CIGRE’ – GRID OF THE FUTURE 2017, OCTOBER 23 -25 …

CIGRE’ – GRID OF THE FUTURE 2017, OCTOBER 23-25 CLEVELAND, OHIO

First Energy – ABBMaint a ining Grid St ab ilit y Am id s t Genera t ion Ret irem entJohn Syner, Genera l Manag er Trans m is s ion Planning First Energy Anders Bost rom, Lead Engineer ABB FACTS

https://www.firstenergycorp.com/fehome.html

https://www.firstenergycorp.com/fehome.html

1:30PM – 5:30 PM, b reak 3PM – 3:15PM

Backg round – Drivers Behind Genera t ion Ret irem entTransm is s ion Sys t em Asp ect sThe First Energy Experience

React ive Power– Syst em St abilit y & Transmission Capabilit yShunt & Series Compensat ion

Technology Overview – SVC, SC, STATCOM, Series Compensat ionThe First Energy SCs & SVCs

Auxiliary Syst ems – Syst em & device propert ies, C&P, Auxiliary Syst ems

Operat ion & Maint enance

Discussion & Wrap-up

Present at ion Out line

November 10, 2017 Slide 2

Maint aining Grid St abilit y Amidst Generat ion Ret irement

November 10, 2017 Slid e 3

Background

Transmission Syst em Aspect s

Drivers Behind Generat ion Ret irement

The First Energy Experience


Maint aining Grid St abilit y – Generat ion Mix

Source: US Energ y Inform at ion Ad m inis t ra t ion, ht t p s :/ / www.eia .g ov

2016 – 4,100 TWh

Nat ural gas 33.8%

Coal 30.4%

Nuclear 19.7%

Renewables (t o t a l) 14.9%

Ot her sources 1.0%

Drivers Behind Coal Ret irement

– Aging and inef f icient coal f leet

– Rising const ruct ion cost

– St able or falling nat ural gas price

– Increasing coal price

– Falling cost of renewables

– Slowing load growt h

– US Coal f ired generat ion fell f rom 50 % t o 37 % f rom 2008 t o 2012


(Compet it ive)

(non compet it ive) Source: Lesley Fleischman, Rachel Cleetus, Jef f Deyet t e, Steve Clemmer, Steve Frenkel. Ripe for Ret irement :An Economic Analysis of t he U.S. Coal Fleet . The Elect ricit y Journal, Volume 26, Issue 10, December 2013, Pages 51–63.

Drivers Behind Coal Ret irement

– Environment al Aspect s – new air regulat ory requirement s

– Aging Baseload Generat ing Asset sCoal gen. high performance lifet ime t ypically 25 – 30 years before out age f requency and maint enance increases

– Fuel Cost – reduced prof it margins Coal price doubled bet ween 2000-2010 while nat ural gas reduced by 50 %.

– Dropping Load Growt h – syst em oversupply– Falling Cost for Renewables – wind and

solar PV


Source: US Energy Informat ion Administ rat ion, ht t ps:/ / www.eia.gov

BTU = Brit ish Thermal Unit , 1 BTU = 1055 J or t he amount of heat required t o raise t he t emperature of one pound of water by one degree F.

– Cont inued op era t ion hig hly unp rofit ab le fo r a num b er o f p lant s

– True even wit hout s crub b er up g rad es– Ad d ing or re t ro fit t ing s crub b ers cos t ly

An ERCOT Exam p le – Scrub b er Ret ro fit t ing

Novem b er 10 , 20 17 Slid e 7

Drivers Behind Coal Ret irementProf it abilit y of Coal Fired Generat ion,IEEEFA b ase case s cena rio (annua l ne t p re-t ax ea rning s 2017-2024)

Source:The Beg inning of The End , fund am ent a l chang e in t he energ y m arket s a re und erm ining t he financia l viab ilit y o f coa l fired p ower p lant s in Texas . David Schlis s el, Ins t it ut e fo r Energ y Econom ics and Financia l Ana lys is

ERCOT Annual Wind Generat ion Percent age of Tot al Generat ion


Renewables

Source: ERCOT Energ y b y fuel t yp e 20 0 2-20 15, ava ilab le a t ht t p :/ / erco t .com / news / p res ent a t ions

– Genera t ion cap acit y t o m eet exp ect ed d em and and s a t is fy Resource Ad eq uacy req uirem ent s

– Sufficient recourses t o p rovid e cont inuous sup p ly reg ard les s o f out ag es , s ched uled or unsched uled

– Sys t em ab ilit y t o wit hs t and unp lanned , unexp ect ed cont ing encies –Transmission Securit y

– Meet loca l source req uirem ent s –b a lancing g enera t ion and load

Planning Res erve Marg in


Impact on Syst em Reliabilit y

Source: Exis t ing and p lanned cap acit y a re b as ed on ERCOT’s May 20 16 CDR; coa l a t ris k o f re t irem ent is b as ed on Bra t t le’s ana lys is

– Cont ro l a rea load and g enera t ion has t o b e in b a lance

– Renewab les increas e need fo r Ag ile Ram p ing Power– The t yp ica l la rg e coa l-fired t herm al g enera t o r is

ab le t o ram p ap p roxim at e ly 1 % of it s cap acit y p er m inut e

– Sm aller unit s and com b us t ion t urb ines a re fas t er– Reg ula t ion d efinit ions varies b e t ween reg ions

PJM/ ISO-NE 5 m in. ram p ing cap ab ilit yERCOT 15 m in.WECC 10 Min.

– NERC Cont ro l Perfo rm ance St and ard d et erm ines t he p erm is s ib le im b a lance o f a cont ro l a rea on 1 m inut e and 10 m inut e b as is .

Ram p ing Power



– Act ive Power Deficit Freq uency d rop

– Act ive p ower surp lus Freq uency increase

– Relies on t urb ine g overnor cont ro l – primary cont rol

– and p lanning reserve – secondary cont rol

– Renewab le Genera t ion will ram p oft en

– Renewab les a re t yp ica lly non resp ons ive t o freq uency chang es o r BA load freq uency com m and s

Freq uency Cont ro l

Novem b er 10 , 20 17Balancing Aut horit y - The res p ons ib le ent it y t ha t int eg ra t es res ource p lans ahead of t im e, m aint a ins load int e rchang e-g enera t ion b a lance wit hin a Balancing Aut horit y Area , and s up p ort s Int e rconnect ion freq uency in rea l t im eSlid e 11


Syst em Fault Level



Source: Na t iona l Grid Elect ricit y UKTen Year St a t em ent


Source: Na t iona l Grid Elect ricit y Ten Year St a t em ent

Impact on Syst em Reliabilit ySys t em Fault Level

– Fault Level ~ sys t em s t reng t h

– Trans ferring Cap ab ilit y

– Ang ula r s t ab ilit y

– Volt ag e St ab ilit y

– Select ive sys t em p ro t ect ion

– Suscep t ib ilit y t o ha rm onic d is t o rt ion

– Wit h f alling f ault levels, t ransmission syst ems are becoming more suscept ible t o dist urbance – periods of varying volt age and f requency

Shif t of Syst em Resonance t o Low Order Harmonics


Novem b er 10 , 20 17 Slid e 14 Source : Nat iona l Grid Elect ricit y Ten Year St a t em ent

Shif t of Syst em Resonance t o Low Order Harmonics



Network impedance will change over time due to different load scenarios, system configurations, contingencies, generation etc.

Resonance frequencies and system damping is affected by;

Number of connected shunt capacitor banks – systems tend to become over compensated

Cable and T-line charging capacitance

Parallel FACTS and HVDC installations

System loading (active and reactive)

Often results in severe harmonic amplification

First Energy Company Overview

– 65,000-square-mile service t errit ory

– 10 operat ing companies in 6 st at es

– 6 Million cust omers

– 4 t ransmission companies

– Approximat ely 24,500 miles of t ransmission lines

– Nearly 17,000 MW of generat ion capacit y


PJM Syst em

– Generat ing dispat ch capacit y: 176,560 MW

– 2016 peak demand: 152,131 MW

– Transmission lines: 82,540 miles

– Populat ion served: 65 million in 13 st at es and Dist rict of Columbia

– Over 990 members


Generat ion Ret irement – The First Energy Experience

– Main driver for First Energy-owned plant ret irement s was addit ional invest ment s t o implement Mercury and Air Toxics St andards (MATS) and ot her announced environment al requirement s • Made FirstEnergy-owned plant s even less likely t o be dispat ched under market rules

– Since 2003 deact ivat ions common t hroughout First Energy foot print• Based on PJM data, 71 generat ion unit s deact ivat ed t otaling approximately 7,400 MW capacit y in FirstEnergy

t ransmission zones• Addit ional 7 unit s represent ing 2,200 MW capacit y scheduled for deact ivat ion

– Impact on syst em operat ion and reliabilit y• Loss of dynamic react ive volt age support• Thermal overloads on networked t ransmission system• Reduced t ransmission volt age regulat ion (high- and low-volt age concerns)• More complex outage coordinat ion and outage planning• Less robust and resilient system


Generat ion Deact ivat ion

From PJM websit e www.pjm.com



GENERATOR PROPOSED DEACTIVATIONS In FE Zones 2012 - 2013(as of October 4, 2017)

Unit CapacityTransZone Age (Years)

Official Owner Request

Deactivation Date

Actual Deactivation Date

Niles 2 108 ATSI 58 2/29/2012 6/1/2012 6/1/2012

Armstrong 1 172 AP 53 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Armstrong 2 171 AP 52 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Bay Shore 2 138 ATSI 53 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Bay Shore 3 142 ATSI 48 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Bay Shore 4 215 ATSI 43 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Eastlake 4 240 ATSI 55 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Eastlake 5 597 ATSI 39 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012R Paul Smith 3 28 AP 64 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012R Paul Smith 4 87 AP 43 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Albright 1 73 APS 59 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Albright 2 73 APS 59 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Albright 3 137 APS 57 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Rivesville 5 35 APS 68 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Rivesville 6 86 APS 60 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Willow Island 1 51 APS 63 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012Willow Island 2 138 APS 51 2/8/2012 9/1/2012 9/1/2012

Niles 1 109 ATSI 58 2/29/2012 6/1/2012 10/1/2012

Piney Creek NUG 31 PenElec 20 6/25/2013 4/12/2013 4/12/2013

Hatfield's Ferry 1 530 AP 43 7/9/2013 10/9/2013 10/9/2013



Mitchell 2 82 AP 63 7/9/2013 10/9/2013 10/9/2013

Mitchell 3 277 AP 49 7/9/2013 10/9/2013 10/9/2013

Warren County Landfill 1.9 JCPL 7 10/11/2012 1/9/2013 1/9/2013

Ashtabula 5 244 ATSI 53 1/26/2012 9/1/2012 4/11/2015

Eastlake 1 132 ATSI 58 1/26/20129/1/2012

4/15/2015 4/9/2015

Eastlake 2 132 ATSI 58 1/26/20129/1/2012

4/15/2015 4/6/2015

Eastlake 3 132 ATSI 57 1/26/20129/1/2012

4/15/2015 4/10/2015

Lake Shore 18 245 ATSI 49 1/26/20129/1/2012

4/15/2015 4/13/2015

Generat ion Ret irement – The First Energy Experience

– Firs t Energ y and PJM s t ud ied d eact iva t ions in clus t e red a reas

– Eva lua t ed t o t a l im p act s o f re t irem ent s t o zones

– Develop ed p ort fo lio o f up g rad es t o ad d res s crit e ria vio la t ions id ent ified

WITHDRAWN DEACTIVATIONS IN FE ZONE SINCE 2012 -2013(as of September 5, 2017)

Unit CapacityTransZone

Age (Years)

Official Owner Request

Requested Deactivation Date

Actual Deactivation Date

Avon Lake 9 640 ATSI 42 3/30/2012 4/16/2015 WithdrawnNew Castle 3 93 ATSI 59 2/29/2012 4/16/2015 Withdrawn

New Castle 4 93 ATSI 53 2/29/2012 4/16/2015 WithdrawnNew Castle 5 140 ATSI 47 2/29/2012 4/16/2015 WithdrawnNew Castle Diesels A and B 5.5 ATSI 43 2/29/2012 4/16/2015 WithdrawnGilbert 8 90 JCPL 35 1/22/2013 5/1/2015 Withdrawn

Shawville 1 122 PenElec 57 2/29/2012 4/16/2015Deactivated on

6/12/2015


6/12/2015


6/12/2015

Shawville 4 175 PenElec 57 2/29/2012 4/16/2015

6/12/2015

Reactivated on


– Firs t Energ y t hen works wit h PJM t o d evelop t rans m is s ion up g rad es t o res o lve any crit e ria vio la t ions .

– Sys t em exp ans ion p ro ject s m ay includ e enhancem ent s t o exis t ing facilit ies , s cop e exp ans ion for current b as e line p ro ject s a lread y in RTEP or cons t ruct ion of new facilit ies

– Trans m is s ion enhancem ent s req uired t o m aint a in a re liab le s ys t em are id ent ified and reviewed wit h s ub reg iona l RTEP com m it t ees and Trans m is s ion Exp ans ion Ad vis ory Com m it t ee

– Cos t o f t rans m is s ion enhancem ent s t o m it ig a t e crit e ria vio la t ions caus ed b y g enera t ion d eact iva t ion a lloca t ed t o load

First Energy follows PJM’s process for all generat ion deact ivat ions ident if ied wit hin First Energy foot print

PJM Generat ion Deact ivat ion Process

From PJM web s it e www.p jm .com

Generat or provides PJM wit h not ice of int ent t o deact ivat e

Wit hin 30 days of deact ivat ion not if icat ion PJM not if ies generat ion owner if deact ivat ing unit will adversely af f ect reliabilit y

Wit hin 60 days generat ion owner not if ies PJM if t hey will operat e beyond int ended deact ivat ion dat e

Wit hin 75 days PJM provides updat ed est imat e of when required t ransmission upgrades will be complet ed

Wit hin 90 days PJM post s report on web


Types of PJM/ First Energy Crit eria Violat ions Ident if ied From Generat ion Deact ivat ion St udies Locat ed Wit hin FE

– Mult iple 138 kV bus volt age magnit ude and volt age drop violat ions

– Mult iple 138 kV line t hermal violat ions

– Power t ransformer t hermal violat ions

– Generat ion deliverabilit y violat ions

– Load deliverabilit y violat ions



Not e: These violat ions could be f ound during N-0, N-1, or N-1-1 condit ions

Types of PJM/ FE RTEP Upgrade Project s From Generat ion Deact ivat ion St udies Locat ed Wit hin FE

– Conversion of ret ired generat ors t o synchronous condensers

– Inst allat ions of st at ic VAR compensat ors (SVCs)

– Inst allat ion of f ixed capacit ors

– Const ruct ion of new t ransmission lines

– Reconduct oring of exist ing t ransmission lines

– Const ruct ion of new subst at ions

– Inst allat ion or replacement of power t ransformers at exist ing subst at ions

– Expansion or reconf igurat ion of exist ing breaker subst at ions

– Upgrades in exist ing subst at ions t o relieve limit ing subst at ion t erminal equipment



PJM RTEP Project Upgrades Driven By Baseline Upgrades Including Generat or Deact ivat ions

PJM Mid-At lant ic AreaPJM West ern Area




React ive Power

Shunt & Series Compensat ion

Reliabilit y & Transfer Capabilit y

The First Energy Experience

– Fault Level ~ syst em st rengt h

– Frequency Cont rol

– Transferring Capabilit y

– Angular st abilit y

– Volt age St abilit y

– Select ive syst em prot ect ion

– Suscept ibilit y t o harmonic dist ort ion

Im p act on Sys t em Reliab ilit y and Trans fer Cap ab ilit y


React ive Power Compensat ion

Tradit ionally t his is provided by synchronous generat ors driven by t urbines at const ant speed.

Impact on Syst em Reliabilit y and Transfer Capabilit y

React ive Power Compenst aion


V1/ δ1 V2/ δ2Power flowP

sin )( 2112

21X

VVP δδ −=

cos11

12XVV

Q )( 21 δδ −= 2V( − )

React ive Power Compenst aion


V1/ δ1 V2/ δ2Power f lowP

FSC & TCSCBoos t Volt ag eRed uce line react ance

SVC, STATCOM & SC Cont ro l vo lt ag e

d ynam ic react ive res erveSys t em Inert ia (SC)

sin )( 2112

21

XVV

P δδ −=

Dynamic or slow Vars?

Volt age Cont rol – Shunt Compensat ion


Static Var Compensator – SVC

STATCOM

Dynamic Shunt Compensation

Synchronous Condenser

Mix of Dynamic and Slow Vars

Volt age Cont rol – Shunt Compensat ion


MSRMSC

SC

MSRMSC´TCR TSR TSC Harmonic Filters MSRMSC

~ =

VSC Synchronous Condenser

Fixed Series Compensat ion

Series Compensat ion


Improved Transfer capabilit y & Angular St abilit y



– SC and SVCs a re res ilient t o OV and UV

– STATCOM need s sp ecific d es ig n cons id era t ion fo r OV and req uires full coo ling cap ab ilit y a t LV

– Series Cap acit o rs a re d es ig ned wit h sys t em fault current in m ind .

– Series Cap acit o rs a re a llowed t o b yp as s fo r int e rna l fault s b ut m us t rem ain in op era t ion fo r ext erna l fault s


Syst em Cont ingency Support and Ride Through

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

X.X

-1 0 1 2 Time (sec.)

Pre-fault Post-Fault Recovery

Fault Clearing

NO BLOCKING/TRIPPING AREA

TRANSIENT AREA

TSC BLOCKING LEVEL


Technology Overview

The First Energy SCs and SVCs

St a t ic Var Com p ens a t o r

Synchronous Cond ens er

– SVC – Variable Shunt ad m it t ance• Vernie r Cont ro l• St ep wis e Cont ro l

– Q ~V 2

– Response t ime - order of cycles

– Const ant admit t ance at limit s

St a t ic Var Com p ens a t o r


Technology Overview

XT

V1

V1’’

BTCR BTSC

BFLT

TCR TSC Harmonic Filter

V2

Q1

B2 = BTCR + BTSC+BFLT

X2 = 1 / B2

X1 = X2 + XT

B1 = 1 / X1

Q1 = V12 · B1

V2 = V1 · X2 / X1

• Typical volt age reference set t ing range0.9 ≤ Vref ≤ 1.1 p.u.

• Typical slope set t ing range 1 % t o 10 % @ 100 MVA base

• Low Volt age blocking level (C) ~ 0.3 p.u.• Driven by synchronizat ion

• High volt age blocking level (D) ~ 1.3 – 1.5 p.u.• Driven by TSC swit ching (if used) or syst em

volt age prof ile

St at ic Var Compensat or – Operat ional Charact erist ic


Technology Overview

St at ic Var Compensat or – Conf igurat ions


Technology Overview

´TCR TSR TSC Harmonic Filters

Static Var Compensator (SVC)

MSRMSC´TCR TSR TSC Harmonic Filters

Static Var System (SVS)

St at ic Var Compensat or – TCR


Technology Overview

VLL

Th1 Th2

I

Vp

St at ic Var Compensat or – TCR


Technology Overview

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180-0.06

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Firing angle [degrees]

In/I1

n=5

n=5

n=7

n=7

n=11

n=11n=13

n=19 n=17

n=25

n=23

HV bus

TCR

Y/d

MV SVC bus

In

Filter banks

St at ic Var Compensat or – TSC


Technology Overview

Vc

L

Th1 Th2

I

Vp

Vp

ωt

Vc

ωt

I

ωt

FP

ωt

∆V Distributor

TCR Control

TSC Control

Vresp

Vref

Bref1ST

SlopeX

POWER SYSTEM

TCRFC TSC

Voltage Regulator

VCU

SVC Cont rol Concep t

Technology Overview


MSRMSC

MSC/MSR Logic

Transmission Applicat ion Cont rol Concept s

– Posit ive Sequence Volt age cont rol

– Negat ive Sequence Volt age Cont rol

– Power Oscillat ion Damping (POD)

Technology Overview


SCSynchronous Condencer

Mechanical Power

Electrical Power

GSynchronous

Generator

MSynchronous

Motor

PEL≈ 0

Qind Qcap

PEL

Qind Qcap

Pmek

PEL

Qind Qcap

Pmek

Tmek

Tmek

Synchronous Cond ens er


Technology Overview


Cap acit iveInd uct ive

– Rot at ing kinet ic Energy Provides Inert ia t o t he Syst em

– Cont ribut es t o syst em fault level

– Aut omat ic excit at ion cont rol provides Dynamic volt age support

– React ive Power Support

– No harmonic generat ion

– Subst ant ial t hermal overload capabilit y

– Capacit ive / Induct ive capabilit y ~ 2:1


Technology Overview


Technology Overview


– Medium size machines - AC Excit ers AC Excit ers are t hree phase AC generat ors, wit h it s out put rect if ied and supplied t hrough brushes and slip rings t o t he rot or winding of t he synchronous machine.

– Large machines - Brushless Excit at ion Syst ems. A Brushless Excit er is a small AC generat or wit h it s f ield circuit on t he st at or and t he armat ure circuit on t he rot or. The t hree phase out put of t he excit er generat or is rect if ied by solid st at e rect if iers. The rect if ied out put is connect ed direct ly t o t he f ield winding and eliminat es t he use of brushes and slip rings.



Technology Overview


∆V

Vresp

Vref Ifref

EXCITER

POWER SYSTEM

AVR

SC

Voltage Regulator

MSRMSC

MSC/ MSR Logic


Technology Overview – First Energy

Green hig hlight ed devices d riven b y Genera t ion re t irem ent s

– PJM announced need for SVC in Novem b er 20 11

– +250 / -10 0 MVAR SVC connect ed t o 230 kV b us

– In-service : 20 14

– Also cont ro ls loca l 130 MVAR 230 kV m echanica lly swit ched cap acit o r

Alt oona SVC



East lake Synchronous Condensers (SC)



PJM announced need f or SC in April 2012

East lake 1 +124/ -80 Mvar 138 kV 5/ 27/ 2016

East lake 2 +124/ -80 Mvar 138 kV 4/ 12/ 2016

East lake 3 +124/ -80 Mvar 138 kV 6/ 1/ 2015

East lake 4 +268/ -140 Mvar 138 kV 6/ 1/ 2014

East lake 5 +560/ -206 Mvar 345 kV 5/ 26/ 2013

– PJM announced need for SVC in Ap ril 20 12

– +150 / -75 MVAR SVC connect ed t o 138 kV b us


– Also cont ro ls loca l 2-75 MVAR 138 kV m echanica lly swit ched cap acit o rs

Hoyt d a le SVC




– +50 0 / -10 0 MVAR SVC connect ed t o 50 0 kV b us


– Cont ro ls loca l 110 MVAR 50 0 kV m echanica lly swit ched cap acit o r

– Com b ined -cycle g enera t ing p lant connect ed t o s am e b us

Hunt ers t own SVC



– PJM announced need for react ive sup p ort in Ap ril 20 12

– +150 / -75 MVAR SVC connect ed t o 138 kV b us


– Also cont ro ls loca l 2-75 MVAR 138 kV m echanica lly swit ched cap acit o rs

Lakes hore SVC




– +60 0 / -165 MVAR SVC connect ed t o 50 0 kV b us


– Cont ro ls loca l 20 0 MVAR 50 0 kV m echanica lly swit ched cap acit o r

Mead ow Brook SVC




Technology Overviewcont inued

STATCOM

Fixed Series Com p ens a t ion

Thyris t o r Cont ro lled Series Com p ens a t ion

– Volt age Source Convert er –act s like a variable volt age source

– Operat ion at convert er limit –VSC becomes a const ant current source

– Q ~ V

– Response t ime – sub cycle

STATCOM – Vo lt ag e Source Convert er


Technology Overview

VSC

V’’syst

Vconv

+ VDC -

IindIcap

Vsyst

XT

STATCOM – Conf igurat ions


Technology Overview

STATCOM

~=

VSC

~=

VSC TSR TSC

STATCOM HYBRID

MSRMSC

~=

VSC

STATCOM SVS

• Typical volt age reference set t ing range0.9 ≤ Vref ≤ 1.1 p.u.

• Typical slope set t ing range 1 % t o 10 % @ 100 MVA base

• Low Volt age blocking level (C) ~ 0.2 p.u.• Driven by synchronizat ion

• High volt age blocking level (D) ~ 1.3 p.u.• Driven by syst em volt age prof ile or TSC

swit ching (if hybrid)• HV rat ing capt ive t o design

STATCOM – Operat ional Charact erist ic


Technology Overview


Technology OverviewSTATCOM Hyb rid – Op era t iona l Charact eris t ic

~=

VSC TSR TSC

STATCOM HYBRID

Post Fault Behavior – why TSC/ TSR and no t MSC/ MSR ?


Technology Overview

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.80.5

1

1.5

S1:

VR

ES

P [p

.u.]

S2:

VR

ES

P [p

.u.]

S1:F3p_NoSymBlk, S2:F3p_SymBlk

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.80

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

S1:

IQ_R

EF_

VR

EG

[p.u

.] S

2:IQ

_RE

F_V

RE

G [p

.u.]

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.80

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Time [s]

S1:

Q_S

VC

[p.u

.] S

2:Q

_SV

C [p

.u.]

Voltage at PCC

IQ_REF

Q at PCC

High overvoltage due to MSC bank

TSC capacitor switched out on fault clearance

Volt age Source Convert er


Technology Overview

+−

Udc

+−

Udc

+−

Udc

+−

Udc

+ −U d

c+ −

U dc

+ −U d

c+ −

U dc

+− Udc

+− Udc

+− Udc

+− Udc

Ud,mVBVA

MMC VSC Swit ching Concept


Technology Overview

−+

+

−

Udc

+

−

Udc



Technology Overview

Ud,mVBVA

Common triangle carrier, Phase B reference negated

s1 s2 s3 s4 U

0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 -Ud

1 0 0 1 +Ud

1 0 1 0 0

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02-1

0

1

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

0

0.5

1

Va

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

0

0.5

1

Vb

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02-1

0

1

Vab

– The num b er o f vo lt ag e “s t a ircase” leve ls in t he result ing t e rm ina l vo lt ag e is 2 x N -1, N = num b er o f ce lls in s eries / p hase

– The PWM carrie r waves fo r each ce ll is int e rna lly p hase shift ed

– Low PWM swit ching freq uency for t he ind ivid ua l ce ll, in t he o rd er o f a few hund red Hz

– Effect ive swit ching freq uency is t he ce ll swit ching freq uency x N

MMC VSC Swit ching Concep t


Technology Overview

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1



Technology Overview

November 10, 2017

MSC/MSR Logic

Slid e 66

Technology Overview

∆VVresp

Vref

POWER SYSTEM

Voltage control

Current control

VSC Control

DC Control

Iref

VDC

FP IP

MSRMSC

Transmission Applicat ion Cont rol Concept s

– Posit ive Sequence Volt age cont rol

– Negat ive Sequence Volt age Cont rol

– Power Oscillat ion Damping (POD)

– Act ive Filt ering

– Bat t ery Energy St orage

MMC VSC Layout


Technology Overview

Layout Cont ainerized STATCOM


Technology Overview

Cont ro l cab ine tAuxilia ry p ower cab ine t

UPS

Precharg erTrans form er p recharg er

Hp -filt e r

Wat er coo ling unit

– Im p rove Power Trans fer

– Im p rove Trans ient St ab ilit y

– Im p rove Volt ag e St ab ilit y


Technology Overview – Series Compensat ion

TCSC– As for FSC

– SSR/ SSI Cont ro l

– POD

FSC



Bypass DisconnectorIsolating

Disconnector Isolating Disconnector

Discharge Current Limiting Reactor

MOV

Bypass Switch (Breaker)

Platform Structure

Capacitor

Fast Protective DeviceCapThor™

Gapless FSC Design






MOV


Platform Structure

Capacitor

Two Segment FSC Design



-QE11

-FR1

-FV1

-QS1

-Q11

-T11

-T12

-T13 -T23

-T22 -FR2

-FV2

-QS2

-T14

-C1

-T24

-C2

-Q12-QE12

-L2-L1

-T15

-Q13

-R2

-FR1

-R1

-R1

-FR1

-R1

-QS3

• Power f low requirement s• SSR Requirement s• Prot ect ion levels

• Not e t he damping circuit

TCSC



Bypass Disconnector

Isolating Disconnector Isolating

Disconnector

TCSC Reactor MOV


Platform Structure

Capacitor

Thyristor Valve

TCSC breaker

TCSC for SSR mit igat ion



15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4S1:Mode 5 CAP FAT, S2:Mode 5 BLK FAT

Mechanical frequency [Hz] Mechanical frequency [Hz]

Ele

ctric

al d

ampi

ng [t

orqu

e pu

/ spe

ed p

u] E

lect

rical

dam

ping

[tor

que

pu/ s

peed

pu]

Sub Synchronous Resonance



In an Uncom pensa t ed Sys t emA fault result s in d c-offs e t com p onent s in t he m achine s t a t o r wind ing .Ba lanced fault s 60 Hz s lip a ir g ap t o rq ueUnb a lanced fault s 120 Hz s lip a ir g ap t o rq ueNo t o rs iona l m od es a llowed nea r t hese freq uencies

In a Series Com p ensa t ed Sys t emThe cap acit o r b locks t he d c-com ponentOffse t t rans ient current is an ac-current oscilla t ing wit h t he sys t em na t ura l freq uencyIn a rea l sys t em t his b ecom es m ore p ronounced t he m ore rad ia l t he ne t work b ecom esIn a s e ries com p ensa t ed sys t em t he na t ura l freq uency is sub synchronous

TCSC for Power Oscillat ion Damping (POD)


Technology Overview

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-40

-20

0

20

xDA

MP

[oh

ms]

inductive

capacitive

bypass

min boost

max boost

switch level

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-40

-20

0

20

time [sec]

xRE

F [

ohm

s]

inductive

capacitive

TCSC for Power Oscillat ion Damping (POD)


Technology Overview

0 500

200

400

600

800

1000

time (sec)

Plin

e (M

W)

No TCSC POD active

0 500

200

400

600

800

1000

time (sec)

Plin

e (M

W)

North TCSC POD active

0 50-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

time (sec)

X TC

SC

0 500

200

400

600

800

1000

time (sec)

Plin

e (M

W)

Both TCSC PODs active

0 50-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

time (sec)

X TC

SC

500 MW

trip 300 MW

Trip 30 0 MW

• 750 miles single circuit AC t ransmission int erconnect ion of Elet ronort e’s (Nort h) and Furnas’ (Sout h) 500 kV power syst ems.

• Excit at ion of 0.2 Hz Oscillat ion bet ween t he syst ems at generat ion t ripping out

• 6 FSC

• 2 TCSC

• Imperat riz: FSC 161 Mvar, TCSC 107 Mvar

• In service since 1999

Cont rol & Prot ect ion


FACTS Technology Overview




MOV


Platform Structure

Capacitor

Fast Protective DeviceCapThor™

MACH™ Control & Protection

Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber


Cont rol & Prot ect ion

AC & DC Power SupplyAuxiliary Syst ems

Valve Cooling

• Main and Backup Supply• AC – supply

• Valve Cooling Pumps and Fans, • Bat t ery Chargers• Building HVAC & Light ing• Transformer Forced Cooling

• DC – supply• Cont rol Syst em• Relay Prot ect ion• 8 hours bat t ery capacit y• Main and backup syst em

Auxiliary power supply


Auxiliary Syst ems

ATS

Valve Cooling System Building Battery

Chargers

Preferred Supply Backup Supply

Adding a second backup supply source - g enera t o r


Auxiliary Syst ems

ATS

Preferred Supply Backup Supply #1

Valve Cooling System Building Battery

Chargers

ATS

Backup Supply #2

G• Main and Backup Supply• AC – supply

• Valve Cooling Pumps and Fans, • Bat t ery Chargers• Building HVAC & Light ing• Transformer Forced Cooling

• DC – supply• Cont rol Syst em• Relay Prot ect ion• 8 hours bat t ery capacit y

AC Power Supply Sources


Auxiliary Syst ems

´TCR TSC Harmonic Filters

1. SSVT at HV bus

2. Of f t he SVC/ STATCOM MV bus• Be conscious of high f ault level• Signif icant volt age variat ions• May require st abilizer

(more equipment )

3. From dist ribut ion syst em

4. Backup Source f rom exist ing St at ionService or dist ribut ion syst em

1

2

3 4

Overview


FACTS Cont rol Syst em

Station Level

Bay Level

Process Level

Station Control

SVC Control

Main circuit, I/O, VCU

SOM PanelStation Operation & Monitoring

SVC Control & Protection Panel

• Operator workstation (HMI)• SCADA interface (GWS)• Cyber security• Remote access

• MACH™ control system hardware and software.

• Protection IEDs

VCU Panel(s)

BsysAsys

Remote Control

Customer System, SAS

Protection IEDsSVC Control and Protection, PS700

• Internal supervision• Switch-over logic• Supplementary control• Sequence control

Converter Control and Protection, PS935

• Voltage control• Flicker control• Valve protections

I/O System PS74x, PS8xx, ...

• Analog and digital I/O• MACH I/O (eTDM, EtherCAT and, CAN)• Beckhoff I/O (EtherCAT)

Valve Control Unit• Send firing data to thyristor or IGBT valve• Valve monitoring and protection

VSCLight v1

VSCLight v2, vX

TCR/TSCClassic

Valve and VCU can be seen as a intelligent primary deviceFiring data to/from IGBT, IGCT, thyristor

MACH Control System

TSR

Us

Up

TSCVSC VSC

AFS 6xxStation LAN, SuiteLink, WCF

NTSGPS-clockTime sync

OWS/SERLocal operation HMIEvent server

FTP/AVSFile transferAnti-virus

3G/4G modemIPsec VPN tunnel Remote access

RHS (option)Remote operation HMI

GWSGatewaySCADA

Main curcuit equipment

• Switchgear• Power transformer• Instrument transformer• etc

FW

Office Workstation

RDP

internet

DNP

LAN

, IEC

104,

etc

Seria

l DN

P

SMB,

file

tran

sfer

NTP, PTP

Power-up on demand. Timer for power-down.

PS700A AA

VCU

PS700A AA

PS935A AA

PS7xxA AA

PS7xxA AA

PS7xxA AA PS7xx

A AA

… or distributed IO

VCU

A AAA AA

PS935A AA

Local IO…

PS800-IO

Common IO

HMI



http://stage-www.abb.com/global/gad/gad02008.nsf/vwImages/3C37DD2F05A0963AC1257627004C9F69/$File/FACTS_mac_009.jpg


Int egrat ed Transient Fault Recorder



– Maximum lengt h 10,000 samples

– Fast response TFR

• 200 μs sampling t ime (5 kHz)

• 2 second window

– Medium response TFR

• 1 – 1000 ms sampling t ime (1 – 1000 Hz)

• 1 – 10000 second window

– Pre- and post f ault dat a

– Trigger condit ions are set f rom HMI

– All analogue and digit al signals available

– Comt rade format

Transformer


Relay Prot ect ion

Relay Protection System A System BDifferential =T1-87-1

SEL 487E=T1-87-2GE T35

Phase Overcurrent =T1-50 / 51-1SEL 487E

=T1-50 / 51-2GE T35

Res id ua l Overcurrent =T1-50N/ 51N-1SEL 487E

=T1-50N/ 51N-2, GE F35

Neut ra l Overcurrent =T1-50G/ 51G-1SEL 487E

=T1-50G/ 51G-2GE F35

Trans form er Monit o ring Sys t em

=T1-26O, 71O, 63P, 49W, 63B, GE C30

TSC & TCR Branches


Relay Prot et cion

Relay Protection System A System BDifferential =TSC11-87-1

=TSC12-87-1SEL 487B

=TSC11-87-2=TSC12-87-2GE B30

Phase Overcurrent =TSC11-50 / 51-1=TSC12-50 / 51-1SEL 487E

=TSC11-50 / 51-2=TSC12-50 / 51-2GE F35

Cap acit o r Unb a lance =TSC11-60 -1=TSC12-60 -1SEL 487V

=TSC11-60 -2=TSC12-60 -2GE F35

Volt age Source Convert er


Relay Prot et cion

Relay Protection System A System B

Differential =VSC11-87-1SEL 487B

=VSC11-87-2GE B30

Phase Overcurrent =TSC11-50 / 51-1SEL 487E

=TSC11-50 / 51-2GE F35


Valve Cooling Syst em

Coolant in Coolant out

Cont rol Syst em HMI pict ure


Valve Cooling Syst em

• Closed Loop syst em • Out door heat exchangers• Deionized cooling media wit h ant if reeze

as applicable• Designed t o applicable sound

requirement s• High level of redundancy• Generally requires UMD/ UPS supply when

STATCOM


Valve Cooling Syst em – Unint errupt able Power Supply



Auxiliary Syst ems

Lub e Oil Skid

Cooling p um p skid Hea t Exchang er

Cont ro l & Pro t ect ionSt a rt Eq uip m ent



Auxiliary Syst ems

http://stage-www.abb.com/global/gad/gad02008.nsf/vwImages/FD9EFA50F2F47503C12577B90053FD8E/$File/_mg_7922c.jpg

http://stage-www.abb.com/global/gad/gad02008.nsf/vwImages/FD9EFA50F2F47503C12577B90053FD8E/$File/_mg_7922c.jpg



– Typ ica l Tot a l Ava ilab ilit y fo r SVC/ STATCOM Transm is s ion Ap p lica t ions ≥ 99 %

– Typ ica l Reliab ilit y ≤ 2 Forced Out ag es Per Year

– Sched uled Out ag e unava ilab ilit y roug hly 1 % for SVC and 0 .4 % for STATCOM*

– Typ ica l Tot a l ava ilab ilit y fo r FSC ≥ 99.5 % (Gap les s o r FPD) and ≥ 99 % Sp ark Gap

– Typ ica l Reliab ilit y ≤ 1 Forced Out ag e Per Year

– Sched uled Out ag e unava ilab ilit y roug hly 0 .2 % for g ap les s and 0 .4 % for Sp ark Gap

– Up g rad e Freq uency 15 – 20 years fo r Cont ro l & Pro t ect ion, Cooling

– Life t im e exp ect ancy ~ 30 yea rs

Novem b er 10 , 20 17 *Not count ing Hyb rid s , which is s im ila r t o SVCsSlid e 94

Operat ion and Maint enance

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