Citations and Bibliography

Proper citation and bibliography information is necessary in research papers and other written assignments. It is required that you use proper references whenever necessary, i.e., when you use the ideas of other people.

Plagiarism

Failure to properly give credit to your source of information comprises plagiarism i.e., taking the ideas of another person and using them as if they were your own ideas. Plagiarizing can subject you to administrative action or disciplinary penalty.

You must cite your source:

(1) When you use the 3 or more exact words of other authors. Indicate the direct quote “by the use of quotation marks” (Messinger, 2003, p. 12). – Do not use direct quotes as a crutch.

(2) When you paraphrase the words of someone else, i.e., when you use the idea, but not the exact words, of another person (Messinger, 2003).

Mention articles by citing them

Z &Y (2005) found A, B, & C (2004) found) etc

How to cite the source.

After a quotation or a paraphrase, place in parentheses the author's name and date of publication. If you are citing an exact quotation, include the page number after the date.

– “seven-year-olds, with their newly developed sense of individuality and independence, view death as a remote possibility, at least as far as they themselves are concerned” (Bluebond-Langer, 1977, p. 61).

How to fail– seven-year-olds, with their newly developed sense of

individuality and independence, don’t view death as real (Bluebond-Langer, 1977).

Bibliography:

While citations are listed in the order in which they occur, entries in the bibliography are alphabetized. The form of the bibliography entry is also different from the citation.

References

– Arnold, L.E. (1977). The significance of life events as etiologic factors in the diseases of children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, 7-18.

– Fogel, A., Melson, G.F., & Mistry, J. (1985). Conceptualizing the determinants of nurturance. In A. Fogel & G. F. Melson (Eds.), Origins of nurturance (pp. 53-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Your title

E.g.– A Summary and Critique of “Patterns of Brain

Electrical Activity During Facial Signs of Emotion in 10 Month Old Infants” (Fox & Davidson, 1988)

Bibliography has full citation:– Fox, N. & Davidson, R. J. (1988). Patterns of brain

electrical activity during facial signs of emotion in 10 month old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 230-236.

APA

This style of citations and bibliography is the one used by the American Psychological Association (APA), and it is the style adopted by most of the journals in the field of child development. – Only in journal titles are all words capitalized. – Book titles and titles of articles are lower case except

for the first word. – In some cases, your bibliography will have one

source, the article that you are reviewing.