Citrus Molasse001

8/13/2019 Citrus Molasse001

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/citrus-molasse001 1/5

C I T R U S M O L A S S E S - - A N E W F E E D ~

R . B . B E C K E R P . T . D I X A R N O L D G E O R G E K . D A V I S AND E . L . F O U T S

Flor ida Agr icu l tura l Exp er im ent S ta t ion Gainesvi ll e F lor ida

C i t r u s m o l a s se s w a s p r o d u c e d i n F l o r i d a o n a c o m m e r c i a l s c al e d u r i n g

t h e c a n n i n g se a s o n o f 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 2 w i t h a p r o d u c t i o n o f 2 5 00 t o n s. D u r i n g

1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 3 t h is w a s i n c r e a s e d t o a b o u t 47 00 to n s. A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f

o f d o m e s t i c b l a c k s t r a p m o l a ss e s w a s u n a v a i l a b l e f o r f e e d i n g p u r p o s e s d u e

t o i ts r e t e n t i o n f o r m a n u f a c t u r e o f w a r m a t e r i a l s . H e n c e c i t r u s m o l a s s e s

f il le d a n e e d i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f m i x e d f e e d s . T h e s u p p l y o f c it r u s

m o l a s s e s h a s b e e n i n su f fi c ie n t t o m e e t t h e d e m a n d o f t h e m i x e d f e e d i n d u s t r y .

RECOVERY OF CITRUS MOLASSES

F r o m a s u rv e y m a d e b y t he D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l tu r a l E c o n o m i es o f

t h e F l o r i d a s t a t io n i t w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t 6 7.5 p e r c e n t o f b u l k c i t r u s f r u i t s

r e m a i n s a s p e e l , r a g , a n d s e e d , f r o m t h e c a n n i n g o f h e a r t s , ju i c e , a n d c i t r u s

c o n c e n t r a t e . T h i s r e s i d u e o r f r e s h p u l p c o n t a i n s a b o u t 8 5 p e r c e n t o f

m o i s t u r e m o s t l y a s b o u n d w a t e r , o r w a t e r o f c o n s ti t u ti o n .

A d d i t i o n o f c a l c i u m s a l ts to t h e f r e s h p u l p l i b e r a te s t h e b o u n d w a t e r .

O n e - h a l f o f t h e w a t e r t h e n is r e m o v e d b y p r e s su r e . T h e p u l p is d e h y d r a t e d

i n t o d r i e d c i t r u s p u l p . T h e p re s s j u i c e c o n t a i n s a b o u t 5.4 p e r c e n t s o l i d s - -

m a i n l y s u g ar s . E v a p o r a t i o n o f t h is m a t e r i a l u n d e r p a r t i a l v a c u u m to a b o u to n e - t h i r t e e n t h o f t h e o r i g i n a l v o l u m e re s u l t s i n a l i g h t c o l o r e d s w e e t v i s c o u s

s y r u p k n o w n t o t h e f e e d i n d u s t r y a s c i t r u s m o l a s s e s . A g l u c os i de

n a r i n g i n - - w h i c h i m p a r t s a c h a r a c t e r i s ti c f l a v o r t o c i t r u s p e el , al so is co n -

c e n t r a t e d i n t h e p r o c e s s , s o t h a t i t s f l a v o r is a c c e n t u a t e d i n t h e m o l a s se s .

COMPOSITION OF CITR US MOLASSES

C i t r u s m o l a s s e s i s n o t w h o l l y s t a n d a r d i z e d a s t o c o m p o s i ti o n p e r h a p s d u e

t o c h a n g e s i n t h e p re s s j u i c e f r o m c i t r u s f r u i t s a s th e s e a s o n a d v a n c e s . T h e

p r o d u c e r s c o n c e n t r a t e i t t o a r e a d i n g o f 7 5 d e g r e e s B r i x . T h e r e s u l t i n g

p r o d u c t v a r i e s sl i g h t ly i n t o t a l so l id s c o n t e n t, a n d i n p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h ed i f f e r e n t c o n s t i t u e n t s .

F o u r a n a l y s e s o f c it r u s m o l a s s e s a r e a v a i l a b l e, 3 f r o m t h e 1 9 4 1 -1 9 4 2

c ro p , a n d o n e ( S a m p l e N o . 4 ) d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e N u t r i t i o n L a b o r a t o r y f r o m

t h e 1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 3 c r o p . T h e s e a n a l y s e s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 1.

T h e s p e c if ic g r a v i t y o f c i t r u s m o l a s s e s ( S a m p l e N o . 4 w a s 1 . 3 76 ) a n d a

p i t v a l u e o f 4 .6 5 w a s o b se r v e d . A n a l y s e s s h o w e d 0 . 94 p e r c e n t o f c a l c i u m

c i t r a t e [ C a 3 ( C s H ~ O T ) ] p r e s e n t a s fi n e w h i t e f l a k e s w h i c h s e t t l e d o u t o n

R e c e i ve d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n A u g u s t 2 6 1 9 43 .

P u b l i s h e d w i t h a p p r o v a l o f th e D i r ec t o r o f t h e F l o r i d a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t

S t a t i o n .

269



tO

TA

1

Analy

ofc

rus

mo

a

.v

Sm

e

N

D

y

m

e 6

8

7

2

7

2

6

5

Cu

poen

50

3837

33

Eh

e

a 01

02

02

N

Cu

fb

N00

N N

N

o

e

e

a 5

9

6

7

6

9

5

6

A

h 35

53

5234

R

n

su

2

9

2

7

3

0

N

o

re

n

su

1

8

1

2

1

7

Wegpg

oIb

1

0

1

6

1

1

o



CITRUS I~OLASSES A NEW FEED 2 7 1

s t a n d in g . T h e m a j o r c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h is m o l as s es a r e r e d u c i n g a n d n o n -

r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w h i c h v a r y . N o f i b er i s p r e s e n t . T h e

a m o u n t o f e th e r e x t r a c t d e p e n d s u p o n t h e m e c h a n i c a l s e p a r a t io n , o r th ee v a p o r a t i o n o f c i t r u s o ils .

N o d ig e s t i o n t r i a l s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d u s i n g c i t r u s m o la s se s . D i g e s t i o n

t r i a l s o n s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s i n c l u d e d 4 w i t h b e e t m o l a ss e s a n d 2 6 w i t h c a n e o r

b l a e k s t ra p m ol as se s, c i te d b y F . B . M o r r i s o n i n F e e d s a n d F e e d i n g , 2 0 t h

e d i t i o n . T h e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f t h e s e d i g e s t i o n c o e f fi c ie n t s -- - 3 5 p e r c e n t

f o r c r u d e p r o t e i n a n d 9 0.1 p e r c e n t f o r n it r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t - - a p p l i e d t o t h e

a v e r a g e c r u d e p r o t e i n a n d n i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t f r o m a n a l y s e s o f c i t r u s

m o l a s se s i n ta b l e 1 , g a v e a n e s t i m a t e d v a l u e o f 1 .4 p e r c e n t d i g e s ti b l e c r u d e

p r o t e i n a n d 5 6 .7 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l d i g e s ti b l e n u t r i e n t s , w i t h 6 9 .9 p e r c e n t o f

d r y m a t t e r i n t h e m o l a s s e s .

PALATABILITY OF CITRUS MOLASSES

S i n c e th e f la v o r of n a r i n g i n p r e d o m i n a t e s i n c i t r u s m o l a ss e s, t h e p a l a t a -

b i l i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t f o r d a i r y c ow s w a s q u e s ti o n e d. T w o b r i e f c o n c l u si v e

p a l a t a b i l i t y t r i a l s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e J e r s e y c o w s i n t h e E x p e r i m e n t

S t a t i o n d a i r y h e r d u s i n g d i f f e r e n t l e v e ls o f m o l a ss e s. S i n c e a 9 p e r c e n t

l ev e l o f b l a c k s tr a p ( s u g a r c a n e ) m o l as s es is t h e a m o u n t p r e s e n t i n m a n y

c o m m e r c i a l l y m i x e d d a i r y f e e d s f iv e p e r c e n t o f c i t r u s m o l a s s e s w a s i n c o r -

p o r a t e d i n t o h o m e - m i x e d c o n c e n t r at e s . T w e n t y - f i ve c o w s w e r e o f f e r e d 2

p o u n d s e a c h o f th e m o l a s s e s- c o n c e n tr a te s a f t e r c o n s u m i n g t h e i r r e g u l a ra f t e r n o o n a l l o w a n c e o f f e e d . A l l o f t h e f e e d w a s c o n s u m e d w i t h o u t h e s i t a -

t io n . O n t h e s e c o n d d a y , 1 0 p o u n d s o f c i tr u s m o l a ss e s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d

w i t h 9 0 p o u n d s o f c o n c e n t r a t e s ; o f f e r ed i n t h e s am e m a n n e r , a n d c o n s u m e d

c o m p l e t e l y b y t h e 2 5 a n i m a l s.

T h i r t y - f o u r J e r s e y a n d G u e r n s e y c o w s w e r e o f f e re d s t r a i g h t c i tr u s m o l a s -

s es f r o m o n e t o t h r e e t i m e s w h i le in t h e s t a n c h i o n s . T w e n t y - s i x a n i m a l s

r e f u s e d i t o n f i r s t o f f e r i n g , 1 7 o n t h e s e c o n d , a n d 8 o n t h e t h i r d o f f e r i n g .

E l e v e n c o w s a te a l l o f th e c i t r u s m o l as s e s ; 7 t o o k p a r t ; 5 t a s t e d i t, a n d t h r e e

o t h e r s a t e a l l w h e n m i x e d f e e d w a s s p r i n k l e d b e s i d e it . W h e n o f f e r e d f ir s t,

t h e m a j o r i t y o f c ow s d i d n o t c a r e f o r t h e p u r e p r o d u c t , t h e p r o p o r t i o n d e -c r e a s i n g o n l a t e r o f f e ri n g s . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t c o w s w o u l d l e a r n t o t a k e t h i s

f e e d , b u t i t a p p e a r s u n d e s i r a b l e f o r f e e d i n g s e p a r a t e ly .

EFFECT O M ILK FLAVOR

D o e s c i t r u s m o la s s e s af f e c t t h e f l a v o r o f m i l k ? T o a n s w e r t h i s q u e s t i o n

i n d i v i d u a l m i lk sa m p l e s w e r e o b t a in e d f r o m f o u r J e r s e y c ow s a f t e r b e i n g i n

d r y lo t 1 0 h o u r s w i t h o u t f e e d . O n o t h e r d a y s , c i t r u s m o l a ss e s w a s a d d e d a s

1 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e m i x e d c o n c e n t r a t e s , f e d 2 h o u r s p r i o r t o m i l k i n g t i m e , a n d

a d d i t i o n a l m i l k s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d . S a m p l e s f r o m t h e c o m p l e t e m i l k i n g w e r e

c o l l e c te d i n m i lk b o t t le s , c o o l ed i m m e d i a t e l y i n i c e w a t e r a n d h e l d a t 3 5 ° F .



2 7 2 R. B. BECKER, P. T. D. ARNOLD, G. K. DAVIS AND E. L. FOUTS

TABLE 2

E f f e c t o f c i t r u s m o l a ss e s o n th e f l a v o r o f m i l k a s s c o re d b y 3 j u d g e s ~

Cow No.

664 655 708 737

Average

C o w s r ec e i v ed n o f e e d 1 0 h o u r s p r i o r t o m i l k i n g ; ~ t r i a l s

Av er ag e sc ore ............ 38.1 37,7 38.7 38.7 38.3

C o w s r e c e iv e d m o l a s s e s - c o n c e n t r a t e f e e d 2 h o u r s p r i o r t om i l b i n g ; d t r i a l s

Av er ag e sc ore ............ 35.1 38.1 37.2 38.0 37.1

The samples were scored according to the American Dairy Science Association scorecard, which allows 45 points for flavor.

f o r 1 5 h o u r s . T h e s a m p l e s t h e n w e r e p a s t e u r i z e d a t 1 43 ° F . f o r 3 0 m i n u t e s ;c o o l e d t o 6 0 ° F . , a n d s c o r e d f o r f l a v o r b y 3 e x p e r i e n c e d j u d g e s .

T h e a v e r a g e f la v o r s c o re o f m i l k o b t a i n e d w h e n n o f e e d w a s c o n s u m e d b y

t h e c o w s 1 0 h o u r s b e f o r e m i l k in g , w a s o n l y 1 .2 p o i n t s h i g h e r t h a n w h e n

m i x e d c o n c e n t r a t e s c o n t a i n i n g 1 0 p e r c e n t o f c i t r u s m o l a s s e s w e r e f e d 2

h o u r s b e f o r e m i l k i n g . A t l e a s t p a r t o f t h i s d if f e r e n c e i n s co r e c a n b e a t -

t r i b u t e d to t h e c o n c e n t r a t e m i x t u r e i t s e lf . A l s o, t h e m i l k f r o m c o w N o . 6 6 4

i n c r e a s e d in s a l ti n e s s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t . W h i l e so m e f e e d

f l a v o r s w e r e n o te d , t h e y w e r e n e i t h e r i n t e n s e n o r o b j e c t io n a b l e . I t i s be -

l i e v e d t h a t i f t h i s p r o d u c t w a s f e d a t m i l k i n g t im e , n o n o t i c e a b l e e f f e c t o n

f l a v o r o f m i l k w o u l d r e s u l t.

CITRUS MOL SSE~ Ib~ GRASS SILAGE

B l a c k s t r a p m o l a ss e s is u s e d i n e n s i l in g g r a s s e s a n d l e g u m e s . I n i ts

s t e a d , a t r i a l w a s, c o n d u c t e d u s i n g N a p i e r g r a s s Pennisetum purpureumS c h u m a c h ) , e n s i l e d w i t h o u t m o l a ss e s , 2 l e v el s o f c i t r u s m o l a s se s w i t h N a p i e r

g r a s s a n d o n e l e ve l w i th p i g e o n p e a s Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) . T h e l ev -

e ls o f c i t r u s m o l a ss e s u s e d w i t h t h e f o r a g e a r e s h o w n i n t a b l e 3 .

T h e r e l a t i v e p a l a t a b i l i t y o f t h e s e f o u r s i l a g es w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h n i n e

. J e r s e y h e i f e r s , b a s e d u p o n t h e n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s e a t i n g e a c h s il a ge , a n d

~ h e h e i f e r s s h o w e d a d e c i d e d p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e m o l a s s e s - N a p i e r o v e r t h eTABLE 3

. E f fe c t o f e n s i li n g N a p i e r g r a s s a n d p i g e o n p e a s w i t h c i t r u s m o l a s se s u p o ni t s p a l a t a b i l i t y t o J e r s e y h e i f e r s

Forage

Napier grass ............

Pigeon peas ..............

Propor t ion of c i t rusmolasses a d d e d

0244

Aroma ofsilage

:Fair to goodExcellentExcellentGood

4.083 8 6

3.955.08

Preferenceof heifers

3rd1st2nd4th



C I T R U S M O L A S S E S A N E W F E E D 273

plain Napier silage. Although the pigeon pea silage rated fourth in palata-

bility , it ensiled well with the added ci trus molasses, and had a desirable

aroma.

S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S I O N S

Citrus molasses is replacing cane molasses in part of the mixed dairy

feeds. Over 4700 tons were obtained in the second yea r of operation, it

being recovered along with dried citrus pulp as by-products of the citrus

canning industry. Reducing and non-reducing sugars constitute two-thirds

of the dr y matter. No fiber, littl e fat, 4 per cent of crude protein, and over

0.9 per cent of calcium citrate were present. Values of 1.4 per cent of

digestible crude protein and 56.7 per cent of total digestible nutrients were

estimated by applying the digestion coefficients for lJeet and cane molasses.Dai ry cows found citrus molasses highly palatable mixed in concentrates

at 5 and 10 per cent levels, but much less so when first offered separately. A

slight feed flavor was imparted to milk when fed 2 hours before milking

time. The flavor was nei ther intense nor objectionable.

Additions of citrus molasses to a non-saccharin grass Napier) at 2 and

4 per cent levels improved aroma and pa latabili ty of the silage. Pigeon

peas ensiled satisfactorily with a 4 per cent addition of citrus molasses.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgment is made to two manufacturers of citrus molasses, whosupplied all information and materials requested of them for this investiga-

tion. Sidney Marshall aided with chemical analyses. W . J . Cowen con-

ducted two palat abili ty trials using citrus molasses with dai ry cows. Dr.

T. R. Freeman and C. B. Reeves scored and criticized milk samples. The

forage used in silages was contributed by George E. Ritchey of the Bureau

of Plan t Industry , United States Department of Agriculture. Hydrogen

ion concentrations of the silages were determined by Dr. T. R. Freeman.

Documents

Citrus Molasse001