City Indicator Project

Vorhoelzer Forum - 05.02.2020 - 18 h
| | | Pathways towards sustainable cities - final presentation
Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20
Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang
LIMA
LAGOS
CAIRO
MEDELLÍN
SEOUL
SHANGHAI
ACCRA
DHAKA
25 cities from all around the world. How sustainable are they really?
What does the sustainable city of the future look like?
With the help of key performance indicators, each team has researched
the status quo of a city in different sectors: urban planning, green infrastructure, mobility, energy, water, and waste. Besides those criteria, they also looked into crucial aspects such as environmental
quality, climate hazards and disaster risk, health, education, happiness,
equality, or governance. Their vision: how to achieve sustainable development that provides both quality of life for all and a positive
ecological footprint.
The lecture series presents the essential approaches of sustainable architecture, urban and landscape planning. Each week a new topic is presented by various expert guest lecturers representing various TUM departments. Such topics form a holistic view of planning sustainable environments. Their intersections and interactions are crucial when investigating complex urban ecosystems. These interdependencies must be considered if we want to fundamentally change the way we design architecture, urban spaces, and landscapes.
During the seminar, this knowledge is applied to the specific case of each city. Through research and critical evaluation, each team has assessed the present situation and formulated a vision for their city. In short, the
course intends to discover what it takes to create the sustainable city of the future.
The following lecturers have contributed to the lecture series:
Structure
The course consists in a lecture series and 3 seminars according to the different master studies:
Lecture series: Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning
Seminars:
1) Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning – RNB, AR, IÖ 2) Sustainable Design in an Urban Context – UI 3) System Effect and Interdependencies of Sustainable Planning in Civil Engineering – BI
We are grateful for our contributing guest lecturers and their valuable inputs for the course.
RNB / AR / IÖ
UI
BI
Americas
Vancouver, Canada New York, United States Mexico City, Mexico Medellín, Colombia Lima, Peru Curitiba, Brazil
Master of: RNB - Resource Efficient and Sustainable Building, AR - Architecture, IÖ - Engineering Ecology, UI - Environmental Engineering, BI - Civil Engineering
City Indicator Project
Africa and Middle East
Cairo, Egypt Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Lagos, Nigeria Accra, Ghana
Nairobi, Kenya Maputo, Mozambique Cape Town, South Africa
Asia and the Pacific
Seoul, South Korea Tokyo, Japan Shanghai, China Dhaka, Bangladesh Jakarta, Indonesia Sydney, Australia
Europe and Central Asia
Barcelona, Spain
Prof. Wulfhorst Accessibility - A dialogue for more sustainable urban mobility
Prof. Thierstein Urban Development: A Sustainability Trap
Prof. Winter Building Technology - Energy-efficient Timber structures. Life Cycle Engineering
Prof. Hamacher Renewable energies: a few observations
Prof. Michaeli Let’s make the Sustainable City
Prof. Lienkamp Status Electromobility - the customer will decide
Prof. Lang Passive solar energy use in the building sector
Maren Kohaus Resource-efficient constructions - Building with Timber!
Prof. Ludwig New Directions in Urban Green
Prof. Gehlen Construction materials - the basis for sustainable building
Prof. Nübel Construction. Real estate. Management. Sustainability
Prof. Auer Climate Responsive Design
Prof. Petzold Digital Tools in Early Design Stages
Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20
Scan for further literature:
1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895;
upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055.
Sources: For the literature [1] - [20], scan QR Code Figures: 1- UN OCHA. 2- UN OCHA. 4- worldometer. (21.01.2020). [Mozambique Population]. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/#population- pyramid on 16.01.2020. 5- Personal assumptions, based on the satellite image of Google Maps with Image data from 2020. 6- Eine Karte für Maputo. (2017). Retrieved from http://kkmosambik.de/ content/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EineKarteFuerMaputo.pdf on 18.01.2020. 7- Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook – Mozambique, 2016. [Web page]. Retrieved from https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html on 06.01.2020. 8- personal assumptions due to missing data. 9- dos Muchangos et al. (2017). Application of Material Flow Analysis to Municipal Solid Waste in Maputo City, Mozambique. doi: 10.1177/0734242X16675685. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).
Waste Maputo deposits most of its waste in a single open dump site with minimal compaction and control. This site by far outreaches its capacity. Furthermore, it assumedly contaminates the groundwater, landslides threaten the surrounding inhabitants, and waste pickers suffer from risk of numerous diseases. Problematic is also the high amount of officially collected waste that is not deposited officially in the end [18]. • Constructing a new sanitary landfill with a composting plant & safely closing the
existing ones [19] • Integrating waste pickers into the official waste management [20] • Informing citizens about the importance of waste segregation and recycling [20] • Preventing redundant fossil-based packaging material entering the system
Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2017)
2%
58%
4%
36%
Recycling
Composting
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2015)
Water Strong winds, heavy rainfall and rising sea levels regularly lead to the destruction of water and sewage systems [14]. Currently less than half of Maputo’s inhabitants have access to drinking water and only a few households in Maputo are connected to a sewage system [15]. It is problematic that only a minimum of all fecal waste actually passes through the treatment plant, while more than half of the fecal waste contaminate the sewage system and Maputo Bay [16]. • Realising protective measures against flooding and storm surges [17] • Extending water networks, wastewater treatment plants and sewage systems [17] • Repairing and treatment of the existing pumping and treatment plant [17] • Constructing underground tanks, pumping stations and water towers[17]
80%
20%
Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2016)
Energy Mozambique has one of the lowest rates of electricity access in the world eventhough the country is well-endowed with natural resources for power generation. Currently the people in Maputo have to use biomass (wood and coal) as energy sources and have only sporadic access to electricity [13]. The future development has to be smart, more efficient and sustainable so that Maputo can achieve energy sovereignty. • Promoting renewable energy through policy • Abolishing tariffs for renewable technologies • Promoting investments in renewable energies by the private sector • Introducing decentralised renewable energy sources throughout the city
9%
6%
4%
11%
70%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017) Mobility The demographic explosion in 1975 caused the collapse of Maputo’s infrastructure [12]. From this point on cars and private buses were the means of transportation the inhabitants were dependent on [11]. With the introduction of a transport agency infrastructural concerns, like the reorganization of the road system, could be addressed [12]. A strong cooperation of the government, operators and the civil society would set a stable foundation for further steps. • Prioritizing bus lanes, cycle paths and pavement • Implementing affordable prices for public transportation • Introducing visual information about determined bus/train stops and routes [12]
Green infrastructure Despite parks and other recreational areas comprising a small percentage, Maputo’s green area overall is much larger. Space which is not used for living, containing vital soil and water supply, is primarily agricultural [9]. The intense demand of land due to population growth, is endangering the wetlands, a precious natural protector. With the depletion of this natural system, Maputo will lose significant biodiversity and inevitably be more vulnerable towards storm surges and floods [10]. • Transforming the remaining wetlands into a National Park • Implementing modern water construction and water retention constructions inland • Applying green roofs to reduce direct runoff during heavy rainfalls • Introducing a comprehensive hazard management to withstand extreme weather
Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2020)
65%
20%
15%
Built-up areas
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning The capital Maputo is the most densely populated province in Mozambique with a well- developed city centre [8]. Its main part consists of rural informal settlements in the north, where more than 70% of Maputo’s inhabitants live. They are characterised by poor transport, supply and sewage infrastructure. As a coastal city, Maputo is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather scenarios such as floods, cyclones and the rising sea level. • Developing a decentralised city structure by supporting the urban growth in the north • Improving situation in informal settlements within the given boundaries of possibility • Realising preventive measures regarding the effects of climate change
Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2020)
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
% of Total Population
male female
Vision - Fast forward to a sustainable city, south-east Africa We want the citizens of Maputo to benefit from modern technology and live their dreams without restrictions but with no dependency on non-renewable resources. Everyone should have the same possibilities regardless of age, belief or social background.
Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards
Maputo Mozambique
City overview
Country overview
Income classification1 low (460 US$/capita) [1]
Life expectancy 59.3 years [2] Literacy rate 50.6 % [3] Happiness ranking 123 of 156 countries [4]
Population 1,110,477 (2019) [5] Density 3,202 inhabitants/km (2019) [5] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) AW [6] CO2 emissions 0.39 tCO2/capita (2016) [7]
Philipp Eisenlohr, Moritz Kenndoff, Leonie Lang, Tanja Stocker, Maximilian Wolf
0.5 Earths
1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055.
Figures: 1-Network, G. F. (2019). Ecological Footprint (Number of Earths). Retrieved from Global Footprint Network. 2-Bangladesh: Floods and Landslides - Jun 2019. (2019, June). 4-[population pyramid]. The world factbook. 5-Byomkesh, T., Nakagoshi, N., & Dewan, A. M. (2012). Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 8(1), 45-58. 6-(2012, October). [BRT in Metro Dhaka: Towards Achieving a Sustainable Urban Public Transport System]. 7-IEA. (2018). Bangladesh. 8-(2020). Retrieved 28 January 2020, from http://dwasa.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Annual-Report-2017-18.pdf. 9-Pacific Consultants International, Yachiyo Engineering, (2005). The study on the solid waste management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh: Japan International Cooperation Agency. / Waste Concern, (2016, March 16). Compost Plant to Receive Carbon Credits.. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).
Waste Dhaka generates 3,200t [17] of waste each day. The actual volume of generated waste today is unknown. 65% [17] of it is of domestic source, the rest comes from commercial and industrial sector. Only 37% [18] of total waste is collected and dumped on an non- sanitary landfill. The rest clogs the canals or lies in the street. Recycling is only done informally, but is effective: 83% [17] of generated plastic waste is recycled. • Open waste banks to reduce the amount of waste going on a landfill • Formalize the informal workers to improve their work conditions and income • Pass an education policy to spread awareness about 3R principles • In the longterm implement 3R stategies and strive to become a 3R society
14%
2%
38%
46%
Recycling
Composting
Reuse
Incineration
Non-collected
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) Water Dhaka WASA (Water Supply and Sewerage Authority) produced daily 2500 million liters of water between 2017-2018 [15]. The main problem is that groundwater level decreases 2.81 m per year [16]. Also, the quality of house-hold tap water is low. Dhaka WASA supplies water without proper treatment, with a high level of bacteria. The people are facing sudden flooding problems during rainy seasons due to poor drainage system. • Consider alternate source of water • Government should provide the department with financial help • Import equipment to build more treatment plants and improve the current ones • Reconstruct the drainage system to avoid water logging and mantain it properly
22%
78%
Energy In Bangladesh carbon emissions per capita are less than 0.5 tons per year [8], but the energy use structure is not sustainable since the usage rate of renewable energy is less than 1% [8]. Based on the unhealthy energy use structure, a large amount of people cannot get access to energy, especially the refugees in the slums. Therefore, the key thing is to let people living in slums access energy, especially electricity and natural gas. • Reclassify the slums based on the addresses so they can legally register their housing • Give subsidies for energy infrastructure installations, based on registration certificates • Provide the knowledge on how to make use of energy policies that benefit the people • In terms of long-term planning, solar energy should be made full use of
14%
57%
5%
24%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2012) Mobility Due to the absence of efficient public transport system in Dhaka, motorized vehicles are increasing rapidly. Consequently, the average speed is 7 km/h [12] due to traffic congestion, which eats up to 3.2 working hours daily. More than 80% [13] of the air pollution is due to rapid motorization. Besides, conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians caused 2,720 accidents during 2007-2011 [14]. The following should be considered: • Develope public awareness to reduce violation of traffic rules • Build safe, accessible, secure footpaths and safe pedestrian crossings • Introduce Bus Rapid Transit as an alternative transport facility • Introduce Mass Rapid Transit such as Metro to increase accessibility and mobility
Lit. [1] - [4] Lit. [5] - [9] Lit. [10] - [14] Lit. [15] - [18]
Green infrastructure Dhaka has very little green areas when compared to it’s high population density. Only 8,5% [9] of the city is covered with trees whereas ideally it should be at least 20% [9]. The median of green space per capita in Dhaka is 0,0002 m² [10]. However, this number changes depending on the wealth and status of residents living in the communities. The public parks in Dhaka are sparce and hard to access. The walking time to a park is ca.20 min [11]. • Consider open green spaces in urban planning to make them more accessible • Use vertical gardening and greening in public space to reduce emissions • Encourage rooftop farming, as it gives food security and reduces energy costs oft he
residents (for building cooling)
50,0%
24,0%
26,0%
Built-up areas
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning Dhaka City has a young population of 20.3 million with a growth rate of 3.75% [5]. It constitutes for 12.04% [2] of the nation´s population, but the city’s area is less than 1% of Bangladesh. Dhaka contains very high density areas that can reach 50,000 person/ km2 [6], especially in the slums. In 2011 there were 3,394 slums housing approximately 1 million people [6]. It’s an unorganized sprawling city, so the following should take place: • Spread awareness about the danger of occupying wetlands and floodplains areas • Construct social houses so people stop relying on illegal settlements • Decentralize Dhaka City and develop the rural areas around • Implement the Sponge City concept (raised floor houses, flood ponds etc.)
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Vision - Make Dhaka livable again! The vision is to develop Dhaka in a sustainable way and avoid mistakes of other cities. Firstly basic needs of residents should be fullfilled. In the longterm Dhaka should become a healthy place to live in, where people and the environment are cared for.
Dhaka City Bangladesh
City overview
Country overview
Eile AI Nawwar, Zhuocheng Zou, Dana Khdairat, Zihad Mohammad Aulad, Magdalena Michalowska, Rawan Gaafar
0,5 Earths
Income classification1 Low middle income (1,750$/cap) [1] Life expectancy 72.43 (2019) [2] Literacy rate 72.89% (2017) [3] Happiness ranking 125 of 156 countries [4]
Population 20.3 million (2019) [5] Density 49182 pop/km2 (2014) [6] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) equatorial desert (Aw) [7] CO2 emissions 0.53 tCO2/capita (2017) [8]
10 km
1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. Sources: QR-Code Figures: 1- https://data.worldbank.org/country/kenya 2- MauriceOnyangoOyugi, Victor A. O.Odenyo, Faith N.Karanja:The Implications of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics on theEnvironmental Quality of Nairobi City, Kenya. American Journal of Geographic Information System, 2017 3-too much data. 4-https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html, last access: 20.01.2020 5-MauriceOnyangoOyugi, Victor A. O.Odenyo, Faith N.Karanja:The Impl 2017. 6-Deborah Salon, Sumila Gulyani: Commuting Urban Kenya: Unpacking Travel Demand in Large and Small Kenyan Cities, July 2019, p. 1, 2, 9; last access: 23.12.2019, https://www.sciencedi- rect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966692311002213; UNEP, UN Habitat, Kenyatta University: City of Nairobi Environmental Outlook, 2008, p. 43, last access: 28.12.2019, https://www.foresightfordevelopment.org/sobipro/55/196-city-of-nairobi-environment-outlook 7-[7] . 8- [9]. 9- [10]. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).
Waste In Nairobi 3000 tons of solid waste are generated daily. With these waste it gives two big problems. Only 50 % of them is collected. The rest goes to the environment or will be burned at the households. The most of the collected waste is brought to open dumpsites, which often be controlled by illegal cartels. These cartels make money with selling the raw materials, which are collected und separated under unsafe working conditions [10]. • Reducing the waste generation • Rising the collection of solid waste up to 100 % • Building a safe disposal of solid waste
4%
Non-collected
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) Water Access to water services in Nairobi is very unequal. Piped water is available primarily to upper-income residents, while the poor rely on untreated wells and surface water or have to buy expensive bottled water from vendors [9]. This is closely related on the consumption of water, which is only a fraction of the water cunsumed by Nairobi’s middle and upper class citziens. A big issue in slum areas is the pollution of groundwater and the Nairobi River’s ecosystem [8]. • Provide affordable drinkable water for all citizens by expanding the water pipe system • Provide improved sanitation system for all citizens by expanding the sewer system • Prevent water pollution especially in slum areas
94%
Groundwater
Seawater
Rainwater
Energy The energy sector in Kenya is developing rapidly, using more and more sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy. In the electricity producing industry more than 75% of the demand is covered by renewable energy sources. Although facing upcoming challenges, such as the exponential growth of primary energy demand and the necessity to connect all households to the power grid, Kenya actively direct its energy sector towards renewable energy [6, 7]. Important milestones in the future are: • Improving the power grid • Subventions for electricity connections for lower income households • Extend the usage of geothermal and solar energyrchicta pliti sectati illuptia dolorro
18%
65%
1%
Oil
Biofuels
Coal
Renewables
Hydro
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2019) Mobility The major problems of the city in case of mobility are the poorly developed roads and throughfares for all traffic participants [3], therefore Nairobi ist the most motorized city in Kenya. Results from this initial situation are long traffic jams and commuting times [4], many traffic accidents and a high level of air pollution in the city [5]. Nairobi is very unsafe for pedestrians and cyclists because almost all sidewalks are damaged or not existing and furthermore there aren’t any cycling lanes. • Increase pedestrianization and cycling network through safer and seperate paths • Creation of more clearly and better structured design and lay-out of the roads • Develop public transport service through implementation of “bus rapid transit system”
Greeen infrastructure The most significant part of the green spaces in Nairobi is the National Park. It is a billboard for the city which protects biodiversity and creates a range of jobs while promoting tourism. Nevertheless, it is not always accessible and reachable for locals in everyday life. Green spaces which are accessible to everybody and with a recreational character are way too rare [2]. They need to be improved and developed to the maximum. • Increase the balance about the geographical location of green areas • Create an inspiring green architecture of existing buildings • Development of green infrastructure along roads and pedestrian paths • Create reachable urban green, and recreational spaces
32%
26%
28%
Water Bodies
Urban planning Nairobi is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa and quickly became the second- largest city in Africa. The city is growing at a rate of over 4% annually. This is mainly due to the high birth rates and immigrants coming to Nairobi in search of employment opportunities. It is estimated that the city will continue its upward trend in terms of population, reaching 5 m people in 2025. Over 60% of the population live in slums [1]. • Decrease population in slums through building of large residential complexes • Creation of a solid transport infrastructure with organized and reliable public transport • Free access to drinkable water with equal rights for all residents • Implementation of an overall renewable energy supply
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Nairobi - a City of Opportunities The future Nairobi is a city, in which all inhabitants and their subsequent generations have the same prerequisites and opportunities in terms of primary care, medical care, education and a range of recreational opportunities.
Nairobi Kenya
City overview
Country overview
Population 4.734.881 (2020) Density 4.85 inhabitants/km (2020) Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Subtropical mountain climate CO2 emissions 0.306 mtCO2/capita (2014)
Lukas Tappertz, Eva Zerwes, Nadine Wallner, Katharina Peter, Matthias Kretzler
0.6 Earths
Sources: [1] The World Bank Group. [2] The World Bank Group. [3] countryeconomy.com. [4] LBS. [5] World Resources Institute. [..] for more information about the literature please scan the QR-Code. Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network. 2- GFDRR. 3-Global Footprint Network, T. Agbola and E M.Agunbiade, J. Hammitt and L. Robinson, GHS, O. A. Ejohwomu, The 2019 Cities Driving Index, World Resources Institute, IEA, D. Ogunbiyi and A. McMahon, Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Bureau of Statistics, J. A. Jideonwo, United Nations, I. R. Aliu et al., LBS, O. Oyelola et al. F. B. Olo- rungemi. 4-UN Statistics Division. 5-GHS; Lagos State Government. 6- O. A. Ejohwomu. 7- IEA. 8- Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Bureau of Statistics. 9- I. R. Aliu et al., LBS, O. Oyelola et al., F. B. Olorunfemi, LAWMA. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).
Waste Most of the generated waste is of organic type [23]. Until recently all of the waste was disposed on the landfills, mostly open dumps. Recycling happened only informally for many years [24]. Now the government has introduced the “Blue Box Program”, a waste separation and recycling program [25]. The collection of the waste is a shared responsibility of the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and the Private Sector Participation (PSP) [23]. • Improvement of collection system • Investing in better equipment for waste collection and treatment • Different treatment for each type, e.g. anaerobic digestion for organic waste share
1%
26%
29%
44%
Recycling
Composting
Reuse
Incineration
Non-collected
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) Water More and more impervious surfaces due to Lagos’ rapid growth and the incomplete or blocked drainage system lead to annual floods [20]. Consequently, freshwater is contaminated as stormwater enters damaged water pipes [21]. This further reduces the water supply which only covers 40% of the demand [22]. Additionally, the insufficient wastewater treatment system cleans only 5% of the wastewater [22]. • Harvest roof water by installing gutters on the roofs and cisterns to prevent flooding
and fill parts of the water supply gap [20] • Start of a cleaning campaign to motivate city dwellers to clear the drains • Construct a comprehensive and central wastewater treatment system
7%
Energy Despite a high power demand, the energy sector in Lagos is highly underdeveloped. There are three main problems: access to the electricity grid, grid stability, and grid capacity. In addition to that, the allegedly high share of renewables in the primary energy sources originates in the combustion of hardwood fuel [17]. Therefore, forest is destroyed, and carbon stored in the wood is released into the atmosphere. • Lagos State government is already launching initiatives towards expanding and
improving the electricity grid and a more sustainable power generation. • 16 - 27 GW of new generation capacity required by 2030 to maintain productivity [18]. • Exploiting the solar potential (> 1600 kWh/m2) is crucial [19].
16%
9%
75%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2015) Mobility The transport system in Lagos is suffering a lot from massive traffic congestions due to an immense number of cars and bad road infrastructure. However, 95% of the daily trips in the city are by road transport. Other systems of transportation are almost non-existent [13]. Another problem is the underdeveloped public transport system that is dominated by poorly maintained semi-formal minibuses called Danfos [14]. Lagos also has to deal with a high fatality rate due to traffic accidents (26.2 per 100.000 inhabitants) [15]. • Focus on water transportation (travel time reduction, less pressure on roads [16]) • Abolition of the Danfos and replacement by formal bus services • Clear separation of roads and pedestrian paths as well as more pedestrian bridges
Green infrastructure Around 8.9% of the city area are covered with healthy vegetation [10]. There are 327 parks for which the Lagos Parks and Garden Agency is responsible, but the inhabitants have the chance to take part by adopting a park [11]. The green areas and trees are very unevenly distributed in the city. There is a tree planting campaign and day, but monitoring and the attitude of the Lagosians towards the project pose problems [12]. • More green areas for cooling purposes and water absorption • Better monitoring of planted trees and indigenous tree species; rewards for tree
planting efforts of population • Green roofs and walls: recommended for private and mandatory for business buildings
69%
9%
22%
Built-up areas
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning Lagos has been facing a population explosion which has for a long time not come along with proper urban planning by the government. Thus, the high demand for land lead to about two-thirds of Lagos’ population living in informal settlements without adequate infrastructure and housing [6]. Recently, Lagos state government has developed new plans. However, these often favour high income groups or do not keep their promise [7]. • Establish a comprehensive cadastral land register for land use management [8] • Increase community participation in planning processes so that the citizens’ real
needs are addressed [9] • Provide inclusionary and co-operative housing concepts for the poor [7]
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Lagos - Guiding the growth Lagos is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. The vision for Lagos is to compensate this population growth by being a social city with a structured spatial planning, a sustainable development and a high living quality for everybody.
Lagos Nigeria
City overview
Country overview
Income classification1 Lower-middle income (1960 US$/ capita)
Life expectancy 53.4 years [1] Literacy rate 62 % [2] Happiness ranking 85 of 156 countries [3]
Population 22,710,684 (2017) [4] Density 22,710 inhabitants/km2 (2017) Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Equatorial desert climate (AW) CO2 emissions 1.4 mtCO2/capita (2012, Nigeria) [5]
Franziska Dobler, Lena Fuchs, Liliane Raths, Jonas Schmid-Querg
0.67 Earths
Urban Planning
Sources: [1] Worldometer (2018) [2] Worldbank (2018) [3] World happiness report 2019 [4] B. Airlangga and A. Latif, “PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA DALAM ANGKA 2019 - DKI Jakarta Province in Figures 2019,”, 2019. [5] World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification (2006) [6] statista (2017) Figures: 1- https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ 2- [4]. 3- [4], [6], [7], [9], [12], [17], [20], [21], [22], [23], [26], [28], [29], [30], [31] 4- [4]. 5- Setiowati, R., Hasibuan, H. S., & Koestoer, R. H. . “Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City, Indonesia for climate change mitiga- tion”, 2018. . 6- [17], [19] 7- “International Energy Agency,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=INDONESIA&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=Total%20prima- ry%20energy%20supply%20(TPES)%20by%20source [Zugriff 2020]. 8- JABODETABEK MPA Strategic plan, C. Ministry and F. E. A. C. o. Indonesia, 2012. 9- [26] Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).
Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) Waste Jakarta produces a lot of solid waste per year, especially in the area of food and green. [25] More than one-fifth of waste is incinerated in modern facilities. [26] Particularly some figures suggest that 15 percent of global plastic waste in oceans comes from Indonesia. Many problems exist regarding to low quality waste management, limited final disposal sites and waste management institution. [27] The goal is to form a developed waste disposal system and to get people in Jakarta to earn consciousness and scientific understanding about treatment, recycling and utilization of garbage. • Enact relevant laws to limit waste generation • Increase the price of plastic. • Research for highly technical methods for waste disposal.
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2012) Water The city of Jakarta is facing big issues concerning water. Just one half of the population is connected to a supply system of drinking water, the other half has to rely on insecure sources such as rivers and illegally bored groundwater of a poor water quality.[23] [22] Jakarta’s biggest challenge is the increasing amount of flooding events in monsoon periods and the lack of a working drainage system to lead the huge masses of rainwater out of the city. Also some parts of the sinking city are endangered not only of the flooding from rainfalls, but also of the rise of the sealevel due to climate change, as they are already under sealevel.[24] • Flood security for whole population by building more drainage channels • Offering flowing drinking water of a good quality by harvesting rainwater & recycle wastewater • Good water quality of rivers and groundwater by implementing a decentralized wastewater management
Energy Indonesia has a ratio of 67% of primary energy produced from fossil fuels [20]. The electricity sector is even worse: 88% of produced electricity comes from fossil sources [21]. Other problems Jakarta faces in electricity supply is stability and consistency. With only a surplus of 8% according to electricity consumption, peak periods cannot be overcome without danger of a blackout [22]. This situation brings two conflicting problems together: Change the energy supply to renewable sources and produce more electricity. • improve the quality of voltage in the grid • support the electricity production with decentralised power plants (solar panels on roofs…) • make the geothermal potentials usable (investments and science for more efficiency, lower risks and
better maintenance)
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) Mobility Jakarta is a huge city which is facing chronic traffic congestion problems. The urban area sprawled rapidly in the last 30 years, but the infrastructure development can’t meet the commuters’ need in city surrounding areas [17]. Because of unreliable public transport, motorcycles became the main transport in Jakarta [18], which causes a lot of air pollution and large greenhouse gas emissions [19]. • Improve the usage rate by changing the currently existing motorcycles into Motor-sharing system • Build a reliable public transport by investing in public transport (better accessibility to public transport
station, higher frequency of buses and trains, cheaper tickets for public transport) • Develop alternative fuel technologies for cars and motorcycles. (such as bio-diesel, bio ethanol, gas
fuel, electricity, etc.)
Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) Green Infrastructure (GI) Jakarta has a green area of 5,25% of the total area (3.32 m²/capita) [9]. The extent of an insufficient GI for stormwater & flooding drainage can be seen in the flooding & sinking of the city. Furthermore, the low proportion of green areas in the city leads to poor air quality [10], high air temperatures (UHI) [11], polluted water & reduced accessibility to green & public areas [12]. • Increase the total green area to a min. of 50% by integrating GI in the building stock, e.g. green roofs &
walls & creating city forests, parks, public spaces [11], [13] • Ensure the accessibility to green areas by using GIS to optimize their distribution & connection [14] • Ensure a efficient GI for flooding drainage & a high water quality by reforestation, urban wetlands,
renaturalization of rivers, catchment areas, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, etc. [15], [16]
Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2017) Urban Planning Jakarta is a city with a high population density and growth rate (1.07 %). [4] A city growing this fast has big problems to keep up with producing liveable places and the required infrastructure. Consequently, one quarter of Jakarta is classified as an informal settlement. Second big problem is the air pollution, which is four and a half times higher than the WHO recommendation. [7] Another point is a very high rate of built up land (83,7 %). [8] This stems the natural drainage system and the ground water storage doesn’t get refilled from rainfalls, what is the main reason for the sinking of the city. • Decrease ratio of informal settlements by giving the possibility to move to social housing • Decrease air pollution to theWHO recommendation by actions of green infrastructure and energy supply • Reduce the percentage of built-up land by developing former slums into green areas
Jakarta - Future for the sinking City We want Jakarta to be a modern city with a future for educated, relaxed and peaceful living in a green, healthy and clean environment. Meeting not only physiological needs, Jakarta will help his inhabitants with a good urban infrastructure to enjoy social life, gain esteem and find happiness.
Jakarta Indonesia
1.04 Earth
Timo Schäle, Julia Heichele, Yixuan Li, Guanting Zeng, Felix Fischer
Flash flood
Income classification1 Lower-middle (3.893,596 US$/capita) Life expectancy 72.32 years [1] Literacy rate 96 % [2] Happiness ranking 92 of 156 countries [3]
Population 10,467,630 (2017) [4] Density 15,804 inhabitants/km² (2017) [4] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Tropical monsoon (Am) [5] CO2 emissions 1,880 mtCO2/capita (2017) [6]
5 km
Sources: [1] The World Bank data. [2] Data by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. [3] Data by World Happiness Report (2018). [4] UN data. [5] City Population Statistics. Link: https://www.citypopula- tion.de/en/egypt/cities/?cityid=572. [6] World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification. [7] Cairo’s bad breath. (2017). UN environmental programme. Figures: Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network. 2- Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the natural hazard risk profile ‘ThinkHazard’. 3- Urban Planning: Global Footprint Network; David Sims (2003) „Case Studies of Cairo, Egypt“ in UNDERSTANDING SLUMS: Case Studies for the Global Report.; Green Infrastructure: Kafafy, N. & Betawi, Y. (bez datuma). Urban Green Space Benefits and the Pivotal Role of Conservation, Cairo’s Case - Egypt. 4- UN data. 5- Calculated from Google Earth (2019). 6- Ghonimi I., El ZAmly H. (2017) “Sustainable urban mobility: Assessing Different Neighbourhood Models in Greater Cairo Region, Egypt.” 7- IEA World Energy Balances and Statistics. 8- Fanack Water: Water Resources in Egypt. 9- “Country report on the solid waste management in EGYPT” (2014) The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).
Waste In Cairo, the public sector has been unable to provide the required services effectively, as the existing regulations are still very limited and the local taxation system is inadequate, while the illegal disposal of domestic and industrial waste remains a common practice. Absence of source separation of waste, no policy and practical focus on reduction and reuse of waste is the main problem. Our aim is get all waste collected and treated. • Vehicle productivity(in kg/vehicle/day); • Biological treatment of biodegradable waste.(Anaerobic digestion); • The “Recycling School” concept; • Formalization of the traditional garbage collectors.
10%
7%
7%
76%
Recycling
Composting
Sanitary landfill
Open dump
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) Water The city of Cairo is under water stress due to over consumption and dependency on River Nile for usage. Evaporation and dilapidated network of pipes create water losses towards the city. The booming population creates shortage of supply in periods of high demand and illegal irrigation practices and industrial and sewage discharges have posed a challenge to put the water into reuse. Our aim is to make water in Cairo accessible, efficient and carbon neutral. • Renovation of existing pipe network to minimize losses; • Solar desalination and rain water harvesting techniques; • Switching the agriculture sector to less water intensive crops and farming.
69%
12%
Energy Energy consumption in Egypt exceeds energy production from oil and natural gas which is turning the country into oil and natural gas importer although Egypt was the net exporter for both sources in previous years. A sound energy strategy is crucially needed, and should be based on two pillars: first, production of clean energy from various renewable and non-renewable sources, and second, managing and rationalizing energy demand and decreasing the consumption, with related reforms. Steps to achieve: • Increasing the consumption energy from renewable energy sources; • Promoting to use low energy lights and energy saving devices; • Building energy efficient buildings.
45%
51%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Renewables
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017) Mobility The state of mobility in Cairo faces several issues such as: lack of standardized roads, high rates of traffic congestion, high rates of CO2 emissions, lack of metro lines, irregular and overcrowded bus services, unsafe road infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists. Our vision is to achieve accessible, affordable and attractive public and non-motorized transportation for everyone. • Increasing the efficiency of public transportation (less buses, more metro); • Insertion of separate cycling and pedestrian lines and easy connection with other
means of transportation; • Improvement of quality of the roads and parking facilities.
Greeen infrastructure The problem with overpopulation of the city starting in 20th century affected the existence of green spaces. “Almost all of the city’s trees, its most effective dust sponges, have disappeared under the concrete.” [7] Our goal is to increase accessibility of green open spaces in Cairo, improve attractiveness of GI and involve citizens with urban farming. Two main challenges are discussed in order to solve the problem with green open spaces in Cairo: dense urban areas and arid climate. The solution offered: • Urban farming on building roofs; • Interaction between mobility and GI; • Water sensitive landscape.
97%
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning Cairo is one of the world’s most rapidly growing cities, with nearly two percent annual population growth. Cairo struggles with many issues, including illegal settlements, traffic congestion, health issues and severe air pollution. Our aim is to make Cairo and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. • Renovation of old buildings; • Social Marketing’s to solve traffic congestion; • Bicycle system for transport; • Optimization of green energy production.
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10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+
male female
Vision: Cairo - Better Place for Everyone Cairo is the city with a great potential. Our goal is to use all its capacity to develop inclusive and sustainable urbanization, provide affordable housing, make the transportation sustainable, energy – renewable, water and air – clean, waste – recycled.
Cairo Egypt
City overview
Country overview
Population 9,539,673 (2018) [4] Density 15,333 inhabitants/km (2018) [5] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Hot desert climate (BWh) [6] CO2 emissions 2,233 mtCO2/capita (2014) [1]
Egi Kalaj, Gizem Eryenilmez, Prem Kumar Yadav, Saurav Chauhan, Sofija Grinevska
1,1 Earths
DroughtFlash flood
Figures: 1–Ecological footprint (2016). 2-Disaster risks / city hazards. 3-Sustainability rating. 4-Population by age and gender (2020). 5- Green and blue infrastructure (2017). 6-Modal split of transportation (2018). 7-Share of primary energy sources (2018). 8-Share of water supply sources (estimated, 2019). 9-Share of waste disposal (2016). Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).
Waste
The main issue regarding waste, is the solid waste management. 25% oft he waste ends up in streets, drains, on the beaches or is burnt, because it is not collected. The waste collected, is put in two open dumps which are almost full [28]. The other big concern is the amount of e-waste coming down at the dumpsite ‚Agbogbloshie‘. Because people are burning the e-waste to recycle it, there is a dangerous level of toxic gases [29]. • waste bins and collection all over the city in streets and private households • fines for uncontrolled waste disposal • extensions to landfill sites • controlled recycling of e-waste (improvement for workplaces and health) • dams and streets built with incinerated waste product
Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2016) [28]
5% 1%
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) [6,22,23,24,25]Water
GAMA (2010) is mainly supplied with treated surface and sea water through the pipeline system (365,000 m³/day). But the supply volume is only about 75% of demand and only 51% of the population is connected to the pipeline system. 67% of the population has access to improved drinking water. The water consumption is about 71 litres/capita per day. Only 11% of the waste water ends up in the sewage system. Less than 0.5% of waste water was treated in 2014. [6, 22] • Reducing pipeline losses (detection system for leaks, rehabilitation of pipes) • Increase access to water systems without long distances (e.g. stand pipes) • Increasing the treatment capacity of existing surface water treatment plants • Construction of treatment plants for the use of ground and sea water • Improvement / extension of the pipeline systems (pipe- and wastewater) • Repair / expansion of wastewater treatment plants
90%
Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) [14]Energy
The energy supply share in Ghana is dominated by oil and biomass. Biomass is not counted as a renewable source, because it´s a very uncontrolled burning of firewood, agriculture residue and waste for cooking and heating [13]. This residental use makes the biggest part oft he primary enegry use by 43%. Due to discovery of offshore oil fields in the westcoast of Ghana, oil has increased in the electricity generation mix over the last ten years. The access to electricity in the region of greater Accra is 97% [14]. • increase solar power: Ghana has ideal conditions, due to its geographical location • develop waste to energy systems to reduce share of biomass in energy supply mix • rise awareness: reduce consumption through energy efficiency
44%
14%
5%
37%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) [18]Mobility
Most of the people are walking (49,6 %) or using their own car (28,6%), only 0,5% are using the bicycle [18]. Car ownership is a sign of status which means every year the number of newly registered vehicles in the Greater Accra Region is raising. 2016 it was about 70,000 in 2018 it was about 93,135 [19]. Poor roaddesign for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport (called trotros) are hindering the traffic, the result is congestion in central area. Most of the trotros are private and under no control of government. • Pedestrianfriendly roaddesign (more intersections, street lights, seperated lines for vehicles, more
parking spots, no more trading on the road) • Better public transportation access (no more private trotros, just few stations along the road,
carsharing) • School education about carsharing, public transportation, NO MORE private cars • Strictly speedlimits at highway
Green infrastructure
Many different ministries tackling the same issue of sustainable nature-based solutions not properly. There is a lack of proper stormwater management causing flood and water logging, especially in the rainy season, as well as poor maintenance, especially of organic drains. On top of that these drains must handle grey and black wastewater in addition to stormwater. The growing urbanization of the metropolis and rural regions without control impacts a decreased infiltration and increased surface water run-off combined with a growing amount of solid waste. Also, there are only about 7% of green areas in the urbanized region. [20], [21] • a well-functioning drainage system saving and storm water management • sustainable solid waste management needs to be integrated to free the blocked drains • big need of greener housing spaces to ensure a healthier life (temperature, pollution) and improve
the quality of the city (tourism, social life)
Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2017) [27]
92%
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban Planning
About 8.2% of the population of Ghana lives in Accra [9]. The population growth rate is estimated at 2.09%. About 56% of the inhabitants are under 24 years old. [4] The population density with 13,122 inhabitants per km² is 2.8 times higher than in Munich. [7, 8] Accra has a size of 225.7 km² [4]. 92% is built-up area and about 15.7% (2011) of this is informal settlements [10, 11]. An estimated 45% of the population lives in these [12]. • Change from a uni-centric to a well-connected polycentric city • Change from one-storey to multi-storey houses • Building affordable and sustainable homes for everyone • Creation of a development plan with separate areas for industry
“Ambitious - Cultural - Caring - Renewable - Agile” A well educated young generation strives for being a rolemodel for their whole country and even western-central Africa. Therefore they will have acchieved financial independence, solid management of their economy, infrastructure, resources and culture. Also, social justice, overall-health and other sustainable nature-based solutions were implemented in their development.
Accra Ghana
City overview
Country overview
Income classification1 Lower-middle income (2.130 US$/ capita) [15]
Life expectancy 62/64 years (2016) [1] Literacy rate 76,1 % (2010) [2] Happiness ranking 98 of 156 countries (2019) [3]
Population 2.514.005 (2020) [4] Density 13.122 inhabitants/km (2016) [5] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) equatorial, winter dry (Aw) [16] CO2 emissions 0,97 mtCO2/capita (2016) [17]
Tabea Horn, Martina Gruzlewski, Dominik Eckl, Sabrina Majewski
1,2 Earths
Flash flood
0
1
2
3
4
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. 2 IMCV is a Multidimensional Life Conditions Index developed by the government of Medell ín to quantify each districts quality of life [9].
Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network, “Ecological Footprint Explorer,” Footprintnetwork.org, 2019. 2- Departamento Administrativo de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres Medellín, “Plan Municipal de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Medellín 2015-2030,” medellin.gov.co, 2015. 4-DANE, “Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda,” dane.gov.co, 30-Aug-2019. 5-Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, “Plan Maestro de Espacios Públicos Verdes del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá,” metropol.gov.co, 2006. 6- Área Metropolitana Valle de Aburrá, “Encuesta origen destino,” Metropol. gov.co, 2018. 7- International Energy Agency, “IEA - The global energy authority,” Iea.org, 2019. 8- B. Miller and E. Sweigart, “How Countries Manage Water: Colombia,” Americasquarterly.org, 21- Oct-2019. 9- M. P. Molina Quintero and J. A. Barrios Barrera, “Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos,” Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Nov. 2014. Aerial image- Google Earth (2016).
Waste The total urban solid waste generated is 294.643 [18], which most of the waste generated is organic and comes from residential waste. From the total waste, only 18,9% is recycled, 1,8% used as biomass and 79,2% [19] is disposed on the landfill (3,8km²) which corresponds to 1% of the city’s total area. • Increase plastic recycling to 75%. • Reuse organic waste into biomass to 30%. • Decrease the area needed for the landfill to 60%. • Generate business through the sustainable reuse and recycle of waste.
19%
2%
76%
Others
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2020) Water Medellin has 96% water coverage [14]. The Medellin River represents 75% of the water supply and 25% comes from groundwater [15]. Medellin’s average water consumption is 126,67 liters per person per day [16]. The agricultural sector represents 54% of the total water demand in the city [17]. Medellin has 3 reservoirs, 11 water treatment plants and 2 different water supply systems, in which 96% of the water is distributed by the interconnected system and 4% by the independent system [14]. • Increase water supply and drainage system coverage to 100%. • Clean 100% of the Medellin River avoiding the use of harmful chemicals. • Recycle all the wastewater, expand aquifer and install rainwater tanks.
Energy Renewable resources account for one-fourth of Medellín’s primary energy sources. Electricity is mainly supplied by hydropower with a percentage of 78%; therefore, the electricity used in the city is mostly renewable [7]. All inhabitants have access to electricity. The city has an efficiency score of 2,6 this is below the global average of 5,27 [7], [13]. • Implement of photovoltaic solar panels in different sizes such as residential, commercial
and large-scale. • Construct mini-grid systems using residential-sized PV applications. • Increase energy efficiency in new construction projects. • Decrease thermal energy conversion and carbon emissions.
37%
26%
11%
26%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) Mobility The public transport system consists of Metro, Tram, Cablecar, and BRT. 45% of daily trips are completed via public transport, 29% via active modes but only 1% by bicycle [11]. The city has a high and growing demand for private transport (e.g. cars and motorbikes). Medellin is the 25th most congested city in the world (2018) with 138h lost in traffic [12]. • Develop interconnected electric bicycle stations and expand system coverage. • Connect all public transport modes with pedestrian and bicycle systems with extended
hours of operation. • Implement electric-powered cars, motorbikes, and buses. • Develop new cable car stations and expand public transport coverage.
cycling 1
Green infrastructure Total green areas account for 18,9% of urban Medellín (6,6m²/capita), while public- use green areas are only 13,2% of urban Medellín (4,6m²/capita) [10]. The ecological network is significantly fragmented. The rapidly expanding slums along the valley walls are the most vulnerable to disasters due to poor quality housing. • Increase effective green area per capita by converting private-use areas. • Improve connectivity of the ecological network through green corridors, green belts,
and library parks, using hedgerows, green roofs, and urban farming. • Implement green measures against landslides, mudslides, floods and flash floods,
such as filter strips, detention and infiltration basins, retention ponds, and rain gardens.
87%
9% 4%
Built-up areas
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning Medellín has a young and independent population [5]. The poor and vulnerable classes make up 4,2% and 19,4% of the population, respectively [8]. These lower classes are only able to live in specific districts of the city and therefore have limited access to various services and quality education. The city qualifies inequality using an IMCV2 [9]. The district with the highest IMCV has more than double that of the lowest. • Develop affordable housing programs for the lower classes and the young population. • Promote the use of sustainable materials and natural ventilation for all new construction. • Fund interdimensional programs that benefit communities and the city as a whole,
like the mobility Encicla program, Green Belt, and Library Parks.
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10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Vision - The Right to a Sustainable Life A more equal Medellín where all its inhabitants have the right to adequate housing, sustainably-sourced public services, and opportunities regardless of age, gender, education, and economic power.
Medellín Colombia
City overview
Country overview
Population 2.596.625 (2018) [5] Density 6.353,7 inhabitants/km (2018) [5] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Tropical monsoon (Am) [6] CO2 emissions 1,66 mtCO2/capita (2017) [7]
Gerda Cones, David Guillen, Andres Grisales, Holman Latorre, Ayberk Ozyurek
2,05 Earths
1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-middle income countries 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. 2 United Nations. “Peru”. Available: http://data.un.org/en/iso/pe.html. [November 2019] 3CountryEconomy. “Literacy rate increase in Peru”. Available: https://countryeconomy.com/demography/literacy-rate/peru. [November 2019] 4John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey D. Sachs. (2019). World Happiness Report. [Online]. Available: https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2019/WHR19.pdf. [Accessed: December 2019] 5 Lima Cómo Vamos. (2019, October). ¿Cómo vamos en Lima y Callao? Noveno Informe de Indicadores sobre Calidad de Vida. [Online]. Available: http://www.limacomovamos.org/informesurbanos/. [Accessed: November 2019]
Waste Organic and dry recyclable materials are the main share of the total domestic waste generated. The collection services coverage is 88%[9]. However, no efficient waste segregation at the source takes place and almost the totality of the collected waste is disposed in either sanitary landfills or informal open waste dumps. Informal waste workers face critical health and work safety risks. • Implement awareness-raising initiatives on consumption and materials life-cycle. • Reduce packaging and substitute single-use materials with returnable materials • Proper destination and future use of the generated waste: segregation at the source,
composting, waste-to-energy, and improved recycling centers and work conditions.
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017)Water The Peruvian capital is located at the most critical region of the country in terms of water avaiability: water is a scarce resource, while the demand is high. Even though 95% of the population has access to drinking water[8], this does not ensure the potability of water or the quality of the drinking water supply system. • Decrease drinking water demand: more conservation measures, less system losses • Achieve safe and sustainable water supply: make the drinking water drinkable. • Invest in descentralized water and wastewater systems, particularlly non-potable
water reuse, desalination, and fog-water harvesting. • Preserve surface and groundwater resources.
Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017)Energy Lima relies mainly on fossil fuels, which are used for cooking, transportation and transformation to electricity in thermoelectric plants (they provide 72% of the electricity share, the rest comes from hydropower plants)[6]. Natural gas has gained a crucial role in Energy production, displacing almost every other source. Over 99% of the population has got access to the electric network[7] but around 50% of electricity is lost during transformation and distribution processes[3]. • Invest in the local production of biogas from the city´s organic waste. • Invest in renewables, such as wind and ocean energy. • Import electricity coming from renewable energy sources.
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018)Mobility The majority of trips is done by public transport[4], which is mainly operated by old collective buses. These create safety problems, high particulate matter concentrations and large congestions[5]. There is a plan for a metro system, one line is already succesfully in operation. Electromobility does not yet play a role. A lack of cycling lanes and saftrefy problems hamper the progress in encouraging cycling as a means of transport. • Invest more into a cycle network in all districts and advertize it in the city. • Persecute illegal transport and ensure accessibility for everybody in public transport. • Electrify taxis as and buses as pilot projects, set up a smart charging infrastructure. • Integrate the metro system well into the urban structure (polycentric development).
cycling 2
motorbike 2
pri ori
tise d
bu s
4
Green infrastructure Lima provides little urban green open spaces for the citizens with a mean of 2.72 m2 per capita, especially in the outskirts[3]. Most of the parks are in wealthier districts[3], some are private. Nonetheless, Lima has got some natural sites[2] which could be exploited better, e.g. the coast, seasonal hills and the three rivers. • Renaturate the river and their valleys as they are possible natural green belts and
make them accessible for walkers and cyclists. • Focus on native plants that do not use much water. • Use green roofs as a possibility to green that unused spaces. • Build a terrace structure in the cliff in Miraflores as a pilot project.
Urban planning Due to a lack of housing offer[1] for low income habitants self-built, poor quality, disaster- prone, informal settlements have developed[2]. The city’s population distribution is characterized by massive sprawl of low-density family houses on the outskirts, overfilled poorly build houses in slums and high buildings in the central and more wealthy parts of the city[2]. • Re-location and control of disaster-prone areas. • Self-organized improvement with state founding to improve the living conditions. • Private and public market enforcement to create housing offer for all citizens. • Planning of multi-centered land-use development and density with a holistic view.
LIMA: Juntos, sí se puede! Together, it is posible!
Lima as a healthy living space where people feel invited to participate, creating a sense of place and responsibility. A city that respects the natural environment with conscious use of resources, resulting on equal opportunities and the happiness of Limeños.
Lima Peru
City overview
Country overview
Population5 10,371,712 (2018) Density5 3,683 inhabitants/km (2018) Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Arid Desert Cold/Hot Arid(BWk/BWh) CO2 emissions6 1.50 mtCO2/capita (2012)
Alejandro Castillo Nolte, Nicole Valentini Fedrizzi, Sebastian Schüle, Stefanie Gocht
1.3 Earths
DroughtLandslide/ Mudslide
Earthquake EpidemicFlood
Waste Mexico City has one of the highest urban solid waste generation per capita in the world [17]. Nonetheless the city has a solid waste infrastructure with a very good collecting rate in the federal district [18]. For the outer areas is not much reliable data available. The main part of the waste is organic and stored in sanitary landfills [19]. Much informal recycling by people called “pependadores” is happening [17]. Actually, CDMX does not use waste-to-energy technologies. • Reduce waste generation by banning single use plastic materials • Increase the sensitivity for waste separation • Optimize recycling and reuse rates • Exchange old diesel powered waste trucks by electrical ones
15%
11%
6%
65%
Reuse
Incineration
Non-collected
upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055.
Sources: [1] S. d. Salud., «Agenda estadística 2017.,» Mexico City., 2017. [2] INEGI, «Censo Nacional de Gobiernos Municipales y Delegacionales 2017,» Sistema Nacional de información estadística y geográfica., 2017. [3] R. L. a. J. D. S. John F. Helliwell, «World Happiness Report Mexico,» 2019. [4] S. Z. Arena, « Aspectos socioeconómicos de la problemática en México.,» Editorial Limusa, 2002. [5] Weatherbase.com, «`Weather Mexico city,» 2020. [6] S. d. M. A. d. l. C. d. México, Inventario de emisiones de la ciudad de México., CDMX, 2016. Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network, „Country Trends,“ 2016. 2- CDMX Resilience Office, „CDMX Resilience Strategy,“ 100 Resilient Cities, 2016. 4- Secretaria de Salud de la Ciudad de México. Agenda estadística 2017. CDMX. 5- Own elaboration based on aerial images of Google Maps (2018). 6- I. N. d. E. y. G. INEGI, „Encueste origen destino - En hogares de la zona metropolitana del valle de México,“ México, 2017. 7- Secretaría de Energía, PRODESEN 2018-2031 Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, CDMX, 2018.. 8- CONAGUA, 2018, Estadísticas del agua en méxico, edición 2018. Comisión nacional del agua. Secretaría de medio ambiente y Recursos naturales. México.. 9- Facultat de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 2013. Aerial image- Google Earth (2016).
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2013)
Water The aquifer which provides around 70 % of the water, is highly overused [15]. Therefore, the groundwater table is sinking which causes subsidence and damage on the infrastructure, the ecosystem and poor water quality [16]. Especially poor people suffer from bad access to water and are vulnerable to floods that occur recurrently [16]. The rates of wastewater treatment and groundwater infiltration are too low [16]. • Implement rainwater harvesting facilities throughout the whole city • Repair damaged water and wastewater infrastructure and expand it - access to clean
water for all • Increase groundwater infiltration - implement infiltration systems • Educate inhabitants to use less water • Recycle water, e.g. for flushing toilets
25%
68%
Energy The primary energy is almost 90 % coming from fossil fuels [14]. For electricity, nuclear energy provides 4 %, hydro 10 %, wind 4 % and solar 1 % which contrast with the high solar irradiation potential of 5.3 kWh/m2 annually [14]. Transport sector is the main source for CO2 and PM2.5 [6]. • Generate electricity for renewable sources will diversify the energy market making it
more competitive • Refurbish to the old infrastructure for transmission and distributionand, implement
Smart-grids • Reduce emissions from internal combustion vehicles switching to public transport • Develop waste-to-energy facilities to supply power and build storage systems
62%
22%
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017)
Mobility Not taking walking into consideration over 95 % of the trips in Mexico City are made by three means of transport: motorized private vehicles, metro or a big variety of buses, microbuses, collective vans and taxis [10]. Whilst the metro system only covers the city area all other 13 million inhabitants of the metropolitan region are reliant on road- based ways of travelling. Mexico City is the fourth most congested city worldwide [11] and suffers under bad air quality around 250 days a year [12]. The traffic sector is responsible for 44 % of the cities greenhouse gas emissions [13]. • Expansion of the metro network • Reduce road space for cars in favour of bikes, pedestrians • Revaluate the bus system, bigger buses in a defined network • Expand rail network and bring unused back in use
Active walking
25
Public
Private
Green infrastructure There are around 6731 ha of green areas in the urban part (equals to ca. 4.5 % of the total surface) [8] but they are unevenly distributed. Especially in poor areas, there is often not enough vegetation (2.23 m2/capita) [8]. The average is at around 7.54 m2 per person [8] which is not sufficient according to the WHO [9]. The government and the citizens have started several programs in the last years to tackle this problem. Therefore, green areas are becoming more again. • Create green building walls and roofs – tax benefits for companies • Create a bigger, equally distributed park structure with water infiltration areas • Increase urban farming in the city center
60%
32%
8%
Built-up areas
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning The city was founded on a lake system surrounded by volcanoes. It grew without proper planning and by result the lake was drained and built over. The administrative limits of the city of Mexico covers 9 million people, while more than the half of the metropolitan area lives in the neighbor State making complex to synchronize public policies [7]. • An integral agenda among municipalities is needed to reorganize better the land use. • The challenges are to reduce the inequality among social sectors, improve health
services and provide security. • Create an atlas of risk for vulnerable buildings for earthquakes and floods.
-5% -3% -1% 1% 3% 5%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Vision - „Make Mexico City green again!” Most of the problems arise from a disrupted relation to nature. The slogan stands for restoring this “green” relation. The city must be the place where you feel secure, enjoy being outside everyday while having high and equal living standards with clean sky and where inhabitants live in full harmony with nature again.
Mexico City Mexico
City overview
Country overview
Income classification1 Upper-middle (9,180 US$/capita) Life expectancy 78 years (women) 72 years (men) [1] Literacy rate 98,5 % [2] Happiness ranking 23 of 156 countries [3]
Population 21.650.668 (2017) [1] Density 16.000 inhabitants/km [4] Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Ocean Suptropical Highland (Cwb) [5] CO2 emissions 2,87 tCO2/capita (2016) [6]
Sandra Feder, Javier Lopez Garcia, Thomas Merrath, Fabian Kellner
1,6 Earths
EarthquakeHeavy Rain
Flash flood
Sources: [1] https://data.worldbank.org [2] https://happyplanetindex.org [3] https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pr/curitiba/panorama [4] http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm [5] EcoWood (2011) http://multimidia.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2012/00118446.pdf [6] Fermino et al. (2013) https://bnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-10-35 [7] Grise et al. (2015) https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/312036103_A_FLORESTA_URBANA_DA_CIDADE_DE_CURITIBA-PR [8] https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Clean-Energy-Data-Explorer?language=en_ US [9] https://water.nature.org/waterblueprint/city/curitiba [10] Mott MacDonald (2015) https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2016/00176737.pdf Figures: 1- https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/Curitiba_report_PT.pdf 2- https://www.c40.org/cities/curitiba#city-climate-risks 4- https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pr/curitiba/panorama. 5- Grise et al. (2015) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312036103_A_FLORESTA_URBANA_DA_CIDADE_DE_CURITIBA-PR 6- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Transport-Data-Explorer?language=en_US 7- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Clean-Energy-Data-Explorer?language=en_US. 8- https://water.nature.org/waterblueprint/city/curitiba 9- Mott MacDonald (2015) https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2016/00176737.pdf Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).
Waste Curitiba already has a system in place to recycle plastic, metals, glass and paper, which includes social collection programs. The system is municipally organized and based on waste pickers. Even though this unfortunately introduces a lot of redundancy in waste treatment, changes need to be handled with care as the livelihood of a few thousand waste pickers depends on it [10]. Possible improvements include: • separate collection of organic waste for composting and processing in a biogas plant • regulation for packaging to include recycled material and/or be recyclable • ban of throwaway plastics • upcycle and repair workshops
23%
77%
Recycling
Composting
Reuse
Incineration
Non-collected
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources Water TheMetropolitan area’s sources of water are mainly rivers. However, processed drinking water is of 6950 l/s which is smaller than the demand of 7000 l/s [9]. This is a problem for the growing city. Moreover, Curitiba is located in an area with heavy rainfalls, which brings the problem of frequent floods. Measures can be taken for improvement: • Better waste water treatment, goal drinking water • Dam as flood protection • Desalination of sea water • Increase awareness of people regarding water • Rainfalls usage as a source of water
97%
Energy The energy sources of the city’s electricity are mainly renewable, the most important part is here hydropower with around 70 % [8]. On the other side 18 % comes from non- renewable sources but is responsible for only 6 % of the CO2eq emissions of the energy sector. The other 94 % come from fuels. So, to really save CO2eq, there must be a change in the transportation and the industrial sector [5]. • Generation of more capacity of cleaner renewable energy such as the wind, solar and
bio-mass • Elimination of CO2 emission • Introduction of smart technologies
4% 9%
3% 2%
82%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewables
Others
Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017-2018) Mobility Curitiba’s bus system has largely contributed to its development. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of active transport & cars, and a decrease in bus ridership. Methods to enhance the ability of all its inhabitants to move, through highly accessibile, affordable, environmentally-friendly and high-quality transportation means are: • Not prioritizing cars - road pricing & fuel tax, emission control, campaigns • Attractive bus system - reduce fares, improve quality, higher capacity, electrification • Encourage modal shift - rental e-scooters & bicycles, better infrastructure • Use of technology - telecommuting & traffic signals prioritizing cycling • Future of transport - trams on existing roads
Green infrastructure • Curitiba is already a very green city. Nearly the half of the area is covert with green,
which leads to a green area of 64m2 per capita [6], But the problem with that is, that most of these areas are not public, and the public ones are not even distributed over the city [7]. Because of that not all residents have equal and easy access to the public green space. So, there is still a need for action.
• Achieve equal distribution and access to green spaces, • Make Curitiba a biophilic city • Community gardening • Vertical Farming and Gardening
54% 43%
Green areas
Blue areas
Urban planning Curitiba is a fast growing city due to its high livability, with a growing population of 1.9 million. Some challenges arise including overcrowding, informal settlements and slums. Improvements using suitable management of existing land, targeting the city’s young population, creating attractive social housing to improve equity and further increase its livability are to be implemented. • Polycentric city of short distances • Mixed use development • Energy efficient, attractive social housing • Shared living to reduce housing shortage
-10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
0-4 5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
male female
Vision - A Living City for All A sustainable Curitiba offers equal opportunity to all inhabitants. An inclusive social infrastructure enables the citizens to shape their city. The streets, green and bustling, are for the people. Closed circuits and a regional economy achieve resilience.
Curitiba Brazil
City overview
Country overview
Life expectancy 75 years [1]
Literacy rate 93 % [1]
Density 4 027.04 inhabitants/km (2010) [3]
Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Moderate maritime climate (Cfb) [4]
CO2 emissions 1.92 mtCO2/capita (2018) [5]
Adejumoke Lanisa, Eman Taha, Adedayo Ajala, Sherief Elmetwally, Thea Meßmer
1.73 Earths
StormFloodHeavy rain
Violent wind
upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. 2 IOL 2019. 3 Socio Economic Profile // City of Cape Town 2016. 4 World Happiness Report 2019. 5 World Population
Review 2020. 6 World Population Review 2020. Census 2011. 7 World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification 2006. 8 Energy Consumption and CO2e Emission Database 2018. Sources: [1] dpa international by K. Palitza 2018. [2] State of the Environment Report 2018. [3] UAP 2016. [4] Comprehensive integrated transport plan 2013. The World Air Quality Project. University of Cape Town 2019. WHO 2018. [5] Cape Town State of Energy Report 2015. [6] Official Guide to South Africa 2018/19 Water and Sanitation. [7] The South African by Nic Andersen 2018. [8] City of Cape Town - Water and sanitation services in informal settlements. [9] Green Cape, Waste - 2018 Market Intelligence Report 2018. [10] E+Z Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit - Voneinander lernen 2016. [11] EU-Reycling by H. Stumpf 2019. [12] Lilli Green 2018. Figures: 1- OCHA. 2- OCHA, Thenounproject by Gan Khoon Lay. 3- various. 4- State of Cape Town Report 2016. 5- European Comission GHS Urban Centre Database 2015. Blue areas: self estimation 6- Research Gate by Marianne Vanderschuren 2015. 7- Cape Town State of Energy Report 2015. 8- University of Cape Town 2019. 9- World Bak 2018, CDP 2018. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).
Waste CT produces 3,713,700 t/a of urban solid waste.[9] 64% of the people in ZA are connected to a waste disposal system. 79% of the waste is disposed in open dumps. Incineration is prohibited by law.[10] Informal waste pickers are important for the recycling system.[11] The measures to achieve the vision “Zero Waste” and “Cradle to Cradle” are: • The population must be sensitized to this topic. The current lifestyles must be changed. • Avoid Waste. Products have to be durable and repairable. Recycling is the last step. • Replace materials: Packaging made from algae.[12] Local product and biodegradable. • Organic waste: Generate electricity and heat in biogas plants. Processed as
biomethane used as fuel for mobility. Fermentation residues used as fertilizer.
14%
0%
79%
Reuse
Incineration
Non-collected
Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) Water The supply of water is a major problem in CT. The city is dependent on rainwater. Rain is collected in rain season and consumed over year. 99.5% of the people have access to water with good quality.[6] 2015-2018 was a water crisis in C.T.. Several years of drought reduced the water reserves to 16%.[7] The water consumption was limited to 50 LPCD. Wastewater treatment is insufficient, much water is discharged untreated into nature. • Permanent reduction of water consumption in all areas. • Secure independent water supply. Groundwater, reused water, if needed desalination. • High standards for drinking water access. Currently:1 tap per 25 houses in townships.[8]
• Connect all houses to the canalisation and improve the wastewater treatment plants. 95%
5% Surface water
Energy CT consumed 5,414,468 TCE final energy in 2012. This translates into global greenhouse gas emissions of 5.5 tCO2e per capita. CT’s energy supply profile is dominated by o

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