Civ Pro Rush Reviewer

7/30/2019 Civ Pro Rush Reviewer

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CIVIL PROCEDURE REVIEWER AND QUIZZER

CIVIL PROCEDURECodals, Notes, and Discussion

JurisdictioncSupreme CourtI. Original

a. Eclusi!e

i. Petitions for the issan!e of "rits of !ertiorari#$rohi%ition and mandams against the&

'. CA(. CO)ELEC

*. CoA. ,andigan%a-an. C/A

". Concurrent

i. #it$ t$e C%'. Petitions for the issan!e of "rits of

!ertiorari# $rohi%ition and mandamsagainst the

a. NLRC%. C,C

!. R/Cii. #it$ t$e R&C and C%

'. 0a%eas !or$s# 1o "arranto#!ertiorari# mandams# $rohi%ition 2s

3o"er !ortsiii. #it$ t$e R&C

'. Cases affe!ting am%assadors# et!

II. %ppellate o!era. R/C e4er!ising origina3 5risdi!tion

i. %- $etition for re2ie" re2ie" on !ertiorari 6r3e

7 on $re 1estions of 3a"%. CA!. ,andigan%a-an# C/A# CoA# Come3e!

Court o' %ppealsI. Original

a. Eclusi!e

i. Ann3 5dgments of the R/C %ased on e4trinsi!frad or 3a!8 or 5risdi!tion

". Concurrenti. #it$ t$e SC

'. Petitions for the issan!e of "rits of!ertiorari# $rohi%ition and mandams

against thea. NLRC%. C,C

!. R/Cii. #it$ t$e R&C and SC

'. 0a%eas !or$s# 1o "arranto#

!ertiorari# mandams# $rohi%ition 2s3o"er !orts

II. %ppellatea. O2er R&C E4er!ising origina3 5risdi!tion

i. 9- ordinar- noti!e of a$$ea3 6if 1estion of fa!tor 1estion of fa!t and 3a"7

ii. If $re 1estion of 3a" in the R/C# go straightto ,C:

%. O2er R&Ce4er!ising a$$e33ate 5risdi!tion o2er the)/C&

i. 9- $etition for re2ie"# e2en if $re 1estion of3a"

!. O2er (uasi)*udicial agenciesi. 9- $etition for re2ie"# e2en if $re 1estion of

3a"

R&C

I. Originala. Eclusi!ei. In a33 !i2i3 a!tions in "hi!h the s%5e!t of the

3itigation is in!a$a%3e of $e!niar- estimationii. In a33 !i2i3 a!tions "hi!h in2o32e the tit3e to# or

$ossession of# rea3 $ro$ert-# or an- interesttherein# "here the assessed 2a3e of the$ro$ert- in2o32ed e4!eeds P(;#;;;#;; or# for!i2i3 a!tions in )etro )ani3a# "here s!h 2a3e

e4!eeds P;#;;;.;; e4!e$t a!tions for for!i%3e

)i!8e- Ing3es(C Ateneo La" (;'(Att-.


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entr- into and n3a"f3 detainer of 3ands or%i3dings# origina3 5risdi!tion o2er "hi!h is!onferred $on the )etro$o3itan /ria3 Corts#)ni!i$a3 /ria3 Corts# and )ni!i$a3 Cir!it

/ria3 Cortsiii. In a33 a!tions in admira3t- and maritime

5risdi!tion "here the demand or !3aime4!eeds P*;;#;;;.;; or# in )etro )ani3a#"here s!h demand or !3aim e4!eeds /"o

hndred thosand $esos P;;#;;;.;;i2. In a33 matters of $ro%ate# %oth testate and

intestate# "here the gross 2a3e of the estate

e4!eeds P*;;#;;;.;; or# in $ro%ate matters in)etro )ani3a# "here s!h gross 2a3e e4!eeds

P;;#;;;.;;2. In a33 a!tions in2o32ing the !ontra!t of marriage

and marita3 re3ations2i. In a33 !ases not "ithin the e4!3si2e 5risdi!tion

of an- !ort# tri%na3# $erson or %od-e4er!ising 5risdi!tion of an- !ort# tri%na3#

$erson or %od- e4er!ising 5di!ia3 or 1asi=5di!ia3 fn!tions

2ii. Other !ases in "hi!h the demand# e4!3si2e ofinterest# damages of "hate2er 8ind# attorne->s

fees# 3itigation e4$enses# and !osts or the2a3e of the $ro$ert- in !ontro2ers- e4!eeds

P*;;#;;;# or in )etro )ani3a# e4!eedsP;;#;;;

2iii. /hose nder the se!rities reg3ation !ode

'. Cases in2o32ing de2i!es or s!hemesem$3o-ed %- the !or$orationamonting to frad

(. Intra=!or$orate or $artnershi$ re3ations*. Contro2ersies in the e3e!tion or

a$$ointments of dire!tors# trstess#offi!ers# et!

. ,s$ension of $a-ments# et!". Concurrent +see SC and C%

II. %ppellate

a. Cases de!ided %- the )/C# et!

What do -o mean %- ?$e!niar- estimation@

Can %e measred in mone- De$ends on the natre of the a!tion

o If a!tion is re!o2er- of mone-# then that>s !a$a%3e of

$e!niar- estimation

o If a!tion is for res!ission of !ontra!ts# s$e!ifi!

$erforman!e# e4$ro$riation# $artition of $ro$ert-# thenthese aren>t !a$a%3e of $e!niar- estimation B the2a3e of the $ro$ert- in2o32ed are mere3- in!identa3

-&C, etc

I. Originala. Eclusi!e

i. Ci2i3 a!tions and $ro%ate $ro!eedings# testates#and intestate# in!3ding the grant of $ro2isiona3remedies in $ro$er !ases# "here the 2a3e ofthe $ersona3 $ro$ert-# estate# or amont of the

demand does not e4!eed P*;;#;;; or# in )etro)ani3a# does not e4!eed P;;#;;;# e4!3si2e of

interest# damages of "hate2er 8ind# attorne->sfees# 3itigation e4$enses# and !osts# theamont of "hi!h mst %e s$e!ifi!a33- a33eged.0o"e2er# interest# damages of "hate2er 8ind#

attorne->s fees# 3itigation e4$enses# and !ostssha33 %e in!3ded in the determination of the

fi3ing fees.

ii. Admira3t- and maritime !ases "here thedemand does not e4!eed P*;;#;;;# or in )etro

)ani3a# does not e4!eed P;;#;;;.Where there are se2era3 !3aims or !ases ofa!tion %et"een the same or different $arties#

em%odied in the same !om$3aint# the amontof the demand sha33 %e the tota3it- of the

!3aims in a33 the !ases of a!tion irres$e!ti2e of"hether the !ases of a!tion arose ot of sameor different transa!tions.



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iii. or!i%3e entr- and n3a"f3 detainer# "ith5risdi!tion to determine the isse of o"nershi$on3- to reso32e the isse of $ossession6regard3ess of amont of $ro$ert-7

the on3- damages a33o"ed are for n$aidrenta3sreasona%3e !om$ensation for se of

$remisesi2. Ci2i3 a!tions "hi!h in2o32e tit3e to# or

$ossession of# rea3 $ro$ert- or an- interest

therein "here the assessed 2a3e of the$ro$ert- or interest therein does not e4!eedP(;#;;;# on in )etro )ani3a# does not e4!eed

P;#;;; e4!3si2e of interest# damages of"hate2er 8ind# attorne->s fees# 3itigation

e4$enses and !osts. In !ases of 3and notde!3ared for ta4ation $r$oses# the 2a3e ofs!h $ro$ert- sha33 %e determined %- theassessed 2a3e of the ad5a!ent 3ots.

2. In!3sion and e4!3sion of 2oters

What do -o mean %- ?damages of "hate2er 8ind@

/his !o2ers a33 8inds of damages.

o don>t in!3de these damages "hen the- are mere3-

in!identa3 to the !ase of a!tion.

9t if the main !ase of a!tion is the !3aim for damages# then

it>33 %e the %asis on "hether -o>33 fi3e it in the R/C or )/C. Ane4am$3e of this is a !3aim for a!ta3 damages or inde$endent!i2i3 a!tions see8ing damages.

What a%ot interests# "hat>s the dea3 "ith that

/he interest "hi!h is to %e e4!3ded in !om$ting the amont

for the %asis of 5risdi!tionis the a!!essor- interest.

E4am$3e& /he !ase is in Pam$anga. /he $romissor- note is for

P(FG#;;; "ith interest of ';H $er annm# "here do -o fi3e

the !o33e!tion sit for this

o In the R/C of Pam$anga. /he !ase of a!tion re2o32es

arond the entire $romissor- note.

Section . &itle o' t$e Rules.&$ese Rules s$all "e /no0n and cited as t$e Rules o' Court.

Sec. 1. In 0$at courts applica"le.&$ese Rules s$all appl2 in all t$e courts, ecept as

ot$er0ise pro!ided "2 t$e Supreme Court.

Sec. 3. Cases go!erned.

&$ese Rules s$all go!ern t$e procedure to "e o"ser!ed inactions, ci!il or criminal, and special proceedings.+a % ci!il action is one "2 0$ic$ a part2 sues anot$er 'or

t$e en'orcement or protection o' a rig$t, or t$e pre!entionor redress o' a 0rong.

% ci!il action ma2 eit$er "e ordinar2 or special. 4ot$are go!erned "2 t$e rules 'or ordinar2 ci!il actions, su"*ectto t$e speci'ic rules prescri"ed 'or a special ci!il action.+" % criminal action is one "2 0$ic$ t$e State prosecutes a

person 'or an act or omission punis$a"le "2 la0.+c % special proceeding is a remed2 "2 0$ic$ a part2 see/s

to esta"lis$ a status, a rig$t, or a particular 'act.

What is an a!tion

orma3 demand of one>s 3ega3 rights in a !ort of 5sti!e in the

manner $res!ri%ed %- the !ort or %- the 3a".

)ethod of a$$3-ing 3ega3 remedies a!!ording to definite

esta%3ished r3es.

What is a s$e!ia3 $ro!eeding

A$$3i!ation or $ro!eeding to esta%3ish&

o the stats of a $art-# or

o the right of a $art-# or

o a $arti!3ar fa!t.

E4am$3es are $etition for ado$tion# $etition for hos$ita3iation

of an insane $erson# sett3ement of estate of a de!eased $erson

Sec. 5. In 0$at cases not applica"le.&$ese Rules s$all not appl2 to election cases, land



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registration, cadastral, naturali6ation and insol!enc2proceedings, and ot$er cases not $erein pro!ided 'or,ecept "2 analog2 or in a suppletor2 c$aracter and0$ene!er practica"le and con!enient.

Sec. 7. Commencement o' action.

% ci!il action is commenced "2 t$e 'iling o' t$e originalcomplaint in court. I' an additional de'endant is impleadedin a later pleading, t$e action is commenced 0it$ regard to

$im on t$e date o' t$e 'iling o' suc$ later pleading,irrespecti!e o' 0$et$er t$e motion 'or its admission, i'necessar2, is denied "2 t$e court.

/he !ommen!ement of an a!tion interr$ts the $eriod of

$res!ri$tion as to a33 the $arties to the a!tion.

When does an a!tion !ommen!e

U$on fi3ing of the origina3 !om$3aint in the !ort

With res$e!t to an additiona3 defendant# "hen does it !ommen!e

/he $resent r3e $ro2ides that it is the date of the fi3ing of the

amended !om$3aint 5oining the additiona3 defendant "hi!h is

the date of the !ommen!ement of the a!tion "ith regard tos!h additiona3 defendant.

o o on3- fi3e a motion for the admission of s!h

amended !om$3aint "hen then here has %een an

ans"er ser2ed on the $3aintiff.

o In !ases "here the amended !om$3aint is atta!hed to

the motion for its admission# the date of fi3ing thereof

is the date of the !ommen!ement of the a!tion "ithregard to the additiona3 defendant# irres$e!ti2e of thea!tion of the !ort on the motion.

Does the fi3ing a3one 2est the !ort "ith 5risdi!tion o2er thes%5e!t matter

No. o ha2e to '7 fi3e and (7 $a- the do!8et fees.

It is im$ortant to remem%er that it is not sim$3- the fi3ing of

the !om$3aint or a$$ro$riate initiator- $3eading %t a3so the

$a-ment of the $res!ri%ed do!8et fee that 2ests a tria3 !ort"ith 5risdi!tion o2er the s%5e!t matter or natre of thea!tion.

Withot the $a-ment of the do!8et fees# no origina3 !om$3aint

or $3eading is !onsidered. If the !om$3ete amont of the do!8et fee is not $aid# the

$res!ri$ti2e $eriod !ontines to rn as the !om$3aint isdeemed not fi3ed.

Sec. 8. Construction.&$ese Rules s$all "e li"erall2 construed in order to promotet$eir o"*ecti!e o' securing a *ust, speed2 and inepensi!e

disposition o' e!er2 action and proceeding.

CIVIL %C&IONSORDIN%R9 CIVIL %C&IONS:Rules 1 to 7;

RULE 1

C%USE O< %C&IONSection . Ordinar2 ci!il actions, "asis o'.

E!er2 ordinar2 ci!il action must "e "ased on a cause o'action.

Sec. 1. Cause o' action, de'ined.

% cause o' action is t$e act or omission "2 0$ic$ a part2!iolates a rig$t o' anot$er.

What is a !ase of a!tion It is an a!t or omission of one $art- in 2io3ation of the 3ega3

right or rights of the other.

Its essentia3 e3ements are&

o Lega3 right of the $3aintiff

o Corre3ati2e o%3igation of the defendant

o A!t or omission of the defendant in 2io3ation of the

$3aintiff>s said 3ega3 right.



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E4am$3e B )ario doesn>t $a- Ligi as agreed $on in a de%t!ontra!t.

o Ligi has the 3ega3 right to %e $aid and )ario has the

o%3igation to $a-# arising from the !ontra!t.

o /he non=$a-ment of de%t is the a!tomission or the!ase of a!tion.

Sec. 3. One suit 'or a single cause o' action.

% part2 ma2 not institute more t$an one suit 'or a singlecause o' action.

Sec. 5. Splitting a single cause o' action= e''ect o'.

I' t0o or more suits are instituted on t$e "asis o' t$e samecause o' action, t$e 'iling o' one or a *udgment upon t$e

merits in an2 one is a!aila"le as a ground 'or t$e dismissalo' t$e ot$ers.

/he $r$ose of this r3e is to $re2ent re$eated 3itigation.

/he r3e a$$3ies not on3- to !om$3aints %t a3so to!onter!3aims and !ross=!3aims.

If t"o or more !om$3aints are %roght for different $arts of asing3e !ase of a!tion# the fi3ing of the first ma- %e $3eaded in

a%atement of the other. It !an %e set $ either %- means of&

o A motion to dismissJ or

o An affirmati2e defense on the grond of $enden!- of

another a!tion %et"een the same $arties for the same!ase or %ar %- $rior 5dgment.

o !an>t s$3itK

Re!o2er- of $ro$ert- and damages Re!o2er- of o"nershi$ of and in!ome from same 3and

Insta33ments de and n$aid

Non=$a-ment of de%t se!red %- a mortgage 6-o !an>t s$3it itto $a-ment of de%t andfore!3osre of mortgage# -o ha2e to

!hoose one7

/ota3 %rea!h of entire !ontra!t

o As a genera3 r3e# a !ontra!t to do se2era3 things at

se2era3 times is di2isi%3e# and a 5dgment for a sing3e

%rea!h of a !ontining !ontra!t is not a %ar to a sit fora s%se1ent %rea!h.

9t "here the !ontra!t is entire# and the

%rea!h tota3# there !an %e on3- one a!tion in

"hi!h $3aintiff mst re!o2er a33 damages.

Sec. 7. Joinder o' causes o' action.% part2 ma2 in one pleading assert, in t$e alternati!e or

ot$er0ise, as man2 causes o' action as $e ma2 $a!e againstan opposing part2, su"*ect to t$e 'ollo0ing conditions>+a &$e part2 *oining t$e causes o' action s$all compl2 0it$t$e rules on *oinder o' parties=

+" &$e *oinder s$all not include special ci!il actions oractions go!erned "2 special rules=

+c #$ere t$e causes o' action are "et0een t$e sameparties "ut pertain to di''erent !enues or *urisdictions, t$e

*oinder ma2 "e allo0ed in t$e Regional &rial Court pro!ided

one o' t$e causes o' action 'alls 0it$in t$e *urisdiction o'said court and t$e !enue lies t$erein= and+d #$ere t$e claims in all t$e causes o' action are

principall2 'or reco!er2 o' mone2, t$e aggregate amountclaimed s$all "e t$e test o' *urisdiction.

o do this "hen there>s ' !ase %t se2era3 !ases of a!tion.

Maraming angal si Mario versus Luigi (hindi nagbayad ng

utang tapos kinain yung pasta niya na hindi nagpapaalam

tapos hinalikan si Princess Daisy tapos sinuntok si Toad taposhindi pina-tae si Yoshi, etc)

What !onditions mst %e met'. /he r3es on 5oinder of $arties mst %e o%ser2ed# meaning&

It arises from the same or series of transa!tions# and

It in2o32es a !ommon 1estion of 3a" 6R3e *# ,e! 7

(. ,$e!ia3 !i2i3 a!tions or a!tions go2erned %- s$e!ia3 r3es are

not !o2ered.

o !an>t 5oin an e5e!tment !ase "ith mone- !3aims

%e!ase e5e!tment !ases are go2erned %- s$e!ia3 r3eson smmar- $ro!edre.

*. In !ases of different 2enes or 5risdi!tion# the 5oinder ma- %e



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made in the R/C# $ro2ided it has 5risdi!tion o2er one of the!ases of a!tion and the 2ene 3ies therein.

If one !ase of a!tion fa33s "ithin the R/C and the

other in the )/C# the a!tion sho3d %e fi3ed in the R/C.

If the !ases of a!tion ha2e different 2enes# the- ma-%e 5oined in an- of the !orts of $ro$er 2ene.

,o# a rea3 a!tion and a $ersona3 a!tion ma- %e5oined either in the R/C of the $3a!e "here the

rea3 $ro$ert- is 3o!ated or "here the $artiesreside.

. Where a33 the !ases of a!tion are for re!o2er- of mone-# theaggregate amont !3aimed sha33 %e the test of 5risdi!tion.

/he tota3it- of the $rin!i$a3 !3aims for mone-

determines "hi!h !ort has 5risdi!tion.

9t# in !ases of 5oinder of $arties# the first !ondition

sho3d a$$3-.

Sec. 8. -is*oinder o' causes o' action.-is*oinder o' causes o' action is not a ground 'or dismissalo' an action. % mis*oined cause o' action ma2, on motion o'

a part2 or on t$e initiati!e o' t$e court, "e se!ered andproceeded 0it$ separatel2.

Is mis5oinder a grond for dismissa3 of an a!tion

No.

In fa!t# if neither the !ort nor the ad2erse $art- o%5e!ts# it

"i33 %e ad5di!ated together "ith the other !ases of a!tion.

E4am$3e B a 5oinder of !o33e!tion of mone- and an e5e!tment

!ase. Di pede yan, boy! Pero kung alang nagob"ect, oh di

lusot!

RULE 3

P%R&IES &O CIVIL %C&IONSSection . #$o ma2 "e parties= plainti'' and de'endant.

Onl2 natural or *uridical persons, or entities aut$ori6ed "2la0 ma2 "e parties in a ci!il action. &$e term ?plainti''? ma2re'er to t$e claiming part2, t$e counter)claimant, t$e cross)claimant, or t$e t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2 plainti''. &$e term

?de'endant? ma2 re'er to t$e original de'ending part2, t$ede'endant in a counterclaim, t$e cross)de'endant, or t$et$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2 de'endant.

P3aintiffM!3aimantDefendantMagainst "hom the !3aim is asserted.

Who ma- %e $arties to a !i2i3 a!tion'. Natra3 $ersons

(. ridi!a3 $ersons*. Entities athoried %- 3a" 6see R3e *# ,e! '7

An e4am$3e is "hen t"o or more $ersons not organied as an

entit- "ith 5ridi!a3 $ersona3it- enter into a transa!tion# the-

ma- %e sed nder the name %- "hi!h the- are genera33- or!ommon3- 8no"n. 6only as de#endants!)

$ung marami sila, paano yan%

In the !ase of an asso!iation of natra3 fo38 not 3ega33-

organied as a 5ridi!a3 entit-# ea!h and e2er- one of themem%ers thereof mst %e made $arties.

E4!e$t&

o /he- are so nmeros that it is im$ra!ti!a%3e to 5oin

them a33.o /"o or more $ersons not organied as an entit- "ith

5ridi!a3 $ersona3it- !an %e sed as the- are genera33-or !ommon3- 8no"n.

Can the state %e sed


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!ontra!t re1ires.

Sec. 1. Parties in interest.% real part2 in interest is t$e part2 0$o stands to "e

"ene'ited or in*ured "2 t$e *udgment in t$e suit, or t$epart2 entitled to t$e a!ails o' t$e suit. Unless ot$er0ise

aut$ori6ed "2 la0 or t$ese Rules, e!er2 action must "eprosecuted or de'ended in t$e name o' t$e real part2 ininterest.

Who is the $art- in interest

0e is the $art- "ho&

o ,tands to %e %enefited or in5red %- the 5dgment in

the sit# or

o Is entit3ed to the a2ai3s of the sit.

What>s im$ortant here is actual interest# not mere3- in!hoate

or e4$e!tant interest. E2er- a!tion mst %e $rose!ted or defended in the name of

the rea3 $art- in interest.

What ha$$ens "hen the a!tion has !ommen!ed# %t the $art- in

interest !hanges

/he origina3 a!tion !ontines# and the origina3 $3aintiff %e!omes

the re$resentati2e of the transferee of the interest.

What ha$$ens "hen the interest has !hanged# and then the a!tion!ommen!es

/he origina3 $3aintiff is no 3onger the $art- in interest.

E4am$3es of $arties in interest Assignee for !o33e!tion of !redits

Cor$oration so3e

E4am$3es of not $arties in interest

Attorne-=in=fa!t

Agent of a dis!3osed $rin!i$a3

Sec. 3. Representati!es as parties.

#$ere t$e action is allo0ed to "e prosecuted or de'ended"2 a representati!e or someone acting in a 'iduciar2capacit2, t$e "ene'iciar2 s$all "e included in t$e title o' t$ecase and s$all "e deemed to "e t$e real part2 in interest. %

representati!e ma2 "e a trustee o' an epress trust, aguardian, an eecutor or administrator, or a part2

aut$ori6ed "2 la0 or t$ese Rules. %n agent acting in $iso0n name and 'or t$e "ene'it o' an undisclosed principalma2 sue or "e sued 0it$out *oining t$e principal ecept

0$en t$e contract in!ol!es t$ings "elonging to t$eprincipal.

If the a!tion is a33o"ed to %e $rose!ted or defended %- are$resentati2e# "hat sho3d %e done

/he %enefi!iar- sho3d %e in!3ded in the tit3e of the !ase and

sha33 %e deemed to %e the rea3 $art- in interest.

A re$resentati2e ma- %e&

o A trstee of an e4$ress trst#

o A gardian#

o An e4e!tor or administrator#

o A $art- athoried %- 3a" or these R3es.

An agent a!ting in his o"n name and for the %enefit of an

ndis!3osed $rin!i$a3 ma- %e sed or se "ithot 5oining the

$rin!i$a3

o ECEP/ "hen the !ontra!t in2o32es things %e3onging to

the $rin!i$a3.

Sec. 5. Spouses as parties.

@us"and and 0i'e s$all sue or "e sued *ointl2, ecept aspro!ided "2 la0.


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o A s$ose mortgages# en!m%ers# a3ienates or dis$oses

of his or her e4!3si2e $ro$ert-.

o When the regime is se$aration of $ro$ert-.

Sec. 7. -inor or incompetent persons.% minor or a person alleged to "e incompetent, ma2 sue or

"e sued, 0it$ t$e assistance o' $is 'at$er, mot$er, guardian,or i' $e $as none, a guardian ad litem.

Can a minor or in!om$etent %e a $art-

es# %t "ith the assistan!e of his father# mother# gardian# or

if he has none# a gardian ad 3item.

A $erson need not %e 5di!ia33- de!3ared to %e in!om$etent. It

is enogh that he %e a33eged to %e in!om$etent. 6$aaanaman& Paano kung hindi talaga bobo%)

Sec. 8. Permissi!e *oinder o' parties.

%ll persons in 0$om or against 0$om an2 rig$t to relie' inrespect to or arising out o' t$e same transaction or series o'transactions is alleged to eist, 0$et$er *ointl2, se!erall2,or in t$e alternati!e, ma2, ecept as ot$er0ise pro!ided in

t$ese Rules, *oin as plainti''s or "e *oined as de'endants inone complaint, 0$ere an2 Auestion o' la0 or 'act common

to all suc$ plainti''s or to all suc$ de'endants ma2 arise int$e action= "ut t$e court ma2 ma/e suc$ orders as ma2 "e

*ust to pre!ent an2 plainti'' or de'endant 'rom "eingem"arrassed or put to epense in connection 0it$ an2

proceedings in 0$ic$ $e ma2 $a!e no interest.

What are the re1isites for $ermissi2e 5oinder of $arties

'. C3aim arises from same or series of transa!tions(. Common 1estions of 3a" or fa!t in the a!tion

E4am$3es)ario Ligi 2erss 9o"ser Prin!ess

)ario# Ligi Prin!ess 2erss 9o"ser)ario 2erss Ligi# Prin!ess 9o"ser

Sec. B. Compulsor2 *oinder o' indispensa"le parties.Parties in interest 0it$out 0$om no 'inal determination can

"e $ad o' an action s$all "e *oined eit$er as plainti''s orde'endants.

Who is an indis$ensa%3e $art-

Parties in interest "ithot "hom no fina3 determination !an %ehad.

Withot them# there "i33 %e no reso3tion of the !ase# no

5dgment at a33.

E4am$3es 6see eria %oo8# $. (**7

Co=o"ners in an a!tion for $artion of an ndi2ided interest in

3and.

Vendee in an a!tion for ann3ment of a !ontra!t of sa3e.

/hose "ith tit3ed !3aims o2er the 3and in a $etition for

re!onstittion of tit3e.

Sec. . Necessar2 part2.

% necessar2 part2 is one 0$o is not indispensa"le "ut 0$ooug$t to "e *oined as a part2 i' complete relie' is to "e

accorded as to t$ose alread2 parties, or 'or a completedetermination or settlement o' t$e claim su"*ect o' t$eaction.

Who is a ne!essar- $art-

Part- in interest "ho oght to %e 5oined

o if !om$3ete re3ief is to %e a!!orded as to those a3read-

$arties# or

o for a !om$3ete determination or sett3ement of the !3aim

s%5e!t of the a!tion.

P3aintiff ma- !hoose to fi3e 2erss the ne!essar- $art- not

im$3eaded# %t the- oght to %e 5oined to a2oid m3ti$3e3itigation.

E4am$3es 6see eria %oo8# $. (*7

Co=o"ners of a $romissor- note in an a!tion for its !o33e!tion

If )ario and Ligi are so3idari3- 3ia%3e# either is indis$ensa%3e#

and the other is not e2en ne!essar- %e!ase !om$3ete re3iefma- %e o%tained from either.

If )ario and Ligi are 5oint3- 3ia%3e# either is indis$ensa%3e# and



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the other is ne!essar- to a!!ord !om$3ete re3ief.

Indispensa"le Necessar2

Withot "hom no fina3

determination of the !ase !an%e hadJ ine4tri!a%3- intert"ined"ith the other $arties> that his

3ega3 $resen!e is an a%so3tene!essit-

Interest is distin!t and di2isi%3e

from the interest of the other$artiesJ "i33 not ne!essari3- %e$re5di!ed %- a 5dgment "hi!h

does !om$3ete 5sti!e to the$arties in !ort

,ho3d %e 5oined nder an- and

a33 !onditions

,ho3d %e 5oined "hene2er

$ossi%3eJ his $resen!e "o3dmere3- $ermit !om$3ete re3ief%et"een him and those a3read-$arties to the a!tion# or sim$3-

a2oid m3ti$3e 3itigation

Sec. . Non)*oinder o' necessar2 parties to "e pleaded.#$ene!er in an2 pleading in 0$ic$ a claim is asserted anecessar2 part2 is not *oined, t$e pleader s$all set 'ort$ $isname, i' /no0n, and s$all state 0$2 $e is omitted. S$ould

t$e court 'ind t$e reason 'or t$e omission unmeritorious, itma2 order t$e inclusion o' t$e omitted necessar2 part2 i'

*urisdiction o!er $is person ma2 "e o"tained.&$e 'ailure to compl2 0it$ t$e order 'or $is inclusion,

0it$out *usti'ia"le cause, s$all "e deemed a 0ai!er o' t$eclaim against suc$ part2.

&$e non)inclusion o' a necessar2 part2 does notpre!ent t$e court 'rom proceeding in t$e action, and t$e

*udgment rendered t$erein s$all "e 0it$out pre*udice to t$e

rig$ts o' suc$ necessar2 part2.

What if a ne!essar- $art- is not 5oined# "hat ha$$ens

/he $3eader sha33 set forth his name and sha33 state "h- he is

omitted.

What if the !ort f inds the reason for his omission nmeritorios

/he ma- order the in!3sion of the omitted ne!essar- $art- if

5risdi!tion o2er his $erson ma- %e o%tained.

When if# after the order# the $3eader fai3s to e4$3ain to the non=5oinder or fai3s to !om$3-# "ithot 5stifia%3e !ase# "ith the orderof the !ort 6t %e im$3eaded %e!ase 5risdi!tion

o2er the $erson !o3dn>t %e o%tained

/he 5dgment rendered against the im$3eaded 5oint o%3igor "i33

not $re5di!e the rights of the 5oint o%3igor not im$3eaded.

Sec. . Un0illing co)plainti''.I' t$e consent o' an2 part2 0$o s$ould "e *oined as plainti''

can not "e o"tained, $e ma2 "e made a de'endant and t$ereason t$ere'or s$all "e stated in t$e complaint.

What if the !onsent of a $art- "ho should %e 5oined as $3aintiff !an

not %e o%tained

0e ma- %e made a defendant# and

/he reason therefore sha33 %e stated in the !om$3aint.

Sec. . -is*oinder and non)*oinder o' parties.Neit$er mis*oinder nor non)*oinder o' parties is ground 'ordismissal o' an action. Parties ma2 "e dropped or added "2order o' t$e court on motion o' an2 part2 or on its o0n

initiati!e at an2 stage o' t$e action and on suc$ terms asare *ust. %n2 claim against a mis*oined part2 ma2 "e

se!ered and proceeded 0it$ separatel2.

Is mis5oinder or non=5oinder of $arties a grond for dismissa3 of an

a!tion

No.

/he non=5oinder of an indis$ensa%3e or a ne!essar- $art- is not

ipso #actoa grond for the dismissa3.

o /he !ort sho3d order the 5oinder of s!h $art- and

non=!om$3ian!e "ith the said order "o3d %e a grondfor the dismissa3 of the a!tion. 6it's the non-compliance



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ith the order, not the mis"oinder itsel#)o /he a%sen!e of an indis$ensa%3e $art- renders a33

s%se1ent a!tions of the !ort n33 and 2oid for "antof athorit- to a!t# not on3- as to the a%sent $arties

%t e2en as to those $resent.

Sec. 1. Class suit.#$en t$e su"*ect matter o' t$e contro!ers2 is one o'

common or general interest to man2 persons so numeroust$at it is impractica"le to *oin all as parties, a num"er o'

t$em 0$ic$ t$e court 'inds to "e su''icientl2 numerous andrepresentati!e as to 'ull2 protect t$e interests o' allconcerned ma2 sue or de'end 'or t$e "ene'it o' all. %n2

part2 in interest s$all $a!e t$e rig$t to inter!ene to protect$is indi!idual interest.

What are the re1isites for a !3ass sit

'. ,%5e!t matter is one of !ommon or genera3 interest to man-$ersons# and

(. /he interested $ersons are son nmeros that it isim$ra!ti!a%3e to 5oin them a33 as $arties.

Tip If a 5dge denies the !3ass sit# go for a $ermissi2e 5oinder

of $arties. /he thing here is that those not $3eaded "i33 not %eaffe!ted %- the 5dgment 6as !om$ared to ha2ing a !3ass sit"here a33 "i33 get affe!ted7

Sec. 3. %lternati!e de'endants.

#$ere t$e plainti'' is uncertain against 0$o o' se!eral

persons $e is entitled to relie', $e ma2 *oin an2 or all o't$em as de'endants in t$e alternati!e, alt$oug$ a rig$t torelie' against one ma2 "e inconsistent 0it$ a rig$t o' relie'

against t$e ot$er.

If -o>re not sre "ho to go against# "hat do -o do

oin an- or a33 of them as defendants in the a3ternati2e#

a3thogh a right to re3ief against one ma- %e in!onsistent "itha right of re3ief against the other.

st %e !aref3# %e!ase this "i33 o$en -orse3f $ to !onter=

sits.

Sec. 5. Un/no0n identit2 or name o' de'endant.#$ene!er t$e identit2 or name o' a de'endant is un/no0n,

$e ma2 "e sued as t$e un/no0n o0ner, $eir, de!isee, or "2suc$ ot$er designation as t$e case ma2 reAuire= 0$en $is

identit2 or true name is disco!ered, t$e pleading must "eamended accord.

Sec. 7. Entit2 0it$out *uridical personalit2 as de'endant.#$en t0o or more persons not organi6ed as an entit2 0it$

*uridical personalit2 enter into a transaction, t$e2 ma2 "e

sued under t$e name "2 0$ic$ t$e2 are generall2 orcommonl2 /no0n. In t$e ans0er o' suc$ de'endant, t$e

names and addresses o' t$e persons composing said entit2must all "e re!ealed.

/hese fo38 !an on3- %e sed nder the name "hi!h the- aregenera33- or !ommon3- 8no"n# ie as defendants.

o ,er2i!e of smmons ma- %e effe!ted $on a33 the

defendants %- ser2ing $on an- one of themJ or $onthe $erson in !harge of the offi!e or $3a!e of %siness

maintained nder s!h name.

/he- !an>t se as an entit-# the- "i33 ha2e to fi3e as indi2ida3s.

What sho3d %e !ontained in their ans"er

/heir ans"er mst re2ea3 the names and addresses of the

$ersons !om$osing it# so that the 5dgment rendered against

them sha33 set ot their indi2ida3 or $ro$er names.

Sec. 8. Deat$ o' part2= dut2 o' counsel.

#$ene!er a part2 to a pending action dies, and t$e claim isnot t$ere"2 etinguis$ed, it s$all "e t$e dut2 o' $is counselto in'orm t$e court 0it$in t$irt2 +3 da2s a'ter suc$ deat$

o' t$e 'act t$ereo', and to gi!e t$e name and address o' $islegal representati!e or representati!es.


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su"stituted 'or t$e deceased, 0it$out reAuiring t$eappointment o' an eecutor or administrator and t$e courtma2 appoint a guardian ad litem 'or t$e minor $eirs.

&$e court s$all 'ort$0it$ order said legal

representati!e or representati!es to appear and "esu"stituted 0it$in a period o' t$irt2 +3 da2s 'rom notice.

I' no legal representati!e is named "2 t$e counsel'or t$e deceased part2, or i' t$e one so named s$all 'ail toappear 0it$in t$e speci'ied period, t$e court ma2 order t$e

opposing part2, 0it$in a speci'ied time, to procure t$eappointment o' an eecutor or administrator 'or t$e estateo' t$e deceased and t$e latter s$all immediatel2 appear 'or

and on "e$al' o' t$e deceased. &$e court c$arges inprocuring suc$ appointment, i' de'ra2ed "2 t$e opposing

part2, ma2 "e reco!ered as costs.

/his $ro2ision a$$3ies "hen the a!tion sr2i2es the death of a

$art-.

Mario #iled a case o# collection o# money versus Luigi& hile thecase as pending, Luigi as killed by *oser&

What>s the test to determine "hether the a!tion sr2i2es or not

If the "rong !om$3ained of affe!ts $rimari3- and $rin!i$a33-

$ro$ert- or $ro$ert- rights# the a!tion "i33 sr2i2e# the in5riesto the $erson %eing mere3- in!identa3.

o )one- !3aims

If the in5r- !om$3ained of is to the $erson and the in5ries to

the $ro$ert- are in!identa3# then the a!tion "i33 notsr2i2e.

o Ann3ment of marriage# 3ega3 se$aration B e2en if itin2o32es !hanges in the $ro$ert- re3ations

What sho3d the 3a"-er do

0e sho3d# "ithin *; da-s after the death# inform the !ort

thereof and gi2e the name and address of the 3ega3re$resentati2e of the de!eased.

/he !ort "i33 order the re$resentati2e to a$$ear and %e

s%stitted "ithin *; da-s from noti!e.

U$on fai3re to of the 3ega3 re$ to a$$ear# the !ort ma- order

the o$$osing $art-# "ithin a gi2en $eriod# to $ro!re the

a$$ointment of an e4e!tor or administrator "ho sha33immediate3- a$$ear for the estate of the de!eased.

Who is gi2en $riorit-

/he 3ega3 re$resentati2e of the de!eased B that>s the e4e!tor

or the admin of his estate# as the s%stitte.

On3- "hen there is nreasona%3e de3a- in $ro!ring an

e4e!tor or "hen the heirs resort to an e4tra=5d sett3ement

that the !ort maya33o" the heirs of the de!eased to %es%stitted for the de!easd.

What if no administrator is $ro!red

/he !ase "i33 %e ar!hi2ed.

What ha$$ens if there is no 2a3id s%stittion des$ite noti!e or8no"3edge of the !ort death of the $art-

/he $ro!eedings are n33 and 2oid %e!ase the !ort ne2er

a!1ired 5risdi!tion o2er the $r$orted s%stitte.

What if there "as no noti!e of death and the !ort has no8no"3edge thereof

/he $ro!eedings "i33 not %e set aside.

/he !ort !an not %e e4$e!ted to 8no" of the death of the

$3aintiff "ithot the $ro$er manifestation of her !onse3.

Sec. B. Deat$ or separation o' a part2 0$o is a pu"lico''icer.

#$en a pu"lic o''icer is a part2 in an action in $iso''icial capacit2 and during its pendenc2 dies, resigns, orot$er0ise ceases to $old o''ice, t$e action ma2 "e

continued and maintained "2 or against $is successor i',0it$in t$irt2 +3 da2s a'ter t$e successor ta/es o''ice or

suc$ time as ma2 "e granted "2 t$e court, it is satis'actoril2s$o0n to t$e court "2 an2 part2 t$at t$ere is a su"stantialneed 'or continuing or maintaining it and t$at t$e successoradopts or continues or t$reatens to adopt or continue t$e



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action o' $is predecessor. 4e'ore a su"stitution is made, t$epart2 or o''icer to "e a''ected, unless epressl2 assentingt$ereto, s$all "e gi!en reasona"le notice o' t$e applicationt$ere'or and accorded an opportunit2 to "e $eard.

Tamad& +ead codal&

Sec. . Incompetenc2 or incapacit2.I' a part2 "ecomes incompetent or incapacitated, t$e

court, upon motion 0it$ notice, ma2 allo0 t$e action to "econtinued "2 or against t$e incompetent or incapacitatedperson assisted "2 $is legal guardian or guardian ad litem.

What do I do if m- !3ient %e!omes in!om$etent or in!a$a!itated

mid"a-

i3e a motion "ith noti!e as8ing the !ort to !ontine the !ase

and for the !3ient to %e assisted %- a 3ega3 gardian or

gardian ad 3item.

Sec. . &rans'er o' interest.In case o' an2 trans'er o' interest, t$e action ma2 "econtinued "2 or against t$e original part2, unless t$e court

upon motion directs t$e person to 0$om t$e interest istrans'erred to "e su"stituted in t$e action or *oined 0it$ t$e

original part2.

Mario #iled an action #or replevin o# his mushroom against Luigi&hile the case as pending, Luigi sold the mushroom to *oser&

What if there "as a transfer of interest /he a!tion ma- %e !ontined %- or against the origina3 $art-.

o 0e "i33 then ho3d the frits of the a!tion as sort of

trstee for the se and %enefit of his transferee. In thesame manner that the transferee of the origina3defendant is %ond %- the 5dgment against the 3atter.

UNLE,, the !ort# upon motion# dire!ts the $erson to "hom

the interest is transferred to %e s%stitted in the a!tion or5oined "ith the origina3 $art-.

/he transfereependent elite is a $ro$er $art- in the !ase %t

not an indis$ensa%3e $art-.

Sec. 1. %ction on contractual mone2 claims.#$en t$e action is 'or reco!er2 o' mone2 arising 'rom

contract, epress or implied, and t$e de'endant dies "e'oreentr2 o' 'inal *udgment in t$e court in 0$ic$ t$e action 0as

pending at t$e time o' suc$ deat$, it s$all not "e dismissed"ut s$all instead "e allo0ed to continue until entr2 o' 'inal

*udgment. % 'a!ora"le *udgment o"tained "2 t$e plainti''

t$erein s$all "e en'orced in t$e manner especiall2 pro!idedin t$ese Rules 'or prosecuting claims against t$e estate o' adeceased person.

What ha$$ens if the defendant dies in a !ase in2o32ing a mone-

!3aim

/he defendant is s%stitted %- his e4e!tor or administrator

or 3ega3 heirs and the a!tion !ontines nti3 fina3 5dgment is

entered. On!e a fina3 5dgment is entered against the estate of the

de!eased# it sha33 %e enfor!ed as a !3aim "ithot need of

$ro2ing the same.

If %ased on a !ontra!t# fi3e mone- !3aim in $ro%ate !ort.

If %ased on tort or de3i!t# fi3e against the e4e!tor or

administrator.Sec. 1. Indigent part2.

% part2 ma2 "e aut$ori6ed to litigate $is action, claim orde'ense as an indigent i' t$e court, upon an e parte

application and $earing, is satis'ied t$at t$e part2 is one

0$o $as no mone2 or propert2 su''icient and a!aila"le 'or'ood, s$elter and "asic necessities 'or $imsel' and $is

'amil2.Suc$ aut$orit2 s$all include an eemption 'rom

pa2ment o' doc/et and ot$er la0'ul 'ees, and o' transcripts

o' stenograp$ic notes 0$ic$ t$e court ma2 order to "e'urnis$ed $im. &$e amount o' t$e doc/et and ot$er la0'ul

'ees 0$ic$ t$e indigent 0as eempted 'rom pa2ing s$all "ea lien on an2 *udgment rendered in t$e case 'a!ora"le tot$e indigent, unless t$e court ot$er0ise pro!ides.



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%n2 ad!erse part2 ma2 contest t$e grant o' suc$aut$orit2 at an2 time "e'ore *udgment is rendered "2 t$etrial court. I' t$e court s$ould determine a'ter $earing t$att$e part2 declared as an indigent is in 'act a person 0it$

su''icient income or propert2, t$e proper doc/et and ot$erla0'ul 'ees s$all "e assessed and collected "2 t$e cler/ o'

court. I' pa2ment is not made 0it$in t$e time 'ied "2 t$ecourt, eecution s$all issue 'or t$e pa2ment t$ereo',0it$out pre*udice to suc$ ot$er sanctions as t$e court ma2

impose.Who !an %e !onsidered an indigent

Part- is one "ho has&

o No mone- or $ro$ert- sffi!ient and a2ai3a%3e for

ood

,he3ter

9asi! ne!essities

for himse3f and his fami3-.

What if he "asn>t an indigent and he !3aimed he "as

/he $ro$er do!8et and 3a"f3 fees sha33 %e assessed and

!o33e!ted %- the !3er8 of !ort.

If $a-ment is not made "ithin the time fi4ed %- the !ort#

e4e!tion sha33 isse or the $a-ment thereof# "ithot $re5di!eto s!h other san!tions as the !ort ma- im$ose.

Sec. 11. Notice to t$e Solicitor Feneral.

In an2 action in!ol!ing t$e !alidit2 o' an2 treat2, la0,ordinance, eecuti!e order, presidential decree, rules or

regulations, t$e court, in its discretion, ma2 reAuire t$e

appearance o' t$e Solicitor Feneral 0$o ma2 "e $eard inperson or t$roug$ a representati!e dul2 designated "2 $im.

RULE 5VENUE O< %C&IONS

Section . Venue o' real actions.%ctions a''ecting title to or possession o' real propert2, or

interest t$erein, s$all "e commenced and tried in t$e propercourt 0$ic$ $as *urisdiction o!er t$e area 0$erein t$e realpropert2 in!ol!ed, or a portion t$ereo', is situated.

s the $ro$er !ort "hi!h has 5risdi!tion o2er the area

"herein the rea3 $ro$ert-# or a $ortion thereof# is sitated.

What>s a rea3 a!tion

/hose affe!ting tit3e to or $ossession of rea3 $ro$ert-. A33 e3se

are $ersona3 a!tions.

/he $rin!i$a3 o%5e!ti2e or re3ief soght is either o"nershi$ or

$ossession of rea3 $ro$ert-.

/hese in!3de

o Partition#

o

E4$ro$riationo ore!3osre of mortgage on rea3 $ro$ert-

o A!tion for the ann3ment or res!ission of sa3e of 3and.

What ha$$ens if the !ontra!t of mortgage !o2ers 2arios $ar!e3s of3and sitated in different $ro2in!es# "hat>s the 2ene

R/C of an- of the $ro2in!es.

What>s the 2ene for for!i%3e entr- and detainer a!tions

/he )/C "here the $ro$ert- or a $ortion thereof is sitated.

Sec. 1. Venue o' personal actions.

%ll ot$er actions ma2 "e commenced and tried 0$ere t$e

plainti'' or an2 o' t$e principal plainti''s resides, or 0$eret$e de'endant or an2 o' t$e principal de'endants resides, orin t$e case o' a non)resident de'endant 0$ere $e ma2 "e

'ound, at t$e election o' t$e plainti''.

What>s the 2ene of $ersona3 a!tions

Either in the $3a!e "here

o /he $3aintiff or an- of the $rin!i$a3 $3aintiff resides# or

o /he defendant or an- of the $rin!i$a3 defendant



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resides# oro In the !ase of a non=resident defendant# "here he ma-

%e fond

At the e3e!tion of the $3aintiff

What does residen!e mean in this r3e

ctual residen!e# "here there is $ersona3# a!ta3 and $h-si!a3

ha%itation.

E4am$3es of $ersona3 a!tions

Damages

Re!o2er- of $ersona3 $ro$ert-

Can!e33ation of rea3 estate mortgage 6to !om$e3 the mortgagee

to a!!e$t $a-ment of the mortgage de%t7

Sec. 3. Venue o' actions against non)residents.

I' an2 o' t$e de'endants does not reside and is not 'ound int$e P$ilippines, and t$e action a''ects t$e personal status o't$e plainti'', or an2 propert2 o' said de'endant located int$e P$ilippines, t$e action ma2 "e commenced and tried in

t$e court o' t$e place 0$ere t$e plainti'' resides, or 0$eret$e propert2 or an2 portion t$ereo' is situated or 'ound.

What if an- of the defendants does not reside and is not fond inthe Phi3i$$ines# "hat>s the 2ene

If it in2o32es the $ersona3 stats of the $3aintiff# then in the

!ort of the $3a!e "here the $3aintiff resides.

If it in2o32es the $ro$ert- of the defendant 3o!ated in the

Phi3i$$ines# "here the $ro$ert- or an- $ortion thereof is

sitated or fond.

risdi!tion is 3imited to the res# name3-# the $ersona3 stats of

the $3aintiff or the $ro$ert- of the defendant 3o!ated in thePhi3i$$ines.

/he 5dgment mst %e !onfined to the res# and no $ersona3

5dgment !an %e rendered against the defendant# n3ess he

s%mits to the 5risdi!tion of the !ort.

Sec. 5. #$en Rule not applica"le.&$is Rule s$all not appl2> +a In t$ose cases 0$ere aspeci'ic rule or la0 pro!ides ot$er0ise= or +" #$ere t$eparties $a!e !alidl2 agreed in 0riting "e'ore t$e 'iling o' t$e

action on t$e eclusi!e !enue t$ereo'.


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s$all include -etropolitan &rial Courts, -unicipal &rialCourts in Cities, -unicipal &rial Courts, and -unicipal Circuit&rial Courts.

RULE 8GINDS O< PLE%DINFS

Section . Pleadings de'ined.Pleadings are t$e 0ritten statements o' t$e respecti!e

claims and de'enses o' t$e parties su"mitted to t$e court'or appropriate *udgment.

What>s a $3eading

It>s a "ritten statement of the&

o Res$e!ti2e !3aims and defenses of the $arties

o ,%mitted to the !ort for a$$ro$riate 5dgment.

No !3aim No defense /hen not a $3eading.

Sec. 1. Pleadings allo0ed.&$e claims o' a part2 are asserted in a complaint,

counterclaim, cross)claim, t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2complaint, or complaint)in)inter!ention. &$e de'enses o' a

part2 are alleged in t$e ans0er to t$e pleading asserting aclaim against $im. %n ans0er ma2 "e responded to "2 arepl2.

Sec. 3. Complaint.&$e complaint is t$e pleading alleging t$e plainti''Hs cause

or causes o' action. &$e names and residences o' t$e

plainti'' and de'endant must "e stated in t$e complaint.

What>s a !om$3aint

It>s a $3eading a33eging the $3aintiff>s !ase of a!tion.

It sho3d !ontain the names and residen!es of the $3aintiff and

defendant.

What e3se sho3d it !ontain

A !on!ise statement of the 3timate fa!ts !onstitting the

$3aintiff>s !ase of a!tion# not e2identiar- fa!ts or 3ega3!on!3sions.

It sho3d a3so !ontain the re3ief $ra-ed for.

o It is the re3ief %ased on the fa!ts a33eged# and not the

re3ief demanded# "hi!h is the ta8en into !onsiderationin determining the !ase of a!tion.

If it de$ends $on a !ondition $re!edent# he mst a33ege and

$ro2e the f3fi33ment of the !ondition or the 3ega3 e4!se for its

non=f3fi33ment.

What are 3timate fa!ts

/hese are the essentia3 fa!ts !onstitting the $3aintiff>s !ase

of a!tion.

o A genera3 a33egation of o"nershi$ is a sffi!ient

a2erment of the 3timate fa!t.

o An a33egation that defendant $romised to $a- is an

3timate fa!t.

What are not 3timate fa!ts

E2identiar- or immateria3 fa!ts.

Lega3 !on!3sions.

A33egation that a !ontra!t is 2a3id or 2oid 6it>s a 3ega3

!on!3sion7

Sec. 5. %ns0er.%n ans0er is a pleading in 0$ic$ a de'ending part2 sets

'ort$ $is de'enses.

What is an ans"er

P3eading in "hi!h a defending $art- sets forth his defenses.

When sho3d it %e fi3ed

Ordinar- ser2i!e of smmons 6R3e''# ,e! '7

Within ' da-s

E4traterritoria3 ser2i!e At 3east ; da-s after noti!e

,mmons %- $%3i!ation At 3east ; da-s after date of



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the 3ast $%3i!ation

In res$onse to an amended !om$3aint

6R3e ''# ,e! *7

If amendment a matter of right

If amendment not a matter ofright

Within ' da-s

Within '; da-s from noti!eof the order admitting thesame

In res$onse to a s$$3ementa3

!om$3aint 6R3e ''# ,e! 7

Within '; da-s from noti!e

of the order admitting thesame# n3ess a different

$eriod is fi4ed %- the !ort

In res$onse to a !onter!3aim and!ross=!3aim 6R3e ''# ,e! 7

Within '; da-s from ser2i!e

In res$onse to a third=$art- !om$3aint

6R3e ''# ,e! 7

Within ' da-s

Where defendant is a foreign $ri2ate5ridi!a3 entit- and ser2i!e&

made on its resident agentdesignate in a!!ordan!e "ith 3a"for that $r$ose

made on the go2ernment offi!ia3designated %- 3a" to re!ei2e the

same 6R3e ''# ,e! (7

Within ' da-s

Within *; da-s after re!ei$tof smmons %- s!h entit-

After ser2i!e of the %i33 of $arti!3ars#orafter noti!e of denia3 of one>smotion for a %i33 of $arti!3ars 6R3e

'(# ,e! 7

Within the $eriod remainingto "hi!h he "as entit3ed atthe time of fi3ing his motion#

"hi!h sha33 not %e 3ess than da-s in an- e2ent

After denia3 of a motion to dismiss

6R3e '# ,e! 7

Within the $eriod remaining

to "hi!h he "as entit3ed atthe time of fi3ing his motion#"hi!h sha33 not %e 3ess than

da-s in an- e2ent#!om$ted from his re!ei$t of

the noti!e of denia3

Sec. 7. De'enses.De'enses ma2 eit$er "e negati!e or a''irmati!e.

+a % negati!e de'ense is t$e speci'ic denial o' t$e

material 'act or 'acts alleged in t$e pleading o' t$eclaimant essential to $is cause or causes o' action.

+" %n a''irmati!e de'ense is an allegation o' a ne0matter 0$ic$, 0$ile $2pot$eticall2 admitting t$e

material allegations in t$e pleading o' t$e claimant,0ould ne!ert$eless pre!ent or "ar reco!er2 "2 $im.

&$e a''irmati!e de'enses include 'raud, statute o'limitations, release, pa2ment, illegalit2, statute o''rauds, estoppel, 'ormer reco!er2, disc$arge in

"an/ruptc2, and an2 ot$er matter "2 0a2 o'con'ession and a!oidance.

What is a negati2e defense

It>s a s$e!ifi! denia3 of the materia3 fa!t or fa!ts a33ege in the

$3eading of the !3aimant essentia3 to his !ase!ases ofa!tion.

A s$e!ifi! denia3 !an %e t"o things 6R3e G# ,e! ';7&

'. /he defendant s$e!ifies ea!h materia3 a33egation of fa!t6he doesn>t admit the trth:7 and "hene2er$ra!ti!a%3e# sets forth s%stan!e of the matters he

re3ies $on to s$$ort his denia3# or if he denies on3- a$art of the a2erment# he s$e!ifies so m!h of it as is

tre and denies the remainder. 6*asically, he choosesstu## #rom the complaint and shoots them don bydenying them)

(. /he defendant states that he does not ha2e 8no"3edge

or information sffi!ient to form a %e3ief as to the trthof a materia3 a2erment. 6e says he doesn't kno

anything)

What>s an affirmati2e defense

It>s an a33egation of a ne" matter "hi!h# "hi3e h-$otheti!a33-

admitting the materia3 a2erments in the $3eading of the!3aimant# "o3d $re2ent or %ar re!o2er-.

E4am$3es&

o Pres!ri$tion# re3ease# $a-ment# statte of frads

6gronds for motion to dismiss7

o Raise these first in -or motion to dismiss 6"hi!h -o

fi3e %efore -or ans"er7# then raise it again in -or

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(C Ateneo La" (;'(Att-.


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ans"er:

0o" do -o $3ead affirmati2e defenses

If esto$$e3# a33ege the fa!ts !onstitting it.

If frad or mista8e# the !ir!mstan!es !onstitting it mst %estated "ith $arti!3arit-.

If ma3i!e# intent# 8no"3edge or other !ondition of the mind of a

$erson# 5st a2er it genera33-.

Sec. 8. Counterclaim.

% counterclaim is an2 claim 0$ic$ a de'ending part2 ma2$a!e against an opposing part2.

Mario #iled a collection case versus Luigi& Luigi #iled a collectioncase versus Mario, claiming Mario oed him&

What>s a !onter!3aim

A !onter!3aim is a distin!t and inde$endent !ase of a!tion.

U$on its fi3ing# the same $ro!eedings are had as in the origina3

!om$3aint.

It mst %e ans"ered "ithin '; da-s from ser2i!e.

Pro$er3- inter$osed# the defendant %e!omes the $3aintiff.

Sec. B. Compulsor2 counterclaim.

% compulsor2 counterclaim is one 0$ic$, "eing cogni6a"le"2 t$e regular courts o' *ustice, arises out o' or is connected

0it$ t$e transaction or occurrence constituting t$e su"*ectmatter o' t$e opposing part2Hs claim and does not reAuire'or its ad*udication t$e presence o' t$ird parties o' 0$om

t$e court cannot acAuire *urisdiction. Suc$ a counterclaimmust "e 0it$in t$e *urisdiction o' t$e court "ot$ as to t$eamount and t$e nature t$ereo', ecept t$at in an original

action "e'ore t$e Regional &rial Court, t$e counterclaim ma2"e considered compulsor2 regardless o' t$e amount.

What are the re1isites for a !om$3sor- !onter!3aim'. )st arise ot of# or %e ne!essari3- !onne!ted "ith# the

transa!tion or o!!rren!e that is the s%5e!t matter of the

o$$osing $art->s or !o=$art->s !3aimJ(. Does not re1ire for its ad5di!ation the $resen!e of *rd$arties

of "hom the !ort !annot a!1ire 5risdi!tionJ and*. )st %e "ithin the 5risdi!tion of the !ort# and is !ognia%3e

%- the reg3ar !orts of 5sti!e. ,o if the !onter!3aim is a 3a%or !3aim# it !annot %e

!onsidered !om$3sor- %e!ase it is the NLRC "ho has5risdi!tion# not the reg3ar !orts.

What are the re1isites for a $ermissi2e !onter!3aim

'. Does not arise ot of or is not ne!essari3- !onne!ted "ith thetransa!tion or o!!rren!e that is the s%5e!t matter of theo$$osing $art->s !3aimJ

(. Does not re1ire for its ad5di!ation the $resen!e of third$arties of "hom the !ort !annot a!1ire 5risdi!tionJ and

*. )st %e "ithin the 5risdi!tion of the !ort# and is !ognia%3e

%- the reg3ar !orts of 5sti!e

Not re3ated at a33 to the origina3 !3aim fi3ed#pinapayagan nalang&

)ario fi3ed a !o33e!tion sit 2erss Ligi in the R/C of )ani3a forPF;;#;;;. Ligi made a !onter!3aim for P';#;;;. Whi!h !ort

has a 5risdi!tion

R/C of )ani3a.

)ario fi3ed a !o33e!tion sit 2erss Ligi in the )/C of )ani3a for

P(;#;;;. Ligi made a !onter!3aim for P;;#;;;. Whatha$$ens

/his is not a !om$3sor- !onter!3aim %e!ase the

!onter!3aim is not in the 5risdi!tion of the origina3 !ort6)/C7. Nor is it $ermissi2e for the same reason. ,o Ligi

sho3d fi3e it in the R/C as a se$arate a!tion.

Sec. . Cross)claim.

% cross)claim is an2 claim "2 one part2 against a co)part2arising out o' t$e transaction or occurrence t$at is t$e

su"*ect matter eit$er o' t$e original action or o' acounterclaim t$erein. Suc$ cross)claim ma2 include a claimt$at t$e part2 against 0$om it is asserted is or ma2 "e

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lia"le to t$e cross)claimant 'or all or part o' a claimasserted in t$e action against t$e cross)claimant.

Mario #iled a suit versus *oser and Luigi& Then, Luigi #iles versus

*oser&

What is a !ross=!3aim

It>s an- !3aim %- one $art- against a !o=$art-

arising ot of the transa!tion or o!!rren!e that is the

s%5e!t matter either of&

the origina3 a!tion or of a !onter!3aim therein.

Sec. . Counter)counterclaims and counter)cross)claims.% counterclaim ma2 "e asserted against an original counter)claimant. % cross)claim ma2 also "e 'iled against an originalcross)claimant.

Mario #iled a collection case versus Luigi& Luigi #iled a collectioncase versus Mario, claiming Mario oed him& Then Mario #iledanother case versus Luigi, not arising #rom the same transaction&

.ir says this applies to permissive counterclaims, because it ould

be useless to #ile a counterclaim against a counterclaim i# it erecompulsory since it ould still pertain to the same transaction&

Sec. . Repl2.% repl2 is a pleading, t$e o''ice or 'unction o' 0$ic$ is toden2, or allege 'acts in denial or a!oidance o' ne0 matters

alleged "2 0a2 o' de'ense in t$e ans0er and t$ere"2 *oin orma/e issue as to suc$ ne0 matters. I' a part2 does not 'ilesuc$ repl2, all t$e ne0 matters alleged in t$e ans0er are

deemed contro!erted.I' t$e plainti'' 0is$es to interpose an2 claims arising

out o' t$e ne0 matters so alleged, suc$ claims s$all "e set'ort$ in an amended or supplemental complaint.

You #ile this a#ter the anser&

What is a re$3-

P3eading "hose fn!tion is to&

o Den-# or

o A33ege fa!ts in denia3 or a2oidan!e of ne" matters#

Whi!h "ere a33eged %- "a- of defense in theans"er#

o And there%- 5oin or ma8e isse as to s!h ne"

matters.

What ha$$ens if -o don>t fi3e a re$3-

A33 the ne" matters a33eged in the ans"er are deemed

!ontro2erted.

o /ontroverted na pala eh, hy #ile a reply pa%

9e!ase it>s not good $ra!ti!e.

/he $ro$er fn!tion of a re$3- is to a33ege ne"matters in a2oidan!e of an- affirmati2e

defense. It a3so frther defines the isses and s$e!ifies

matter for tria3.

When sho3d one fi3e a re$3-

Res$onse to an ans"er 6R3e''# ,e! 7


If in res$onse to a s$$3ementa3

ans"er

Within '; da-s from noti!e of

order

After ser2i!e of the %i33 of$arti!3ars#orafter noti!e ofdenia3 of one>s motion for a %i33

of $arti!3ars 6R3e '(# ,e! 7

Within the $eriod remaining to"hi!h he "as entit3ed at thetime of fi3ing his motion# "hi!h

sha33 not %e 3ess than da-s in

an- e2ent

Sec. . &$ird, +'ourt$, etc. part2 complaint.% t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2 complaint is a claim t$at a

de'ending part2 ma2, 0it$ lea!e o' court, 'ile against aperson not a part2 to t$e action, called t$e t$ird +'ourt$,

etc. part2 de'endant, 'or contri"ution, indemnit2,su"rogation or an2 ot$er relie', in respect o' $is opponentHs

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claim.

Mario #iles versus Luigi on a promissory note& Luigi, ith leave o#court, #iles against *oser because Luigi lent hal# o# the amount to

*oser&

What is a third $art- !om$3aint

A !3aim that a defending $art- ma-# "ith 3ea2e of !ort# fi3e

against a $erson not a $art- to the a!tion# for

o Contri%tion# indemnit-# s%rogation or another

re3ief# 6see eria %oo8# $age (G for e4am$3es7

In res$e!t of his o$$onent>s !3aim.

If a !ort has 5risdi!tion o2er the main a!tion# it has

5risdi!tion o2er a third=$art- !om$3aint "hi!h is an!i33ar-thereto.

o A third=$art- !om$3aint mst -ie3d to the 5risdi!tion

and 2ene of the main a!tion.

What is the test to determine $ro$riet- of a third=$art- !om$3aint

Does it arise ot of the same transa!tion on "hi!h the

$3aintiff>s !3aim is %ased# or does the third=$art->s !3aim arisingot of another or different !ontra!t or transa!tion# !onne!ted"ith the $3aintiff>s !3aim

0o" do -o o%tain 3ea2e of !ort

i3e a motion nder R3e '.

What ha$$ens if the motion is denied

,!h a !3aim ma- sti33 %e enfor!ed in a se$arate a!tion. /he

a!tion is not 3ost.

Is smmons needed on the third=$art- defendant

es. Of !orse. In order to o%tain 5risdi!tion o2er himher.

Can the origina3 !3aimant amend his $3eading to 5oin the third $art-defendant

es. 0e ma- amend his $3eadings to assert against the third=

$art- defendant an- !3aim "hi!h the former might ha2easserted against the 3atter had he %een 5oined origina33- as a

$art-.

E4am$3e

o Mario sold land to Luigi& *oser sues Luigi to recover

said parcel o# land, claiming he's the real oner& Luigi

then #iles a third-party complaint versus Mario toen#orce the arranty against eviction& *oser may

amend his complaint to include Mario and claimdamages #or having deprived him o# said land&

Is the * rd $art- defendant %ond %- the ad5di!ation of the third=$art- $3aintiff>s 3ia%i3it- to the origina3 $3aintiff

es.

What is the effe!t of the dismissa3 of the !om$3aint on the third=$art- !om$3aint

If the !om$3aint is dismissed# the third=$art- !om$3aint "i33

a3so ne!essari3- %e dismissed.

Sec. 1. 4ringing ne0 parties.#$en t$e presence o' parties ot$er t$an t$ose to t$e

original action is reAuired 'or t$e granting o' complete relie'in t$e determination o' a counterclaim or cross)claim, t$e

court s$all order t$em to "e "roug$t in as de'endants, i'*urisdiction o!er t$em can "e o"tained.

.ee page 012, 3eria #or an e4ample&

0o" is this different from a third=$art- !om$3aint

In a third $art- !om$3aint# one of the third=$art- defendants is

not a $art- to the main a!tion. In this se!tion# one or more of the defendants in a

!onter!3aim or !ross=!3aim is a3read- a $art- to the a!tion./he- !an %e %roght as other ne!essar- $arties nder thisse!tion.

Sec. 3. %ns0er to t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2 complaint.

% t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2 de'endant ma2 allege in $isans0er $is de'enses, counterclaims or cross)claims,including suc$ de'enses t$at t$e t$ird +'ourt$, etc. part2

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plainti'' ma2 $a!e against t$e original plainti''Hs claim. Inproper cases, $e ma2 also assert a counterclaim against t$eoriginal plainti'' in respect o' t$e latterHs claim against t$et$ird)part2 plainti''.

RULE B

P%R&S O< % PLE%DINFSection . Caption.&$e caption sets 'ort$ t$e name o' t$e court, t$e title o' t$e

action, and t$e doc/et num"er i' assigned. &$e title o' t$eaction indicates t$e names o' t$e parties. &$e2 s$all all "e

named in t$e original complaint or petition= "ut insu"seAuent pleadings, it s$all "e su''icient i' t$e name o't$e 'irst part2 on eac$ side "e stated 0it$ an appropriate

indication 0$en t$ere are ot$er parties. &$eir respecti!eparticipation in t$e case s$all "e indicated.

Sec. 1. &$e "od2.&$e "od2 o' t$e pleading sets 'ort$ its designation, t$eallegations o' t$e part2Hs claims or de'enses, t$e relie'

pra2ed 'or, and t$e date o' t$e pleading.+a Paragrap$s. ) &$e allegations in t$e "od2 o' a pleadings$all "e di!ided into paragrap$s so num"ered as to "e

readil2 identi'ied, eac$ o' 0$ic$ s$all contain a statemento' a single set o' circumstances so 'ar as t$at can "e done

0it$ con!enience. % paragrap$ ma2 "e re'erred to "2 itsnum"er in all succeeding pleadings.

+" @eadings. ) #$en t0o or more causes o' action are*oined, t$e statement o' t$e 'irst s$all "e pre'aced "2 t$e

0ords ?'irst cause o' action,? o' t$e second "2 ?secondcause o' action,? and so on 'or t$e ot$ers. #$en one or

more paragrap$s in t$e ans0er are addressed to one o'se!eral causes o' action in t$e complaint, t$e2 s$all "epre'aced "2 t$e 0ords ?ans0er to t$e 'irst cause o' action?

or ?ans0er to t$e second cause o' action? and so on= and0$en one or more paragrap$s o' t$e ans0er are addressed

to se!eral causes o' action, t$e2 s$all "e pre'aced "2 0ordsto t$at e''ect.+c Relie'. ) &$e pleading s$all speci'2 t$e relie' soug$t, "utit ma2 add a general pra2er 'or suc$ 'urt$er or ot$er relie'

as ma2 "e deemed *ust or eAuita"le.+d Date. ) E!er2 pleading s$all "e dated.

Sec. 3. Signature and address.E!er2 pleading must "e signed "2 t$e part2 or counsel

representing $im, stating in eit$er case $is address 0$ic$s$ould not "e a post o''ice "o. &$e signature o' counselconstitutes a certi'icate "2 $im t$at $e $as read t$e

pleading= t$at to t$e "est o' $is /no0ledge, in'ormation,and "elie' t$ere is good ground to support it= and t$at it is

not interposed 'or dela2. %n unsigned pleading produces nolegal e''ect. @o0e!er, t$e court ma2, in its discretion, allo0suc$ de'icienc2 to "e remedied i' it s$all appear t$at t$e

same 0as due to mere inad!ertence and not intended 'ordela2. Counsel 0$o deli"eratel2 'iles an unsigned pleading,or signs a pleading in !iolation o' t$is Rule, or alleges

scandalous or indecent matter t$erein, or 'ails to promptl2report to t$e court a c$ange o' $is address, s$all "e su"*ectto appropriate disciplinar2 action.

Sec. 5. Veri'ication.Ecept 0$en ot$er0ise speci'icall2 reAuired "2 la0 or rule,

pleadings need not "e under oat$, !eri'ied or accompanied"2 a''ida!it. % pleading is !eri'ied "2 an a''ida!it t$at t$e

a''iant $as read t$e pleading and t$at t$e allegationst$erein are true and correct o' $is /no0ledge and "elie'. %pleading reAuired to "e !eri'ied 0$ic$ contains a!eri'ication "ased on ?in'ormation and "elie',? or upon

?/no0ledge, in'ormation and "elie',? or lac/s a proper!eri'ication, s$all "e treated as an unsigned pleading.

Sec. 7. Certi'ication against 'orum s$opping.&$e plainti'' or principal part2 s$all certi'2 under oat$ in t$ecomplaint or ot$er initiator2 pleading asserting a claim 'or

relie', or in a s0orn certi'ication anneed t$ereto and

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simultaneousl2 'iled t$ere0it$>+a t$at $e $as not t$ereto'ore commenced an2 action or'iled an2 claim in!ol!ing t$e same issues in an2 court,tri"unal or Auasi)*udicial agenc2 and, to t$e "est o' $is

/no0ledge, no suc$ ot$er action or claim is pendingt$erein=

+" i' t$ere is suc$ ot$er pending action or claim, acomplete statement o' t$e present status t$ereo'= and+c i' $e s$ould t$erea'ter learn t$at t$e same or similar

action or claim $as "een 'iled or is pending, $e s$all reportt$at 'act 0it$in 'i!e +7 da2s t$ere'rom to t$e court 0$erein$is a'oresaid complaint or initiator2 pleading $as "een 'iled.


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res!ission.

A3ternati2e statements ma- %e made either in one !ase ofa!tion or defense or in se$arate !ases of a!tion or defenses.

Can the $3aintiff ma8e a3ternati2e a33egations es. /here are !ases "here fa!ts# essentia3 to the $3aintiff>s

!ase of a!tion# are "ithin the 8no"3edge of the defendant# %tof "hi!h the $3aintiff is so im$erfe!t3- informed that he !anot

state "ith !ertaint-# e2en on information or %e3ief.

/he $ro$er $ro!edre is for him to state the fa!ts "ithin his

8no"3edge "ith !ertaint-# %t to $3ead in the a3ternati2e thedo%tf3 fa!ts "hi!h are "ho33- "ithin the defendant>s8no"3edge# and !a33 $on the defendant to ma8e the f33dis!3osre of the fa!ts.

Can the defendant $3ead as man- defenses as he "ants

es.

0e has the right to set $ negati2e defense in one !ase ofa!tion and affirmati2e defense in another in the same a!tion./he affirmati2e matter in a se$arate defense does not o$erateas a "ithdra"a3 of a defense in another $ortion of his ans"er.

/hose different defenses ma- %e in!onsistent "ith ea!h other#%t it is sffi!ient that ea!h is !onsistent "ith itse3f.

Sec. 3. Conditions precedent.In an2 pleading a general a!erment o' t$e per'ormance or

occurrence o' all conditions precedent s$all "e su''icient.

*arangay conciliation process, etc& /hese mst %e a2erred. If not#it ma- %e dismissed on the grond of 3a!8 of !ase of a!tion.

Sec. 5. Capacit2.


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court, *udicial or Auasi)*udicial tri"unal, or o' a "oard oro''icer, it is su''icient to a!er t$e *udgment or decision0it$out setting 'ort$ matter s$o0ing *urisdiction to renderit.

Sec. B. %ction or de'ense "ased on document.

#$ene!er an action or de'ense is "ased upon a 0ritteninstrument or document, t$e su"stance o' suc$ instrumentor document s$all "e set 'ort$ in t$e pleading, and t$e

original or a cop2 t$ereo' s$all "e attac$ed to t$e pleadingas an e$i"it, 0$ic$ s$all "e deemed to "e a part o' t$epleading, or said cop2 ma2 0it$ li/e e''ect "e set 'ort$ in

t$e pleading.

0o" do -o $3ead an a!tion or defense %ased on a do!ment'. ,et for the s%stan!e of the do!ment in the $3eading# and(. Atta!h the origina3 or the !o$- of the do!ment to the $3eading

as an e4hi%it# or set forth the !o$- in the $3eading

Sec. . @o0 to contest suc$ documents.

#$en an action or de'ense is 'ounded upon a 0ritteninstrument, copied in or attac$ed to t$e correspondingpleading as pro!ided in t$e preceding section, t$egenuineness and due eecution o' t$e instrument s$all "e

deemed admitted unless t$e ad!erse part2, under oat$,speci'icall2 denies t$em, and sets 'ort$ 0$at $e claims to "e

t$e 'acts= "ut t$e reAuirement o' an oat$ does not appl20$en t$e ad!erse part2 does not appear to "e a part2 to t$e

instrument or 0$en compliance 0it$ an order 'or aninspection o' t$e original instrument is re'used.

What does ?genineness and de e4e!tion@ mean

s genineness and de e4e!tion

orger-# nathoried signatre# that at the time thedo!ment "as signed it "as not in "ords and figres e4a!t3-as set ot in the $3eading# do!ment "as ne2er de3i2ered# et!

What are not deemed admitted

/he tre natre or tre intention is not admitted

/hat>s $a-ment# "ant or i33ega3it- of !onsideration# frad#

mista8e# !om$romise# et!

Sec. . O''icial document or act.

In pleading an o''icial document or o''icial act, it issu''icient to a!er t$at t$e document 0as issued or t$e actdone in compliance 0it$ la0.

Sec. . Speci'ic denial.% de'endant must speci'2 eac$ material allegation o' 'act

t$e trut$ o' 0$ic$ $e does not admit and, 0$ene!erpractica"le, s$all set 'ort$ t$e su"stance o' t$e mattersupon 0$ic$ $e relies to support $is denial. #$ere a

de'endant desires to den2 onl2 a part o' an a!erment, $es$all speci'2 so muc$ o' it as is true and material and s$allden2 onl2 t$e remainder. #$ere a de'endant is 0it$out

/no0ledge or in'ormation su''icient to 'orm a "elie' as tot$e trut$ o' a material a!erment made in t$e complaint, $es$all so state, and t$is s$all $a!e t$e e''ect o' a denial.

Sec. . %llegations not speci'icall2 denied deemedadmitted.

-aterial a!erment in t$e complaint, ot$er t$an t$ose as to

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t$e amount o' unliAuidated damages, s$all "e deemedadmitted 0$en not speci'icall2 denied. %llegations o' usur2in a complaint to reco!er usurious interest are deemedadmitted i' not denied under oat$.

A s$e!ifi! denia3 !an %e t"o things&

'. /he defendant s$e!ifies ea!h materia3 a33egation of fa!t 6hedoesn>t admit the trth:7 and "hene2er $ra!ti!a%3e# sets

forth s%stan!e of the matters he re3ies $on to s$$orthis denia3# or if he denies on3- a $art of the a2erment# he

s$e!ifies so m!h of it as is tre and denies the remainder.6*asically, he chooses stu## #rom the complaint and shootsthem don by denying them)

(. /he defendant states that he does not ha2e 8no"3edge orinformation sffi!ient to form a %e3ief as to the trth of amateria3 a2erment. 6e says he doesn't kno anything)

What is the effe!t of a genera3 denia3 )ateria3 a2erments in the !om$3aint sha33 %e deemed admitted

"hen not s$e!ifi!a33- denied.

E4!e$t&o those as to the amont of n3i1idated damages 6if

3i1idated# the- are deemed admitted7# and

o immateria3 a2erments 6a33egations %- "a- of

anti!i$ation of defense or !on!3sions of 3a"7

Sec. 1. Stri/ing out o' pleading or matter containedt$erein.Upon motion made "2 a part2 "e'ore responding to a

pleading or, i' no responsi!e pleading is permitted "2 t$eseRules, upon motion made "2 a part2 0it$in t0ent2 +1da2s a'ter t$e ser!ice o' t$e pleading upon $im, or upon t$e

courtHs o0n initiati!e at an2 time, t$e court ma2 order an2pleading to "e stric/en out or t$at an2 s$am or 'alse,

redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter"e stric/en out t$ere'rom.

RULE E


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e4!sa%3e neg3e!t# it "as not set $.%. A s$$3ementa3 ans"er# if the !onter!3aim or !ross=

!3aim matres or is a!1ired after the origina3 ans"eris fi3ed.

In %oth !ases# the- mst %e fi3ed "ith 3ea2e of !ort %efore5dgment.

Can a !om$3sor- !onter!3aim !re 5risdi!tiona3 defe!ts in the

!om$3aint

es.

A3thogh the origina3 !3aim in2o32es 3ess than the 5risdi!tiona3amont# 5risdi!tion !an %e sstained if the !om$3sor-!onter!3aim# %ased $on the damages a33eged3- sffered %-the defendant in !onse1en!e of the fi3ing of the !om$3aint#

fa33s "ithin the 5risdi!tiona3 amont.

Sec. 3. De'ault= declaration o'.

I' t$e de'ending part2 'ails to ans0er 0it$in t$e timeallo0ed t$ere'or, t$e court s$all, upon motion o' t$eclaiming part2 0it$ notice to t$e de'ending part2, and proo'

o' suc$ 'ailure, declare t$e de'ending part2 in de'ault.&$ereupon, t$e court s$all proceed to render *udgment

granting t$e claimant suc$ relie' as $is pleading ma20arrant, unless t$e court in its discretion reAuires t$e

claimant to su"mit e!idence. Suc$ reception o' e!idencema2 "e delegated to t$e cler/ o' court.+a E''ect o' order o' de'ault. ) % part2 in de'ault s$all "eentitled to notice o' su"seAuent proceedings "ut not to ta/e

part in t$e trial.+" Relie' 'rom order o' de'ault. ) % part2 declared in de'ault

ma2 at an2 time a'ter notice t$ereo' and "e'ore *udgment'ile a motion under oat$ to set aside t$e order o' de'aultupon proper s$o0ing t$at $is 'ailure to ans0er 0as due to'raud, accident, mista/e or ecusa"le negligence and t$at

$e $as a meritorious de'ense. In suc$ case, t$e order o'de'ault ma2 "e set aside on suc$ terms and conditions as

t$e *udge ma2 impose in t$e interest o' *ustice.+c E''ect o' partial de'ault. ) #$en a pleading asserting a

claim states a common cause o' action against se!eral

de'ending parties, some o' 0$om ans0er and t$e ot$ers 'ailto do so, t$e court s$all tr2 t$e case against all upon t$eans0ers t$us 'iled and render *udgment upon t$e e!idencepresented.

+d Etent o' relie' to "e a0arded. ) % *udgment renderedagainst a part2 in de'ault s$all not eceed t$e amount or "e

di''erent in /ind 'rom t$at pra2ed 'or nor a0ardunliAuidated damages.+e #$ere no de'aults allo0ed. ) I' t$e de'ending part2 in

an action 'or annulment or declaration o' nullit2 o' marriageor 'or legal separation 'ails to ans0er, t$e court s$all ordert$e prosecuting attorne2 to in!estigate 0$et$er or not a

collusion "et0een t$e parties eists, and i' t$ere is nocollusion, to inter!ene 'or t$e State in order to see to it t$at

t$e e!idence su"mitted is not 'a"ricated.

When is one !onsidered in defa3t

/he !ort "i33 de!3ared the defending $art- in defa3to When he fai3s to ans"er "ithin the time a33o"ed

therefore 6see the time $eriods:7# and

o U$on motion of the !3aiming $art-# and

o With noti!e to the defending $art-#

o And $roof of s!h fai3re.

What ha$$ens

/he !ort sha33 $ro!eed to render 5dgmente granting the!3aimant s!h re3ief as the $3eading ma- "arrant# UNLE,, itsdis!retion re1ires the !3aimant to s%mit e2iden!e.

What>s the effe!t of the order of defa3t /he $art- in defa3t sha33 %e entit3ed to noti!e of s%se1ent

$ro!eedings# %t not ta8e $art in the tria3. 6haha, loser&)

0o" !an one get re3ief from an order of defa3t

0e ma-# at an- time# after noti!e thereof and %efore

5dgment# fi3e a motion nder oath to set aside the order ofdefa3t.

0e mst $ro$er3- sho" that his fai3re to ans"er "as de to&

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o rad

o A!!ident

o )ista8e

o E4!sa%3e neg3igen!e

What>s the effe!t of $artia3 defa3t

When a $3eading asserting a !3aim states a !ommon !ase ofa!tion against se2era3 defending $arties# some of "hom

ans"er and the others fai3 to do so# the !ort sha33 tr- the !aseagainst a33 $on the ans"ers ths fi3ed and render 5dgment

$on the e2iden!e $resented.o /his doesn>t a$$3- "hen the defenses inter$osed %-

those $resent are $ersona3.

What a%ot the re3ief to %e a"arded

We33# it sha33 not e4!eed the amont or %e different in 8indfrom that $ra-ed for.

/he !ort sho3d a3so not a"ard n3i1idated damages 6nots$$orted %- e2iden!e7.

o E2en if the 5dge orders more e2iden!e to %e

$resented# the a"ard sho3d sti33 not e4!eed the

amont $ra-ed for. 6Att-. s not n3i1idatedand the 5dge !an a"ard that.

When are defa3ts not a33o"ed'. A!tion for 3ega3 se$aration

(. A!tion for ann3ment or de!3aration of n33it- of marriage

'. In this !ases# the !ort sha33 order the $rose!ting attorne- toin2estigate "hether or not a !o33sion %et"een the $artiese4ists# and if there is none# to inter2ene for the ,tate in orderto see to it that the e2iden!e s%mitted is not fa%ri!ated.

RULE

%-ENDED %ND SUPPLE-EN&%L PLE%DINFS

Section . %mendments in general.Pleadings ma2 "e amended "2 adding or stri/ing out anallegation or t$e name o' an2 part2, or "2 correcting amista/e in t$e name o' a part2 or a mista/en or inadeAuate

allegation or description in an2 ot$er respect, so t$at t$eactual merits o' t$e contro!ers2 ma2 speedil2 "e

determined, 0it$out regard to tec$nicalities, and in t$emost epeditious and inepensi!e manner.

What is an amended $3eading

/he- are $ro$er in order to a33ege fa!ts "hi!h o!!rred $rior tothe fi3ing of the origina3 $3eadings# %t "hi!h for some reason#

s!h as o2ersight# inad2erten!e# or s%se1ent dis!o2er-#"ere not a33eged therein. 6!om$are "ith s$$3ementa3

$3eadings7

Sec. 1. %mendments as a matter o' rig$t.

% part2 ma2 amend $is pleading once as a matter o' rig$t atan2 time "e'ore a responsi!e pleading is ser!ed or, in t$ecase o' a repl2, at an2 time 0it$in ten +l da2s a'ter it is

ser!ed.

When are amendments a matter of right'. An-time %efore the res$onsi2e $3eading is ser2ed# or(. In the !ase of a re$3-# at an- time "ithin '; da-s after it is

ser2ed.

o !an on3- amend as a matter of right once. An- s%se1entamendments after that needs 3ea2e of !ort.

Does this mean -o !an amend -or ans"er

es. /he 3a" sa-s ?$3eading.@

o !an amend -or ans"er an-time %efore the re$3- is ser2ed

$on -o.

After a motion to dismiss has %een ser2ed on -o# !an -o fi3e anamendment of -or !om$3aint as a matter of right

es# as a matter of right. A motion to dismiss is not ares$onsi2e $3eading.

/he $3aintiff ma- fi3e an amended !om$3aint e2en after the

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origina3 !om$3aint "as ordered dismissed if the order is not -etfina3 and the amendment is %efore the ans"er.

When sho3d -o fi3e -or res$onse to an amended !om$3aint

If it "as done as a matter of right# ' da-s after %eing ser2ed"ith a !o$- thereof.

If it "as not done as a matter of right# '; da-s from noti!e ofthe order admitting the same. An ans"er ear3ier fi3ed ma-

ser2e as the ans"er to the amended !om$3aint if no ne"ans"er is fi3ed. 6No defa3t, nag#ile ka na sa unang complainteh:7 6R3e ''# ,e! *7

o 0o"e2er# ne" materia3 a33egations in the amended

!om$3aint "hi!h are not s$e!ifi!a33- denied are deemedadmitted. 6.o sumagot ka!)

Sec. 3. %mendments "2 lea!e o' court.

Ecept as pro!ided in t$e net preceding section,

su"stantial amendments ma2 "e made onl2 upon lea!e o'court. 4ut suc$ lea!e ma2 "e re'used i' it appears to t$ecourt t$at t$e motion 0as made 0it$ intent to dela2. Orders

o' t$e court upon t$e matters pro!ided in t$is section s$all"e made upon motion 'iled in court, and a'ter notice to t$ead!erse part2, and an opportunit2 to "e $eard.

What is a s%stantia3 amendment

It modifies or a3ters the !ase of a!tion or defenses.

When do -o need 3ea2e of !ort "hen amending

'. After the ser2i!e of the res$onsi2e $3eading# or(. ,!h amendment ma- s%stantia33- a3ter the !ase of a!tion or

defense.

A $3aintiff !annot# after defendant>s ans"er# amend his

!om$3aint %- !hanging the !ase of a!tion or adding ane" one "ithot $re2ios3- o%taining 3ea2e of !ort.

Can an ans"er !ontaining a genera3 denia3 %e amended as to!ontain a s$e!ifi! denia3

es# it ma- %e "ithdra"n "ith 3ea2e of !ort if there is a5stifia%3e reason therefore and if the interests of 5sti!e so

re1ire 6R3e G# ,e! ''7.

)a- a !om$3aint stating no !ase of a!tion %e !red %- anamendment

es. If in fa!t# a !ase of a!tion e4ists %t the statementthereof is defe!ti2e for fai3re to a33ege essentia3 fa!ts and a

motion to dismiss "as fi3ed on the grond that it stated no!ase of a!tion# the !om$3aint ma- %e amended.

What if there "as no motion to dismiss

/he defe!t ma- %e !red at the tria3 on the merits %- the

$resentation of e2iden!e.

If no o%5e!tion "as made# amendment is not ne!essar- andma- %e made at an- time# e2en after 5dgment.

If o%5e!ted# the !ort ma- a33o" the !om$3aint to %e amendedand the e2iden!e ma- %e admitted.

9t remem%er that the !ase of a!tion mst e4ist at the timethe a!tion "as %egn. /he $3aintiff "i33 not %e a33o"ed %- anamendment to introd!e a !ase of a!tion "hi!h had note4isten!e "hen the a!tion "as !ommen!ed.

0o" does amendment re3ate to the state of 3imitations

A ne" !ase of a!tion in!3ded in an amended !om$3aint does

not re3ate %a!8 to the date of the fi3ing of the origina3!om$3aint nder the statte of 3imitations.

o 9t if it mere3- s$$3ements the origina3 !om$3aint

"ithot stating a ne" !ase of a!tion# it re3ates %a!8 to

the date o the fi3ing of the origina3 !om$3aint.

Sec. 5.


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$ro$rio

Sec. 7. %mendment to con'orm to or aut$ori6e presentationo' e!idence.

#$en issues not raised "2 t$e pleadings are tried 0it$ t$eepress or implied consent o' t$e parties, t$e2 s$all "e

treated in all respects as i' t$e2 $ad "een raised in t$epleadings. Suc$ amendment o' t$e pleadings as ma2 "enecessar2 to cause t$em to con'orm to t$e e!idence and to

raise t$ese issues ma2 "e made upon motion o' an2 part2 atan2 time, e!en a'ter *udgment= "ut 'ailure to amend doesnot a''ect t$e result o' t$e trial o' t$ese issues. I' e!idence

is o"*ected to at t$e trial on t$e ground t$at it is not 0it$int$e issues made "2 t$e pleadings, t$e court ma2 allo0 t$e

pleadings to "e amended and s$all do so 0it$ li"eralit2 i't$e presentation o' t$e merits o' t$e action and t$e ends o'su"stantial *ustice 0ill "e su"ser!ed t$ere"2. &$e court ma2

grant a continuance to ena"le t$e amendment to "e made.

/his r3e a33o"s the fo33o"ing&

o A !om$3aint "hi!h states no !ase of a!tion to %e

!red

either %- e2iden!e $resented "ithoto%5e!tion# or

in the e2ent of an o%5e!tion sstained %- the!ort# %- an amendment of the !om$3aint "ith

3ea2e of !ort.

o Admission of e2iden!e on a defense not raised in a

motion to dismiss or an ans"er if

No o%5e!tion is made# or

In the e2ent that there "as an o%5e!tion# theamendment of the ans"er in order to raise

s!h defense.

Amendment "ithot o%5e!tion# "hat does this mean

/his ta38s a%ot a sitation "here a $art- $resents e2iden!eand no one o%5e!ts# either e4$ress3- or im$3ied3-.

o o can one not ob"ect impliedly%

9- !ross=e4amining

9- $ro2iding e2iden!e in !ontra.

In instan!es s!h as these# the !ort "i33 render 5dgment and

"i33 5st order the amendment so that the !om$3aint "i33!onform "ith the e2iden!e $resented and the 5dgment

rendered.

Amendment done %e!ase of an o%5e!tion# ho" does this go

/his ta38s a%ot a sitation "here a $art- $resents e2iden!e

and the o$$osing $art- o%5e!ts.

/he !ort "i33 sha33 a33o" the $3eadings to %e amended "hen

the $resentaion of the merits of the a!tion "i33 %e s%ser2edthere%- and the admission of s!h e2iden!e "o3d not$re5di!e the o%5e!ting $art- in maintaining his a!tion or

defense $on the merits.

After the amendment# the e2iden!e o%5e!ted to ma- %e$resented.

Sec. 8. Supplemental pleadings.Upon motion o' a part2 t$e court ma2, upon reasona"lenotice and upon suc$ terms as are *ust, permit $im to ser!ea supplemental pleading setting 'ort$ transactions,occurrences or e!ents 0$ic$ $a!e $appened since t$e date

o' t$e pleading soug$t to "e supplemented. &$e ad!ersepart2 ma2 plead t$ereto 0it$in ten + da2s 'rom notice o'

t$e order admitting t$e supplemental pleading.

What is a s$$3ementa3 $3eading

/he- are $ro$er in order to a33ege fa!ts "hi!h o!!rred a#terthe fi3ing of the origina3 $3eadings.

/he- are designed to !o2er matters s%se1ent3- o!!rring %t$ertaining to the origina3 !ase.

Of !orse# the origina3 !om$3aint mst ha2e a 2a3id and

s%sisting !ase of a!tion to %egin "ith.

Are s$$3ementa3 $3eadings ne !om$3aints

No. /his means that s$$3ementa3 !om$3aints do not

s$ersede the origina3 !om$3aints. 6,ee R3e ';# ,e! G7

Can the- %e amended

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es# "ith 3ea2e of !ort. 6Att-.


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notice o' t$e order admitting t$e same. %n ans0er earlier'iled ma2 ser!e as t$e ans0er to t$e amended complaint i'no ne0 ans0er is 'iled.&$is Rule s$all appl2 to t$e ans0er to an amended

counterclaim, amended cross)claim, amended t$ird +'ourt$,etc. part2 complaint, and amended complaint)in)

inter!ention.

In res$onse to an amended !om$3aint6R3e ''# ,e! *7

If amendment a matter of right

If amendment not a matter of

right

Within ' da-sWithin '; da-s from noti!e

of the order admitting thesame

P3ease see !omments of R3e ';# ,e! (.

Sec. 5. %ns0er to counterclaim or cross)claim.

% counterclaim or cross)claim must "e ans0ered 0it$in ten+l da2s 'rom ser!ice.

In res$onse to a !onter!3aim and!ross=!3aim


Sec. 7. %ns0er to t$ird +'ourt$, etc.) part2 complaint.

&$e time to ans0er a t$ird +'ourt$, etc.) part2 complaints$all "e go!erned "2 t$e same rule as t$e ans0er to t$ecomplaint.

In res$onse to a third=$art- !om$3aint6R3e ''# ,e! 7

Within ' da-s

Sec. 8. Repl2.% repl2 ma2 "e 'iled 0it$in ten +l da2s 'rom ser!ice o' t$epleading responded to.

Res$onse to an ans"er Within '; da-s from ser2i!e

If in res$onse to a amended ors$$3ementa3 ans"er

Within '; da-s from noti!e oforder

Sec. B. %ns0er to supplemental complaint.% supplemental complaint ma2 "e ans0ered 0it$in ten

+ da2s 'rom notice o' t$e order admitting t$e same,unless a di''erent period is 'ied "2 t$e court. &$e ans0er to

t$e complaint s$all ser!e as t$e ans0er to t$e supplementalcomplaint i' no ne0 or supplemental ans0er is 'iled.

In res$onse to a s$$3ementa3!om$3aint 6R3e ''# ,e! 7

Within '; da-s from noti!eof the order admitting thesame# n3ess a different

$eriod is fi4ed %- the !ort

Sec. . Eisting counterclaim or cross)claim.% compulsor2 counterclaim or a cross)claim t$at ade'ending part2 $as at t$e time $e 'iles $is ans0er s$all "e

contained t$erein.

An e4isting !om$3sor- !onter!3aim or !ross=!3aim sho3d %ein!3ded in the ans"er.

If not# it sha33 %e %arred n3ess "ith 3ea2e of !ort# it is set $in an amended ans"er %efore 5dgment.

Sec. . Counterclaim or cross)claim arising a'ter ans0er.

% counterclaim or a cross)claim 0$ic$ eit$er matured or0as acAuired "2 a part2 a'ter ser!ing $is pleading ma2,

0it$ t$e permission o' t$e court, "e presented as acounterclaim or a cross)claim "2 supplemental pleading

"e'ore *udgment.

/his is an instan!e of a s$$3ementa3 ans"er.

It mst %e done "ith 3ea2e of !ort and %efore 5dgment.

Sec. . Omitted counterclaim or cross)claim.

#$en a pleader 'ails to set up a counterclaim or a cross)claim t$roug$ o!ersig$t, inad!ertence, or ecusa"le

neglect, or 0$en *ustice reAuires, $e ma2, "2 lea!e o' court,set up t$e counterclaim or cross)claim "2 amendment"e'ore *udgment.

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