Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

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Label heart diagram for numbers 1 – 7

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Purpose:Purpose:– To transport oxygen and food to all cells To transport oxygen and food to all cells

and then to retrieve waste products for and then to retrieve waste products for eliminationelimination

Includes:Includes:– The heart, the blood, and the vesselsThe heart, the blood, and the vessels

Ready for TransplantPhotograph by Robert Clark

A human heart destined for transplant lies cradled in a TransMedics Organ Care System. The device can keep a heart warm and beating—and viable for many hours longer than the conventional method for handling donor hearts: immersion in a saline solution and packing in ice.

National Geographic Feb. 2007

The HeartThe Heart

Located in the mediastinal Located in the mediastinal cavitycavity– Behind sternum, between Behind sternum, between

the lungsthe lungs Muscular, hollow organMuscular, hollow organ

– Size of a closed fistSize of a closed fist

The HeartThe Heart

Comprised of three layers of tissueComprised of three layers of tissue– Endocardium- smooth layer of cells that Endocardium- smooth layer of cells that

lines inside of heartlines inside of heart– Myocardium- muscular middle layer Myocardium- muscular middle layer

(thickest layer)(thickest layer)– Pericardium- double-layered membrane Pericardium- double-layered membrane

or sac, that covers the outside of the or sac, that covers the outside of the heartheart

The HeartThe Heart

The HeartThe Heart

Divided into four Divided into four chamberschambers– Upper chambers called Upper chambers called

atriaatria– Lower chambers called Lower chambers called

ventriclesventricles Septum- muscular wall Septum- muscular wall

that separates the heart that separates the heart into a right side and a left into a right side and a left sideside

The HeartThe Heart

The right atrium receives blood as it The right atrium receives blood as it returns from the body cells (this returns from the body cells (this blood has very little oxygen, is dark blood has very little oxygen, is dark red)red)

The right ventricle receives blood The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenfor oxygen

The HeartThe Heart

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungsthe lungs

The left ventricle receives blood from the left The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cellstransport to the body cells– The left ventricle works 6 times harder than The left ventricle works 6 times harder than

the right ventricle because it is responsible for the right ventricle because it is responsible for giving the blood the push it needs to travel giving the blood the push it needs to travel throughout the whole bodythroughout the whole body

The HeartThe Heart One-way valves keep blood flowing One-way valves keep blood flowing

in the right directionin the right direction– Tricuspid valve-Tricuspid valve- between the right between the right

atrium and the right ventricleatrium and the right ventricle– Pulmonary valve-Pulmonary valve- between the right between the right

ventricle and the pulmonary arteryventricle and the pulmonary artery– Mitral valve-Mitral valve- between the left atrium between the left atrium

and left ventricleand left ventricle– Aortic valve-Aortic valve- between the left ventricle between the left ventricle

and the aortaand the aorta

The HeartThe Heart

Although separated by the septum, Although separated by the septum, both sides work together in a cyclic both sides work together in a cyclic mannermanner– Diastole- period of restDiastole- period of rest– Systole- period of ventricular Systole- period of ventricular

contractioncontraction

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

When blood leaves the heart, it is When blood leaves the heart, it is carried throughout the body in blood carried throughout the body in blood vesselsvessels

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

Three main type of blood vessels:Three main type of blood vessels:– ArteriesArteries- carry blood away from the heart- carry blood away from the heart

Largest artery is the AortaLargest artery is the Aorta

– CapillariesCapillaries- connect arterioles with venules, the - connect arterioles with venules, the smallest veinssmallest veins The exchange of gases takes place in the capillariesThe exchange of gases takes place in the capillaries

– VeinsVeins- blood vessels that carry blood back to - blood vessels that carry blood back to the heartthe heart Must overcome gravity to get blood back to the heartMust overcome gravity to get blood back to the heart

– One-way valvesOne-way valves– Veins are located between skeletal muscles, as muscles Veins are located between skeletal muscles, as muscles

contract, they force the blood forward through the contract, they force the blood forward through the veinsveins

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

To move the blood through the body, a To move the blood through the body, a great deal of force and pressure is great deal of force and pressure is requiredrequired– Blood pressure- the force is at its highest Blood pressure- the force is at its highest

when the ventricles contract, forcing blood when the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart and into the arteries. Then out of the heart and into the arteries. Then there is a drop in pressure as the ventricles there is a drop in pressure as the ventricles refill with blood for the next heartbeatrefill with blood for the next heartbeat Measured with a device called Measured with a device called

sphygmomanometersphygmomanometer

BloodBlood

The average adult The average adult contains five liters contains five liters of blood (four to six of blood (four to six quarts)quarts)

Blood is comprised Blood is comprised of four components:of four components:– PlasmaPlasma– Red blood cellsRed blood cells– White blood cellsWhite blood cells– plateletsplatelets

BloodBloodA clear, yellowish fluid called plasma makes up the rest of blood. Plasma, 95 percent of which is water, also contains nutrients such as glucose, fats, proteins, and the amino acids needed for protein synthesis, vitamins, and minerals. The level of salt in plasma is about equal to that of sea water. The test tube on the right has been centrifuged to separate plasma and packed cells by density.

BloodBlood

Red blood cellsRed blood cells– Very small and Very small and

numerousnumerous– Average body has more Average body has more

than 25 trillion red blood than 25 trillion red blood cells at any given timecells at any given time

– Live for about 3 – 4 Live for about 3 – 4 months then diemonths then die

– New red cells are New red cells are created at the rate of 2 created at the rate of 2 million every secondmillion every second

– Contain Contain hemoglobin- hemoglobin- a a protein that attracts protein that attracts oxygen moleculesoxygen molecules

White blood cellsWhite blood cells Body’s main Body’s main

defense against defense against germs germs

Normal count is Normal count is 5,000 to 10,000 5,000 to 10,000 leukocytes per cubic leukocytes per cubic millimeter of bloodmillimeter of blood

Usually live around Usually live around three to nine daysthree to nine days

Different types of Different types of leukocytesleukocytes

PlateletsPlatelets Smaller than red Smaller than red

blood cellsblood cells Help blood to clot Help blood to clot

when there is a cutwhen there is a cut Also called Also called

thrombocytesthrombocytes Normal count is Normal count is

250,000 to 400,000 250,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter per cubic millimeter of bloodof blood

Usually live 5-9 daysUsually live 5-9 days

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

Anemia- Anemia- inadequate inadequate number of red number of red blood cells, blood cells, hemoglobin, or hemoglobin, or bothboth

Aneurysm – Aneurysm – ballooning out of, ballooning out of, or saclike or saclike formation on, an formation on, an artery wallartery wall

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

Arteriosclerosis- hardening or Arteriosclerosis- hardening or thickening of the arterial wallsthickening of the arterial walls

Atherosclerosis- fatty plaques Atherosclerosis- fatty plaques (frequently cholesterol) are (frequently cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of arteriesdeposited on the walls of arteries

Congestive heart failure (CHF)- Congestive heart failure (CHF)- condition that occurs when the heart condition that occurs when the heart muscles do not beat adequately to muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the bodysupply the blood needs of the body

Embolus- foreign substance Embolus- foreign substance circulating the bloodstreamcirculating the bloodstream– Air, blood clot, bacterial clumps, a fat Air, blood clot, bacterial clumps, a fat

globuleglobule

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

Hemophilia- inherited disease, blood Hemophilia- inherited disease, blood is unable to clotis unable to clot

Hypertension – high blood pressureHypertension – high blood pressure Leukemia- malignant disease of the Leukemia- malignant disease of the

bone marrow, results in a high bone marrow, results in a high number of immature white blood number of immature white blood cellscells

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

Myocardial infarction- heart attack, Myocardial infarction- heart attack, occurs when a blockage in the occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off the supply coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heart, the tissue dies of blood to the heart, the tissue dies and is known as an infarctand is known as an infarct

Phlebitis- inflammation of a vein Phlebitis- inflammation of a vein Varicose veins- dilated, swollen veins Varicose veins- dilated, swollen veins

that have lost elasticity and cause that have lost elasticity and cause decreased blood flowdecreased blood flow

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

Dr William Harvey

Dr. Dwight Harken

Dr Charles Bailey

Dr. Wilfred ('Bill') Bigelow

Lillehei in 1998. He's with Jacquelin Weeks, who underwent the first open heart surgery in 1952, when she was five years old. (Photo courtesy of the University of Minnesota)

Dr. Walton Lillehei

Dr. John Gibbon

Dr. Dennis Melrose

Dr. Christiaan Barnard

Dr. Norman Shumway

Dr. Randas Batista

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Label heart diagram for numbers 1 – 12

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