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Lessons learned from conducting RCTs in critically ill adults. Cindy L. Munro University of South Florida Mary Jo Grap Virginia Commonwealth University. University of South Florida – College of Nursing Tampa, Florida. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cindy L. Munro
University of South Florida
Mary Jo Grap
Virginia Commonwealth University
Lessons learned from conducting RCTs in critically ill adults
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
University of South Florida – College of NursingTampa, Florida
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
• Describe challenges encountered in RCTs conducted in acute care setting with critically ill mechanically ventilated adults.
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
The exemplar
• The SToPP Study:Strategies To Prevent Pneumonia– Oral Care Intervention in Mechanically Ventilated Adults– NIH funded study, R01NR07652
Oral Care Interventions
Reduced Oral Organisms
Reduced VAP
The Hypothesis…
Two general categories of oral care interventions:Mechanical (Toothbrushing)Pharmacologic (Chlorhexidine, CHX)
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Study design
• Prospective, randomized 22 factorial design• Random assignment to one of 4 groups
– Toothbrushing 3 times a day– Chlorhexidine 2 times a day– Both– Neither
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Study design
• Prospective, randomized 22 factorial design• Random assignment to one of 4 groups
– Toothbrushing 3 times a day– Chlorhexidine 2 times a day– Both– Neither
• Subjects remained in the study for 7 days or until extubated (whichever comes first)
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Study design
• Prospective, randomized 22 factorial design• Random assignment to one of 4 groups
– Toothbrushing 3 times a day– Chlorhexidine 2 times a day– Both– Neither
• Subjects remained in the study for 7 days or until extubated (whichever comes first)
• Daily assessment of oral health (dental plaque index, cultures, salivary biomarkers) and VAP risk (Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, Pugin et al., 1991)
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Main results
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High impact for practice
• Oral care with CHX added to the Institute for HealthCare Improvement Ventilator Care Bundle in 2010– SToPP study cited as evidence
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Base for additional research
• SToPP-IT (In Trauma)– Peri-intubation CHX in trauma patients– DoD TSNRP MDA-905-03-1-TS02 (Grap, PI)
• SToPP2• Renewal of R01NR07652
– And- multiple student research projects
Oropharyngeal organisms present before intubation
Decreasedcontamination of ET tube during
intubation
Chlorhexidine Intervention
Decreased Risk of VAP
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
• Extensive planning was effective in anticipating and reducing issues encountered, although unanticipated issues still arose.
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Examples of issues related to
• Subject recruitment, enrollment, retention and attrition• Data collection and integrity• Intervention delivery• The critical care environment
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Recruitment
• Patterns tracked, data used to refine recruitment strategies.
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Enrollment
• Consent procedures expanded– Approval of telephone consent for distant Legally Authorized
Representatives– Change in Virginia legislation expanding list of individuals who
could act as LAR for research
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Clinical practice changes affected retention and attrition
• Reduced time to extubation– required increase in over-enrollment to ensure adequate
analysis sample size
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Clinical practice changes affected retention and attrition
• Reduced time to extubation– required increase in over-enrollment to ensure adequate
analysis sample size– original estimate based on pilot data (R15 NR04730, PI:Grap):
456 enrollments to get 300 subjects at day 3
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Clinical practice changes affected retention and attrition
• Reduced time to extubation– required increase in over-enrollment to ensure adequate
analysis sample size– original estimate based on pilot data (R15 NR04730, PI:Grap):
456 enrollments to get 300 subjects at day 3
– Actual enrollment: 547
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Data collection was carefully planned
• Palm Pilot PDA– PenDragon software, running on Palm OS
• Synchronized to MicroSoft Access database– Synch database on Research Nurses’ computer– Archival database on Data Manager’s computer, backed up to
CDs weekly
BUT...
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Technology changed over the life of the study
• Trends in consumer electronics affected data collection platforms and processes
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Technology changed over the life of the study
• Trends in consumer electronics affected data collection platforms and processes
• “Palm handhelds were Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) which ran the Palm OS.” Wikipedia, note the past tense!
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
PDAs to Smartphones• Palm launches first PDA in 1996• "PalmPilot sales surging" on CNET News 1998• Moved away from PDAs into smartphone market (late
2000’s)• Acquired by HP (2010) • Moved from Palm OS to Windows OS
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Problems with model upgrades
• Incompatibilities of old and new models• Power source changed-
– AAA batteries to rechargable
• Synch procedures changed• Phones integral to the PDA (no PDA only option)• More integral “options” on PDA, more $$$
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Options
• Consolidate surviving Palms• Find old models for sale (eBay!)• Change platforms (to what??)
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Clinical practice changes affected the study
• Reduced time to extubation– required increase in over-enrollment to ensure adequate
analysis sample size
• Increased use of oral disinfectants– influenced design of subsequent studies
• Increased incorporation of head of bed elevation as standard of care– influenced rates of VAP
• Focus on “Getting to Zero”– influenced provider perceptions of problem
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Maintaining engagement
• Efforts to maintain positive engagement of clinical staff and other health care disciplines with the study over 5 years– Participation in Magnet activities– Posters of research team- updated as RAs changed– Unit and Research Council updates– Inservices on related topics– Engagement with clinical facility committees
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Final thoughts
• Research in critical care settings is challenging– Occurs within the context of clinical care– Affected by provider behaviors– Recruitment and consent are complex– Good relationships with clinical staff, and negotiating with
providers, is essential
• Resolution of unanticipated issues is an important part of critical care research
“Always have a backup plan.”
Mila Kunis
Thank You
Transforming Healthcare, Transforming Lives USF College of Nursingc
Implementation Workshop