CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, and REFERENCES [email protected] [email protected]

CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, ENDNOTES, and and

REFERENREFERENCCESES

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Definitions of TermsDefinitions of Terms

• Citations include direct quotation (repeat the Citations include direct quotation (repeat the words written by someone else), words written by someone else), paraphrasing (state other author/s’ idea/s paraphrasing (state other author/s’ idea/s using different words), recognizing or using different words), recognizing or mentioning the existence of other research mentioning the existence of other research studies or findingsstudies or findings

• There are two main ways of indicating the There are two main ways of indicating the sources of literature cited in the text: (1) Author-sources of literature cited in the text: (1) Author-date (Harvard), and (2) Author-number date (Harvard), and (2) Author-number (Vancouver) (Vancouver)

• Other version (Chicago Manual): (1) Author-date Other version (Chicago Manual): (1) Author-date system, and (2) Documentary Note stylesystem, and (2) Documentary Note style

Harvard (author-date) styleHarvard (author-date) style

This system uses the author's name This system uses the author's name and date of publication in the body of and date of publication in the body of the text, and the bibliography is the text, and the bibliography is given alphabetically by author. There given alphabetically by author. There are many variations on the style - are many variations on the style - examples are below: examples are below:

ExampleExample

"The author has discussed the implications "The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on the National Health of these proposals on the National Health Service in another paper (Loft, 1991). Other Service in another paper (Loft, 1991). Other writers have commented on related issues, writers have commented on related issues, notably Lane (1992, 1994) and Lewis (1995, notably Lane (1992, 1994) and Lewis (1995, p.54). "p.54). "

Names and dates are enclosed in Names and dates are enclosed in parentheses unless the author's name is parentheses unless the author's name is part of the sentence. If two papers are cited part of the sentence. If two papers are cited by the same author, and both are published by the same author, and both are published in the same year, the first should be in the same year, the first should be referenced as (Loft 1997a), then (Loft referenced as (Loft 1997a), then (Loft 1997b), and so on. 1997b), and so on.

The full citation is listed at the end of the article, The full citation is listed at the end of the article, which is arranged in alphabetical order by author. which is arranged in alphabetical order by author. Journal names are given in full and are italicised, Journal names are given in full and are italicised, as are book names. References would be cited as as are book names. References would be cited as follows: follows:

Annas, G.J. (1997a), 'New drugs for acute Annas, G.J. (1997a), 'New drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome', respiratory distress syndrome', New England New England Journal of MedicineJournal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 6, pp. 435-439. , vol. 337, no. 6, pp. 435-439.

Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, J.B. (1993), Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, J.B. (1993), Marijuana: Marijuana: the forbidden medicinethe forbidden medicine, Yale University Press, , Yale University Press, London. London.

Variations on the Harvard styleVariations on the Harvard styleUniversities (and journals) have many variations for use Universities (and journals) have many variations for use

in their own institutions, a few examples are linked in their own institutions, a few examples are linked below.below.

Leicester University (UK)Leicester University (UK)Year of publication is not in brackets and is followed by Year of publication is not in brackets and is followed by a full stop; article titles are not placed within quotes, a full stop; article titles are not placed within quotes, volume numbers are in bold and are not spelled out;volume numbers are in bold and are not spelled out;www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.htmlwww.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.html

Monash University (Aus)Monash University (Aus)Article titles are in double quotes;Article titles are in double quotes;http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.hhttp://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html tml

University of Western Australia (Aus)University of Western Australia (Aus)In this recommendation, the year of publication is not In this recommendation, the year of publication is not in brackets;in brackets;www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training___and___suwww.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training___and___support/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources pport/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources

Vancouver (author-number) Vancouver (author-number) stylestyle

The Vancouver system differs from The Vancouver system differs from Harvard by using a number series to Harvard by using a number series to indicate references. Bibliographies indicate references. Bibliographies list these in numerical order as they list these in numerical order as they appear in the text. The main appear in the text. The main advantage of the Vancouver style is advantage of the Vancouver style is that the main text reads more easily, that the main text reads more easily, and some editors consider this to be and some editors consider this to be less obtrusive. Additionally, less obtrusive. Additionally, references in the bibliography are references in the bibliography are directly correlated to numbers, directly correlated to numbers, saving the reader time in searching saving the reader time in searching alphabetically for the first author of a alphabetically for the first author of a reference.reference.

Vancouver (author-number) Vancouver (author-number) stylestyle

Vancouver style is so named as it is based Vancouver style is so named as it is based on the work of a group, first meeting in on the work of a group, first meeting in Vancouver in 1978, which became the Vancouver in 1978, which became the International Committee of Medical Journal International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The style was developed Editors (ICMJE). The style was developed by the US National Library of Medicine by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) and adopted by the ICMJE as part of (NLM) and adopted by the ICMJE as part of their 'uniform requirements for their 'uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals'. journals'.

The NLM's annual publication 'list of The NLM's annual publication 'list of journals indexed in Index Medicus' lists journals indexed in Index Medicus' lists journals and their accepted abbreviations. journals and their accepted abbreviations. The NLM abbreviation for a journal title is The NLM abbreviation for a journal title is commonly required by medical journals. commonly required by medical journals.

ExampleExample"The author has discussed the implications of these "The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on the National Health Service in another paper proposals on the National Health Service in another paper (1). Other writers have commented on related issues, (1). Other writers have commented on related issues, notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis (4). "notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis (4). "

References in the Vancouver style would be cited in References in the Vancouver style would be cited in numerical order as below. This is a more economical style numerical order as below. This is a more economical style than Harvard, and excessive punctuation, spacing and than Harvard, and excessive punctuation, spacing and formatting is absent. Journal names are abbreviated.formatting is absent. Journal names are abbreviated.

(1) Annas GJ. New drugs for acute respiratory distress (1) Annas GJ. New drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome. syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:435-9. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:435-9.

(2) Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Marijuana: the forbidden (2) Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Marijuana: the forbidden medicine. medicine. London: Yale University Press; 1993.London: Yale University Press; 1993.

(3) Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural neurology (3) Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural neurology and neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; and neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.1997.

The Chicago Manual of The Chicago Manual of Style Style The Chicago Manual of StyleThe Chicago Manual of Style allows for two different types allows for two different types of reference styles: the of reference styles: the Author-Date SystemAuthor-Date System and and the the Documentary-NoteDocumentary-Note StyleStyle. .

Author-Date System Author-Date System

Book - single authorBook - single author

Citation in Citation in TextText

(Holmlund 2002) (Holmlund 2002) Reference List Reference List FormForm

Holmlund, C. 2002. Holmlund, C. 2002. Impossible bodies: Impossible bodies: feminity and feminity and masculinity at the masculinity at the movies.movies. New York: New York: Routledge. Routledge.

Book - more than one authorBook - more than one author


(Craton and (Craton and Saunders 1992) Saunders 1992)

Reference List Reference List FormForm

Craton, M. and G. Craton, M. and G. Saunders. 1992. Saunders. 1992. Islanders in the Islanders in the Stream: A history of Stream: A history of the Bahamian people.the Bahamian people. Athens: University of Athens: University of Georgia Press. Georgia Press.

Author-Date SystemAuthor-Date System

Chapter from a bookChapter from a book


(Repgen 1992) (Repgen 1992) Reference List Reference List FormForm

Repgen, K. 1987. What is Repgen, K. 1987. What is a 'Religious War'? In a 'Religious War'? In Politics and society in Politics and society in Reformation EuropeReformation Europe, , edited by E. I. Kouri and edited by E. I. Kouri and T. Scott, 311-328. T. Scott, 311-328. London: Macmillan. London: Macmillan.

Article from journalArticle from journal


(Herring 1998) (Herring 1998) Reference List Reference List FormForm

Herring, G. 1998. Herring, G. 1998. The The BeguiledBeguiled: Misogynist : Misogynist myth or feminist fable? myth or feminist fable? Literature Film QuarterlyLiterature Film Quarterly 26 (3): 214-219. 26 (3): 214-219.

Author-Date SystemAuthor-Date System

Article from electronic journal - accessed through a databaseArticle from electronic journal - accessed through a database


(Yin 2003) (Yin 2003) Reference List Reference List FormForm

Yin, Sandra. 2003. Yin, Sandra. 2003. Color bind. American Color bind. American Demographics 25, Demographics 25, (7): 22-26. Academic (7): 22-26. Academic Search Premier, via Search Premier, via Galileo, Galileo, http://www.galileo.ushttp://www.galileo.usg.edu g.edu

Newspaper article – no authorNewspaper article – no author


((Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune 1994) 1994)

Reference List Reference List FormForm

Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune. . 1994. Gun injuries 1994. Gun injuries take financial toll on take financial toll on hospitals, February hospitals, February 24. 24.

Documentary-Note StyleDocumentary-Note StyleBook - single authorBook - single author

Footnote Footnote formform(first (first footnote)footnote)

2. Chris Holmlund, 2. Chris Holmlund, Impossible Bodies: Impossible Bodies: Femininity and Femininity and Masculinity at the Masculinity at the MoviesMovies (New York: (New York: Routledge, 2002), 159. Routledge, 2002), 159.

Bibliographic Bibliographic formform

Holmlund, Chris. Holmlund, Chris. ImpossibleBodies: ImpossibleBodies: Femininity and Femininity and Masculinity at the Masculinity at the MoviesMovies. New York: . New York: Routledge, 2002. Routledge, 2002.

Book - more than one authorBook - more than one author


1. Michael Craton 1. Michael Craton and Gail Saunders, and Gail Saunders, Islanders in the Islanders in the Stream: A History of Stream: A History of the Bahamian the Bahamian PeoplePeople (Athens: (Athens: University of University of Georgia Press, Georgia Press, 1992), 24. 1992), 24.


Craton, M. and G. Craton, M. and G. Saunders. Saunders. Islanders in Islanders in the Stream: A History the Stream: A History of the Bahamian of the Bahamian PeoplePeople. Athens: . Athens: University of Georgia University of Georgia Press, 1992. Press, 1992.

Documentary-Note StyleDocumentary-Note StyleChapter from a bookChapter from a book


1. Konrad Repgen, 1. Konrad Repgen, "What is a "What is a 'Religious War'?" in 'Religious War'?" in Politics and Society Politics and Society in Reformation in Reformation EuropeEurope, ed. E. I. , ed. E. I. Kouri and Tom Kouri and Tom Scott, 324 (London: Scott, 324 (London: Macmillan, 1987). Macmillan, 1987).


Repgen, Konrad. "What Repgen, Konrad. "What is a 'Religious War'?" In is a 'Religious War'?" In Politics and Society in Politics and Society in Reformation EuropeReformation Europe, , edited by E. I. Kouri and edited by E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott, 311-328. Tom Scott, 311-328. London: Macmillan, London: Macmillan, 1987. 1987.

Article from journalArticle from journal


1. Gina Herring, 1. Gina Herring, ""The BeguiledThe Beguiled: : Misogynyist Myth or Misogynyist Myth or Feminist Fable?" Feminist Fable?" Literature Film Literature Film QuarterlyQuarterly 26, no. 3 26, no. 3 (1998): 216. (1998): 216.


Herring, Gina. "Herring, Gina. "The The BeguiledBeguiled: Misogynist : Misogynist Myth or Feminist Myth or Feminist Fable?" Fable?" Literature Film Literature Film QuarterlyQuarterly 26, no. 3 26, no. 3 (1998): 214-219. (1998): 214-219.

Documentary-Note StyleDocumentary-Note StyleArticle from electronic journal - accessed through a databaseArticle from electronic journal - accessed through a database


3. Sandra Yin, "Color 3. Sandra Yin, "Color Bind," Bind," American American DemographicsDemographics, 25, , 25, no. 7 (2003). no. 7 (2003). Academic Search Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usghttp://www.galileo.usg.edu .edu


Yin, Sandra. "Color Yin, Sandra. "Color Bind." Bind." American American DemographicsDemographics 25, no. 25, no. 7 (2003): 22-26. 7 (2003): 22-26. Academic Search Academic Search Premier, via Galileo, Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usghttp://www.galileo.usg.edu .edu

Newspaper article - no authorNewspaper article - no author

Footnote formFootnote form(first footnote)(first footnote)

1. 1. Chicago Chicago TribuneTribune, "Gun , "Gun Injuries Take Injuries Take Financial Toll on Financial Toll on Hospitals," sec. Hospitals," sec. 1, February 24, 1, February 24, 1994. 1994.


Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune, , "Gun Injuries Take "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on Financial Toll on Hospitals," February Hospitals," February 24, 1994. 24, 1994.

Form for Additional Footnote ReferencesForm for Additional Footnote References

Use this form after the first complete Use this form after the first complete reference if only one work by this author is reference if only one work by this author is used: used:

2. Kelly, 256. 2. Kelly, 256.

Use this form for additional references Use this form for additional references when more than one work by this author is when more than one work by this author is used: used:

2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81. 2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81.

FOOTNOTE AND END-NOTEFOOTNOTE AND END-NOTE

Footnote or end-note can be used for two Footnote or end-note can be used for two different purposes: different purposes:

1)1)To provide bibliographical information To provide bibliographical information about the source of literature cited in the about the source of literature cited in the text (text (see the documentary-note style in see the documentary-note style in Chicago Manual of StyleChicago Manual of Style))

2)2)To provide additional information related To provide additional information related to the text to ensure smooth flows of to the text to ensure smooth flows of ideas expressed in the textideas expressed in the text

Bibliography and ReferenceBibliography and Reference

• There are two main systems of There are two main systems of documenting the sources of citations: documenting the sources of citations: Bibliography and ReferenceBibliography and Reference

• BibliographyBibliography includes all the sources includes all the sources reviewed by the author regardless of reviewed by the author regardless of whether they are cited in the text or whether they are cited in the text or not. not.

• ReferenceReference only includes the sources only includes the sources reviewed by the author which are cited reviewed by the author which are cited in the text.in the text.

VARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCEVARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCE

• Different styles vary in the way Different styles vary in the way references should be written in terms ofreferences should be written in terms of• Names of authorsNames of authors

• Year of publicationYear of publication

• Order of bibliographical informationOrder of bibliographical information

• The use of capitals and italicsThe use of capitals and italics

• Abbreviations Abbreviations

• In general, there is a tendency to be In general, there is a tendency to be more efficient and simplermore efficient and simpler

Why Citing?Why Citing?

• To show any possible gaps or To show any possible gaps or discrepancies between/among discrepancies between/among different research findings about the different research findings about the same topic so that it is clear how the same topic so that it is clear how the present study contributes to the body present study contributes to the body of knowledgeof knowledge

• To show the frontiers of the respective To show the frontiers of the respective knowledge as a result of accumulative knowledge as a result of accumulative research findings research findings (state of the arts)(state of the arts)

Why Citing?Why Citing? (2)(2)

• Recognizing the existence of Recognizing the existence of research studies which can be research studies which can be compared with the present studycompared with the present study

• To support ideas and arguments of To support ideas and arguments of the authorthe author

• To avoid unintentional plagiarism To avoid unintentional plagiarism

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information. the source of that information. (Indiana University, 2004)(Indiana University, 2004)

The following is taken from Ministerial The following is taken from Ministerial Decree on Plagiarism (no 17, 2010)Decree on Plagiarism (no 17, 2010)

Plagiat meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas Plagiat meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada :pada :mengacu dan/atau mengutip kata mengacu dan/atau mengutip kata

dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber dalam tanpa menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai;menyatakan sumber secara memadai;

mengacu dan/atau mengutip secara mengacu dan/atau mengutip secara acak kata dan/atau kalimat dari suatu acak kata dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; menyatakan sumber secara memadai;

menggunakan sumber gagasan, menggunakan sumber gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; menyatakan sumber secara memadai;

merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau kalimat sendiri dari sumber kata kalimat sendiri dari sumber kata dan/atau kalimat, gagasan, pendapat, dan/atau kalimat, gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; sumber secara memadai;

menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang dihasilkan dan/atau telah dipublikasikan dihasilkan dan/atau telah dipublikasikan oleh pihak lain sebagai karya ilmiahnya oleh pihak lain sebagai karya ilmiahnya tanpa menyatakan sumber secara tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai. memadai.

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?GIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USEGIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USEanother person’s idea, opinion, or theory; another person’s idea, opinion, or theory; any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—

any pieces of information—that are not any pieces of information—that are not common knowledge;common knowledge;

quotations of another person’s actual quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or spoken or written words; or

paraphrase of another person’s spoken or paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words. (Indiana University, 2004)written words. (Indiana University, 2004)

QUOTING QUOTING

• Direct quoting as part of citation Direct quoting as part of citation intended to provide original intended to provide original evidence in the forms of words, evidence in the forms of words, phrases, or sentences written by phrases, or sentences written by other author/sother author/s

• There are two ways, depending on There are two ways, depending on the length of the words quoted: (1) the length of the words quoted: (1) fewer than 40 words, or (2) 40 fewer than 40 words, or (2) 40 words or morewords or more

QUOTING (2)QUOTING (2)

• Incorporate a short quotation in a Incorporate a short quotation in a text and enclose the quotation in text and enclose the quotation in double quotation marks, if fewer double quotation marks, if fewer than 40 words (fewer than 4 lines)than 40 words (fewer than 4 lines)

• Display the quotation in a free-Display the quotation in a free-standing block of lines, without standing block of lines, without quotation marks, if 40 words or quotation marks, if 40 words or more (4 lines or more)more (4 lines or more)

HOW TO PREPARE DRAFTSHOW TO PREPARE DRAFTS

• Decide which journals your Decide which journals your manuscripts will be sent.manuscripts will be sent.

• Study the Guidelines for Authors in Study the Guidelines for Authors in the journals (which may be attached the journals (which may be attached at the end of each issue, or at the end of each issue, or separately published)separately published)

• Study also how the guidelines have Study also how the guidelines have been implemented in the published been implemented in the published issuesissues

FOR NATIONALLY FOR NATIONALLY ACCREDITED JOURNALSACCREDITED JOURNALS

Sources to be cited should include: Sources to be cited should include: Primary sources (=journal) >80%Primary sources (=journal) >80%Up-to-date (= published in the last 10 Up-to-date (= published in the last 10

years) >80%years) >80%Other than those are subject to the Other than those are subject to the

policy of the editors; different policy of the editors; different journals may have their own styles.journals may have their own styles.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

American Psychological Association. 2005. American Psychological Association. 2005. Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Psychological Association (5th Ed.). (5th Ed.). Washington, D.C.: APA.Washington, D.C.: APA.

Rifai, M.A. 2005. Rifai, M.A. 2005. Pegangan Gaya Penulisan, Pegangan Gaya Penulisan, Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan: Karya Ilmiah Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan: Karya Ilmiah Indonesia.Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.Press.

Universitas Negeri Malang. 2000. Universitas Negeri Malang. 2000. Pedoman Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah.Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang: Universitas Negeri MalangMalang

Internet sources (see a separate sheet)Internet sources (see a separate sheet)

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, and REFERENCES [email protected] [email protected]