Citing Sources Using APA (6th ed.)

This module discusses: • Giving credit for ideas, words, and information• Plagiarism and self plagiarism• Paraphrasing• Author – date citation system • Text citations• Direct quotes

Duration: 11 min 15 sec

When to Cite: Opinions, beliefs,…& Common

Knowledge

See APA (6th ed.), p. 169

• Opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source

• Any information obtained that is not common knowledge

• Direct quotes of the words used verbatim

• Summarized or paraphrased ideas

When to Cite:Common knowledge

See APA (6th ed.), p. 169

• Opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source

• Any information obtained that is not common knowledge

• Direct quotes of the words used verbatim

• Summarized or paraphrased ideas

When to Cite:Direct Quotes and Paraphrased

Ideas

See APA (6th ed.), p. 169

• Opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source

• Any information obtained that is not common knowledge

• Direct quotes of the words used verbatim

• Summarized or paraphrased ideas

Ethical Use of Information and Plagiarism

• Scholars are responsible for ethically using information.

• Problems by not properly citing the use of other people’s words, ideas, theories, and/or information is considered plagiarism.

Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

• Using another person’s ideas or words without giving them proper credit is considered plagiarism.

• Self-plagiarism• Using text citations for direct quotes and

paraphrasing

Two types of in-text citationsTwo types of in-text citations• paraphrase • direct quote

•APA uses the author – date citation system

Paraphrased text citations

Paraphrased text citation:

Another study raised issues of motivation in reading (McPherson, 2007).

Paraphrased text citation:

McPherson (2007) raised issues of motivation in reading.

Paraphrased text citations (part 2)

Paraphrased text citation:

Another study raised issues of motivation in reading (McPherson, 2007).

Paraphrased text citation:

McPherson (2007) raised issues of motivation in reading.

Punctuation and Formatting for Authors in Text Citation

APA’s Author-Date Citation System:

Fink’s (2007) research confirmed the results of cloning. Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).

Quantitative studies (Fink, 2001, 2007) confirmed …

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) . n.d. – no date Weiss (in press) is working on a new theory that ….

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 174-179.

Punctuation and Formatting for Authors in Text Citation

APA’s Author-Date Citation System:

Fink’s (2007) research confirmed the results of cloning. Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).

Quantitative studies (Fink, 2001, 2007) confirmed …

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) . n.d. – no date Weiss (in press) is working on a new theory that ….

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 174-179.

Et al. Citations in text:First: Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) Thereafter: Quinlan et al. (2008) observed (et al. is used after first use when there are three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:First: (Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008) Thereafter: (Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:Wienhorst et al. (2009)(Wienhorst et al., 2009)

See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 175, 177, 203

Always use et al. for six or more authors.

Punctuation for et al.Citations in text:Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) statedQuinlan et al. (2008) observed (et al. is used after first use when there are three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008) (Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:Wienhorst et al. (2009)(Wienhorst et al., 2009)

See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 175, 177, 203

Group Authors - abbreviationsCorporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups can serve as group authors.

If the name is long and the abbreviation is readily recognizable,then use the abbreviation the first time and abbreviate thereafter.

American Psychological Association (APA) (American Psychological Association [APA], 2001) Subsequent text citations use (APA, 2001)

If the name is short or not readily understandable, then write out the name each time it occurs.

University of Pittsburg (2006).Subsequent text citations use (University of Pittsburg, 2006)

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 176-177.

APA (6th ed.), p. 177

Group Authors – short namesCorporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups can serve as group authors.

If the name is long and the abbreviation is readily recognizable,then use the abbreviation the first time and abbreviate thereafter.

American Psychological Association (APA) (American Psychological Association [APA], 2001) Subsequent text citations use (APA, 2001)

If the name is short or not readily understandable, then write out the name each time it occurs.

University of Pittsburg (2006).Subsequent text citations use (University of Pittsburg, 2006)

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 176-177

APA (6th ed.), p. 177

Paraphrasing

Direct quote

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-174

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).

Paraphrase at least 50%

When the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most all-encompassing reform in education the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2008).

Direct quote

Paraphrased

More than 50% reworded

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-174

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).

• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness, and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far, transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused curriculum. Although the scope of research varies as much as the programs themselves, several important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparent that longer-term comprehensive transition programming can be beneficial. Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school (Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the social organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).

46% of Paper Used Verbatim Found Using Turnitin

Words in red were taken

verbatim from a second source.

Only a few words were

paraphrased.

Words in blue were taken

verbatim from one source.

(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).

(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006).

• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness, and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far, transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused curriculum. Although the scope of research varies as much as the programs themselves, several important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparent that longer-term comprehensive transition programming can be beneficial. Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school (Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the social organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).

Other Problems With Plagiarism Also Found Using Turnitin

The original idea was from Lan & Lanthier, but the source of this “paraphrase” was not

cited.

(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).

Example of a Direct QuoteText citation with direct quote: McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-171

Text Citation with Direct QuoteText citation with direct quote: McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).

The phrase that aptly describes the impact on reading is “goblet of motivation” (McPherson , 2007, p. 71).

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-171

Text Cites of Electronic Resources

In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).

“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative Research,” para. 5).

See APA (6th ed.), p. 172

Use name of section.

Use shortened title in quotation marks.

Block QuotesThe abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and “should summarize

the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2008, p. 34).

Direct quote for less than 40 words:

Block quote ( 40 words or more):

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

(NOTE: FSEHS allows single spacing, but APA uses double spacing.)

Note where the periods go!

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 92, 171

Ex. of Reference Citation

Reference citation in reference list:

McPherson, K. (2007). Harry Potter and the goblet of motivation. Teacher Librarian, 34(4), 71. doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482

The end