speak of

Fortuyn quotes:Fortuyn quotes:

The Netherlands, with a population of 16 million, has The Netherlands, with a population of 16 million, has enough inhabitants. The Netherlands is crowded”enough inhabitants. The Netherlands is crowded”

““I am in favor of a cold war with Islam. I see Islam as I am in favor of a cold war with Islam. I see Islam as an extraordinary threat, as a hostile religion.“an extraordinary threat, as a hostile religion.“

””Muslims in the Netherlands need to accept living Muslims in the Netherlands need to accept living together with the Dutch, and if that is unacceptable for together with the Dutch, and if that is unacceptable for them, they are free to leave”. them, they are free to leave”.

““If it were legally possible, I would ensure that not a If it were legally possible, I would ensure that not a single Muslim could come to the Netherlands”single Muslim could come to the Netherlands”

Fortuyn quotes ctd.Fortuyn quotes ctd.

"I don't hate Islam. I consider it a backward culture. "I don't hate Islam. I consider it a backward culture. I have traveled much in the world. And wherever Islam I have traveled much in the world. And wherever Islam rules, it's just terrible. All the hypocrisy. It's a bit like rules, it's just terrible. All the hypocrisy. It's a bit like those old Reformed Protestants. The Reformed lie all those old Reformed Protestants. The Reformed lie all the time. And why is that? Because they have norms the time. And why is that? Because they have norms and values that are so high that you can't humanly and values that are so high that you can't humanly maintain them. You also see that in Muslim culture. maintain them. You also see that in Muslim culture. Then look at the Netherlands. In what country could an Then look at the Netherlands. In what country could an electoral leader of such a large movement as mine be electoral leader of such a large movement as mine be openly homosexual? How wonderful that that's openly homosexual? How wonderful that that's possible. That's something that one can be proud of. possible. That's something that one can be proud of. And I'd like to keep it that way." And I'd like to keep it that way."

The multicultural debateThe multicultural debate

Two stages of civic Two stages of civic integration debateintegration debate

2002-present: 2002-present: Expulsion of 30,000 failed asylum seekersExpulsion of 30,000 failed asylum seekersLimiting of family reunionsLimiting of family reunionsExpulsion of Antillean youths who commit Expulsion of Antillean youths who commit

crimescrimesPossible limiting of the number of Islamic Possible limiting of the number of Islamic

SchoolsSchools

ProblemsProblems TurksTurks

65% have little to no contact with ethnic Dutch65% have little to no contact with ethnic Dutch 55% speak little to no Dutch55% speak little to no Dutch 75% import spouses from Turkey75% import spouses from Turkey

MoroccansMoroccans 85% import spouses from Morocco85% import spouses from Morocco 60% have little to no contact with ethnic Dutch60% have little to no contact with ethnic Dutch Youths commit disproportionate share of crimeYouths commit disproportionate share of crime

AntilleansAntilleans 48% of arrivals aged 18-26 remain unemployed48% of arrivals aged 18-26 remain unemployed Youths commit disproportionate share of crimeYouths commit disproportionate share of crime

Reasons for migration to Reasons for migration to the Netherlands 2004the Netherlands 2004

Work

Study

Asylum

Familyreunion

Other

Civic Integration TestCivic Integration Test

Family reunionsFamily reunions Sponsor must earn 120% of minimum wageSponsor must earn 120% of minimum wage Sponsor and spouse must be 21 years or olderSponsor and spouse must be 21 years or older Imported spouse must pass civic integration test in Dutch Imported spouse must pass civic integration test in Dutch

language and culturelanguage and culture

New Arrivals to the NetherlandsNew Arrivals to the Netherlands Exempt:Exempt:

Americans, Australians, Canadians, other EU and EFTA Americans, Australians, Canadians, other EU and EFTA citizens, Swiss, Japanese, New Zealanders citizens, Swiss, Japanese, New Zealanders

Asylum seekers & family membersAsylum seekers & family members Knowledge migrants and those in possession of a work Knowledge migrants and those in possession of a work

permit & family memberspermit & family members Surinamers who have completed primary education in Surinamers who have completed primary education in

Dutch Dutch

Crime and IntegrationCrime and Integration

Males as Males as suspectssuspects

Aged 12-17Aged 12-17 Aged 18-25Aged 18-25 Aged 25-44Aged 25-44

DutchDutch 2.02.0 3.83.8 1.91.9

TurksTurks 5.05.0 8.98.9 5.45.4

MoroccansMoroccans 11.011.0 17.917.9 7.07.0

AntilleansAntilleans 10.110.1 13.013.0 11.911.9

SurinamersSurinamers 6.76.7 11.111.1 3.83.8

Surinamers: A Partial Surinamers: A Partial Success StorySuccess Story

Higher EducationHigher Education 19951995 20042004

DutchDutch 21%21% 27%27%

SurinamersSurinamers 15%15% 19%19%

TurksTurks 5%5% 8%8%

MoroccansMoroccans 6%6% 9%9%

AntilleansAntilleans 16%16% 16%16%

OtherOther 13%13% 16%16%

Surinamers IISurinamers II

Work Force Work Force ParticipationParticipation

MenMen WomenWomen TotalTotal

DutchDutch 79%79% 54%54% 67%67%

SurinamersSurinamers 72%72% 55%55% 63%63%

TurksTurks 61%61% 26%26% 44%44%

MoroccansMoroccans 48%48% 19%19% 34%34%

AntilleansAntilleans 61%61% 50%50% 55%55%

The Future?The Future?

From 1990-2001 non-Western migrant From 1990-2001 non-Western migrant population doubledpopulation doubled

By 2020 four major Dutch cities: By 2020 four major Dutch cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht will be at least 50% MuslimUtrecht will be at least 50% Muslim

No going back to multiculturalist modelNo going back to multiculturalist model

The Netherlands 2020The Netherlands 2020 Turks: 500 000Turks: 500 000 Moroccans: 450 000Moroccans: 450 000 Surinamers: 360 000Surinamers: 360 000 Antilleans: 150 000Antilleans: 150 000 Asians: 430 000Asians: 430 000 Africans: 210 000Africans: 210 000 Latin Americans: 110 000Latin Americans: 110 000

17% of the Dutch population17% of the Dutch population