CITY WIDE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT - pdghana.org · city wide informal settlement putting accra metropolitan assembly’s (ama) informal settlements on the map land, services and citizenship

CITY WIDE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

PUTTING ACCRA METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY’S (AMA) INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS ON

THE MAP

LAND, SERVICES AND CITIZENSHIP (LSC) PROJECT II

SEPTEMBER, 2016

(KNOW)

YOUR CITY

i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Urbanization comes with it some challenges including poverty, inequality, exclusion and

environmental degradation, resulting in rapid expansion of settlements due to increased

agglomeration and migration. Some of these challenges can be addressed by interventions such as

improved governance, strengthened planning and management, adoption of innovative technology

and sustainable interventions. The complexities of the challenge require effective targeting of the

poorest of the urban population. Informal urban dwellers, often located at the “waste” areas of the

urban space, engaged in menial jobs and surviving on unpredictable incomes from the informal sector

becomes a veritable target.

The Land, Services and Citizenship (LSC) II is a buildup on LSC I which was implemented between

2011- 2013 in four Municipalities (Ashaiman, Tema, Ledzokuku-Krowor, and Adentan). LSC I

increased public knowledge and provided information on characteristics of selected slums in the four

municipalities. It also contributed to the development of the advocacy and negotiation capacity of

community leaders, representatives of urban poor communities, as well as assembly members and

selected municipal officials. It created the unique platform for the Ghana Federation of the Urban

Poor (GHAFUP) and People’s Dialogue (PD) to effectively engage with local government and to

leverage technical expertise and other resources.

LSC II (2015-2016) covers seven MMAs including AMA. The main objective of LSC II include the

development of citywide settlement profiles and maps within the GAMA enclave. This primarily

involved profiling markets and informal economic activities. The project also seeks to strengthen the

collaboration and partnership with ILGS, KNUST, MLGRD and GIZ to influence the activation of

advocacy forums and city level dialogues. All sub metros in AMA were profiled and mapped,

advocacy and capacity building activities were also done.

This report is a summary of the highlights and findings from the detailed reports of the individual

sub-metros. It provides a snap-shot of the key activities, outcomes and findings of the LSC II

programme in AMA.

Two hundred and sixty-five (265) slums were identified with varied stages of development and

characteristics. Slums were characterised according to their socio origins and stages of slum

development.

ii

SOME KEY FINDINGS

The following were some key findings from the

survey:

Most of the slums in the sub-metros can be

classified as early to maturing stages as can be

seen in Table 1 below. This means a proactive

dialogue and resettlement with slum dwellers

can help find them suitable alternative shelter.

Land tenure security is a major challenge for

many of the slum settlements.

Level of vulnerability to fire, cholera/health,

flood and threats of eviction in many of these

slums is high. Refer to Annex 1 for a matrix

ranking of the levels of flood vulnerability in

the slums.

Governance systems and dialogues were found

to be weak as the participation channels meant

to facilitate the involvement of urban poor

groups and slum dwellers in mainstream

community planning and development is

ineffective.

APPROACH/METHODOLOGY USED

The slums were defined and catalogued

based on the number of essential

services including WASH, health,

housing and educational facilities.

Settlement profiling was conducted

through repeated consultations and

discussions with residents. This was

undertaken by a carefully chosen

survey and mapping team primarily

drawn from federation membership.

The profiling was followed by mapping

to know the spatial and physical

locations of services and how they meet

the needs of the people.

Validation of the profiles and maps by

community leaders and key informants

to confirm the results of the workshops.

iii

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... i

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v

Lists of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ vi

List of plates ................................................................................................................................................ vii

Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................................... viii

1.0 Introduction and Background..................................................................................................................1

2.0 Demography and Profile of AMA ..........................................................................................................1

3.0 Methodology Used ..................................................................................................................................1

4.0 Highlights of Findings ............................................................................................................................3

4.1 Nature of Informal Settlements .......................................................................................................3

Table 1: Informal Settlements in the City .................................................................................................3

Figure 1: Number of Slums in Each Sub-Metropolitan Assembly .......................................................4

Table 2: Slums Typology and Stages of Growth .....................................................................................5

4.2 Land Tenure and Security of tenure ................................................................................................7

Figure 2: Slums under threat of eviction in AMA ...............................................................................7

Table 3: Names of Slums Facing Threats of Eviction ..............................................................................8

4.3 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Infrastructure .................................................................8

Figure 3: Public Water Facilities in Slum Communities in AMA ........................................................9

Table 4: Water and Indicators Measured in the Sub-Metros ................................................................. 10

Table 5: Sanitation Facilities ................................................................................................................. 11

Figure 4: Public Sanitation Facilities in Slums Communities in AMA ............................................. 13

Table 6: Sub-Metro Health Indicators ................................................................................................... 14

Figure 5: AMA slums flood risk assessment map ............................................................................. 15

Health/ Cholera .......................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 6: Incidence of Open Defecation in the slums of AMA ......................................................... 17

4.4 Local Economic Development (LED) ......................................................................................... 17

4.5 Local Governance ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.6 Other Services in the communities .............................................................................................. 19

Table 7: Solid Waste Management Indicators from Sub-metros ........................................................... 19

Table 8: Energy/Electricity Supply and coverage in the Slums ............................................................. 20

Table 9: Educational Facilities and Enrolment in Slums ....................................................................... 20

iv

5.0 Development Priorities ........................................................................................................................ 22

Table 10: Development Prioritization of Sub-Metropolitan Areas in AMA ......................................... 22

ANNEX 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 24

DEGREE OF VULNERABILITY AND RISKS TO FLOODS ................................................................ 24

v

List of Tables Table 1: Informal Settlements in the City .....................................................................................................3

Table 2: Slums Typology and Stages of Growth .........................................................................................5

Table 3: Names of Slums Facing Threats of Eviction ..................................................................................8

Table 4: Water and Indicators Measured in the Sub-Metros ..................................................................... 10

Table 5: Sanitation Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 11

Table 6: Sub-Metro Health Indicators ....................................................................................................... 14

Table 7: Solid Waste Management Indicators from Sub-metros ............................................................... 19

Table 8: Energy/Electricity Supply and coverage in the Slums ................................................................. 20

Table 9: Educational Facilities and Enrolment in Slums ........................................................................... 20

Table 10: Development Prioritization of Sub-Metropolitan Areas in AMA ............................................. 22

vi

Lists of Figures

Figure 1: Number of Slums in Each Sub-Metropolitan Assembly .......................................................4

Figure 2: Slums under threat of eviction in AMA ...............................................................................7

Figure 3: Public Water Facilities in Slum Communities in AMA ........................................................9

Figure 4: Public Sanitation Facilities in Slums Communities in AMA ............................................. 13

Figure 5: AMA slums flood risk assessment map ............................................................................. 15

Figure 6: Incidence of Open Defecation in the slums of AMA ......................................................... 17

Figure 7: Local Government Structure .............................................................................................. 18

vii

List of plates

Plate 1: Fire outbreak and demolition in slum communities………………………………………..........16

viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AMA Accra Metropolitan Assembly

CBD Central Business District

FDG Focus Group Discussion

GAMA Greater Accra Metropolitan Area

GHAFUP Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor

GIZ Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Development Agency)

GWCL Ghana Water Company Limited

HH Household

ILGS Institute of Local Government Studies

KNUST Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

LED Local Economic Development

LSC Land Services and Citizenship

MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development

MMAs Metropolitan Municipal Assemblies

NBSSI National Board for Small-Scale Industries

PD People’s Dialogue on Human Settlements

SMEs Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

1

1.0 Introduction and Background

This is a synthesized report of ten (10) sub-metros on profiling and mapping under Accra Metropolitan

Assembly (AMA). The sub-metros are, Ayawaso East, Ayawaso Central, Ablekuma South, Ablekuma

Central, Ashiedu- Keteke, Okai-koi South, Ablekuma North, Ayawaso West, Okai-koi North and Osu-

Klottey. All these sub- metros in the metropolis have slums settlements within them. Statistics from the

Ghana 2010 Population and Housing Census indicate an increase in urban population from 43.8% in

2000 to 50.9% in 2010.The greatest urban concentration occurs in the Greater Accra Region which has an

estimated population of five (5m) million1. The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA)2 alone

accounts for more than 3.6 million people. The ever-increasing growth of GAMA and the unpreparedness

of city authorities to face this phenomenon has meant that today a majority of urban residents are forced

to live on undesirable lands in areas that lack secure tenure and access to basic infrastructure and

services. City authorities are battling to provide adequate and potable water, improved toilets and liquid

and solid waste management facilities to the populace. Over the years, the GAMA region has

experienced regular cholera outbreaks because of lack of these facilities. The 2014 cholera outbreak

recorded several deaths and significant morbidity cases, but most casualties occurred in poor urban

neighborhoods and slums such as Chorkor Old Fadama and James Town. These combined factors

contributed to the selection of GAMA as the focus area for the Land, Services and Citizenship (LSC)

programme in Ghana.

2.0 Demography and Profile of AMA

Accra is Ghana’s political and administrative capital and the largest city in the country. The Accra

metropolis has a total land size of 200 square kilometers. In 2000, the total population was estimated at

1,658,937 with an annual growth rate of about 3.4%. The urban population of Accra in 2010 was

estimated at 2,035,064 with a growth rate of 2.2%. (World Bank 2015: Rising through Cities in Ghana).

The city of Accra has sprawled to an extent that it overlaps into both the Central (Kasoa) and Eastern

Regions (Nsawam, Berekuso and Aburi). The increase in population is attributed to rapid rural-urban

migration with about 60% of the population in Accra living in informal settlements or slums (Van

Rooijen et.al., 2008).

3.0 Methodology Used

Generally, participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) tools were used for the field work and to collect data as

well. Core members of the field team were drawn from the federation who gained experience from LSC

I. The specific methods used were:

Slum definition and targeting: This was used to gather information on slums and socio-

economic infrastructure available and in use in each of the slums. The slums available in each

settlement is of prime concern to federation members during the data gathering stage.

Settlement Profiling: Profiling enabled the field team to enumerate their settlements to gather

invaluable planning data and catalyze community action and partnership. Settlement profiling

1 This figure is from the 2010 PHC from the GSS. 2 GAMA comprise eleven (11) of the sixteen (16) MMAs in Greater Accra mainly occupying the inner circus of the

region.

2

provided slum dwellers and city planners/decision makers with a city-wide understanding of the

status of slums in their areas. This created the platform for the community to be seen and

recognized by the local authority and other key stakeholders.

Mapping: This was led by the federation of the urban poor. Transect walk was used and

community members sketched the locations of slums and the spatial location of services in

relation to the population. The transect walk took the form of the following:

1. Local Team Selection

This involved identifying the groups of people to talk about their perceptions of their community

and its resources.

2. Provision of introductions and explanations

Working with each group, the federation leadership and the team began by introducing

themselves and explaining carefully and clearly the objectives of the walk and discussion. The

walk was to draw the social map of the community where important land marks and interesting

water and sanitation points within the community are located.

3. Transect diagram

The route to be taken were discussed. This decision was based on the community resource map.

As the walk progressed, stops were made at key features or borders of a new zone (such as

residential, topographic, land usage) and the distance from the last zone was recorded. After the

transect walk finished, the team sat down to discuss and record the information and data

collected. An illustrative diagram of the transect walk using the information was drawn.

4. Analysis of Transect Diagram

Key questions included the following:

What resources are abundant or scarce?

How do these resources change through the area?

Which resources have the most problems?

Where do people obtain water and access sanitation?

What constraints or problems are in the different areas?

What possibilities or opportunities are in the different areas?

How will a proposed policy change or implementation affect the features and characteristics

of different areas?

3

4.0 Highlights of Findings

The following section analyses the key findings in the slums during the field mapping and profiling.

This captures the highlights with the details captured in the detailed report.

4.1 Nature of Informal Settlements

Informal settlements in AMA vary in size, nature, sophistication as well as deprivation. Table 1 below

gives a picture of the stage of each slum identified in the various sub-metros. The map below shows the

locations of the sub metros in the metropolis and their boundaries.

Table 1: Informal Settlements in the City

Sub-Metro No. of

Informal

settlements

Stage of informal settlement

Developing/

Infant

Growing/

Consolidating

Matured

Ablekuma South 28 18 4 6

Ablekuma North 22 8 6 8

Ablekuma Central 23 10 7 6

Ayawaso Central 24 11 7 6

Ayawaso East 26 10 9 7

Ayawaso West 17 10 3 4

Ashiedu Keteke 40 15 14 11

Okai-Koi North 33 17 8 8

Okai-Koi South 23 7 9 7

Osu- Klottey 29 10 6 13

Totals 265 116 73 76

Summary of

prescription

Relocate, Redesign, Upgrade

Negotiate

Upgrade

4

Figure 1: Number of Slums in Each Sub-Metropolitan Assembly

The Table below summarizes how, when and why the various slums came into being and got developed.

The history and reasoning for the existence of the slums were extracted from key informant interviews.

The detailed report gives the reasons behind the start and growth of each slum but this report captures

them under the sub-metros.

5

Table 2: Slums Typology and Stages of Growth

Sub-Metro Total

No. of

slums

Year of

Dev’t

Reason for Development Stage of slum Typology

of slum

Ayawaso

Central

24 1990s The slums developed as relatives of

the initial settlers came to occupy

available spaces within the settlement

without any proper documentations

and permits. Others also developed

and extended their structures and

rented them out to migrants.

Matured Cosmopolitan

Okai Koi

South

23 1989 and

1990s

Slums started developing after

migrants had encroached on available

state lands in the 90s. These state

lands were ceded to the Ghana Water

Company Limited (GWCL) and

Ghana Telecom for development and

expansion. Some of these slums

include; Kaneshie Golf Slum, P&T

Cable and Wireless, Central Slum.

Some other slums within this sub

metro developed from indigenous

settlements and later got expanded by

relatives. Some of these slums

include; Red Light Slum,

Maamomoemi settlement, Atimornor

slum, Gonten Zongo and Datus Slum.


Ablekuma

Central

23 1990s, The slums started developing in the

early 90s because of economic

reasons, for instance, Maame Nsimaa

Slum was started by one woman

called Maame Nsimaa. She put up

structures to accommodate traders

from outside Accra, which led to

others also developed shacks around

the area to live in. Province Slum is

the only slum that has been existing

since the 60s just after the overthrow

of the first president of Ghana.


Ashiedu

Keteke

40 1960s Slums within the sub-metro are

indigenous. They were started by

community members and relatives as

they grew in numbers. There was

therefore, the need to expand their

existing family structures. In the

Matured Indigenous

6

process of the expansion, some

shacks were developed and buildings

were poorly arranged. Zongo lane is

noted as a slum with both indigenous

and migrants slum characteristics.

Okai Koi

North

33 1980s Slums in the Okaikoi North were

started mostly by migrants, and

merchants who came to trade.

Notable amongst them are Antie

Korkor, Kopevi and Old Achimota.

Matured Migrant

Ayawaso

East

26 1970s and

1990s

Slums in Ayawaso East such as Nima

Gorilla, Alafia and Maamobi started

developing in the 70s due to its

proximity to the Central Business

District (CBD).

Matured and

Consolidating

(eg. Kanda

Car Wash,

Nima Two

Two Lane)

Migrant

and

Transient

Ablekuma

North

22 1950s Slum communities within Odorkor,

Odorkor Otaten, Sakaman, and

Kwashieman have been in existence

since 1950s.Darkuman west,

Darkuman east and Awoshie have

been in existence for over 50 years.

These slums can be classified as

matured and will therefore require

upgrading.


Ablekuma

South

28 1970s and

1980s

Slum communities within Mamprobi,

Mamponse and Chorkor have been in

existence since the 80s despite the

existence of the original settlements

in the 1830s. Slum communities

within Gbebu and Opetekwei have

been in existence for over 40 years

whereas Shaibu was just established

in the early years of the 1970s.

Hence, the slums can be classified as

matured.


Ayawaso

West

17 1980s Slums including Okponglo,

Okponglo Up Community, Shiashie

Junction and Bawaleshie are

indigenous slums which have existed

for over 30 years.

Matured

Indigenous

Osu-Klottey 29 1980s Indigenous settlements developed the

slums after the numbers of people

within the communities have

increased. Many of these settlers felt

no need to relocate and therefore,

Matured Indigenous

7

developed unplanned structures in

order to remain in the community.

4.2 Land Tenure and Security of tenure

Land is a critical resource for the survival of human beings. It is important for social, economic and

cultural development of any community. It is inelastic in nature, hence the need to identify its right use for

all competing users. Who owns land, how is the ownership vested and divided, and what title do people

have on lands in the various sub-metropolis? Security of tenure is the greatest concern of settlers who are

constantly facing threats of eviction. As can be seen in the map below, many of the slums in Ablekuma

South, Ashiedu Keteke and Osu-Klottey face threats of eviction. Ayawaso Central and East sub-metros

have few scattered slums with eviction threats.

Figure 2: Slums under threat of eviction in AMA

SLUM COMMUNITIES

FACING THREATS OF

EVICTION IN AMA

Ashiedu Keteke = 17

Ablekuma North = 1

Ablekuma South = 13

Ayawaso West = 5

Ayawaso East = 1

Ayawaso Central =2

Osu/Korley Klottey =3

Okai Koi South = 1

Security of tenure is the greatest

concern of settlers who are

constantly facing threats of

eviction. In many parts of Accra

urban poor households are faced

with threats of eviction from city

Authorities.

This affects livelihoods of the

urban poor and limits their social

and economigc survival

8

Table 3: Names of Slums Facing Threats of Eviction

AYAWASO

EAST

OKAI

KOI

SOUTH

AYAW

ASO

CENTR

AL

OSU/KO

RLEY

KLOTT

EY

AYAWAS

O WEST

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH

ABLEK

UMA

NORTH

ASHIEDU

KETEKE

Nima police

station

Kaneshie

Golf

Raaco

down

Arch

Center

Aviation

railway

Ebenezer

down

Otatain Gbese

Ayigbe

Town

Amantra Last chance Tuesday

market slum 1

Tafo

Asylum

down

Opeibia Tuesday

market slum 2

Sempe

The Saint 1 Sampe Asere

The Saint 2 Saving arm Bukom

Oly dade Gmaanaa

Gbegbeyire Brazil Lane

Akate Mang Abola

Glefe Nshosaa

MPS slum Salaga

Market

Slum

Akoto ADB Slum

Mullah Timber

market

down slum

Korle bu

quarters

Cow lane

Old fadama

Galloway

Palladium

Agbogblosh

ie

4.3 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Infrastructure

The sprawling nature of the growth of the city coupled with the rapid rate of urbanization has put incessant

pressure on basic social amenities including water supply. Poor WASH facilities is a sign of a failing city. In

many of the sub-metros, inadequate WASH has impacted on the health and livelihoods of the urban poor.

Even though, there has been improvements since the 2014 devastating cholera which claimed more than 150

lives, it is still a huge challenge. Poor hygiene impacts on the wellbeing of women and children and limit

their growth and development potentials. Inadequate water services also limit the ability of the urban poor to

9

create wealth since they pay exorbitant rate, sometimes, up to 4-5 times the official rate to access potable

water from GWCL.

Water

From Table 4 below, water availability and accessibility is not a challenge for many of the slums. Many of

these settlements are close to the Weija dam that supplies water to the western part of Accra. Common

water sources include individual taps in homes, shared water taps and boreholes. Water vending becomes

prevalent during water cuts. As can be seen in figure 3 below, there are a number of shared water points in

the settlements explaining the high accessibility.

Figure 3: Public Water Facilities in Slum Communities in AMA

10

Table 4: Water and Indicators Measured in the Sub-Metros

SUB-METRO

WATER

INDICATOR

Sources of water Walking distance

(time) to nearby

city during acute

water shortage

Average monthly

HH expenditure on

water (GHc)

Number of

days’ pipe

water flows in a

week

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH

Individual Type, shared

water taps and Borehole

30 minutes 50 5 days

ABLEKUMA

NORTH

Individual Type, Borehole

and water kiosk


ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL

Individual taps, shared

taps and borehole and

water kiosk.

15 minutes 34 7days

AYAWASO

WEST

Individual water taps,

shared water taps,

communal water taps

30 minutes 47 7days

AYAWASO

EAST



water kiosk.


AYAWASO

CENTRAL



water kiosk


ASHIEDU

KETEKE

Individual Type, Borehole

and water kiosk


OSU/ KORLEY

KLOTEY



water kiosk.


OKAI KOI

NORTH

Individual water taps,

shared water taps,

communal water taps


OKAI KOI

SOUTH



water kiosk.


Sanitation

Sanitation in this report is mainly restricted to toilets and open defecation practices as the slums

do not have properly engineered constructed drains. Grey water is disposed of in the open with

many using soak away. Table 5 below explains the situation on the number of public toilets and

other indicators on monthly expenditures from households.

11

Table 5: Sanitation Facilities

SUB-METRO

SANITATION (TOILET)

INDICATORS

Toilet facilities

available

Percentage

practicing

open

defecation

(from FGDs)

Available

Public Toilets

Waiting time at

public toilet

Average HH

monthly

expenditure

on public

toilet use

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH Public

Toilet

Individual

Toilet

28 10 5 minutes 100

ABLEKUMA

NORTH Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

43 6 6 minutes 53

ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL Communal

Individual

toilet

Shared

toilet

facilities

21 13 5 minutes 120

AYAWASO

WEST Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

10 3 10 minutes 56

AYAWASO

EAST Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

15 6 10 minutes 60

12

AYAWASO

CENTRAL Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

43 4 6 minutes 140

ASHIEDU

KETEKE Communal

toilet

Individual

toilet

Shared

toilet

facilities

21 13 5 minutes 120

OSU/ KORLEY

KLOTEY Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

10 7 10 minutes 80

OKAI KOI

NORTH Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

15 8 10 minutes 160

OKAI KOI

SOUTH Individual

toilet

Communal

toilet

Shared

toilet

Public

Toilet

15 6 6 minutes 100

13

Figure 4: Public Sanitation Facilities in Slums Communities in AMA

Access to improved sanitation was a major challenge identified in each of the slums as can be seen in the

map above. Open defecation is a very high social norm in many of the slums especially the ones close to the

sea with some recording as high as 43%. More than twice the national average of about 19%. Many other

inhabitants use communal and public toilets as means of easing themselves. Many of these facilities in the

slums are managed and operated poorly. Average waiting time for using the public facility is 5 minutes

because of high patronage.

Health/Hygiene

As can be seen in the Table below, the most prevalent diseases are environmentally related. Common

diseases such as malaria, cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid are very common diseases reported at the OPDs.

Access to health facilities is not a major challenge for many of these slums. The detailed report has numbers

of the various health facilities in the slums. Even though, majority have clinics and health posts, lack of

access roads make it difficult for easy conveyance of sick people to health centres. On the average, families

spend between GHc 150-250 per month on health bills, which is difficult to get because of poor livelihood

sources. Sometimes, families postpone going to clinics for medical care because of inadequate incomes.

Policy and governmental support for informal dwellers to benefit from free medical care and National

Health Insurance is important.

14

Table 6: Sub-Metro Health Indicators

SUB-METRO

HEALTH

INDICATORS

Available Health

Facilities

Locational

Accessibility

Average HH

monthly

expenditure on

health (GHc)

Common diseases

available

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH Health clinic

Hospital

Within 170 Malaria, Cholera and

Diarrhoea

ABLEKUMA

NORTH Health clinic

Hospital

Herbal

centres

Within 180 Skin rashes and Malaria

ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL Herbal

centres

Hospital

Hospitals are outside

the sub metropolitan

area

200 Malaria, Cholera,

Diarrhoea and Typhoid

AYAWASO

WEST Hospital

Clinic

Within 120 Malaria

AYAWASO

EAST Health Clinic

Hospital

Within 250 Malaria and Cholera

AYAWASO

CENTRAL Health clinic

Hospital

Herbal

centres

Within 180 Skin rashes, Cholera and

Malaria

ASHIEDU

KETEKE Herbal

centres

Hospital

Within 200 Malaria, Cholera,

Diarrhoea and Typhoid

OSU/

KORLEY

KLOTEY

Hospital

Clinic

Within 120 Malaria

OKAI KOI

NORTH Health Clinic

Hospital

Within 250 Malaria and Cholera

OKAI KOI

SOUTH Health clinic

Hospital

Herbal

centres

Within 180 Cholera and Malaria

City Resilience - Risks and Vulnerability Issues

15

Understanding and identifying risks and vulnerability in cities is the first step towards reducing and

mitigation. Citywide informal settlements profiles contribute to mitigation and understanding resilience

through self-assessment and reflection on areas of critical concern.

Vulnerability in this context refer to the persistent deprivation of certain groups of people from benefitting

from basic life survival, social and economic services or participating in decision-making. In all the sub-

metros in AMA, participation is weak resulting in exclusion from the mainstream planning processes.

Vulnerability raised by the communities included the following- Evictions, Flooding, Fire and

Health/Cholera.

Threats to eviction

In many parts of Accra, slum dwellers face evictions from city Authorities without re-course to mediation

methods and compensation. This affects livelihoods of the urban poor and limit their social and economic

survival. Refer to Figure 2 and Table 3 above for slums facing eviction threats.

Flooding

Perennial flooding renders many of slum communities homeless and limits their livelihoods. In areas like

Alajo and Paloma, families loose livelihoods and access almost on annual basis. Yet for some, the whole

sub metro - like Okai Koi North, is susceptible to flooding.

Figure 5: AMA slums flood risk assessment map

Fire Incidence

16

Frequent fire hazard resulting from poor and irregular electricity connection is a plight of the urban poor.

In some areas, they experience an average of two (2) fire incidences per year which contributes to

increased level of deprivation and impoverishment.

Plate 1: Fire outbreak and demolition in slum communities

Health/ Cholera

Open defecation practices have direct effect on the health status of slums dwellers. About 43% of

slum dwellers practice open defecation in Accra (deduced form the focus group discussions)

which is more than twice higher than the regional average. This has been found to be the major

cause of cholera. The map in Figure supports this claim as all the red dots indicate slum

communities that practice open defecation. It was found that the non-availability of toilet

facilities in slum communities is the leading cause of open defecation, since some slum dwellers

cannot afford to pay for their households to use the few overcrowded public toilet facilities.

17

Figure 6: Incidence of Open Defecation in the slums of AMA

4.4 Local Economic Development (LED)

The purpose of LED is to build up the economic capacity of the local area to improve its economic future

and quality of life. The MMDAs are supposed to apply the national LED policy framework to ensure that

infrastructure is developed and enabling environment put in place by Municipal Assemblies to promote

livelihoods and job creation for the youth and women in particular. In almost all the sub-metropolitan

areas, informal economy dominates. Some very popular informal markets include Nima, Maamobi and

Mallam-Atta markets. The main sources of livelihood to the community members include food vending,

petty trading, selling of second hand clothing, auto mechanic and carpentry. These livelihood sources fall

into the National Board for Small-Scale Industries (NBSSI) classification of the informal economy

activities which includes: (i) agro-industrial (ii) agro-processing (iii) fabrication, including welding and

(iv) petty trading. Some of the challenges identified with Small and Micro enterprises(SMEs) include poor

record keeping, limited management capacities, and inadequate financial capital.

Open defecation practices have direct effect on

the health status of slums dwellers.

About 43% of slum dwellers practice open

defecation in Accra (deduced from the focus

group discussions) which is more than twice

higher than the regional average.

This has been found to be the major cause of

cholera.

18

4.5 Local Governance

Accra Metropolitan Assembly operates on a 4-tier level of governance as seen in the local government

structure in figure 7. This local governance structure begins with the Unit Committee, to the Town Council,

to the Sub-Metropolitan level then finally to the Metropolitan Assembly. The Regional Coordinating Council

plays the role of coordinating activities in Metropolitan Municipal Districts Assemblies (MMDAs). The Sub-

metro is directly under the Metropolitan assembly. There are also youth groups, keep fit or fun clubs, as well

as religious and traditional leaders. Some of the slums have active CBOs working within the communities

like GHAFUP.

Figure 7: Local Government Structure

Adopted from the Local Government Act, 2016, Amended

National Development Planning Commission

Regional Coordinating Council

Unit Committees

Town Council

Sub-metropolitan

Assembly

District Assembly Municipal Assembly Metropolitan Assembly

Urban / Town/Area

Councils Zonal Council

19

4.6 Other Services in the communities

Solid Waste Management

Management of solid waste in all the slums was identified as a major challenge. Many resort to nearby

drains and other open spaces to dispose of municipal waste. The only recognisable waste trucks within the

streets of the communities are the 'bola' taxis (tricycles) who can meander through very narrow places.

Skip containers are placed in open spaces such as parks and institutions that are serviced by private waste

collectors such as Zoom lion Ghana Limited, Asadu, J. Stanley-Owusu and in some cases the assembly.

Refuse disposal attract fees even for the communal skips where people pay between GHc0.50-Ghc2.00

depending on waste size. Refer to table 8 below for more details.

Table 7: Solid Waste Management Indicators from Sub-metros

SUB-METRO

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

INDICATORS

Available waste facilities Frequency of

collection

Average HH Monthly

expenditure on waste

collection (GHc)

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH Household collection bins

Centralised collection bin

Once a week 60

ABLEKUMA

NORTH Household collection bins

Centralized collection bin

Once a week 37

ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL Centralized collection bin

Household collection bin

2 times in a week 25

AYAWASO

WEST Household collection bins 7 times in a week 64

AYAWASO

EAST Centralized collection bin



AYAWASO

CENTRAL Household collection bins


Once a week 40

ASHIEDU

KETEKE Centralized collection bin



OSU/ KORLEY

KLOTEY Household collection bins 7 times in a week 64

OKAI KOI

NORTH Centralized collection bin



OKAI KOI

SOUTH Household collection bins


Once a week 35

Energy

The main source of energy for electricity is the one supplied by the national grid. All the slum

communities were found to have been connected to the grid. In terms of percentage of people who

have access to electricity, the least was 90% as can be seen in the table below.

20

Table 8: Energy/Electricity Supply and coverage in the Slums

SUB-METRO

ENERGY (ELECTRICITY)

INDICATORS

Percentage of population

who have access to

electricity

Average HH monthly

expenditure on

electricity (GHc)

Challenges in using electricity

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH

95 88 Intermittent power outages

ABLEKUMA

NORTH

100 94 Regular power outages

ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL

100 70 High electricity tariff and regular

power outages

AYAWASO

WEST

99 44 Intermittent power outages

AYAWASO

EAST


AYAWASO

CENTRAL


ASHIEDU

KETEKE


power outages

OSU/ KORLEY

KLOTEY


power outages

OKAI KOI

NORTH


OKAI KOI

SOUTH


power outages

Education

Many children of school going age are found in schools. The slums in Ashiedu Keteke were found to have

the least school turn out at 76% for school children as seen in the table below:

Table 9: Educational Facilities and Enrolment in Slums

SUB-METRO

EDUCATION

INDICATORS

Educational facilities available Percentage of children in

basic school

ABLEKUMA

SOUTH Pre-School

Primary school

Senior High School

90

ABLEKUMA

NORTH Pre-School

Primary School

Secondary School

76

ABLEKUMA

CENTRAL Pre-school 99

21

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

AYAWASO

WEST Pre-school

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

99

AYAWASO

EAST Pre-school

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

Tertiary

90

AYAWASO

CENTRAL Pre-School

Primary school

Senior High School

90

ASHIEDU

KETEKE Pre-School

Primary School

Secondary School

76

OSU/ KORLEY

KLOTEY Pre-school

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

99

OKAI KOI

NORTH Pre-school

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

99

OKAI KOI

SOUTH Pre-school

Primary school

Junior High School

Senior High School

Tertiary

90

28

5.0 Development Priorities

Slums dwellers face many challenges from eviction threats, flooding, fire, environmental degradation, etc. Many others lack infrastructural and

social amenities. When communities were asked about developmental needs, priority was placed on construction of drainages; provision of

sanitation facilities; provision of health centres; access roads among other things. The table below gives a summarised prioritisation of

community developmental needs. The prioritised needs of each slum can be sourced from the detailed report.

Table 10: Development Prioritization of Sub-Metropolitan Areas in AMA

DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES OF SUB-METROPOLITAN AREAS IN AMA

Ayawaso

East

Ayawaso

Central

Okai-Koi

South

Osu/

Korley

Klottey

Ablekuma

Central

Ashiedu

Keteke

Ablekuma

South

Okai Koi North Ayawaso

West

Ablekuma

North

1.Constru

ction of

drains

2.Constru

ction of

Access

roads

3.Provisio

n of clinic

1.Constructi

on of drains

2.Constructi

on of Access

roads

3.Improved

solid waste

collection

4.Reduction

in refuse and

garbage

collection

prices

1. Provision of

Households &

public toilets

2. Construction

of

water/drainage

systems

3.Electricity

(stable power

supply)

1.Construct

ion of

water/drain

age

systems

2.Provion

of solid

waste

collection

bin

3.Health

facilities

Secondary

School

1.Construct

ion of

drains

2.Construct

ion of

Access

roads

3.Provision

of clinic

1. Provision of

Household

Toilet

2.Construction

of drains

3.Provision of

Streetlight

4. Provision of

solid waste

collection bin

4.Provision of

health Centre

5.Provision of

1.Constructi

on of drains

2.Constructi

on of Access

roads

3.Provision

of clinic

1.Provision of

toilet facilities

2. Construction of

water/drainage

3.Improving

housing facilities

and land tenure

issues

4. Subsidizing of

electricity bills

1.Constructi

on of drains

2.Constructi

on of Access

roads

4.Reduction

in malaria

incidence

4. Reducing

instances of

power

outages

5. Provision

of clinic

1.Constructi

on of drains

2. Provision

of clinic

3.Constructi

on of Access

roads

28

5.Provision

of clinic

6.Improved

healthcare

7.Reduction

in electricity

costs

Public Library

28

ANNEX 1

DEGREE OF VULNERABILITY AND RISKS TO FLOODS

SUB METROPOLITAN

AREA

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

ABLEKUMA SOUTH

KARIKARI TUESDAY MARKET

AGEGE TUESDAY MARKET

SLUM

GALELE

ZLA SLUM SAMPE SLUM TEE GARDEN SL UM

NIGHT MARKET KORLE

BU

QUART

ERS

EBENEZER DOWN

SALVATION ARMY AKOTO OPETEKWEI

OLY DADE 205 SHEIBU GBEGBEYIRE

CAMARA JUNCTION AKATEMANG

AZUMAH NELSON GLEFE

KARIKARI ZONE 6 MPS SLUM

SHEPERD BUSH OTATENG

CHEMUNAA SLUM

ATO QUASHIE

MULLAH

AYAWASO EAST

NIMA GORILLA NIMAALAFIA

NIMA MARKET NIMATOMTOM

NIMA FILIDOTSIN NIMA BRIDGE

NIMA TWO TWO

LANE

NIMA KUMSUNTULINE

KANDA CULTURE NIMA ALATA

KANDA RUGAH NIMA NAFIU

NIMA POLICE

STATION

NIMA441

NEWTOWN SLUM 2

NIMA GUTTER

KANDA BRIDGADE MAAMOBI S LU M 2

NIMA UGANDA

KANDA CAR WASH

28

NIMA DE YOUNGSTER

ABLEKUMA NORTH

ZONGO A

ZONGO 2B

JACK AND JILL

RIVER WAYS SLUM

TSUIMAN 2

TSUI MAN

SAMPE

ODOKOR MARKET

SLUM

KWASHIEMAN

ZONGO

HAPPY KID DOWN

KWASHIEMAN

SCHOOL PARK

OTATAIN SLUM

MACHINE SLUM

MACEDONIA SLUM

TWENEBOAH

KOKOMPE

ANSARUDEEN SLUM

DARKUMAN

MARKET

MOTHER MARRY

MODEL

ABLEKUMA CENTRAL

GBORTSUI CHIEF SOMETHING

AYIGBE TOWN

ADWENBU

PENTECOST

CHURCH

HAMDALLAHI

MATAHEKO LAST

STOP

ADWENBU PUSH

CHURCH

28

CHANKIDA

GASKIA

SIKOPA

ZAMARAMA

NASARAWA

BORLA JUNCTION

KONKADA PARK

KORLE WOYO

MANYA PALACE

ABOSSEY OKAI SPARE

PARTS

WAKISAREA

ZONGO TOTAL

AWEINBU

PROVIDENCE

MAAME NSIMAA

ASHIEDU KETEKE

WALLSTREET SLUM LONDON MARKET

SLUM

TIMBER MARKET SLUM

MQ SLUM AFIENAA OLD SLAUGHTER

HOUSE

FOWL SELLERS

MARKET

AKAMANEA ASA GONNE

NZEMA YAM

MARKET

ASERE MANTSE OLD FADAMA

MANTSE

AGBONAA

NLA SLUM MAKOLA MARKET NO.

2

KOKOTAKO OBONKWASHIE SLUM TIMBER MARKET

PALLADIUM OIL AND FAT SHEEP

SLUM AGBOGBOSHIE

BR

AZ

IL

LA

NE

AKWEI HOUSE SLUM GALLOWAY

28

ABO LA TAFO SLUM

NSHOSAA GBESE SLUM

ABD SLUM AGBOBA HAPPY

HOME

AKOTOSHIE SLUM SALAGA MARKET

SLUM

ASHABIENNA SLUM MAKOLA MARKET

ABUJA

ABUJA MARKET

AYAWASO CENTRAL

CAR PRICE 1 SLUM GERRALDO SLUM

SHAOLIN SLUM POLO PARK SLUM

HP 1 SLUM BARAS SLUM

HP SLUM CITECH SLUM

ADONMANG ARAB CITY SLUM

ADANMANG

MANGO

PANAMA SLUM

EBONY

SURAJ SLUM

55 SLUM

AGORTIN SLUM

BRITANIA SLUM

ALAJO NORTH

CITE CH

CAR PRICE 2

SAPHIANU AREA SLUM

BEHIND ALAJO

MARKET

AYAWASO WEST

AVIATION

RAILWAY

SHIASHIE VILLAGE

LAST CHANCE THE SAINT

ROUND HOUSE ABELENKPE MARKET

OPEI BIA SLUM BAWALESHIE

MECHANIC SHOP

THE SAINT 2 SLUM BAWALESHIE ABORNI

MEMPESEM

SHIASHIE JUNCTION

OLD

ABELENKPE/MAWA

28

KO

OKPONGLO

OKPONGLO UP

COMMUNITY

SOBER DOWN

SANTANA MARKET

OSU/KORLEY KLOTTEY

DAY MARKET SAVI LE QUARTERS

COMMUNITY

SAVILE 1 TOFFEE HOUSE

FORMER AMERICAN

EMBASSY ODORNA MARKET

SALEM PARK GARAGIES

ATUWEI

MANDELA SLUM

ARTS CENTER

BLOG OD

AMENFONG

AGBOLOSHIE

AMANTRA

ASHINTEY

TOLO

AJUMAKO

ASYLUM DOWN

JANJA YARD

POLICE STATION

OSU CEMETRY

AYIGBE TOWN

ADABRAKA MARKET

OKAI KOI NORTH

FADAMA MARKET CHRISTIAN VIILLAGE

AB1 SLUM HAATSO AYIGBE

KILLER

ZELOS COMMUNITY RWSLUM

BANBOLINIO SLUM JOJE

NKORLA SUSUA

SLUM

OLD ACHIMOTA

28

KS SLUM CHANTAN ONE

KUBEHMU SLUM AUNTIE KORKOR

SDA SLUM KOPEVI

LIITLE ANGELS SLUM HIGH TENSION

AKWETEMAN KISSEHMAN MARKET

FISH POND LAF SLUM

CHARISMATIC

ANORHUMA

MARKET

POST OFFICE

ABEKA VOGE

QUARTERS

MANTSEMAN

NIGERIA QUARTERS

OKAI KOI SOUTH

BUBII ZONGO MAAMOMOEMI A DAMAN

P AND T CABLE KANESHIE GOLF KOJOMAN

BUBI VALLEY OTTATEIN MAMOMO

SLUM

CENTRAL SLUM ATIMORNOR

RED LIGHT SLUM

FIRST OTU STREET

PICADILY

AGYAPAYE

NORTH KANESHIE LAST

STOP

AWUDOME SLUM

GONTEN ZONGO

KANSIAH SLUM

KANESHIE MARKET

LORRY STATION

28

(KNOW) YOUR CITY

Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor (GHAFUP), is a network of savings groups in slums/informal settlements and depressed

communities in eight (8) regions of Ghana and affiliate to Slum Dwellers International (SDI - A network of community-based

organisations of the urban poor in 34 countries and hundreds of cities and towns across Africa, Asia and Latin America).

GHAFUP functions effectively at the community level and lead community projects. Activities of GHAFUP are supported

technically by People’s Dialogue on Human Settlements (PD) which is a community-based non-governmental organization

(NGO). It is the mission of PD, that urban poor lead the process of acquiring safe and secure livelihood, decent shelter, land,

water, sanitation and voice representation.

To learn more about us, visit our website: www.pdghana.org or www.knowyourcity.info

Address: Nii Afrokwei Street, Kokomlemle, Accra, Ghana.

Phone: +233 302 245 844 / +233 244 668 855

Email: [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



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CITY WIDE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT - pdghana.org · city wide informal settlement putting accra metropolitan assembly’s (ama) informal settlements on the map land, services and citizenship