CCNA

Cisco CertifiedNetwork Associate

Study Guide

San Francisco • Paris • Düsseldorf • Soest • London

CCNA

™

Cisco

®

CertifiedNetwork Associate

Study Guide

Second Edition

Todd Lammle

Associate Publisher: Neil EddeContracts and Licensing Manager: Kristine O’CallaghanAcquisitions & Developmental Editor: Linda Lee Editors: Susan Berge, Sally Engelfried, Rebecca Rider, and Marilyn Smith Production Editor: Lisa DuranTechnical Editors: Patrick Ramseier and Eric GunnettBook Designer: Bill GibsonGraphic Illustrator: Tony JonickElectronic Publishing Specialist: Maureen Forys, Happenstance Type-O-RamaProofreaders: Molly Glover, Jennifer Campbell, Laurie O’Connell, and Camera ObscuraIndexer: Matthew SpenceCD Coordinator: Kara SchwartzCD Technician: Keith McNeilCover Designer: Archer DesignCover Photographer: Tony Stone

SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the USA and other countries.

The CD interface was created using Macromedia Director, COPYRIGHT 1994, 1997-1999 Macromedia Inc. For more information on Macromedia and Macromedia Director, visit http://www.macromedia.com.

This study guide and/or material is not sponsored by, endorsed by or affiliated with Cisco Systems, Inc. Catalyst®, Cisco®, Cisco Systems®, Cisco® IOS, Cisco Systems Networkng Academy™, CCDA™, CCNA™, CCDP™, CCNP™, CCIE™, CCSI™, the Cisco Systems logo and the CCIE logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. in the United States and certain other countries. All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners.

TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.

The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release soft-ware whenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by software manu-facturer(s). The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance, merchant-ability, fitness for any particular purpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book.

First edition copyright © 1999 SYBEX Inc.

Copyright © 2000 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photo-copy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Card Number: 00-102850

ISBN: 0-7821-2647-2

Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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This book is dedicated to all the Cisco Academy instructors, the unsung heroes

of the training industry. They work very hard, are extremely dedicated, and

make little money teaching. Their reward is the students progressing, learning,

and becoming all they can be. I salute you.

Acknowledgments

C

reating the Acknowledgments is the most difficult part of the book-writing process. Without the help and support of many different individuals, this book, or any other book for that matter, would never be written. So, how can someone actually take a few paragraphs and thank and acknowl-edge everyone involved? I will give it a try anyway.

The person I want to thank and acknowledge first is Linda Lee. She is an incredible developmental editor and really helped me develop this book’s outline. I am very happy that she was involved in the process. She worked hard on this book, and the reader now gets to reap the rewards of her labor.

Neil Edde is always a shoo-in for appearing in the acknowledgments of all my books. Without Neil, I would not have written the first CCNA book, or even my first Sybex book. He was my first developmental editor, and Linda needs to thank him for working out most of my kinks before he pushed me over to her.

Susan Berge and Lisa Duran did a great job of keeping up with the sched-ule and worked very hard with me to get this book shipped on time. For that, I thank them. Kudos to Patrick Ramseier and Eric Gunnett, who did a fab-ulous job of reviewing each chapter for technical accuracy. Thanks also to Sally Engelfried, Marilyn Smith, and Rebecca Rider for assisting with the editing of the chapters, and to Molly Glover, Jennifer Campbell, Laurie O’Connell, and Camera Obscura for proofreading the book. In addition, Maureen Forys deserves a thank you for putting the finishing touches on the book. And I don’t want to forget Tony Jonick. He is the artist who had to put up with my changing the figures in this book over and over again. He is very patient and does a fantastic job.

Introduction

W

elcome to the exciting world of Cisco certification! You have picked up this book because you want something better; namely, a better job with more satisfaction. Rest assured that you have made a good decision. Cisco certification can help you get your first networking job, or more money and a promotion if you are already in the field.

Cisco certification can also improve your understanding of the internet-working of more than just Cisco products: You will develop a complete understanding of networking and how different network topologies work together to form a network. This is beneficial to every networking job and is the reason Cisco certification is in such high demand, even at companies with few Cisco devices.

Cisco is the king of routing and switching, the Microsoft of the internet-working world. The new Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications, such as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispens-able factor in understanding today’s network—insight into the Cisco world of internetworking. By deciding that you want to become Cisco certified, you are saying that you want to be the best—the best at routing and the best at switching. This book can lead you in that direction.

Cisco—A Brief History

A lot of readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. How-ever, those of you who are new to the field, just coming in fresh from your MCSE, and those of you who maybe have 10 or more years in the field but wish to brush up on the new technology may appreciate a little background on Cisco.

In the early 1980s, Len and Sandy Bosack, a married couple who worked in different computer departments at Stanford University, were having trouble getting their individual systems to communicate (like many married people). So in their living room they created a gateway server that made it easier for their disparate computers in two different departments to commu-nicate using the IP protocol. In 1984, they founded cisco Systems (notice the small

c

) with a small commercial gateway server product that changed net-working forever. Some people think the name was intended to be San Fran-cisco Systems but the paper got ripped on the way to the incorporation

xxiv

Introduction

lawyers—who knows? In 1992, the company name was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc.

The first product the company marketed was called the Advanced Gate-way Server (AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the Compact Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and the AGS+. Cisco calls these “the old alphabet soup products.”

In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router and then created the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).

Cisco has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect users who work from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco products make it simple for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences in time, place, or platform.

In the big picture, Cisco provides end-to-end networking solutions that customers can use to build an efficient, unified information infrastructure of their own or to connect to someone else’s. This is an important piece in the Internet/networking–industry puzzle because a common architecture that delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional imperative. Because Cisco Systems offers such a broad range of networking and Internet services and capabilities, users needing regular access to their local network or the Internet can do so unhindered, making Cisco’s wares indispensable.

Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that form information networks using the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for networked technical support and professional services to maintain and opti-mize all network operations.

Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help sup-port the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco net-works. The business plan is simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment and have more Cisco networks installed, ensure that the networks you install run properly.

However, having a fabulous product line isn’t all it takes to guarantee the huge success that Cisco enjoys—lots of companies with great products are now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve compli-cated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of

Introduction

xxv

installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn’t easy, so Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Network-ing, has also been very successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty. Cisco continuously monitors the program, changing it as it sees fit, to make sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today’s internetworking business environments.

Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifi-cations permit you to become certified at various levels of technical profi-ciency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So, whether you’re beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position, or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the book for you!

Cisco’s Network Support Certifications

Cisco has created new certifications that will help you get the coveted CCIE, as well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels. Before these new certifications, you took only one test and were then faced with the lab, which made it difficult to succeed. With these new certifications, which add a better approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco has opened doors that few were allowed through before. So, what are these new certifications and how do they help you get your CCIE?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 2

The CCNA certification is the first in the new line of Cisco certifications, and it is a precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the new certification programs, Cisco has created a type of stepping-stone approach to CCIE cer-tification. Now, you can become a Cisco Certified Network Associate for the meager cost of this

book

,

plus $100 for the test. And you don’t have to stop there—you can choose to continue with your studies and achieve a higher certification, called the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP). Someone with a CCNP has all the skills and knowledge he or she needs to attempt the CCIE lab. However, because no textbook can take the place of practical experience, we’ll discuss what else you need to be ready for the CCIE lab shortly.

xxvi

Introduction

Why Become a CCNA?

Cisco, not unlike Microsoft or Novell, has created the certification process to give administrators a set of skills and to equip prospective employers with a way to measure skills or match certain criteria. Becoming a CCNA can be the initial step of a successful journey toward a new, highly rewarding, and sustainable career.

The CCNA program was created to provide a solid introduction not only to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and Cisco hardware, but also to internetworking in general, making it helpful to you in areas that are not exclusively Cisco’s. At this point in the certification process, it’s not unrealistic to imagine that future network managers—even those without Cisco equipment—could easily require Cisco certifications for their job applicants.

If you make it through the CCNA and are still interested in Cisco and internetworking, you’re headed down a path to certain success.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNA?

To meet the CCNA certification skill level, you must be able to understand or do the following:

�

Install, configure, and operate simple-routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and LANE networks.

�

Understand and be able to configure IP, IGRP, IPX, serial, AppleTalk, Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLANs, IPX RIP, Ethernet, and access lists.

�

Install and/or configure a network.

�

Optimize WAN through Internet-access solutions that reduce band-width and WAN costs, using features such as filtering with access lists, bandwidth on demand (BOD), and dial-on-demand routing (DDR).

�

Provide remote access by integrating dial-up connectivity with tradi-tional, remote LAN-to-LAN access, as well as supporting the higher levels of performance required for new applications such as Internet commerce, multimedia, etc.

How Do You Become a CCNA?

The first step to becoming a CCNA is to pass one little test and—poof!—you’re a CCNA. (Don’t you wish it were that easy?) True, it’s just one test,

Introduction

xxvii

but you still have to possess enough knowledge to understand (and read between the lines—trust me) what the test writers are saying.

I can’t stress this enough—it’s critical that you have some hands-on expe-rience with Cisco routers. If you can get ahold of some 2500 routers, you’re set. But if you can’t, we’ve worked hard to provide hundreds of configura-tion examples throughout this book to help network administrators (or peo-ple who want to become network administrators) learn what they need to know to pass the CCNA exam.

One way to get the hands-on router experience you’ll need in the real world is to attend one of the seminars offered by Globalnet Training Solu-tions, Inc., which is owned and run by me. The seminars are six days long and will teach you everything you need to become a CCNA and even a CCNP. Each student gets hands-on experience by configuring at least two routers and a switch. See

www.lammle.com

for more information. In addition, Cyberstate University provides hands-on Cisco router

courses over the Internet using the Sybex Cisco Certification series books. Go to

www.cyberstateu.com

for more information. And Keystone Learn-ing Systems (

www.klscorp.com

) offers the popular Cisco video certification series featuring me.

If you are new to networking, you should take a look at

CCNA JumpStart

by Patrick Ciccarelli and Christina Faulkner (Sybex, 1999). This book will give you the background necessary before jumping into more advanced net-working with Cisco routers.

Check out this book’s CD for a demo of the Sybex

CCNA Virtual Lab e-trainer

, which can give you hands-on experience working with both routers and switches. You can also check out

www.routersim.com

for another router simulator.

In addition to this book, there are other useful ways to supplement your stud-ies for the CCNA exam. CiscoTests (

http://www.networkstudyguides.com

) offers an online study guide with sample questions and information about the

most current release of the CCNA, CCNP, and CCIE exams.

For the best practice Cisco exam questions on the market, try

www.boson.com

.

xxviii

Introduction

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), Cisco’s new certification, has opened up many opportunities for those individuals wishing to become Cisco-certified but lacking the training, the expertise, or the bucks to pass the notorious and often failed two-day Cisco torture lab. The new Cisco certifi-cations will truly provide exciting new opportunities for the CNE and MCSE who are unsure of how to advance to a higher level.

So, you’re thinking, “Great, what do I do after passing the CCNA exam?” Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most pop-ular certification), understand that there’s more than one path to that much-coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and become a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), which means four more tests, in addition to the CCNA certification.

The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond—and it is not limited to the Cisco world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these certifications.

While you don’t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE lab, it’s extremely helpful if you already have these certifications.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNP?

Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In addition to mastering the skills required for the CCNA, you should have the following skills for the CCNP:

�

Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, along with dial-access services

�

Understanding complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, async rout-ing, AppleTalk, extended access lists, IP RIP, route redistribution, IPX RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, serial, IGRP, Frame Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs, Ethernet, ATM LANE–emulation, access lists, 802.10, FDDI, and transparent and translational bridging

Introduction

xxix

To meet the CCNP requirements, you must be able to perform the following:

�

Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicken network response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.

�

Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and remote access.

�

Improve network security.

�

Create a global intranet.

�

Provide access security to campus switches and routers.

�

Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth—end-to-end resiliency services.

�

Provide custom queuing and routed priority services.

How Do You Become a CCNP?

After becoming a CCNA, the four exams you must take to get your CCNP are as follows:

Exam 640-503: Routing

This exam continues to build on the funda-mentals learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol internetworks and how to manage them with access lists, queuing, tun-neling, route distribution, route maps, BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and route summarization.

Exam 640-504: Switching

This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900 and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. The

CCNP: Switching Study Guide

(Sybex, summer 2000) covers all the objectives you need to understand to pass the Switching exam.

Exam 640-506: Support

This tests you on the Cisco troubleshooting skills needed for Ethernet and Token Ring LANs, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk networks, as well as ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks.

Exam 640-505: Remote Access

This exam tests your knowledge of installing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and dial-up access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay, and authentication. The

CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide

(Sybex, summer 2000) covers all the exam objectives.

xxx

Introduction

If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam and the Support exam and then taking just one more long exam called the Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP—but beware; it’s a really long test that fuses all the material listed previously into one exam. Good luck! However, by taking this exam, you get three tests for the price of two, which saves you $100 (if you pass). Some people think it’s easier to take the Foundation R/S exam because you can leverage the areas

that you would score higher in against the areas in which you wouldn’t.

Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without notice. Always check the Cisco Web site for the most up-to-date information

(

www.cisco.com

).

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

You’ve become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert CCIE in Routing and Switching—what do you do next? Cisco recommends that before you take the lab, you take test 640-025: Cisco Internetwork Design (CID) and the Cisco-authorized course called Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way, no Prometric test for IMCR exists at the time of this writing, and Cisco recom-mends a

minimum

of two years of on-the-job experience before taking the CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles, you then have to pass the CCIE-R/S Exam Qualification (exam 350-001) before taking the actual lab.

How Do You Become a CCIE?

To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends you do the following:

1.

Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training center and pony up around $15,000–$20,000, depending on your cor-porate discount.

2.

Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam—so hopefully, you’ll pass it the first time).

3.

Pass the two-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab, which many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it

Introduction

xxxi

through!) Also, because you can take the exam only in San Jose, Cal-ifornia; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney, Australia; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; or Brussels, Belgium, you might just need to add travel costs to that $1,000. Cisco has added new sites lately for the CCIE lab; it is best to check the Cisco Web site for the most current information.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCIE?

The CCIE Routing and Switching exam includes the advanced technical skills that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reliability, as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use disparate technologies. CCIEs just don’t have problems getting jobs; these experts are basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries. But that’s because it isn’t easy to attain the level of capability that is mandatory for Cisco’s CCIE. For example, a CCIE has the following skills down pat:

�

Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex routed LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE networks, and dial-access services

�

Diagnosing and resolving network faults

�

Using packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools

�

Documenting and reporting the problem-solving processes used

�

Having general LAN/WAN knowledge, including data encapsulation and layering; windowing and flow control, and their relation to delay; error detection and recovery; link-state, distance vector, and switching algorithms; management, monitoring, and fault isolation

�

Having knowledge of a variety of corporate technologies—including major services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups—as well as the functions; addressing structures; and routing, switching, and bridging implications of each of their protocols

�

Having knowledge of Cisco-specific technologies, including router/switch platforms, architectures, and applications; communication servers; protocol translation and applications; configuration com-mands and system/network impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capa-bilities, and applications

�

Designing, configuring, installing, and verifying voice-over-IP and voice-over-ATM networks

xxxii

Introduction

Cisco’s Network Design Certifications

In addition to the network support certifications, Cisco has created another certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate and Cisco Certified Design Professional certifications. If you’re reaching for the CCIE stars, we highly recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the lab (or attempting to advance your career).

This certification will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.

Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)

To become a CCDA, you must pass the DCN (Designing Cisco Networks) exam (640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the following:

�

Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.

�

Use Network-layer addressing.

�

Filter with access lists.

�

Use and propagate VLAN.

�

Size networks.

The Sybex

CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide

(1999) is the

most cost-effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.

Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

If you’re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take the CID 640-025 test. If you’re not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access, and CID exams.

CCDP certification skills include the following:

�

Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks

�

Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge

Introduction

xxxiii

CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:

�

Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment

�

Traffic management with access lists

�

Hierarchical network design

�

VLAN use and propagation

�

Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switch-ing engines; memory, cost, and minimization

What Does This Book Cover?

This book covers everything you need to know in order to become CCNA certified. However, taking the time to study and practice with routers or a router simulator is the real key to success.

The information you will learn in this book, and need to know for the CCNA exam, is listed in the following bullet points:

�

Chapter 1 introduces you to internetworking. You will learn the basics of the Open Systems Interconnection the way Cisco wants you to learn it. Also, the Cisco three-layer hierarchical model will be dis-cussed, along with how to choose Cisco equipment based on this model. Ethernet networking and standards are discussed in detail in this chapter as well.

�

Chapter 2 gives you a background on layer-2 switching and how switches perform address learning and make forwarding and filtering decisions. Network loops and how to avoid them with the Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) will be discussed, as well as the different LAN switch types used by Cisco switches.

� Chapter 3 provides you with the background necessary for success on the exam as well as in the real world by discussing TCP/IP. This in-depth chapter covers the very beginnings of the Internet Protocol stack and then goes all the way to IP addressing and subnetting. If you read this chapter carefully, you will be able to subnet a network in your head!

� Chapter 4 introduces you to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS). In this chapter you will learn how to turn on a router and

xxxiv Introduction

configure the basics of the IOS, including setting passwords, banners, and more. IP configuration will be discussed and a hands-on lab will help you gain a firm grasp of the concepts taught in the chapter.

� Chapter 5 teaches you about IP routing. This is a fun chapter, because you will begin to build your network, add IP addresses, and route data between routers. You will also learn about static, default, and dynamic routing in this chapter. Written and hands-on labs will help you understand IP routing to the fullest.

� Chapter 6 covers Virtual LANs and how you can use them in your internetwork. This chapter also covers the nitty-gritty of VLANs and the different concepts and protocols used with VLANs. Written labs and review questions will reinforce the VLAN material.

� Chapter 7 provides you with the management skills needed to run a Cisco ISO network. Backing up and restoring the IOS, as well as router configuration, is covered, as are troubleshooting tools neces-sary to keep a network up and running.

� Chapter 8 introduces you to the wonderful world of Novell IPX. Since IPX is still around, Cisco thinks it is important to understand IPX routing. Actually, after IP routing, IPX is a breeze. Both written and hands-on labs, along with review questions, will give you the under-standing of IPX you need to pass the CCNA exam.

� Chapter 9 covers access lists, which are created on routers to filter the network. Both IP and IPX access lists are covered in detail. Written and hands-on labs, along with review questions, will help you study for the access-list portion of the CCNA exam.

� Chapter 10 concentrates on Cisco Wide Area Network protocols. This chapter covers HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ISDN in depth. You must be proficient in all these protocols to be successful on the CCNA exam.

� Appendix A is a practice exam. If you think you are ready for the CCNA exam, see if you can get by my practice exam. A second prac-tice exam is located on the CD as well.

� Appendix B discusses configuring a Catalyst 1900 switch. The CCNA exam is mostly theory on layer-2 switching; however, reading the appendix, working through the written and hands-on labs, and

Introduction

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answering the review questions should prepare you well for the CCNA exam.

�

Appendix C lists all the Cisco IOS commands used in this book. It is a great reference if you need to look up what a certain command does and is used for.

�

The Glossary is a handy resource for Cisco terms. This is a great tool for understanding some of the more obscure terms used in this book.

Where Do You Take the Exams?

You may take the exams at any of the more than 800 Sylvan Prometric Authorized Testing Centers around the world. For the location of a testing center near you, call (800) 755-3926. Outside the United States and Canada, contact your local Sylvan Prometric Registration Center.

To register for a Cisco Certified Network Professional exam:

1.

Determine the number of the exam you want to take. (The CCNA exam number is 640-507.)

2.

Register with the nearest Sylvan Prometric Registration Center. At this point, you will be asked to pay in advance for the exam. At the time of this writing, the exams are $100 each and must be taken within one year of payment. You can schedule exams up to six weeks in advance or as soon as one working day prior to the day you wish to take it. If something comes up and you need to cancel or reschedule your exam appointment, contact Sylvan Prometric at least 24 hours in advance. Same-day registration isn’t available for the Cisco tests.

3.

When you schedule the exam, you’ll get instructions regarding all appointment and cancellation procedures, the ID requirements, and information about the testing-center location.

Tips for Taking Your CCNA Exam

The CCNA test contains about 70 questions to be completed in 90 minutes. You must schedule a test at least 24 hours in advance (unlike the Novell or Microsoft exams), and you aren’t allowed to take more than one Cisco exam per day.

xxxvi Introduction

Many questions on the exam have answer choices that at first glance look identical—especially the syntax questions! Remember to read through the choices carefully because close doesn’t cut it. If you get commands in the wrong order or forget one measly character, you’ll get the question wrong. So, to practice, do the hands-on exercises at the end of the chapters over and over again until they feel natural to you.

Unlike Microsoft or Novell tests, the exam has answer choices that are syntactically similar—though some syntax is dead wrong, it is usually just subtly wrong. Some other choices may be syntactically correct, but they’re shown in the wrong order. Cisco does split hairs, and they’re not at all averse to giving you classic trick questions. Here’s an example:

access-list 101 deny ip any eq 23 denies Telnet access to all systems.

This question looks correct because most people refer to the port number (23) and think, “Yes, that’s the port used for Telnet.” The catch is that you can’t filter IP on port numbers (only TCP and UDP).

Also, never forget that the right answer is the Cisco answer. In many cases, more than one appropriate answer is presented, but the correct answer is the one that Cisco recommends.

Here are some general tips for exam success:

� Arrive early at the exam center, so you can relax and review your study materials.

� Read the questions carefully. Don’t jump to conclusions. Make sure you’re clear about exactly what each question asks.

� When answering multiple-choice questions that you’re not sure about, use the process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect answers first. Doing this greatly improves your odds if you need to make an educated guess.

� You can no longer move forward and backward through the Cisco exams, so double-check your answer before pressing Next since you can’t change your mind.

After you complete an exam, you’ll get immediate, online notification of your pass or fail status, a printed Examination Score Report that indicates your pass or fail status, and your exam results by section. (The test admin-istrator will give you the printed score report.) Test scores are automatically forwarded to Cisco within five working days after you take the test, so you