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Cities Throughout History Ancient Cities : Walled, Temples and Palaces in Middle, settlements surrounding. Graves outside the cities, well planned, narrow passages City States: Trade oriented, diffused along the Mediterranean Roman Cities: Connected by roads Medieval Cities: Walled cities in Europe, supported by surplus from rural areas

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Modern World Cities Headquarters of Major Banks and other financial institutions Higher % of affluent Clustering of major corporations Disproportionately high # of fine dining, plays, opera, pro. sports teams, clubs, bars, etc. Headquarters for trade organizations, professional organizations, multinational organizations

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Hierarchy of Cities

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Why Downtown? CBD Accessibility High land costs Underground Peak Value Intersection Skyscrapers Vertical Geography Clustering (agllomeration) Financial analysts near brokerage firms; lawyers Traditionally High Threshold businesses Ex: Goldsmiths, Brys, Sears, Wollworth Traditionally High Range businesses

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Downtown Today What other businesses are located downtown? Financial, government, legal Lunch New downtown malls Ban motor vehicles Entertainment Districts Sports Downtown living has declined Manufacturing decline has led to Empty nesters and yuppies

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Land Costs in CBD Most high in world cities Ex: Tokyo business men hotels Intensive Land Use Space is used below and Skyscrapers Sense of place Rent differs Dominates skylines worldwide Europe Narrow streets and lowrise Parks in the center Limitations on cars and Preservation of historic CBD

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Why the Suburbs? Historic emphasis on neighborhoods and downtown has been replaced by suburbanization After WWII the transportation changed Prosperity Leisure to Streetcars Enabled people and business Retailers and people went where land was abundant and cheaper Neighborhood grocers have been replaced by Downtown shopping has been replaced by Factories abandoned 2-4 story CBD sites for large Technology encouraged service businesses Geography of nowhere???

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Where Have Cities Grown?

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Urbanization

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Physical Definitions of a City City Self-Governing unit Urbanized Area Density is greater than 1000/sq. mile 70% of US (30 city, 40 surrounding areas) Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop. Of at least 50,000 The county within which the city is located Adjacent Counties w/high pop. And large% of residents working in the county the city is in Micropolitan Statistical Area Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 (Considered Rural) Overlapping Metropolitan Areas (Conurbation) Megalopolis, (Boswash, Tokaido, Jakota Triangle)

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Where Are People Distributed Within Cities? Models of Urban Structure

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Concentric Zone Model Sociologist E.W. Burgess

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Sector Model Economist Homer Hoyt

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Multiple Nuclei Model Geographers Harris and Ullman

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European Cities

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Less Developed Cities Precolonial Cities Colonial Cities Cities Since Independence

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Latin American Model Geographers Griffin and Ford

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http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1

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Squatter Settlements Barrios Mexico, Central America Barriadas (Spanish) South America Favelas Brazil (Portuguese) Bidonvilles North Africa Bustees India Gecekondu Turkey Kampongs Malaysia Barong-Barong Phillipines

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Inner-City Economic Problems Loss of Tax Revenue Do to Suburbanization Funding Gap Federal Tax Cuts Annexation of Peripheral Land Prohibition Challenges Too much annexation???

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Chicago, IL

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Inner City Physical Problems Deterioration Filtering Redlining Carter to Fanie Mae Urban Renewel Public Housing Gov. Subsidies Cluster vs. Scatter-site Renovated Housing Gentrification

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Inner City Social Problems Underclass High rates of Lack of Job Skills Homelessness Poverty Cycle Family Decay Crime Ethnic and Racial Segregation

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Suburban Sprawl and Smart Growth

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Suburban Challenges Costs to the inner core Roads and utilities must be extended Aesthetic loss (parking lots, Geog. Of Nowhere) Loss of Agricultural land Suburban Segregation Zoning ordinances Income segregation Reliance on Personal transportation Rush hour commuting

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Peripheral Model

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Cleveland, Ohio

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New Urbanism and Smart Growth Purpose: Limit Sprawl Reduce Traffic Congestion Reverse Inner-City Decline Compact and Contiguous Development Protection of Rural farm, Recreation, and Wildlife areas