Citations, Direct Quotes, Citations, Direct Quotes, Paraphrases…What does Paraphrases…What does

it all mean?it all mean?

If you don’t know now, you will If you don’t know now, you will

Direct QuotesDirect Quotes

Direct quotes are parts of a Direct quotes are parts of a sentence, an entire sentence, or sentence, an entire sentence, or several sentences that are copied several sentences that are copied directly from a text. This is a legal directly from a text. This is a legal way to borrow information.way to borrow information.

These sentences are copied These sentences are copied exactlyexactly as they are written and put as they are written and put inside quotation marks. inside quotation marks.

Quotation marks let the reader know Quotation marks let the reader know the information was copied exactly the information was copied exactly as it was written. This means as it was written. This means spelling, punctuation, etc., is exactly spelling, punctuation, etc., is exactly the same as the original.the same as the original.

What a direct quote looks like What a direct quote looks like on paper.on paper.

“ “ Despite its sharp teeth, Despite its sharp teeth, Pegomastax africanus was an Pegomastax africanus was an herbivore that scurried about in herbivore that scurried about in search of plants” (“Looking search of plants” (“Looking Sharp” 4).Sharp” 4).

ParaphrasingParaphrasing Paraphrasing is also a way to legally Paraphrasing is also a way to legally

borrow information. borrow information. However, no quotation marks are However, no quotation marks are

required. required. The factual information is borrowed, The factual information is borrowed,

but put into the writer’s own, very but put into the writer’s own, very different wording and writing style.different wording and writing style.

Information that comes from Information that comes from four four sentences or moresentences or more should be should be paraphrased. It is too hard to paraphrased. It is too hard to paraphrase short passages paraphrase short passages accurately. accurately.

What a Paraphrase Looks What a Paraphrase Looks Like on Paper.Like on Paper.

Recently, a new dinosaur has Recently, a new dinosaur has been found. It is called a been found. It is called a Pegomastax africanus and was Pegomastax africanus and was supposedly the size of a cat. It supposedly the size of a cat. It was an herbivore and was said was an herbivore and was said to have very sharp teeth to have very sharp teeth (“Looking Sharp” 4).(“Looking Sharp” 4).

CitationsCitations In-text citations are put after a direct quote or In-text citations are put after a direct quote or

paraphrase.paraphrase. The author’s last name and page number from The author’s last name and page number from

where the information was borrowed are put inside where the information was borrowed are put inside of parentheses. of parentheses.

If an author is not given, the title of the article is put If an author is not given, the title of the article is put inside the parentheses, along with the page inside the parentheses, along with the page number. number.

CITATIONS must be used, otherwise you have CITATIONS must be used, otherwise you have plagiarized, which is illegal.plagiarized, which is illegal.

Citations let the reader know that you have Citations let the reader know that you have borrowed information. If you do not include a borrowed information. If you do not include a citation, you are saying the information is yours and citation, you are saying the information is yours and that you did the primary research. This is that you did the primary research. This is STEALING and is ILLEGAL! STEALING and is ILLEGAL!

Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page

The works cited page contains a The works cited page contains a complete list of sources that you complete list of sources that you borrowed information from. If borrowed information from. If you cited information from a you cited information from a source and used it in your source and used it in your paper, the source MUST be paper, the source MUST be listed on the works cited page!! listed on the works cited page!! If it is not, the source information If it is not, the source information cannot be used.cannot be used.

Let’s Practice Let’s Practice

Turn to page 6, in your Turn to page 6, in your Junior Junior Scholastic Magazine. Scholastic Magazine. Read the Read the article, “Can Tigers & Tourists article, “Can Tigers & Tourists Coexist?” by Kathy Wilmore. Coexist?” by Kathy Wilmore. Write a direct quote that Write a direct quote that answers: Why was the tiger answers: Why was the tiger ban lifted?ban lifted?

Write a paraphrase about why Write a paraphrase about why the tigers are endangered.the tigers are endangered.