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Circular Economy and Waste
Management in Europe
The European Experience: Opportunities
and Viability to Rio de Janeiro
Dr Dominic Hogg
Chairman
Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd
Rio de Janeiro, 20th September 2016
Europe’s Legislative Package
Muncipal Waste – Recycling Target
Note: for ‘recycling and preparation for reuse’
Targets / Performance, Municipal Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%E
U T
arg
et
(20
30-3
5)
EU
Avera
ge
(201
4)
Germ
an
yA
ustr
iaB
elg
ium
Ne
the
rla
nd
sS
wed
en
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgD
en
ma
rkU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Ita
lyF
ran
ce
Irela
nd
Slo
ven
iaS
pa
inF
inla
nd
Po
lan
dE
sto
nia
Hu
ng
ary
Lit
hu
an
iaP
ort
ug
al
Czech
Rep
ub
lic
Bu
lgari
aL
atv
iaG
reec
eC
yp
rus
Cro
ati
aR
om
an
iaM
alt
aS
lov
ak
ia
Re
cyclin
g R
ate
/ T
arg
et (%
) Source: Eurostat
Targets / Performance, Packaging
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Paper andCard
Glass Steel Aluminium Wood Plastic Overall
EU27, 2012 Current Target 2020 Target 2025 2030
Source: Eurostat
Producer Responsibility
1. Financial contributions from producers:
Cover all costs of waste management
Modulated on basis of end-of-life cost (reusability / recyclability)
Issues Linked to Europe’s Work
Programme
Design for Repair / Recycling
Source: iFixit
Specifications for Durability
Eco-design work (via WRAP)
Major savings through: durability to reduce returns,
direct material savings, design for assembly and repair:
• Television: £180k / 600 t CO2eq
• Microwave: £320k / 300 t CO2eq
• Washing machine: £550k / 740 t CO2eq
• Laptop: £200k / 373 t CO2eq
• Fridge Freezer: £125k / 162 t CO2eq
• Vacuum Cleaner: £31k / 163 t CO2eq
All savings per 100,000 units per annum
Greening Procurement / Eco-labels
Producer Responsibility
Deposit
Refund
Schemes
Deposit Refunds
Deposit Refunds
Deposit Refunds
Deposit Refunds
y = 0.0529Ln(x) + 0.9876
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Deposit in PPP adjusted G BP
Re
turn
Ra
te
Denmark Norway Finland USA Israel A ustralia Log. (A ll)
Source: Eunomia
Recycling / Return Rates in Different Systems
Source: System Operators
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
European 'Recycling'
Rates European 'DRS' Rates Other 'DRS' Rates
Household Waste Composition in Rio
de Janeiro
Matéria orgânica52%
Papel / papelão20%
Plástico17%
Vidro3%
Metal2%
Outros6%
Matéria orgânica Papel / papelão Plástico Vidro Metal Outros
Why Separate Collection of Food?
• It creates odour, nuisance and vector-borne diseases
• Food waste is dense
• Does not compaction (so can be collected cheaply)
• Collect it often….
• … reduce frequency for refuse collection
• Collecting food also:
• Increases capture of dry recyclables
• Makes people / businesses more aware f food waste
• Can be used to generate energy / make quality compost
Tools
Tools
Opportunities for Rio
The Hierarchy
Incre
asin
g M
itig
ation o
f C
limate
Change
Em
plo
ym
ent
Inte
nsity
GHG Impacts (negative = GHG
reductions)
-23.000 -18.000 -13.000 -8.000 -3.000 2.000
Paper / card
Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
Paper / card
Plastic
Glass
Textiles
Steel
Aluminium
Garden (composting)
Food waste (AD)
WEEE
Others
LANDFILL
INCINERATION CHP
INCINERATION
Emissions, kg CO2 equivalent per tonne of waste managed
RESIDUAL WASTE TREATMENT
RECYCLING & COMPOSTING
AVOIDED PRODUCTION (WASTE
Unemployment Rate, Brazil
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
EU28, Jobs in Recycling, 2014
Source: Adapted from Eunomia (2014) (Impact Assessment re
CE package)
SCENARIO Employment Effect
From Baseline to Full Implementation 37,000 FTEs
From Full Implementation to Preferred Option 178,000 FTEs
Total from Baseline to Preferred Option 215,000 FTEs
Total, Including Multiplier @1.75 377,000 FTEs
Re-use in Scotland
• Current Situation89,000 tonnes
6,000 jobs
3,000 volunteers
• With 25% of potential127,000 tonnes
9,000 jobs
4,000 volunteers
Deposit Refunds (UK)
*Solid total bar = total FTEs without any job creation in the UK reprocessing sector. Shaded
part of the bar illustrates the additional FTE posts that would be created if we assume all
new reprocessing jobs are created in the UK.
Opportunities for Rio
• Advanced economies heavily reliant on
centralised logistics for products
• Future role of ‘conventional’ waste
management?
• Better ‘material streaming’
• More take-back (role of retail, deposit refund
systems)
• Linking in to reuse networks
• Use existing re-use suppliers
Opportunities for Rio
• Deposit refunds for high capture of beverage packaging
• High quality material for recycling
• Reduced littering
• Producer responsibility
• Ensure producers cover the cost of meeting their
obligation (e.g. packaging)
• Make their obligation challenging (do they want a
Circular Economy?)
• Food
• Central to optimisation of collection…
• … and achieving high recycling rates …
• … and maintaining soil organic carbon
