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CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

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Page 1: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share
Page 2: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

CISCO 60%40%

D-Link

3 Com

Nortel

Cygnus

Etc..

Cisco’s Market Share

Page 3: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router is an internetworking component, that connects networks which are at different geographical

locations.

Page 4: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Serial 1 Serial 0 AUIE 0

Console

V.35 modem

modem

Telephone

PC

AUX

Diagram of 2501 series Router

Page 5: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Interfaces on a Router

Page 6: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin female connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).

2. Serial It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased line

3. BRI/PRI It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN

4. Async It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.

5. Console It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the Router for the first time.

6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access administration.

Page 7: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Routers

Modular Fixed

Modular Routers

These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.

Fixed Routers

These types of routers have fixed number of ports.

Page 8: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Cisco Router’s Series

Cisco 700, 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600, 3600, 4000, 5000, 7000,10000, 12000.

Fixed Modular

700, 800,….2500 2600,….., 12000

1750 & 1751 exceptionally are Modular Routers.

Page 9: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Cisco’s Hierarchical Model

Page 10: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Access Layer

700, …, 2500

Distribution Layer

2600, …, 5000

Core Layer

7000, …, 12000

Page 11: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Transceiver

Page 12: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Internal Components of a Router

Page 13: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share
Page 14: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.

FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.

RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its information when router is turned off. The configuration present in RAM is called Running configuration.

NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds router’s configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.

Page 15: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of a Router Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE

port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,

POST

BOOT STRAP

FLASH

NVRAM

Setup Mode

ROM (mini IOS)If IOS is Corrupted

Page 16: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

In Setup mode, there will be a message,

“Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N]” :

If “Y” then, initial configuration starts.

If “N” would you like to terminate the auto installation?

Press “RETURN” to get started……You will land on the default prompt of the Router “ ROUTER >”.

Router>_

Page 17: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)

2. Privilege or Administrative Mode

3. Global Configuration Mode

4. Interface Configuration Mode

5. Line Configuration Mode

6. Router Mode

7. Sub-Interface Mode

Page 18: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

USER MODE

Router> is the user mode, I,e the default prompt. It means that when ever a router boots successfully it lands into the user mode. Router cannot be configured from this mode, but it is used for just monitoring purpose. Router> en

Router #

Page 19: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

PREVILEGE MODE

Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check whether the settings and configurations made have been implemented or not. Eg. “Router # Sh int e0”. If it is new router all the interfaces are by default shut down, so the message will be, “ Ethernet 0 is administratively down, line protocol is down.”

Page 20: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router# Config t

Router (Config)#

Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode I,e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just by entering into the interface mode.

Page 21: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

The “Clock” Command

The clock command is used to set the clock of Router.

Syntax.

Router# clock set hh:mm:ss Day of week Month Year

E.g.

Router#clock set 16:35:00 1 April 2003

Note* This is the only configuration which can be done from privilege mode,every other configuration should be done at global configuration mode only.

Page 22: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Some of the important show commands in privilege mode

Router# sh clocksh int (interface name eg e0)Sh historySh memorySh running-config

Sh startup-config

To save configuration from RAM TO NVRAM

Router#Copy Running-config Startup-config (or)

Router#Write Memory

Page 23: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

To configure Hostname (or) Identification of Router over the network.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Hostname R_2503

Router(config)#^Z

To configure Logging banner.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Banner Motd #

Enter text message………….#

Router(config)#^Z

Page 24: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router Password Configuration

1. Previlege Password

2. Virtual Terminal Password

3. Console Password

4. Auxillary Password

Page 25: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Previlege PASSWORDS

Enable Password Enable Secret

Enable Password:- It is global command restricts access to the previlege mode, the password is in clear text.

Router(config)#Enable password 123

Enable Secret:-Here the password is in encrypted form.

Router(config)#Enable secret cisco

Page 26: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Virtual Terminal Password

It establishes a login password on incoming Telnet sessions.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#Login

Router(config-line)#password cisco

Router(config-line)#^Z

Page 27: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Console Password

It establishes a login password on the console terminal.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Console 0

Router(config-line)#Login

Router(config-line)#Password cisco

Router(config-line)#^Z

Page 28: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Auxillary Password

It establishes a login password to remote administration.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Aux 0

Router(config-line)#Login

Router(config-line)#Password cisco

Router(config-line)#^Z

Page 29: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

CONFIGURING INTERFACES

LAN interface (ETHERNET Port)

WAN interface (SERIAL Port)

Page 30: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

ETHERNET

Router(config)#Interface Ethernet 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 200.150.1.254 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z

Router#Show Int E0

Page 31: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

SERIAL

Router(config)#Interface Serial 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0Router(config)#clock rate 56000Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64Router(config-if)#No shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z

Page 32: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Interpretring The Interface Status

Router# show int s0

Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if the interface is operational.

Serial0 is up, line protocol is down….. This is if there is any connection problem.

Serial0 is down, line protocol is down….. This is if there is any interface problem.

Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is down….. This is if the interface is disabled.

Page 33: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

The “CDP”It’s a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol, that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDP is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.

* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only…

The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switch configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg. Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device can act as a sourcr route bridge as well as a router), Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).

Page 34: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

CDP (Cisco’s Discovery Protocol)

Page 35: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share
Page 36: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Using CDP

Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices)

To disable CDP….,

Router(config)#no cdp runRouter(config)#int s0Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed information about this perticular neighbor.)

Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interface of the local decive.)Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received, lost etc.)

Page 37: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image

Using TFTP

(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer).

C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP

* Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP software should execute on that particular computer.

Page 38: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Backup Sources :

1. Through Telnet Session.

2. Through Console Session.

3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)

Page 39: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Backup of IOS Image

Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp

Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name)

Backup of Configuration

Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp

Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)

Page 40: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Upgrading IOS ImageNote: This process can only be done by Console Session.

Router#Copy tftp Flash:Address or name of remote host []?

Source file name []?

Destination file name []?

Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?

Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue? [confirm]

Erasing device eeeeeeee……….eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee

Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…….!!!!…….!!!!!!

Page 41: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Leased line WAN Setup

Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km.

Requirements

A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35,

Pair of G.703 Modem.

Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.

Requirements

A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.

Page 42: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Internal Network Internal Network

V.35 Cable

Csu/Dsu

Switch/hub

V.35 modem

Csu – channel service unitDsu – data service unitS0 – Serial port of routerE0 – Ethernet port of a router

G.703 G.703

Mux/Dmux

Mux/DmuxS0

E0S0

E0

Switch/hubRouter

V.35 modem

Leased line Setup( > 5km)

Leased line

Page 43: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Leased line Setup (< 5 km)

Internal Network Internal Network

V.35 Cable Csu/Dsu

Switch/hub

V.35 modem

S0

E0 S0 E0

Switch/hubRouter

V.35 modem

Leased line

Telephone

Exchange

Page 44: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

RoutingRouting is of three types.

• Static

• Dynamic and

• Default

When the destination is known, static and dynamic routing is done. For unknown destinations, default routing is employed.

In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the protocol. The paths will be changing depending on the length of the path. Always the shortest path is preferred. Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored in the routing table.

Page 45: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Example:

Switch/hub Switch/hub

E 0 E 0

S 0S 0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24

192.168.1.150/24 192.168.2.150/24

10.0.0.1/8 10.0.0.2/8

Location A Location B

Page 46: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router(config)# ip routing

Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected networks).

“ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0”

“ C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ ‘ ‘ S0”

“ C “ indicates connected networks.

Static Routing

Syntax

Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask) (next hop address)

Page 47: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Location A

Router(config)# ip routing

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Note* if we don’t know the address of next hop, we can just write the name of the hop.

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0

Location B

Router(config)# ip routing

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1

Page 48: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ “ “ S0

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

•“S” represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the administrative distance value and b has no significance in static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1.

• lesser the administrative distance value, higher the preference.

Page 49: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

“Tracert”, “Trace Route” and “Route print”.

C:\> tracert

C:\> route print

Router# trace route (gives the complete route)

Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)

Default Routing

Router(config)# ip routing

Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop address)

Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1

Page 50: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8 “ “ to S0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 “ “ to S0

Dynamic RoutingIt is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.

Page 51: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Classification Of Routing Protocols Distance Vector

Hybrid Routing

Link State

Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork. When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP and IGRP.

Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is situated). Eg . OSPF.

Page 52: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Functions of a distance vector routing protocol.

Identification of source of information

Discovering routes

Select the best route

Maintain Route information

Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the distance vector algorithm.

Page 53: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Note:

• Maximum 6 paths (Default 4).

•“Hop count metric” selects the path

• Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds.

Router(config)# router rip

Router(config-router)# network (network ip)

Enabling RIP Configuration

Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol)

Router# sh ip route

Page 54: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

172.16.1.0

E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0

192.168.1.0

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3192.168.1.1

Router rip

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router rip

Network 10.0.0.0 Router rip

Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Page 55: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Autonomous Systems

An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within an autonomous system where as EGP connects different autonomous systems.

Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.

We can use any number unless the organization plans for an EGP.

Page 56: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuring IGRPSyntaxes.

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number

This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.

Router(config-router)#Network network-ip

Selects directly connected networks.

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.

Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)

Page 57: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Autonomous System 100172.16.1.0

E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0

192.168.1.0

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3192.168.1.1

Router igrp 100

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router igrp 100

Network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100

Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Page 58: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

IP Classless CommandRouter(config)# ip classless

A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a directly connected network should be present in the routing table. If a packet is received with a destination address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached network, the router assumes that the subnet does not exists and drops the packet. This happens even if routing table has a default route.For the above condition if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is received, then the router will match it to the default route and forword it to the next hop specified by the default route.

Page 59: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

EIGRP

Page 60: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Calculation of Wildcard Mask

WCM = BCM-SNM

1. 192.168.1.0/24

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255. 0

0 . 0 . 0 .255

2. 192.168.1.0/27

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255.224

0 . 0 . 0 . 31

3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0

Page 61: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

OSPF

OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and2) Multi Area OSPF.

Internal Routers

Area1

Area2

Area Border RouterIR

IR

ABR

ABR

Area0S 0

S 0

Page 62: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Router A Router B

S 0 192.168.1.194/252 192.168.1.193/252 S 0

E 0 1.65

192.168.1.32/255.255.255.224

192.168.1.64/255.255.255.224

E 0 1.33

OSPF under Single Area

Page 63: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32 255.255.255.224(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.3 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.224

Page 64: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.224(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.195 0.0.0.3 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.195 255.255.255.252

Configuration of Router B--------------------------------

Page 65: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

OSPF under Different Areas

Area 0

192.168.1.0 192.168.5.0

Area 1 Area 2

E0 E0

5.50

Router A Router B

1.50

Page 66: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Configuration of Router A--------------------------------

Page 67: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router B--------------------------------

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573(Config-Router)# network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 2(Config-Router)# area 2 range 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Page 68: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Access Control ListIt is also called Network Traffic Control

Management (NTCM). We can provide restrictions to individual users, subnets and services etc.

ACL

Standard ACL Extended ACL

Any access list is identified by its number.

S. A. L 1 – 99

Ex. A. L 100 - 199

Page 69: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Rules for creating and implementing Access List

1. Access list must begin with the Deny Statements (If exists) then Permit Statements must follow.

2. There must be at least one Permit Statement as an Implicit “Deny All” always exists.

3. While Implementation of Access list, There must be only one Access list per Interface, per direction and per protocol.

Page 70: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Standard Access List

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.45.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Syntax

Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src Src-WCM

Router(config)# Int <name of interface>

Router(Config-if)#Ip Access-Group <Direction>

Page 71: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration Standard Access-list For Router A

Restricting particular user(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0(Config)# Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 or

Access-list 1 permit anyRestricting a Network(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255(Config)# Access-list 1 permit any

Page 72: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Extended Access List

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

1.20

Page 73: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router A

(Config)# Access-list 101 deny TCP 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.1.20 0.0.0.0 eq FTP

(Config)# Access-list 101 permit IP any any

Implementation

(Config)#int E0

(config-if)# IP Access-group 101 Out

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Page 75: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

NAT(Network Address Translation)

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.2192.168.1.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter with mask.

Page 76: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------

# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside

Page 77: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload

# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router B --------------------------------

Page 78: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0(Config)# access-list 10 permit any

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out

Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.

Page 79: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

A Scenario of providing Net access to the IP's of Router B

Natting

Router A Router B

Switch

Routing

Leased line

Routing5.05.501.50

172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2

192.168.1.99

Page 80: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------

# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.99

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(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside((Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router B --------------------------------# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

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(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 permit 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload

Page 83: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

PPP(Point-to-Point) using PAP protocol

Router A(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.

Page 84: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username zoom password cisco

Page 85: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router B --------------------------------# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username ISP password cisco

Page 86: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

PPP(Point-to-Point) using CHAP protocol

Router A(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.

Page 87: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom (Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco

Page 88: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Configuration of Router B --------------------------------# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco

Page 89: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

DDR(Dial on Demand Routing)

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

ISP

Page 90: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

# Config t(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# no cdp enable(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# ip address negotiated(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# no cdp enable(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname unicomin@hd2(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password password

Page 91: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password(Config-if)# dialer in-band (Config-if)# dialer string 3328400(Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/0(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# dialer-group 1(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2

Page 92: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.2.30

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int dialer 1 overload

Page 93: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Backup Interface for a Leased Line

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

ISP

ISP

CPE -Customer Premises Equipment

DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end

CPE/DTEBri 0

Page 94: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

# Config t(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# no cdp enable(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Page 95: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# ip address negotiated(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# no cdp enable(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco(Config-if)# dialer in-band (Config-if)# dialer string 3328400(Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/ 0(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Page 96: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# dialer-group 1(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.1(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.1.30

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

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(Config)# int dialer 1(Config-if)# ip nat outside(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10(Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0(Config-if)# backup delay 30 60

Page 98: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Frame Relay

Point - to - Pointframe-relay Network

Router A

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B

Fr-Switch Fr-Switch

PVC

Page 99: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Config t(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102 (or)(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

Page 100: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Point - to - Multi Point

10.0.0.4

101

102

A

B

C

D

103

104

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

10.0.0.14.0

2.0

3.01.0

Page 101: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Config t(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 103 broadcast(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 101 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------

Page 102: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point

4.0

2.0

3.01.0

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

172.16.1.2

172.16.1.1

161.16.1.1

101

102

103

104

Page 103: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Config t(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clockrate 56000(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------

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(Config)# int S 0.2 point-to-point(Config-if)# ip address 161.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.3 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clockrate 56000(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 101 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Page 105: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

IsoInternational organization for standardizationIso has designed a reference model called osi reference model (open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers1. Application layerThe user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.2. Presentation layerPresentation layer takes the data from application layer and presentIn different formats for securing reason. The services offered @This layer areCompression – decompressionCoding – decodingEncryption - decryption

Page 106: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

3. Session layerEstablishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is doneBy the session layer.It 1. Establishes a session

2. maintains it &3. Terminates it b/w the application

4. Transport layerEnd-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is doneBy the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.Services:SequencingFlow ctrl, error detection & correctionTransport layer info + data is called segment.

Page 107: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

5. Netwrok layerLogical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &destination address are attached to the data.

Protocols @network layer

Routed protocols routing protocolsEg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospf

Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with themRouting protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to carry the dataAt this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.

Page 108: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Data link layer

MAC LLCMedia access control logical link control framing of data

Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.Here layer2 switches are used.Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packetsDLL info+ packets --> frames

Page 109: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

7 physical layerTakes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. hereFrames are converted to bits (1’s & 0’s).The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at this layer.

I P Addressing Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme. 32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0s)-(1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0’s).(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.

Page 110: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Class A 0 - 127Class B 128 - 191Class C 192 - 223Class D 224 - 239Class E 240 - 255

8-8-8-8M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO

Page 111: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Through out class A, the MSB ‘0’ is constant in class B the Msbs are ‘101’ constant through out.Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used forMulticast network.“ E “ “ “ research.

class A0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback127-0-0-1127-0-0-”127-0-0-” usually reserved for loopback127-0-0-”127-255-255-254

Page 112: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be 1 to 126.All ip addresses are divided into two.1.network I.d2.host I.d in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e N-H-H-H..Class A N-H-H-HClass B N-N-H-HClass C N-N-N-H

Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.

Page 113: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Types of ip adresses IP address

public ip address private ip address

Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.

Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asiaPacefic then it is governed by APNIC.

We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice But it should not be connected to internet.

Page 114: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Range of addresses for private networkClass A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Private ip addresses donot have routing.To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken Into smaller networks called subnets.Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addressesFor a class c address.192.168.1.0/24‘24’ shows the network bits24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to borrowAny bits from host position.=24 network & no hostDefault subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are 192.168.1.0 network

Page 115: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Switch An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types likeLayer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5…..Layer 2 switch :Switch hub•Layer 2 layer 1•b.w is equal @ all ports b.w is shared•Identifies source with MAC cannot identifiy the source•Broad cast occur, till mac table alwaysbroad cast Is built•Collision occur when both A&B Many collisionsWants to reach D.•1 broad cast domain 4 collision 1 broad cast domain 1 collisionDomains domain

Page 116: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Switches

Access layer Distribution layer Core layer

Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912 Catalyst – manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco.12 port switch

Page 117: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

Switch

standard edition enterprise edition

To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard editionWill not support VLAN.For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required.

Functions of switch1. Adress learning 2. Filter & forwarding3. Loop avoidance

1. Address learningBooting 1.blocking state (15 secs)

2.Listening state (15 secs)3.Learning stage (20 secs)4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)

Page 118: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itselfThe source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address.

2. Filter & forwarding : store & forward cut through fragment freeOn access layer the default is fragment free we can change to anyOf the3 mentioned above.

1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytesEthernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination In MAC table and then forward.

2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrivesIt looks into MAC table & forward.

Page 119: CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc.. Cisco’s Market Share

3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a newSwitch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is calledInitial flood or broad cast storm.STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded Switch stp is enabled by default.Parameters to select a switch1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355)2. MAC addressBridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address.Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated ports Will be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port will be blocked.

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The “hello” packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to inform that it is working properly are called BPDUS; (bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive 10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge hasFailed.20secs – max age timeThen a new root bridge is selected.In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest pathsFor high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port& the other will be blocked.

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ISDNIntegreted services digital network.It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT.ISDN PSTN•Digital analog•More bandwidth less•Multiple services like,•Voice,data,video etc.

ISDNBRI PRI

(Basic rate interface2b channels & id chennel)

european standard north american standard

30 bchannels 23 bchannels& &id channel id channel

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‘B’channel – it is a bearer channel for data.‘D’channel – it is a delta channel for synchronizationIn bri each B channel = 64 kbps

d channel = 16kbpsMax 128 kbps BW in isdnIn PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps.European – 2mbpsNorth american – 1.54 mbpsISDN will have a voltage of 90-110v

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SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link.Types of ISDN switchesEuro-basic net3U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standardU.K-basic net3 & basic net5France-vn3 & vn4

Ss7 (signalling system7)Will be configured at the back bone side.

telco vn3/vn4 basic net3France India

ss7

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E-series, I-series & Q-seriesE-tells about telephone network & ISDN networkI-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDNQ-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN

DDRDail on Demand Routing

The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request & Discounects when no data transfer is taking place. nat (network address translationIP NAT insideIP NAT out sideoverload

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IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATEDTo public Ip address sending the request from internal networkTo Bri interface is overloading.When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table.Nat table:

When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for otherServices. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.

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Configuring a DDR for ISDNConfig#int e0Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0Config#ip nat insideConfig#exitConfig-if#int bri 0Config-if#ip address negotiated Config-if#encapsulation PPPConfig-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collinConfig-if#PPP chap hostname (username)Config-if#PPP chap password (password)Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.)Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs)Config-if#dialer groupConfig-if#ip nat outsideConfig-if#exit

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Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamicallyFrom ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress

Dialer – list range 1-10to configure router as a DHCP server

Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip.

Some ISDN commandSh int bri0Sh isdn status(layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost)

Sh isdn activeSh isdn historySh ip network translaiton