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Citing and ReferencingPhilippa Davies
Library & Knowledge Services Manager
Library and Knowledge ServicesBernhard Baron Building
Last updated December 2014.
Overview of how to cite and reference materials Understanding of the common mistakes Hands on practice at citing and referencing Opportunity for questions at the end
By the end of this session...
(Microsoft, 2014)
Why is citing and referencing your work properly important?
Why cite & reference?
Supports your own views or arguments Demonstrates your hard work and reading
Some readers skip straight to the references Demonstrates your understanding of the subject Acknowledges use of someone else’s ideas
Good academic practice, courteous Allow someone else to find the items Avoid accusations of plagiarism Remember to reference only high quality resources
Why cite & reference?
(Microsoft, 2014)
Plagiarism can be defined as “unacknowledged use of someone’s work” (Pears and Shields 2013: 1) Includes all written, audio, visual works or even ideas! Passing off someone’s work as your own Citing work that you have not used Paraphrasing someone’s work without citing Self-plagiarism Can occur on purpose or by accident Many educational institutions use anti plagiarism software to assess
submissions
Exceptions for “common knowledge” e.g. humans have two lungs.
Plagiarism
Turnitin
(Turnitin, 2014)
Sources to cite & reference
There are many different reference styles. We will use Harvard (Anglia Ruskin)
Always use the same citation style throughout your work
Selecting a reference style
What is referencing?
Referencing consists of two parts: Part 1 - A citation for every source used
in the body of your work. Part 2 – A reference list at the end of
your work detailing the full list of references used
EVERY citation must have a reference
Citing
Part 1
A citation should be included each time you reference someone else's work
It does not give full details of the original author but acts as a signpost to the full reference at the end of your work.
What is a citation?
In-text citations
Author Surname
Year of publicatio
n
Page number
(Mullins, 2013, p.9)
A citation consists of only the following:
There are two ways to include other’s work in your own work:
Paraphrasing – Putting other’s knowledge into your own words.
Quoting – Direct insertion of other’s words in quotation marks.
You must always provide citation for both.
Paraphrase or Quote
Paraphrase wherever possible – demonstrates your understanding
Only quote for impact Use quote if author makes ideal point Use if quoting key piece of evidence Short quotes should be enclosed in single/double quotation
marks – remain consistent Longer quotes should be indented in a separate paragraph
and indented (quotation marks are not necessary)
When do I paraphrase? When do I quote?
There are many schools of management thinking. At one level, they can be broadly categorised as either academic or popularist. There was a time when academic thinking was based on the work of a few key individuals whose theories have been proved through limited trials. The application of psychology and other sciences to management actions has results in the wide literature that was referred to in chapter 1, ranging from soundly based theory to more speculative journalism.
Example text
Maylor, H. (2010) Project Management. 4th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education – from page 18
Management thinking is influenced by many areas of expertise. The worlds of academia, psychology and science have all shaped different ways of thinking with varying degrees of reliability, from theory to more speculative journalism (Maylor, 2010, p.18).
Paraphrasing the example text
The worlds of academia, psychology and science have all shaped different ways of thinking with varying degrees of reliability, from “soundly based theory to more speculative journalism” (Maylor, 2010, p.18).
Paraphrasing and quoting the example text
... there are two main ways to produce an in-text citation, called the information-prominent and author-prominent methods (McMillan and Weyers, 2010, p. 194)
In-text citations
McMillan and Weyers (2010, p. 194) suggest that there are two main ways to produce an in-text citation, called the information-prominent and author-prominent methods...
Information-prominent Author-prominent
For sources where there are four or more authors only put the first author then et al. e.g.:
(Mullins et el., 2013)
NOT
(Mullins, Davies, Poole and Browne, 2013)
Citing...tips
For website sources do not include the web address in the citation e.g.:
(Guardian, 2011)
NOT (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/
cifamerica/2011/aug/15/sustainability-us-credit-standard-and-poors, 2011)
Citing...tips
No citation
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/aug/15/sustainability-us-credit-standard-and-poors, 2011)
(Mullins 2013 pp1-255)
Citing...mistakes to avoid
Part 2
Reference List
EVERY citation must have a full reference at the end of your document in one list called the Reference List
Your references will be ordered alphabetically by author surname
The information included in each individual reference depends on the source
Reference List
What information do we need to reference a book?
Referencing a book
(Microsoft, 2014)
Author(s) / editor(s) name(s) Year of publication Title of the book Place of publication Publisher
Referencing a book
(Microsoft, 2014)
Mullins, L.J. 2013. Management & Organisational Behaviour. 10th edn. Harlow: Pearson.
Example - Referencing a book
(Microsoft, 2014)
What information do we need to reference a journal article?
Referencing a journal article
(Microsoft, 2014)
Article author(s) Date of publication Article title Journal title Volume and issue number Page numbers DOI (in some cases)
Example - Referencing a journal article
(Microsoft, 2014)
Patel,C., Mathur, M., Escarcega, R.O. and Bove, A.A. 2014. Carcinoid heart disease: Current understanding and future directions. American Heart Journal, 167(6), pp. 789-795.
Referencing a journal article
(Microsoft, 2014)
What information do we need to reference a website?
Referencing a website
(Microsoft, 2014)
Author’s or organisation’s name Year created (or last updated) Name of website or web page Web address (or URL for short) Date accessed
Referencing a website
(Microsoft, 2014)
Papworth Hospital, 2014. Welcome to the Papworth Hospital Knowledge Zone. [online] Available at: <http://www.papworthhospital.nhs.uk/library/> [Accessed: 9th October 2014].
Example - Referencing a website
(Microsoft, 2014)
Practical examples
Maron, B.J., Ommen, S.R., Semsarian, C., Spirito, P., Olivotto, I. and Maron, M.S., 2014. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Present and Future, With Translation Into Contemporary Cardiovascular Medicine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, (64)1 pp. 83-99.
(Maron et al., 2014)
(Microsoft, 2014)
Holloway, I., 2008. A-Z of Qualitative Research in Healthcare. 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
(Holloway, 2008)
(Microsoft, 2014)
Greenwood, D. and Barer, M. R. 2012. Microbiology and medicine. In: Greenwood, D., Barer, M., Slack, R., and Irving, W., ed. 2012. Medical Microbiology. 17th edn. London: Elsevier Limited, Ch.1.
(Greenwood and Barer, 2012)
(Microsoft, 2014)
General Medical Council, 2014. Research. [online] Available at: <http://www.gmc-uk.org/about/research.asp> [Accessed: 6th October 2014].
(General Medical Council, 2014)
(Microsoft, 2014)
MullinsManagement & Organisational Behaviour2013
Is this a book/journal article/chapter?Difficult for someone else to find without a full title and more details
Some common referencing mistakes
Effective study skills
2007
Again, no indication of the type of material No author has been given
Some common referencing mistakes
Cottrell, S., 2008. The Study Skills Handbook. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Price, G. and Meier, P. (2007) Effective Study Skills: Unlock Your Potential. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
All the right information is here
Some common referencing mistakes
Cottrell, S., 2008. The Study Skills Handbook. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Price, G. and Meier, P. (2007) Effective Study Skills: Unlock Your Potential. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
All the right information is hereBut the dates are inconsistently referencedRemember, consistency is key!
Some common referencing mistakes
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/interactive/2011/aug/15/everything-know-climate-change
Not enough just to quote a web address
When did you access the website?
Who was written the material and when?
Some common referencing mistakes
Follow exact spellings of titles Never change the order of the authors Never “guess” parts of a reference; if in
doubt, leave Be consistent
Things to remember
The Knowledge Zone –
Anglia Ruskin have an excellent pdf guide for Harvard
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
Browse useful titles in the Library.
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @pwlibrary
Resources
Any Questions?
(Microsoft, 2014)
Maylor, H., 2010. Project Management. 4th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education.McMillian, K. and Weyers, J., 2010. The Study Skills Book. London: Pearson.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. 9th edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Quittner, A.L., Modi, A.C., Lemanek, K.L., Levers-Landis, C.E. and Rapoff, M.A., 2008. Evidence-based Assessment of Adherence to Medical Treatments in Pediatric Psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(9), pp. 916-936. Turnitin, 2014. Originality Check. Available at: http://turnitin.com/en_us/features/originalitycheck [Accessed: 9th October 2014]. Verbeek, J.,2014. Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work[podcast]. August. Available at: http://www.cochrane.org/podcasts/issue-7-9-july-september-2014/pharmacological-interventions-sleepiness-and-sleep-disturbanc [Accessed: 9th October 2014].
Reference List
