Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
City of Ann Arbor Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment
Response Analysis
Emily Hlavaty
Table of Contents
I. . Introduction: ............................................ 1
II. Summary of Key Findings: ..................... 3 III. Survey Response and Tables Discussion: ................................ 5
IV. Results: ............................................... 14
V. Method: ................................................ 16
Appendices
VI. Appendix A: Survey Instrument: .......... 17
VII. Appendix B: Survey Response Table Tabulation: ................................. 19
City of Ann Arbor Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Response Analysis
I. Introduction The City of Ann Arbor’s Residential Recycling Program has been
extremely successful. In 2007 the city was able to achieve a capture of 53% of the residential solid waste generated, subsequently receiving national recognition of this achievement from the EPA. The economic and environmental benefits realized through the success of the city’s residential program led the city to focus on the lagging commercial sector, with the goal of increasing waste diversion from 15 to 50%. To that end, an educational, outreach-based Commercial Recycling Growth Strategy was launched in September 2007. This strategy was initiated with a Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment survey to gather baseline quantitative and qualitative information about Ann Arbor’s commercial recycling environment.
Promoting the expansion of recycling within the commercial sector
presents specific challenges associated with significant differences in recycling service needs compared to residential recycling programs. The Commercial Recycling Growth Strategy was developed with these challenges in mind. Starting or expanding recycling programs can differ greatly from business to business depending on a variety of factors such as; the size and nature of the business, number of employees, and types of recyclable material generated at the business. For example, a large restaurant generates drastically different types and amounts of recyclables than that of a hair salon or dentist office. High management and employee turnover inherent to the Commercial Sector, present yet another obstacle. Given these challenges, an educational outreach based methodology was applied in the planning of the Commercial Recycling Growth Strategy; as an increase in waste diversion within the commercial sector was the overall goal.
Concurrent with implementing the growth strategy, a Commercial
Recycling Participation Assessment survey was conducted, investigating current recycling practices within commercial sector and strategies for maximizing business recycling participation. The Commercial Recycling Growth Strategy and Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment survey objectives were to:
Assess business recycling practices within the commercial sector
Educate and inform the commercial sector regarding recycling and services
provided by the city
Expand the reach of city’s commercial recycling services increasing market
penetration
1
The survey was designed to solicit objective data regarding the existing recycling practices: whether businesses recycled, the materials recycled, materials landfilled, recycling vendors providing those services within the city, and service satisfaction. Survey also solicited information providing insight into attitudes and opinions regarding recycling in the commercial sector. Additionally, conducting and analyzing survey results was intended to produce an understanding of the City’s need for consideration of a mandatory approach to Commercial Recycling enforced through ordinance.
2
II. Summary of Key Findings The Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Survey was conducted from November 2007 through June 2008. The survey was distributed through direct mail and personal on site interviews. This section provides an overview and summary of key analytical points of the survey. Survey response analysis identified critical statistical and elucidatory behavioral information regarding current recycling practices and participation within the commercial sector. Analysis also identified critical issues impeding recycling within the commercial sector and ways in which the city can improve recycling service, to help Ann Arbor businesses overcome these challenges. Analysis has also revealed strategies the city could employ to increase commercial recycling. 1. Cardboard, Paper, Plastic Bottles and Glass respectively, were the most
commonly recycled materials. Paper, Cardboard, Plastic and glass respectively were the materials that were most commonly not recycled. This data suggests considerable opportunities for capturing currently unrecycled paper and cardboard as well as an opportunity to increase the capture of glass and plastic.
2. Results found that just over half of survey respondents reported to be
currently recycling almost all their recyclable material. Approximately 50% of respondents reported that they were currently recycling nearly half, very little, and none of their recyclable material respectively. The 50% of respondents reportedly not currently recycling everything possible has revealed a significant opportunity to increase recycling participation and waste diversion.
3. The survey indicates that a third of businesses currently recycling are
unaware that this service is provided through the city. Furthermore, of those businesses not recycling, lack of knowledge of the city’s cost free commercial recycling program was the most commonly reported reason for nonparticipation. However almost two thirds of those businesses utilizing city recycling services rated the service as 4 or 5 on an ascending scale of 1 – 5.
4. Of the businesses reporting service satisfaction issues, responses, based on
rank order were (1) inconsistencies in the pick up times and missed pick ups; (2) the need for more recycling containers and materials and (3) the need for increased informational outreach education by the city. These results suggest that businesses are unaware of how to request new or additional recycling containers/materials or report servicing issues. The remaining program criticisms pertained to requests for an expanded material acceptance.
5. In examining the reasons businesses were not recycling, roughly half of the
respondents reported a lack awareness of the existence of the program as the reason for nonparticipation, pointing to a significant need for the city to increase
3
communication with the businesses sector regarding available recycling services. Roughly a third of businesses responded that they were interested in recycling but had issues/constraints implementing a recycling program. The remaining 23% of businesses responded that recycling was not a priority at this time as their reason for not recycling.
6. Businesses interested in starting a recycling program or expanding existing
programs were asked what issues or constraints were preventing them from doing so. The most common issue/constraint businesses had in starting or expanding a recycling program was not having an established recycling system in place. Also notable was a reported need for increased information about services provided by city recycling program. These findings have demonstrated the need for an information campaign directed the business sector. The next two commonly reported issues/constraints were lack of storage space for recycling containers and the need to coordinate recycling services/program implantation though businesses’ property management or landlord.
4
III. Survey Response Tables and Discussion
The tables in this section represent survey question response analysis findings. Corresponding text in this section highlights selected relevant survey findings.
In examining materials currently being recycled within the City of Ann
Arbor’s commercial sector, paper and cardboard were the most commonly recycled material. Cardboard made up 25% of all material currently diverted from the waste stream (Table 1). The amount of cardboard generated in the commercial sector is due largely to the fact that most businesses receive supplies or inventory of some sort which are packaged, shipped and delivered to businesses in cardboard.
TABLE 1Q1. What materials does your establishment currently recycle?
Glass Containers, 34014%
Plastic Bottles, 43017%
Steel, 884%
Other, 833%None, 145
6%
Aluminum, 2078%
Cardboard, 61325%
Paper, 58323%
2489 Responses Total
5
3% of respondents reported currently recycling materials beyond or other
than, the list of materials respondents were asked to select from. The list was generated based on materials accepted though the city’s recycling program (Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Survey Table 1). Table 1A identifies materials not currently accepted though the city’s commercial program, but which businesses were generating and recycling outside of the program. The materials most commonly recycled through means other than the City were, in rank order: electronics, batteries, styrofoam and ink/toner cartridges. Thus highlighting opportunities based on reported need, for expanded collection of currently unaccepted materials.
TABLE 1A Q1. What materials does your establishment currently recycle?
"Other" - Breakdown by CategoryStyrofoam, 10
10%
Paper Products, 1415%
Oil, 9 9%
Miscellaneous, 1010%
Metals, 99%
Electronics, 1212%
Deposit Bottles, 1111%
Compostables, 22%
Cartridges, 1010%
Cameras, 11%
Batteries, 1111%
99 Responses Total
6
As demonstrated in table 2, paper and cardboard were the two most
commonly recycled materials; they were also the materials most commonly not recycled; pointing toward a structural barrier faced by the city in providing businesses with recycling services. Lack of space, both indoors and out at business locations adequate for the storage of sufficient recycling containers for the collection of cardboard and paper generated by businesses. Question three findings also suggest that a lack of knowledge regarding accepted cardboard and paper products could, to a lesser degree simultaneously account for the unrecycled paper and cardboard. Many businesses were unclear which paper and cardboard products could be recycled rather than thrown away.
TABLE 2Q3. What additional materials do you throw out that could be
recycled?Other, 77
5%Cardboard, 250
17%
Paper, 31722%
Glass Containers, 21315%Plastic Bottles, 278
19%
Steel, 302%
Aluminum, 916%
None, 20914%
1465 Responses Total
7
TABLE 2AQ3. What additional materials do you throw out that could be recycled?
"Other" - Breakdown by Category
Electronics3, 3%
Miscellaneous, 1113%
Paper Products, 89%
Plastic Bags, 78%
Styrofoam, 1822%
Unaccepted Plastics, 1517%
Metals, 910%
Light Bulbs2, 2%
Compostables, 67%
Cartridges, 45%
Carpet Samples/Scraps, 22%
Batteries, 22%
87 Responses Total
TABLE 3Q2. What amount of your total recyclable material are you currently
recycling?
None, 14517%
Very Little, 10612%
Nearly Half, 14617%
Almost All, 46654%
863 Responses Total8
TABLE 4Q4. Who provides your recycling services?
118
252
388
34
31.8%
4.3%
14.9%
49.0%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
City of Ann Arbor Recycle Ann Arbor Waste Management Other
Recycling Service Provider
Num
ber o
f Res
pons
es -
N= 7
92
TABLE 4AQ4. Who provides your recycling services?
"Other" - Breakdown by Category
Handled Corporately, 83%
Handled by Landlord / Property Manager, 12
5%
Employee Takes Material to Drop Off Station/Home, 53
21%
Shredding Company,104%
Private Hauler, 187%
Only Recycle Deposit Bottles/Cans, 5
2%
Not Sure, 14658%
252 Responses Total
9
Analysis of Question 4 indicates that a significant number of businesses are unaware of who provides their recycling service and how their recyclables are recycled, demonstrated by the number of respondents that reported “Other” as there service provider in table 4. Businesses reporting to be unsure of their recycling provider is problematic, as these are likely be the same business who, in table 5, reported currently receiving substandard recycling service. This finding points to a lack of knowledge as a barrier to effective participation in the city’s commercial recycling program, the assumption being that those businesses who are unaware if their service provider would have to overcome an increased level of inconvenience, in terms of time and difficulty contacting their service provider, in order to place inquiries or service requests.
TABLE 5Q5. How would you rate your recycling service?
56
36
104
205
238
37.2%
32.1%
16.3%
5.6%8.8%
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5
Rating 1 - 5 ---> 1 = Poor, 5 = Best
Num
ber o
f Rat
ings
- N
= 63
9
10
In order to identify improvement strategies aimed at increasing
participation within the commercial sector the survey examined how businesses felt the city could improve upon current recycling services. Analysis of responses identified a number of structural barriers in the program working simultaneously with motivational barriers. The data points to a general motivation on the part of businesses to start or expand their recycling programs. However larger structural barriers such as: inconsistencies in pick up schedule or missed pick ups of recycling, the need for more recycling containers or more frequent pick ups, limitations in currently accepted material, etc… Table 6 response findings indicate that motivational barriers such a lack informational outreach education aimed at the commercial sector, existing simultaneously with the aforementioned structural barriers also casual in deterring business recycling participation.
TABLE 6Q6. If not fully satisfied with the recycling service currently provided by the City
of Ann Arbor, how would you suggest we improve service to your establishment?
Accept Computers/Electronics, 2
1%
Accept Light Bulbs, 21%
Accept Plastic Bags, 10%
Accept Plastics Beyond 1 & 2, 15
5%
Accept Styrofoam, 62%Accept Wooden Palettes, 1,
0%
Carts Too Big/Inconvenient, 114%
Inconsistent Pick-Up Schedule/Missed
Pick-Ups, 4215%
Increased Communication & Inquiry/Service Request
Response, 155%
Increased Informational Outreach/Education, 35
13%
Miscellaneous, 166%
More Frequent Pick-Ups, 3211%
Need Materials and Recycling Containers, 29
10%
Need More Recycling Containers, 39
14% Accept Compostable Waste, 1
0%
Would Like More Information about Pick-Up Date/Times, 6
2%Satisfied, 27
10%
280 Responses
11
In examining causal factors for business’s failure to participate in the city’s
commercial recycling program, the survey found that 45% percent of businesses were unaware of available city provided recycling services (Table 7). Survey findings suggest that businesses currently not recycling due to a lack of knowledge would benefit most from an education campaign. An education-based knowledge campaign can be effective in overcoming this motivational barrier for businesses which are truly unaware the program is available to them. Table 7 also reveals that slightly over 20% of survey respondents currently not recycling reported that starting a recycling program was not a priority for them at this time, a possible indication that the city may need to employee mandatory approach to recycling within the commercial sector in reaching waste diversion goals.
TABLE 7Q7. If not currently recycling which of the following best describes the
reason why?
Unaware of recycling services available, 144
45%
Interested but have issues/constraints, 102
32%
Not a priority at this time, 7223%
318 Responses Total
12
Of the survey respondents currently not recycling, 32% cited having issues/constraints as barriers to implementing recycling programs. In addition to examining number of respondents reporting issues /constraints as barriers to participation in city’s recycling program, survey also analyzed specifically what barriers businesses were facing. Survey responses have identified issues/constraints acting as barriers to participation reported by businesses as seen in table 8.
TABLE 8Q8. What issues/constraints do you have regarding starting/expanding
a commercial recycling program at your establishment?
No Time to Recycle, 10%
None, 7118%
Not Interested In Recycling, 27
7%
Potential Cost Involved, 174%
Recycling Needs to be Coordinated Through
Property Manager/Landlord,28
7%Servicing Issue, 17
4%
Unaware of Pick-Up Days/Times, 3
1%
No Recycling System In Place, 43
11%
Need More Recycling Containers, 24
6%
Need Corporate Approval/Consensus, 12
3%
More Frequent Pick-Ups, 103%
Miscellaneous, 31%
Language Barriers, 62%
Lack of Space, 339% Increased Signage, 1
0%
Increased Informational Outreach/Education, 32
8%
Contamination Issues, 103%
Convenience, 174%
Employee Participation, 123%Expanded Material
Acceptance, 123%
Employee Turnover/Training Employees, 5
1%
Disappearance/Loss of Recycling Containers, 1
0%
385 Responses Total
13
IV. Results
The following tables represent growth attributable to the Commercial Recycling Growth Strategy implemented congruently with the distribution of the Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Survey. Both tables 9 and 10 compare the time periods during which growth and survey programs were executed to that of the same time the pervious year prior to program initiation.
TABLE 9City of Ann Arbor
Front Load Dumpster Recycling Routes Comparison By Fiscal Year By Month
120 119
139
112
90
111110116
158
94
112 111116115
133
110
139
126
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
September October November December January February March April May
Tonn
age
Front Load Commercial Recycle Routes 06 - 07 Front Load Commercial Recycle Routes 07 - 08
11.2% Increase from FY2007 to FY2008 Total Tonnage FY2007 - 1010 tons Total Tonnage FY2008 - 1123 tons
14
As of June 2008, the city’s commercial recycling program has growth by over 700 businesses with documented 11% tonnage increase in the front load cardboard commercial recycling routes serviced by the city.
TABLE 10Business and Recycle Dumpster Growth Comparison By Fiscal Year
189
294
225
237
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Dumpsters LY Dumpsters CY BusinessesLY Businesses CY
Fiscal Year 06-07 Fiscal Year 07-08
30.7% Dumpster Increase from FY2007 to FY 2008 25.4% Business Increase from FY2007 to FY2008
15
V. Method
The Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment survey was distributed through direct mail to the entire target population of the commercial sector; 4457 businesses. Surveys sent through direct mail included a postage paid return envelope, a brochure outlining recycling services available to businesses through the city, and a letter of introduction. The letter of introduction explained the purpose of the survey was meant to encourage survey response participation.
Additional personal interviews/site visits were conducted contributing to
the 886 entered surveys; yielding an extensive investigation of the commercial recycling environment. Site visits involved personally conducting Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment survey as well as a review of the specific recycling needs of the particular business. Where possible, recycling programs were either started or expanded upon. Educational recycling materials were also provided during each site visit conducted in attempt to educate the public as to the business recycling services provided through the city and proper recycling practices. Likewise recycling service requests and inquiries placed via survey response were followed up on; again where possible, recycling programs were either started or expanded upon.
In November of 2007 the survey was mailed to half of the businesses within
the city (2,328). The remaining 2,129 businesses were mailed surveys in March of 08.
16
CITY OF ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN Public Services, 100 North Fifth Ave.
P.O. Box 8647, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 Web: www.a2gov.org/recycle
Printed on recycled paper
Dear City of Ann Arbor Business Owners/Managers,
The City of Ann Arbor recently undertook the task of increasing recycling done within the business sector. Ann Arbor businesses currently generate approximately 60% of Ann Arbor’s total waste stream. However, the commercial sector is only recycling 15% of its recyclable waste. Subsequently, the City is committed to working with businesses to maximize recycling participation and to provide recycling containers and collections services at no extra cost.
You are receiving the enclosed Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment
Survey for the purpose of helping us identify improvement strategies aimed at increasing recycling from the business sector. The compiled survey results will offer valuable insight as to how we may better service Ann Arbor businesses.
The City of Ann Arbor’s residential recycling program has been exceptionally successful. Currently the City of Ann Arbor recycles 53% of its residential solid waste. That means that everyday 120 Tons of recyclables are processed (75% Paper & 25% Containers) that would otherwise be landfilled. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized Ann Arbor's residential recycling program as one of the 15 finest waste management programs.
The outstanding performance of the Ann Arbor’s residential recycling program has enabled
the City of Ann Arbor to expand efforts to increase recycling within the commercial sector and we want your involvement. Through an outreach based strategy; we hope to realize the same level recycling participation in the business sector that we have achieved in the residential sector. Please take a few minutes to fill out the survey found on the back of the page. Your responses, insights and comments will help us provide Ann Arbor businesses with improved recycling services. We hope you will do your part, to help the City do its part in reducing greenhouse gas and global warming. Remember: Each ton of recycled paper saves 17 trees; 380 gallons of oil; 3 cubic yards of landfill space; 4,000 Kilowatts of energy; and 7,000 gallons of water.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation, I will be visiting shortly to personally review your commercial recycling service needs. Please call (734) 994-4766 if you have any questions or email at: [email protected]. Sincerely,
Emily Hlavaty, Recycling Program Assistant Enclosed: Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment survey (located on reverse side of document); City of Ann Arbor Business Recycling Services Brochure; Postage-paid return envelope
SUBJECT: Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Survey
17
Thank you very much for your participation and comments. For questions, or more information contact Emily Hlavaty at: [email protected],
(734) 994-4766 by phone, or (734) 994-1816 by fax
Name of Business: ...........................................................................................................................
Address: ........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Phone Number: ………………….. Email Address: .......................................................................
Contact Name: ................................................... Title: .................................. Date: .................
1) What materials does your establishment currently recycle? (circle all that apply for your location) Cardboard Paper Glass Containers Plastic Bottles
Steel Aluminum None Other: ............................ 2) What amount of your total recyclable material are you currently recycling? (circle one)
Very Little Nearly Half Almost All None
3) What additional materials do you throw out that could be recycled? (circle all that apply for your location) Cardboard Paper Glass Containers Plastic Bottles
Steel Aluminum None Other: ...........................
4) Who provides your recycling services? (circle one or write in for “Other”)
City of Ann Arbor Recycle Ann Arbor Waste Management Other: ................................
5) How would you rate your recycling service? (1 - 5 → 1 = Poor, 5 = Best) 1 2 3 4 5
6) If not fully satisfied with the recycling service currently provided by the City of Ann Arbor, how would you suggest we improve service to your establishment?
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... 7) If not currently recycling which of the following best describes the reason why: (circle one) Unaware of recycling
services available Interested but have issues/constraints
Not a priority at this point
8) What issues/constraints do you have regarding starting/expanding a commercial recycling program at your establishment?
..........................................................................................................................................................
Questionnaire # ........
Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment
Questionnaire # .......
18
Percentage Counts for Commercial Recycling Participation Assessment Survey
September 2007 – June 2008
1) What materials does your establishment currently recycle? Count Percentage Count Percentage Cardboard: 613 24.63% Steel: 88 3.54% Paper: 583 23.42% Aluminum: 207 8.32% Glass Containers: 340 13.66% None: 145 5.83% Plastic Bottles: 430 17.28% Other: 83 3.33%
Question 1) “Other” Categories Count Percentage Batteries 11 11.11% Cameras 1 1.01% Cartridges 10 10.10% Compostables 2 2.02% Deposit Bottles 11 11.11% Electronics 12 12.12% Metals 9 9.09% Miscellaneous 10 10.10% Oil 9 9.09% Paper Products 14 14.14% Styrofoam 10 10.10%
2) What amount of recyclable material are you currently recycling? Count Percentage Count Percentage Very Little: 106 12.28% Almost All: 466 54.00% Nearly Half: 146 16.92% None: 145 16.80%
3) What additional materials do you throw out that could be recycled? Count Percentage Count Percentage Cardboard: 250 17.06% Steel: 30 2.05% Paper: 317 21.64% Aluminum: 91 6.21% Glass Containers: 213 14.54% None: 209 14.27% Plastic Bottles: 278 18.98% Other: 77 5.26%
Question 3) “Other” Categories Count Percentage Batteries 2 2.30% Carpet Samples/Scraps 2 2.30% Cartridges 4 4.60% Compostables 6 6.90% Electronics 3 3.45% Light Bulbs 2 2.30% Metals 9 10.34% Miscellaneous 11 12.64% Paper Products 8 9.20% Plastic Bags 7 8.05% Styrofoam 18 20.69% Unaccepted Plastics 15 17.24%
19
4) Who provides your recycling services? Count Percentage City of Ann Arbor: 388 48.99% Recycle Ann Arbor: 118 14.90% Waste Management: 34 4.29% Other: 252 31.82%
Question 4) “Other” Categories Count Percentage Employee Takes Material to Drop Off Station/Home 53 21.03% Handled by Landlord/Property Manager 12 4.76% Handled Corporately 8 3.17% Not Sure 146 57.94% Only Recycle Deposit Bottles/Cans 5 1.98% Private Hauler 18 7.14% Shredding Company 10 3.97%
5) How would you rate your recycling service? (1-5 ---> 1 = poor, 5 = Best) Count Percentage 1: 56 8.76% 2: 36 5.63% 3: 104 16.28% 4: 205 32.08% 5: 238 37.25%
6) If not fully satisfied with the recycling service currently provided by the City of Ann Arbor, how would you suggest we improve service to your establishment?
Question 6) Categories Count Percentage Accept Compostable Waste 1 0.36% Accept Computers/Electronics 2 0.71% Accept Light Bulbs 2 0.71% Accept Plastic Bags 1 0.36% Accept Plastics Beyond 1 & 2 15 5.36% Accept Styrofoam 6 2.14% Accept Wooden Palettes 1 0.36% Carts Too Big/Inconvenient 11 3.93% Inconsistent Pick-Up Schedule/Missed Pick-Ups 40 14.29% Increased Communication and Inquiry/Service Request Response 15 5.36% Increased Informational Outreach/Education 35 12.50% Miscellaneous 16 5.71% More Frequent Pick-Ups 32 11.43% Need Materials and Recycling Containers 29 10.36% Need More Recycling Containers 39 13.93% Pick up service 1 0.36% Satisfied 27 9.64% Unreliable schedule pick-up 1 0.36% Would Like More Information about Pick-Up Date/Times 6 2.14%
20
7) If not currently recycling which of the following best describes the reason why
Count Percentage Interested but have issues/constraints 102 32.08% Not a priority at this time 72 22.64% Unaware of recycling services available 144 45.28%
8) What issues/constraints do you have regarding starting/expanding a commercial recycling program at your establishment?
Question 8) Categories Count Percentage Contamination Issues 10 2.60% Convenience 17 4.42% Disappearance/Loss of Recycling Containers 1 0.26% Employee Participation 12 3.12% Employee Turnover/Training Employees 5 1.30% Expanded Material Acceptance 12 3.12% Increased Informational Outreach/Education 32 8.31% Increased Signage 1 0.26% Lack of Space 33 8.57% Language Barriers 6 1.56% Miscellaneous 3 0.78% More Frequent Pick-Ups 10 2.60% Need Corporate Approval/Consensus 12 3.12% Need More Recycling Containers 24 6.23% No Recycling System In Place 43 11.17% No Time to Recycle 1 0.26% None 71 18.44% Not Interested In Recycling 27 7.01% Potential Cost Involved 17 4.42% Recycling Needs to be Coordinated Through Property 28 7.27% Servicing Issue 17 4.42% Unaware of Pick-Up Days/Times 3 0.78%
21
