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CITATIONS ANDAPAFORMAT

When writing any kind of paper or essay, it is essential that you givecredit to the sources that you use; you do this by appropriately citingthese sources in parenthetical citations within your paper and in areference list at the end of the paper. Failing to appropriately citesourceseither intentionally or unintentionallyis a serious academic

violation called plagiarism. You should never represent someone elseswork or ideas as your own. Any time you have taken a statement, a fact,or even an idea from another author, you must cite it. A good rule to goby is that if you are in doubt about whether something must be cited, doit to be safe. Certain types of material always require citation, and others do not.

Material That Requires Citation

How to Cite: Citations should include the author, date, and page number of the source(Authors last name,year, p. #).

Direct Quote: Direct quotes always require a citation.

Shame is most simply a sense that ones self is bad. According to Goldberg, it is a conviction that in someimportant way one is flawed and incompetent as a human being (1991 , p. 191).

Paraphrase/Summary: A paraphrase takes a short section of text and restates the ideas in different words. Asummary does the same but generally involves a larger portion of text. You might paraphrase the idea of a fewsentences or a paragraph, and you might summarize the results of an entire study.

A paraphrase of the Goldberg quote above might be as follows:

Shame is a feeling that one is somehow ruined or bad as a person (Goldberg, 1991, p. 191).

The following example briefly summarizes the main ideas of two separate texts. Each text is cited after theinformation that is drawn from that text.

Empirically, shame is linked with intrapersonal disorders such as narcissism (Nathanson, 1987) as well asnumerous interpersonal difficulties such as hostility, violence, and withdrawal (Lutwak, Panish, & Ferrari,2003).

Material That Does Not Require Citation

Common Knowledge: Common knowledge is something that you can reasonably expect just about anyone toknow without having to look it up. For example, you could mention that planes were flown into the World TradeCenter buildings on 9/11 without referencing it because that is a well-known fact. However, if you were to talkabout the names of the pilots of those planes, you should cite where you got that information from.

The following is another example of common knowledge:

Shame is feeling bad about yourself.

However, if you took this definition of shame from a particular dictionary source, you would need to cite it.

Your Own Words and Ideas: Any ideas or analyses that you have developed yourself do not need to becited. However, if your ideas have been strongly influenced by certain authors, you must cite those authors.

The following is a persons own thoughts, not drawn from a source and therefore not requiring citation. Therapists need a way of dealing with their clientsshame and addressing related disorders. They must be

able to find ways to decrease the immediate negative reactions of shame during therapy.

Putting It All Together

The following paragraphs illustrate how the citations above may be worked into a complete paper. Quotes,paraphrases, and ideas from other peoples work are all cited correctly. Note that most of this text is the authorsown work; other sources are used only as support for the authors own ideas. According to WGU guidelines, nomore than 30 percent of a paper should be based on other authors work.

Shame is most simply defined as a sense that ones self is bad. According to Goldberg, it is a conviction thatin some important way one is flawed and incompetent as a human being (1991, p. 191). Empirically, shame

Plagiarism is a serious

academic violation.

To avoid plagiarism,

use this rule of thumb:W hen in doubt, cite it.

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is linked with intrapersonal disorders such as narcissism (Nathanson, 1987) as well as numerous interpersonaldifficulties such as hostility, violence, and withdrawal (Lutwak, Panish, & Ferrari, 2003).

Shame is rarelyif everthe presenting problem for clients entering therapy. It is, however, frequently acomplication that occurs alongside the presenting problem. Because shame is almost never the only problem,it is important that therapists know how to work with it in the context of other problems; therapists need away of dealing with their clients shame and addressing related disorders at the same time. They must be ableto find ways to decrease the immediate negative reactions of shame during therapy. Such reactions of shameinclude wanting to run away, hide, or withdraw (Fable, 1999), which may defeat therapy before it begins.

Reference ListsEverything that requires a citation in the text of your paper also requires full reference information at the end ofthe paper. There are many different types of sources, but here are some of the most common.

Web site:

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of article or Web page. Main Web Site (if applicable). Retrieved Month,dd, yyyy, from http://complete.url/tofind.article

Fable, J. L. (1999). Shame. Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http://www.forhealing.org/shame.html

Book:

Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the book. Publication City, ST: Publisher Name.

Goldberg, C. (1991). Understanding shame. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Journal article:Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the article.Journal Name in Italics, xx (volume), pages.

Lutwak, N., Panish, J., & Ferrari, J. (2003). Shame and guilt: Characterological vs. behavioral self-blame andtheir relationship to fear of intimacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 909916.

For an article in an online journal, add [Electronic version]. after the ar ticle title.

Chapter in a book:

Author of chapter, A. B. (Year). Name of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book(pages of chapter).Publication City, ST: Publisher Name.

Nathanson, D. L. (1987). A timetable for shame. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 163). New York, NY: Guilford.

For Further Information

There are many sources of good information regarding APA style and properly using other authors work. Thefollowing are just a few of these sources:

http://www.apastyle.orghttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01http://www.writing.northwestern.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.html

References:

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association

(5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

http://www.apastyle.org/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01http://www.writing.northwestern.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.htmlhttp://www.writing.northwestern.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.htmlhttp://www.writing.northwestern.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01http://www.apastyle.org/