Circ/Resp Design Lab Circ/Resp Design Lab due Wed 10/31due Wed 10/31

• Cool equipment!Cool equipment!• Spirometers ( 2 sensors; 2 manual)Spirometers ( 2 sensors; 2 manual)• Respiration rate sensors (2)Respiration rate sensors (2)• EKG sensors (2)EKG sensors (2)• Blood pressure and pulse machines (2)Blood pressure and pulse machines (2)

• Clear your TOPIC & Check out Clear your TOPIC & Check out equipment/manual—BEFORE equipment/manual—BEFORE DESIGN!DESIGN!

11.1.1 Describe the process of blood 11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting.clotting.

• Vessel brokenVessel broken blood escapes, skin often broken blood escapes, skin often broken (pathogens allowed to enter body)(pathogens allowed to enter body)

• Response to seal off the area (prevent blood loss Response to seal off the area (prevent blood loss & pathogen entry)& pathogen entry)

• Damaged cells Damaged cells releaserelease chemicals chemicals toto stimulate stimulate plateletsplatelets to adhere to damaged area to adhere to damaged area

• Other platelets in blood stick to those pltlts, etcOther platelets in blood stick to those pltlts, etc• Platelets in blood (cell fragments)Platelets in blood (cell fragments)

• Form in bone marrow also (w/RBC, WBC)Form in bone marrow also (w/RBC, WBC)• 1 lg cell breaks, each fragment = pltlet1 lg cell breaks, each fragment = pltlet• No nucleus, lifespan 8-10 daysNo nucleus, lifespan 8-10 days

• Damaged tissue & platelets release chemicals Damaged tissue & platelets release chemicals “clotting factors” to convert prothrombin “clotting factors” to convert prothrombin thrombinthrombin

• 2 Plasma proteins present in blood, inactive until 2 Plasma proteins present in blood, inactive until bleeding “activates”—bleeding “activates”—• Prothrombin Prothrombin thrombin, active enzyme, catalyzes thrombin, active enzyme, catalyzes

conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrinconversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin• Fibrinogen Fibrinogen fibrin, fibrous protein, forms mesh fibrin, fibrous protein, forms mesh

network to stabilize platelet plug network to stabilize platelet plug stable clot stable clot• Flow chart, Heinemann, p. 284Flow chart, Heinemann, p. 284

11.1.211.1.2Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity.selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity.

• Challenge & responseChallenge & response• Imm sys challenged by AG during 1Imm sys challenged by AG during 1stst

infection to develop immunityinfection to develop immunity• Response = Macrophages, B cells, Response = Macrophages, B cells,

helper T cells in actionhelper T cells in action• Clonal selectionClonal selection

• ID of WBCs that can help w/specific ID of WBCs that can help w/specific pathogen, multiple mitotic divisions pathogen, multiple mitotic divisions to increase its #s rapidlyto increase its #s rapidly

• Memory cellsMemory cells• Provide long-term immunityProvide long-term immunity• Must be exposed to pathogen/AG Must be exposed to pathogen/AG

once to produce these cells, have once to produce these cells, have TRUE immunity to itTRUE immunity to it

11.1.311.1.3 Define active and passive Define active and passive immunity.immunity.• Up until now = active immunity (you Up until now = active immunity (you

make memory cells, etc)make memory cells, etc)• Passive = 1 organism acquires AB Passive = 1 organism acquires AB

that were produced in another that were produced in another organismorganism

• Organism that produces the AB gains Organism that produces the AB gains the memory cells & full immunitythe memory cells & full immunity

• ExamplesExamples• Mom transfers AB to fetus thru placenta; memory cells Mom transfers AB to fetus thru placenta; memory cells

not transferred; only short-term protectionnot transferred; only short-term protection• Mom Mom baby thru breast milk; late in pregnancy/few baby thru breast milk; late in pregnancy/few

days after birth, mom produces colostrum—low in fat, days after birth, mom produces colostrum—low in fat, high in antibody concentrationhigh in antibody concentration

• Injection of AB in antisera: antivenoms for snake bites, Injection of AB in antisera: antivenoms for snake bites, etc. (extract venom from animal, inject small qty into etc. (extract venom from animal, inject small qty into another animal, “antibody factory” to make antiserum another animal, “antibody factory” to make antiserum for us.for us.

OVERALL IMMUNE OVERALL IMMUNE RESPONSE:RESPONSE:• Macrophage engulfs pathogen, Macrophage engulfs pathogen,

digests part of itdigests part of it• Molecular pieces of it put @ outside Molecular pieces of it put @ outside

of cell: AG presentationof cell: AG presentation• Helper T cells chemically recognize Helper T cells chemically recognize

the AG and become activated, the AG and become activated, • Turn imm response from non-specific to specific, b/c Turn imm response from non-specific to specific, b/c

now know ID of AGnow know ID of AG

• Helper Ts activate specific Bs able to Helper Ts activate specific Bs able to produce the specific ABproduce the specific AB

• Activated Bs clone (mitosis)Activated Bs clone (mitosis)• AB-secreting plasma cellsAB-secreting plasma cells

• Immediately help fight off primary infectionImmediately help fight off primary infection• Memory cellsMemory cells

• Don’t secrete AB @ 1Don’t secrete AB @ 1stst infection; long-lived, circulate in infection; long-lived, circulate in b’stream for a secondary infectionb’stream for a secondary infection

11.1.411.1.4 Explain antibody production.Explain antibody production.

• See 6.3.6 and “overall” slide See 6.3.6 and “overall” slide

• Primary imm response = Primary imm response = polyclonal responsepolyclonal response• Pathogen recognized as many AGs, Pathogen recognized as many AGs,

not just one, so diff kinds of B cells not just one, so diff kinds of B cells activated for clonal selection, etc.activated for clonal selection, etc.

http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=15529&A=2

11.1.511.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.

• Research method to produce lots of Research method to produce lots of copies of ONE type of ABcopies of ONE type of AB

• Inject a specific AG into mouseInject a specific AG into mouse• Time Time primary immune response primary immune response

(polyclonal)(polyclonal)• Spleen harvested to get cellsSpleen harvested to get cells

• Some of WBCs cloned for AG will be in spleenSome of WBCs cloned for AG will be in spleen

• B cells kept alive by fusing w/cancerous B cells kept alive by fusing w/cancerous (myeloma) cells (myeloma) cells a hybridoma cell a hybridoma cell

• Produce AB, long-livedProduce AB, long-lived

• Isolate hybridomas from non-hybrid (B Isolate hybridomas from non-hybrid (B cells, myeloma cells)cells, myeloma cells)

• Individual hybridoma cells cultured and Individual hybridoma cells cultured and tested for AB production (ELISA—enzyme tested for AB production (ELISA—enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)linked immunosorbent assay)

• ID which cells produce the desired ABID which cells produce the desired AB• Cultured for a long time b/c cancer cells: “immortal” in suitable envtCultured for a long time b/c cancer cells: “immortal” in suitable envt

11.1.511.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.

• DiagnosisDiagnosis• Pregnancy testsPregnancy tests

• HCG-human chorionic gonadotropinHCG-human chorionic gonadotropin• Produced by embryo (hormone) Produced by embryo (hormone) • Small amt in pregnant woman’s Small amt in pregnant woman’s

bloodstream/urinebloodstream/urine• Hybridomas: inject mouse w/HCG; B Hybridomas: inject mouse w/HCG; B

cells will produce AB that recognize cells will produce AB that recognize HCG as AGHCG as AG

• Anti-HCG AB bound to enzyme that Anti-HCG AB bound to enzyme that catalyzes color change when catalyzes color change when encounters HCG molecules...encounters HCG molecules...textbook’s animation!!

• Treatment Treatment

11.1.511.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.and their use in diagnosis and in treatment.

• Treatment Treatment • Cancer cells produce cancer-cell Cancer cells produce cancer-cell

specific AGs on cell membranesspecific AGs on cell membranes• May be able to produce May be able to produce

monoclonal AB to target cancer-monoclonal AB to target cancer-cell AGscell AGs• Monoclonal AB could carry a toxin Monoclonal AB could carry a toxin

specific to this cancer cell, or a specific to this cancer cell, or a radioisotope for pin-point radiation radioisotope for pin-point radiation therapytherapy

**target cancer cell directly, so less **target cancer cell directly, so less toxin/radiation neededtoxin/radiation needed

11.1.611.1.6 Explain the principle of Explain the principle of vaccination.vaccination.

• Vaccine acts as first exposure to Vaccine acts as first exposure to pathogenpathogen

• Weaken the pathogen, inject into bodyWeaken the pathogen, inject into body• Weak strain of pathogenWeak strain of pathogen• Heat-”kill” pathogenHeat-”kill” pathogen• Chemically treat pathogenChemically treat pathogen

• WBCs still recognize it as pathogen WBCs still recognize it as pathogen (non-self), primary imm response(non-self), primary imm response

• Memory B cells formMemory B cells form• If later infected by real pathogen, If later infected by real pathogen,

secondary response is quicker and secondary response is quicker and more intense than primarymore intense than primary

• Mild symptoms or maybe none!Mild symptoms or maybe none!• GRAPH--GRAPH--

11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of 11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.vaccination.

• Smallpox vacc program—WHO Smallpox vacc program—WHO (World Health Organization)—(World Health Organization)—has eliminated disease from has eliminated disease from human pophuman pop

• Demon in the FreezerDemon in the Freezer, Richard , Richard PrestonPreston

BenefitBenefit Danger Danger

Possible total elimination of Possible total elimination of disease. (has occurred disease. (has occurred w/smallpox; many believe it’s w/smallpox; many believe it’s possible for polio and possible for polio and measles)measles)

Before 1999, many vacc Before 1999, many vacc contained thimerosal (Hg-contained thimerosal (Hg-based preservative). Hg = based preservative). Hg = neurotoxin, infants & young neurotoxin, infants & young children particularly children particularly susceptiblesusceptible

Decrease in spread of epidemics Decrease in spread of epidemics (localized infections) and (localized infections) and pandemics (worldwide pandemics (worldwide infections). Increased INTL travel infections). Increased INTL travel made it more imp! Infection made it more imp! Infection begun on 1 side of world could be begun on 1 side of world could be on other side of world in less on other side of world in less than a day.than a day.

Perception exists that Perception exists that multiple vaccs given to kids in multiple vaccs given to kids in relatively short pd of time relatively short pd of time may overload their immune may overload their immune system.system.

Preventative medicine’s Preventative medicine’s typically most cost-effective typically most cost-effective approach to healthcare. Cost approach to healthcare. Cost of vacc programs small of vacc programs small compared to costs of treating compared to costs of treating many preventable diseases.many preventable diseases.

Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence suggested that MMR vacc suggested that MMR vacc may have link to onset of may have link to onset of autism. Clinical studies autism. Clinical studies haven’t supported it.haven’t supported it.

Each vacc’d individual Each vacc’d individual benefits b/c full symptoms of benefits b/c full symptoms of disease don’t have to be disease don’t have to be experienced in order to gain experienced in order to gain immunity.immunity.

Cases reported of vacc Cases reported of vacc leading to allergic reactions leading to allergic reactions and autoimmune responsesand autoimmune responses