cifarmif0if; · 2002-06-28 · trSwfpOf (13)/ {_yDv/ 2002

$Page 1: cifarmif0if; · 2002-06-28 · trSwfpOf (13)/ {_yDv/ 2002$
tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif

trSwfpOf (13)/ {_yDv/ 2002

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a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepf

a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepfrsm;

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tydkif; (2)

cifarmif0if;

tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif trSwfpOf (12)rSm rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepf (First

Pass The Post)eJ@ rJtrsm;pkpepf (Majority system) awGjzpfwJh 'kwd,rJjym;pepf (Second round) eJ@ ajymif;vJEdkifaomrJay;pepf (Alternative vote)qdkwmawGudk wifjycJhygw,f? tJ'DpepfawGrSm tm;enf;csufawG&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dtm;enf;csufawG uawmh &&SdwJhaxmufcHrJxuf ydk_yD;udk,fpm;ðyoGm;jcif;qdkwJh over representing jy\emjzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh 'Dae&mrSm ydk_yD;udk,fpm;ðyjcif; over representing t a-umif;wifjycsifygw,f? ta&G;cH&olawG[m rJqENe,f (constituency) twGif;rSm &SdwJh rJqEN&Sifjynfoltm;vHk;&J@ axmufcHr+r&&SdayrJh rJqENe,fwckvHk;udk udk,fpm;ðy oGm;wm[m ydk_yD;udk,fpm;ðyjcif; rsKd;jzpfygw,f? OyrmjrefrmEdkfifiHrSm vGwfvyfa&;r& cifuwnf;uae usifhoHk;vmcJhwJh rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepffrSmqdk,if rJqENe,fwckrSm ukd,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkta&G;cH&rSm tJ'DrJqENe,frSm pkpkaygif;qENrJ&J@ xuf0ufr ausmfayrJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG-um;rSm rJtrsm;qHk;&xm;&HkeJ@ ta&G;cH&wmrsKd; &Sdygw,f? rJtrsm;pkpepfawGjzpfwJh jyifopforRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSmusifhoHk;wJh'kwd,rJjym;pepfeJ@ -opa-w;vsEdkfifiHatmufv$wfawmf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm usifhoHk; vGJajymif;ay;EdkfifwJh rJjym;pepfawGrSmvnf; rJtm;vHk;&J@xuf0ufausmf axmufcHr+& &SdoludkrS a&G;cs,fw,fqdkayrJh olwdk@[mrJqEN&Siftm;vHk; (&mEH+;jy!fh)axmufcHr+&&Sd wmrsKd; r[kwf-uygbl;? rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@ rJtrsm;pkpepfawG usifhoHk;wJhurBmh EdkifiHawG tawG@tóuH&wJh tJ'DpepfawGrSm ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;w OD;[m rJqENe,fwckvHk;u rJtm;vHk;&J@ 60 &mEH+;ausmf axmufcHr+&w,fqdkwm &Sm; &Sm;ygyg; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dukd,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD; ta&G;cHvdkuf&_yDqdkwmeJ@ rJqENe,fwckvHk;u qENrJtm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;ðyoGm;wJhtwGuf qENrJ w&m&mEH+;p vHk; &&SdoGm;ygw,f? ta&G;cs,fcHvdkuf&olu tJ'DvdkaxmufcHrJxufydk_yD; udk,fpm;ðy

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aewmrdk@ wjcm;ygwDi,fawGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG epfem&ygw,f? rJrsm;ol Edkifpwrf;pepf/ 'kwd,rJjym;pepfeJ@ v$Jajymif;EdkifwJh rJjym;pepfawGtm;vHk;rSm ta&G;cH &olu axmufcHr+&&SdwJh rJtcsKd;tpm;xuf ydk_yD;udk,fpm;ðycGifh&aeovdk axmufcHrJ trsm;qHk;r[kwfayrJh tenf;i,fpDaxmufcHr+&&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGus awmh ol&&SdwJhrJtcsKd;tpm;wdkif; udk,fpm;ðycGifhr&wmudkvnf; awG@&ygw,f? Oyrm jynfol@qENrJ 60 &mEH+;axmufcHr+&&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;u ta&G;cHvdkuf& wJhtwGuf tJ'Dudk,fpm;vS,favmif;u rJw&m&mEH+;pvHk;udk udk,fpm;ðyoGm;ygw,f? 'ga-umifh 40 &mEH+;axmufcHr+&&Sdxm;wJh ygwDi,fawGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG udk axmufcHxm;wJhqENrJawGu udk,fpm;ðycGifhr&awmhyJ tavtvGifhjzpfoGm;&yg w,f? rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@ rJtrsm;pkpepfawGrSm ESmwjzm;omaewJh ygwD}uD;awG udk axmufcHr+&Sdwmxuf ydk_yD;tcGifhta&;ay;xm;_yD; tm;i,fwJhygwDi,fawGudk t cGifhtvrf;ydwfxm;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga-umifh ynm&SifawGu tJ'DpepfawGudk w&m;r#wr+r&SdwJhpepfvdk@ jrifvm-uygw,f? w&m;r#wr+&SdwJh pepfqdk,if EdkfifiHa&;yg wDawG[m olwdk@&&SdwJhaxmufcHr+rJtcsKd;tpm;eJ@ &&SdrJhudk,fpm;ðyr+wdk@ tcsKd;nDzdk@vdk w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? Oyrm qENrJ 60 &mEH+;axmufcHr+&Sd,if udk,fpm;ðyr+vnf; 60 &m EH+;om &Sdoifhygw,f/ w&m&mEH+;rjzpfoifhygbl;? 'ga-umifh rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@rJ trsm;pkpepfawGrSmjzpfaewJh w&m;rr#wr+awGudk ukpm;Edkifatmif enf;vrf;&Sm azG,if; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfqdkwJ@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepfudk wDxGifcJh-uyg w,f?

tcsKd;us u

d k,fpm;ðypepf

tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf(proportional representation) qdkwJhtwdkif;axmufcH r+&&SdwJh qENrJtcsdK;tpm;eJ@ udk,fpm;ðyr+tcsKd;tpm; nDr#atmifvkyfa&;[m tJ'Dp epf&J@ t"duvdktyfcsuf jzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh tJ'DvdkvkyfEdkifatmif rJqENe,fajrp epfudk tajymif;tvJvkyf&ygw,f? Single-member constituency ac: udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rJqENe,fajrpepfeJ@ tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk wGJzufusifhoHk;vdk@ r&ygbl;? tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrSm usifhoHk;wJhrJqENe,fajrpepf[m rJa&wGufr+udk wEdkifiH vHk;twdkif;twmeJ@vkyf&wJh nationwide constituency ac: wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;t wmrJqENe,fajrpepfjzpf_yD;/ wòydifeufxJrSm udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym;udk a&G;cs,f &wmrdk@ multimember constituency ac: udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,fajrpepfawG jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;[m wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd rJqEN&SifawG&J@axmufcHrJ b,f avmufpD &&Sd-uovJqdkwJh&v'fawG wEdkfifiHvHk;urJawGudk pkaygif;a&wGuf_yD;wJhtcg odvmygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm axmufcHrJ b,favmuf&ovJqdkwJh a&wGufr+udk udk,f pm;vS,favmif; wOD;csif;pDtajccHeJ@ ðyvkyfwmr[kwfyJ EdkifiHa&;ygwDtajccHeJ@ðyvkyf



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wmudk owdðyzdk@vdktyfygw,f? ygwDtoD;oD; wEdkifiHvHk;&&SdwJh axmufcHrJ tcsKd;t pm;tvdkuf v$wfawmftrwfae&mawGudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu cGJwrf;csay;ygw,f? Oyrm NLD ygwDu 1990 a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm wEdkifiHvHk; vlxk qENrJ&J@ 61 &mEH+;axmufcHr+&&Sdwmrdk@ tJ'geJ@nDr#wJh v$wfawmftrwfae&m 296 ae &m &&SdrSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Da&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm NLD ygwDu trwfae&m 398 ae&m tEdkif&cJhwm[m rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfa-umifh jzpfygw,f? rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;p epfa-umifh NLD u tcsKd;us udk,f;pm;ðypepfrSm &&SdrJhtrwfae&m tm;vHk;aygif;xuf 102 ae&m ydkrdk&&SdoGm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? wu,fvdk@om 1990 ckESpfa&G; cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk usifhoHk;cJhr,fqdk,if tJ'D 102 ae &mudk wjcm;ygwDi,fav;awGu udk,fpm;ðycGifh&&Sd-urSm jzpfygw,f? txufrSmwifjycJhwJhpepf[m urBmrSmyxrOD;qHk; usifhoHk;cJh-uwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfppfppf (pure proportional representation system) jzpfygw,f? tJ 'DpepfrSm rJqEN&SifawG[m udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk rJay;&wmr[kwfyJ EdkifiHa&; ygwDawG&J@ ay:vpDawGudk-u!fh_yD; ygwDudkrJay;-u&ygw,f? 'DpepfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;u wEdkifiHvHk;&&SdwJh axmufcHrJtcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,fOD;a& b,favmuf&&SdovJqdkwmudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu xkwf jyefa-unmygw,f? tJ'Dtcgus,if v$wfawmfrSm ygwDtoD;oD;u b,folawGyg 0ifrvJqdkwmudk ygwDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u qHk;jzwf&ygw,f? Oyrm NLD ygwDu w EdkifiHvHk; axmufcHr+&&SdwJh qENrJ 61 &mEH+;eJ@tnD trwfae&m 296 ae&m&&Sdr,fvdk@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu a-unmwJhtcg tJ'D 296 a,muf[mb,folawG vnf;qdkwmudk ygwDtvkyftr+aqmiftzGJ@u qHk;jzwfay;&ygw,f? rJqEN&Sif awGu aomfvnf;aumif;/ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifuaomfvnf;aumif; qHk;jzwfydkif cGifhr&Sdygbl;? 'g[m yxrOD;qHk; ay:xGef;cJhwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf ppfppfrSm usifh oHk;wJh enf;emjzpfygw,f?

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfppfppf&JŒtm;enf;csuf

tcsKd;us udk,fpm;jyKr+ pepfppfppfrSm tmenf;csuf awG&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dtm;enf;csufawGa-umifh omvGefaumif;rGefwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf trsKd;rsKd;udk wDxGifzef wD;vm-ujyefygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppfrwkdifrSD 0dkifrmorRwEdkifiH (Weimar Republic, 1919-1933)vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh *smreDeJ@ wjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHawGrSm usifhoHk;cJhbl;wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf ppfppfrSm ygwDudkom rJay;&wJhtwGuf rJqEN&SifawGu rdrdwdk@a&G;cs,frJh udk,f pm;vS,favmif;awGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ bmrSrod&SdyJ rJay;&wmrdk@ rJqEN&SifawGu tm;r vdktm;r& jzpf-u&ygw,f? olwdk@&J@ udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf ta&G;cHrJholawGudk od xm;ygrS rJqEN&SifawGtaeeJ@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm rJay;&wm ydk_yD;t"dyg,f&Sd

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w,fvdk@ ,lq-uwm obm0usygw,f? 'ghtjyif tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfppfppfrSm ygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy_yDom; v$wfawmfrSmyg0ifrJholawGudk ygwDacgif;aqmif (tvkyft r+aqmiftzGJ@)uom a&G;cs,f&wmrdk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwD,EW,m;awGudk xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifwJh ygwDacgif;aqmifawGu ygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD; v$wfawmfrSm yg0ifvmwmrsKd;awG jzpf vmygw,f? 'ga-umifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm rJay;vdkuf&w,fqdkayrJh udk,fpm; vS,ftjzpfta&G;cH&rJhol a&G;cs,fa&;rSm rJqEN&SifawG&J@ tcef;u¾vHk;0r&Sdwm awG@ &ygw,f? 'ghtjyif tEdkif&ygwDawGu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m rJqEN&SifawGu wdkuf &dkufa&G;xm;wmr[kwfwJhtwGuf ygwDwckvHk;taeeJ@ rJqEN&SifawGudk pkaygif;wm 0efcHr+&Sdw,fqdkayrJh udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;csif;pDu rJqEN&SifawGudk wdkuf&dkufjyefvnf wm0efcHwmrsKd; r&Sdawmhygbl;? rJrsm;olEdkif pwrf;epfeJ@ rJtrsm;pkpepfawGrSm rJqEN&SifawGu udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awGudk rJay;-u&wJhtwGuf rJqEN&SifawGu tm;&-uygw,f? 'ghtjyif ta&G; cHvdkuf&wJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGu rJqEN&SifawGudk wdkuf&dkufjyefvnf wm0efcHr+&Sdyg w,f? 'gayrJh rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@ rJtrsm;pkpepfawGrSmu ygwDawG&&SdwJh axmufcHrJeJ@ &&SdwJhudk,fpm;ðyr+ w&m;rr#wwma-umifh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk wDxGifvm&wmvdk@ txufydkif;rSm usaemfwifjycJhygw,f? 'ga-umifh wDxGifvdkufwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf[m ygwDawG&&SdwJh axmufcHrJeJ@ &&SdwJhudk,fpm;ðyr+ tcsKd;nD jzpfapzdk@ pDrH&rSmjzpfovdk wzufuvnf; rJqEN&SifawGudk wm0efcHr+vnf;&Sd/ rJqEN &SifawGu a&G;cs,fcGifhvnf;&aprJh taetxm;zefwD;zdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tyfcsufawGudk jz!fhqD;EdkifwJh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepfwckuawmh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfygyJ?

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepf

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf (List Propor-

tional Representation-List PR)udk udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,f (multimember

constituency) wrsKd;jzpfwJh wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twm rJqENe,f (nationwide con-

stituency)pepfeJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;[m olwdk@ygwDu ta&G;cHzdk@&SdolawGtjzpf ygwDu oabmwlxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sif&J@ twnfðycsufeJ@ rJqEN&SifawGxH wifjy&ygw,f? O yrm v$wfawmfrSm trwfae&m 485 ae&m&Sd,if ygwDtoD;oD;[m udk,fpm;vS,f avmif; 485 OD;trnfpm&if; wifjycGifh&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh ygwDi,fav;awGomjzpf,if udk,fpm;vS,favmif;ae&m 485 ae&m wifjyzdk@tcuftcJ&SdEdkifwmrdk@ wifjyEdkifo avmuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udkom wifjyavh&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh ygwDwdkif;uawmh olwdk@ ygwDtEdkif&r,fvdk@ cef@rSef;xm;wJh OD;a&xufrenf;awmh wifjy-uygw,f? yg wDtoD;oD;u b,fESpfa,muf tEdkif&ovJqdkwJh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ &v'fxGuf



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vmwJhtcg tJ'D udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJu ta&G;cH&ygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;pm&if;rSm rygwJh tjyifvludk a&G;cGifhr&Sdygbl;? EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;u udk,f pm;vS,favmif;wifjy&mrSm trSwfpOfpD&mrSm owdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f? bma-umifhvJ qdkawmh ta&G;cH&oltjzpf owfrSwfcH&rJholawGudk trSwfpOf (1)uaep_yD; a&wGuf vmrSmrdk@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;rSm aemufqHk;ydkif;a&mufaewJh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awG ta&G;cH&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf; enf;ygw,f? 'ga-umifh ygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD; aocsmayguf ta&G;cHapvdkwJh yk*~dKvfawGudk ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;rSm xdyfydkif; u wifjyzdk@vdkygw,f? ygwDtoD;oD;u wifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;csif;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;aumifr&Sifu wnfqJOya'awGeJ@ nD!Gwfr+&Sdr&Sdpdppf_yD;aemufrSm bmrS_idpGef;r+r&SdolawGudk ta&G;cHEdkifcGifh&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf owfrSwfum rJjym;ay:rSm az:jy&ygw,f? _idpGef;r+wckckjzpfae,ifawmh wjcm;udk,f pm;vS,favmif;awGudk ajymif;vJwifjyzdk@ ygwDrSm tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f? rJqEN&SifawG[m a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJusif;ywJhae@rSm ygwDtoD;oD;udk rJay;-u &ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rJay;&mrSm ygwDtoD;oD;&J@ rl0g'vrf;pOfawGudkavhvm_yD; óudufr óuduf pOf;pm;Edkifovdk ygwDtoD;oD;uwifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;csif;udk vnf; }udKufr}udKuf avhvmEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh rJqEN&SifawGuawmh ygwDudkom rJ ay;&ygw,f? rJqEN&SifawGt-um;rSm vlóudufenf;wJh olawGudk udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;tjzpf wifjyxm;wJhygwDuawmh axmufcHrJt&enf;rSm aocsmygw,f? vl óudufrsm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk wifjyxm;wJh ygwDawGuawmh rJqEN&Sif awG&J@ axmufcHrJ t&rsm;r,fvdk@ ajymEdkifygw,f? wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twm rJqEN,fajrjzpfwmrdk@ rJa&wGuf&mrSm wEdkifiHvHk;urJ&Hk tm;vHk;u vmwJhrJawGudk aygif;_yD a&wGuf&ygw,f? EdkifiHvHk;u rJqEN&SifawG&J@ axmufcHrJ rnfr#&&Sdw,fqdkwmudk rJtm;vHk; a&wGuf_yD;wJhtcgrSm a&G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@u xkwfjyefa-unm&ygw,f? ygwDtoD;oD; &&SdwJhrJta&twGuf t csKd;tpm;tay:rlwnf_yD; b,fygwDu udk,fpm;vS,fae&m b,favmuftEdkif&ovJ qdkwmudkyg a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu a-unm&ygw,f? Oyrm 1990 a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,f pm;ðypepfudk usifhoHk;w,fqdkygpdk@? tJ'D a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfu wEdkifiHvHk;qENrJ 61 &mEH+; &&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh trwf ae&m 485 ae &mteufu 61 &mEH+;eJ@nDr#wJh trwfae&m 296 ae&m tEdkif&&Sdw,fvdk@ aumfr&Sif u a-unm&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DrJpm&if;t& udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& b,fESpfa,muf ta&G;cH&ovJqdkwJh aumfr&Sifu xkwfjyefa-unmwJhtcg trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ csKyfudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD b,fudk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGu v$wfawmfrSm yg0ifrvJqdk wmudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf& ygw,f? trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu wifjyxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJu trSwfpOf (1)uae (296)txd udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awGudk ta&G;cH&oltjzpf owfrSwfygw,f? wjcm;ygwDawGuvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? olwdk@ygwD&&SdwJh rJta&twGufeJ@ tcsKd;nDwJh trwfOD;a& ta&twGuftEdkif&&Sd_yD; tJ'Dta&twGufudk trSwfpOf (1)uaep_yD; a&wGufum ta&G;cH&oltjzpf owf

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rSwfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm ygwDudkom rJay;w,fqdkayrJh wzufu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGuvnf; jynfolvlxk vufcH EdkifwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG jzpfzdk@vdktyfygw,f? 'Denf;tm;jzifh ygwDrl0g'u vnf;aumif; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf wifjycH&ol vlawGvnf;aumif;wJh ygwD awGtEdkif&atmif 'Dpepfu pDpOfxm;wmyg? 'ga-umifh 'Dpepfudk udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;pm&if; wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf rJay;&wJhpepfvdk@ac:wmjzpfEdkifyg w,f? urBmay:rSm EdkifiHeJ@e,fajraygif; 211 ckudk okawoe ðyavhvm&mrSm 67EdkifiH uudk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk usifhoHk;aewm awG@&ygw,f? tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf trsKd;rsKd;&SdwJhteuf 'Dpepfudk toHk;trsm;qHk; jzpfwmawG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHtm;vHk;rSm 'Dpepfudk yHkpHwrsKd;wnf;eJ@ usifhoHk;wm awmhr[kwfygbl;? Oyrm xdkif;EdkifiHrSm 'Dpepfudkusifh;oHk;&mrSm v$wfawmf trwfae &m 500 xJu 100 a&G;cs,fzdk@twGufyJ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh t csKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfudk usifhoHk;ygw,f? usefwJh 400 udkawmh rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf; p epfeJ@ a&G;ygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm vnf; tm;enf;csufawG&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dtm;enf;csufawGa-umifh omvGefaumif;rGef w,fvdk@ ,Hk-unf&wJhpepfwcsKd@udk EdkifiHwcsKd@rSm wDxGifusifhoHk;vmwmawG@&ygw,f?

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udkrJay;&wJh tcsKd;u

sudk,fpm;ðypepf

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJhtcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf List PR pepf rSm tm;enf;csufawG&SdwJhtwGuf ydkaumif;wJhtcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfawGudk wnf xGifvmcJh-uygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif; pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ð0p epfrSm rJqEN&SifawG[m udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;jcif;udk axmufcHr+&Sdr&Sd rJay;wm rsKd;r[kwfygbl;? 'ghtjyif wEdkfifiHvHk;twdkiftwmeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if; ðypk &wmrdk@ rJqEN&SifawGtaeeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm;vHk;&J@ aemufa-umif;&mZ0if eJ@ t&nftcsif;udk odzdk@qdkwm cufcJygw,f? 'ga-umihfvnf; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;om awG@&ayrJh wu,fwrf;rJay;wJhtcg ygwDudkomrJay;&atmif pDrHxm;wmjzpfEdkifygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrSm tm;&auseyfr+r&Sdao;wJh tcsufawGudk ukpm;ðyjyif,if; wDxGifvmwJh pepfwrsKd;u awmh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf (Personalized

Proportional Representation) jzpfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;udkrJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfESpfck trnfa&mtESpfom&yg jcm;em;wmudk owdðyrdzdk@vdkygw,f?



7

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJhtcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk rJqEN&Sifu udk,f pm;vS,favmif;awGudk rJay;axmufcHcGifh&atmif zefwD;xm;&ovdk ygwDtoD;oD; &wJh rJtcsKd;tpm;twdkif; r#r#ww udk,fpm;ðycGifh&atmifvnf; pDrHzdk@vdkygw,f? xdk@ twl rJqEN&SifawGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk rJay;&rSmrdk@ tJ'Dudk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awG&J@ aemufa-umif;&mZ0ifeJ@ t&nftcsif;awGudkvnf; odcGifh&aezdk@vdkyg w,f? 'ga-umifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrSm udk,f pm;vS,favmif;awGudk rJqEN&SifawG odEdkfifatmifpDpOf&wmrdk@ rJqENe,fajr t&G,ff tpm;[mta&;}uD;vmygw,f? wEdkfifiHvHk;twdkif;twm rJqENe,fqdk,if udk,f pm;vS,favmif;awGrsm;ae_yD; olwdk@tm;vHk;udk rJqEN&SifawGu odzdk@cufygw,f? 'g u rJqENe,f}uD;vGef;,if jzpfvmwJh jy\emyg? rJqENe,fao;i,fvGef;,if tcsKd; uscGJwrf;csay;zdk@ cufwmrdk@ odyfi,fvGef;vdk@vnf; rjzpfygbl;? 'ga-umihf tv,ft vwftqifhjzpfwJh Statewide constituency ac: jynfe,ftwdkif;twmrJqENe,fp epfudk usifhoHk;&ygw,f? tJ'D jynfe,ftwdkif;twmrJqENe,fajruae udk,fpm; vS,fwOD;xufydk_yD; a&G;cs,fay;&rSmrdk@ tJ'DrJqENe,f[m udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,f (multimember constituency) vnf;jzpfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJhpepfudk usifhoHk;aewJhEdkifiHtm;vHk;rSm udk,f pm;vS,fOD;a& 10=20 ywf0ef;usif a&G;cs,fay;&wJh rJqENe,frsKd;&atmif owfrSwf ygw,f? 'DpepfusifhoHk;wJh EdkifiHawGudkavhvmwJhtcg tenf;qHk; 5a,muf trsm;qHk; 25 a,mufavmufxd &SdwmrsKd;awG@&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& renf;vGef;rrsm;vGef;ygrS udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf tvkyfvkyfEdkifygw,f? 1990 ckESpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJwHk;u jrefrmEdkfifiHrSm usifhoHk; cJhwJh rJqENe,fajrpepft& u&ifjynfe,frSm rJqENe,f (14)ck&Sdygw,f? wu,fvdk@ om 1990 ckESpfu a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepftjzpf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;& wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudkusifhoHk;cJhr,fqdk,if u&ifjynfe,fwckvHk;udk rJqEN e,fajrwcktjzpf owfrSwf&rSmjzpf_yD; tJ'Du&ifjynfe,f rJqENe,fu a&G;cs,f&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&uawmh 14 OD;jzpfygvdrfhr,f? tJ'DrJqENe,frsKd;udk jynfe,ft wdkif;twm/ udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,fajr (statewide multimember constitu-

ency)vdk@ ac:wmjzpfygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fvdk udk,fpm;vS,f 45 a,mufa&G;cs,fay;&wJh jynf}uD;qdk,ifawmh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,f pm;ð0pepftwGuf odyf}uD;vGef;wmrdk@ rJqENe,fESpfcktjzpf jyefcGJwmrsKd; vkyfEdkifyg w,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrSm EdkfifiHa&;ygwDt oD;oD;[m rdrdwdk@,SOfòydifta&G;cHwJh rJqENe,fu a&G;cs,f&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&eJ@t nDtr# udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wifjy&ygw,f? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu xHk;pHtwdkif; pdppfr+awGvkyf_yD;wJhtcg rJjym;ay:rSm tJ'D udk,fpm;vS,favmif;trnfawG udk az:jy&ygw,f? Oyrm udk,fpm;vS,f 14 a,muf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&rJh u&if jynfe,frJqENe,frSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD 5 ck0ifa&muf,SOfòydifta&G;cH_yD; ygwDwdkif;u udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14OD;pDwifjyw,fqdk,if pkpkaygif; udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 70 &Sd

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


8

ygr,f? tJ'DtxJu udk,fpm;vS,f 14 OD;&atmif rJqEN&SifawGua&G;cs,fay;&rSmyg? 'gayrJh ygwDtoD;oD;wifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGtm;vHk; a&maESmvdkufwm rsKd;r[kwfyJ ygwDwck rJjym;wcktaeeJ@ xm;_yD;tJ'DrJjym;ay:rSm ygwDuwifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk az:jyxm;ygw,f? rJay;wJhtcg rJqEN&SifawG[m ygwDaygif;pkHu wifjyxm;wJhudk,fpm;vS,f avmif; 70 xJu tóudufqHk; 14 a,mufudk trSwftom;vkyfrJay;&ygw,f? ygwD wckxJuwifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufpvHk;udk rJqEN&SifawG rJay;wm rsKd;&SdEdkfifovdk ygwDtoD;oD;u rdrdwdk@óudufwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk r#_yD;rJ ay;wmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? 14 a,mufjy!fhatmifawmh rJay;&ygw,f? 'gha-umifh rJqEN&SifwOD;[m 14 rJay;&wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? 'ga-umihf rJqEN&Sifwoef;&SdwJh rJ qENe,fajrqdk,if rJtm;vHk;aygif; 14 oef;&SdwJh oabmjzpfoGm;ygw,f? ud k,fpm; vS,favmif;awG[m ygwD&J@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGjzpfwmrdk@ olwdk@udk rJay;wm[m wzufu ygwDudkrJay;wJh oabmvnf; jzpfygw,f? Oyrm rJqEN&SifwOD;u

NLD ygwD udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufxJu 5 a,mufudk rJay;w,fqdk,if NLD ygwDu axmufcHrJ 5 rJ &&Sdygw,f? 14 a,mufudk axmufcHrJay;cJh,ifawmh 14 rJpvHk;&&SdrSmjzpfygw,f? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;aumfr&Sifu jynfe,fwckvHk;u rJtm;vHk;udk a&wGufwJh tcg rJ 14 oef;rSm ygwDtoD;oD;u axmufcHrJ b,fESpf&mcdkifEH+;&&SdovJqdkwJh pm &if;xGufay:vmygw,f? rJtm;vHk;aygif;udk w&m&mEH+;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tJ'Dw&m &mEH+;xJu ygwDwckpD b,fESpf&mEH+; &&SdovJqdkwmudk wGufcsuf&ygw,f? ygwDtoD; oD;&&SdwJh axmufcHrJ&mEH+;eJ@tcsKd;nD udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufudk cGJwrf;cs ay;wJhtcg ygwDwckcsif;pD b,fESpfa,muf ta&G;cH&ovJqdkwJh cGJwrf;xGufvmyg w,f? Oyrm NLD ygwDu rJtm;vHk;&J@ 50 &mEH+;axmufcHr+ &w,fqdk,if udk,fpm; vS,f 14 ae&m&J@ 50 &mEH+;jzpfwJh udk,fpm;vS,f 7 ae&m tEdkif&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DvdkyJ wjcm;ygwDawGvnf; olwdk@axmufcHr+&SdwJh rJtcsKd;tpm;eJ@tnD udk,fpm; vS,fae&m tEdkif&&SdrSmjzpfygw,f? ygwDtoD;oD;u tEdkif&&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,fpm&if;xGufay:vm_yD; aemufrSmyg wDuwifjyxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJu ygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD; b,fudk,f pm;vS,favmif;awG ta&G;cHrvJqdkwJh udpPudkqHk;jzwfzdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? rJqEN&Sif awG rJay;pOfu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk rJcJG&wmrdk@ ygwDtoD;oD;u udk,fpm;vS,favif;wOD;csif;pD &&Sdxm;wJh axmufcHr+rJpm&if;vnf; rJa&wGufwJhtcg xGuf ay:vmygw,f? ckeu Oyrmt& NLD ygwDu ta&G;cH&wJh 7 a,mufu b,fol awGvnf;qdkwmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@qHk;jzwf&mrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufxJ u rJtrsm;qHk; axmufcHr+&&Sdxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk a&G;cs,fvdkufyg w,f? oabmu jynfolawGaxmufcHr+ rsm;rsm;&wJholawGudkom a&G;cs,fwJho abm jzpfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf (List PR)rSmu ta&G;cH&olawGudk qHk;jzwf&mrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu jyifqifxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,f



9

avmif;pm&if;xJuae trSwfpOfwpfupvdk@ tpOfvdkufowfrSwfw,fvdk@ txuf ydkif;rSm wifjycJhwm rSwfrdr,fxifygw,f? tJ'DpepfrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD; csif;pD&&SdwJh rJb,favmufvJqdkwm rpOf;ygbl;? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf(Personalized Proportional Representation system) rSm u ygwDawGu ta&G;cH&oludk qHk;jzwf&mrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;csif;pD&&SdwJh rJta&twGuf b,favmufvJqdkwJhtcsufu t"dujzpfygw,f? 'ga-umihfvnf; 'D pepfudk udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepftjzpf owfrSwf wmjzpfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfrSm EdkfifiHa&;ygwDawG u tcsKd;usr#wpGm udk,fpm;ðycGifh&wJhtwGuf w&m;r#wr+&Sdovdk rJqEN&SifawGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk -u!fh_yD; rJay;&wmrdk@ olwdk@twGufvnf; tm;&aus eyfr+&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tm;enf;csufawGuawmh &SdaeqJygyJ? tJ'Dtm;enf;csufawG udk ausmfv$m;zdk@ enf;vrf;&Sm,if; Single Transferable Vote (STV)ac: rJjym;v$J ajymif;ay;EdkifwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfqdkwmudk zefwD;vm-ujyefygw,f?

rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;EdkifwJh tcsKd;usudk,

fpm;ðypepf

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk rJay;&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm ygwDtoD;oD;& &SdwJh axmufcHrJtcsKd;tpm;twdkif; udk,fpm;vS,fae&m cGJwrf;cs,l-uyHkudk &Sif;jycJhyg w,f? txufu OyrmrSm wifjycJhovdk udk,fpm;vS,f 14ae&m a&G;cs,fay;&rJh u &ifjynfe,frJqENe,frSm NLD ygwDupkpkaygif; wjynfe,fvHk;qENrJ 50&mEH+;axmuf cHr+&,if 14 a,mufxJu 50 &mEH+;eJ@nDr#wJh udk,fpm;vS,f 7 ae&m&&Sdygw,f? 'D ae&mrSm owdðyavhvmoifhwJh tcsufawG&Sdygw,f? NLDu u&ifjynfe,fwckvHk;u rJ 50 &mEH+;&&Sdw,fqdkwm NLD ygwDu udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufpvHk;&&SdwJh rJawGudk aygif;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh NLD &J@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;t jzpf 7 OD;udk a&G;cs,fvdkufwJhtcg rJtrsm;qHk;&xm;wJholawGudk a&G;ygw,f? ocFsmo abm/ w&m;r#wr+oabmt& ajym,if rJqEN&Sifwoef;&SdwJh u&ifjynfe,fu udk,fpm;vS,f 14 OD;a&G;cs,fwJhtcg ta&G;cH&rJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;[m rJ qEN&Sifwoef;&J@ q,fhav;yHkwyHkeJ@ nDr#wJh 71500 xufrenf; &zdk@vdkygw,f? rJt rsm;qHk;&xm;ol 7 OD;udka&G;wJhtcg tJ'DolawGtm;vHk; wOD;udk rJ 71500 pD&wmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wcsKd@u tJ'DrJxufydk&wmrsKd; &SdEdkifovdk wcsKd@uavsmh&aewmrsKd;jzpf Edkifygw,f? tJ'gqdk,if ta&G;cHvdkuf&olwcsKd@[m &&SdoifhwJh axmufcHrJr&&SdyJ t a&G;cH&wmrsKd;jzpfwJhtwGuf w&m;r#wr+ r&Sdbl;vdk@ jrifvm-uygw,f? 'ghtjyif t xufydkif;rSm wifjycJhwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfawG[m woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,f avmif; (independent candidate) awG yg0ifcGifhr&wJhtwGufvnf; w&m;r#wr+r &Sdbl;vdk@ wcsKd@u axmufjyygw,f? 'ga-umifh ydk_yD;w&m;r#wwJhpepfudk wDxGif,if;

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


10

rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifaom tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepf (Single Transferable Vote-

STV) qdkwmudk wcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSm wDxGifusifhoHk;vm-ujyefygw,f? STV rS tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyr+&&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;ovdk woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGvnf; yg0if,SOfòydifcGifh&aewm awG@&rSm jzpfygw,f? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifaom tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfeJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;wJh rJqEN e,fajrpepf[m udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udkrJay;&wJhtcsKd;u udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm usifh oHk;wJh rJqENe,fajreJ@twlwl jynfe,ftwdkif;twm udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,fajr (statewide multimember constituency) ygyJ? 'gayrJh xl;jcm;wmu woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG yg0if,SOfòydifcGifh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ aumfr&Sifu ygwDtoD;oD;u wifjywJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGeJ@ woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif; tm;vHk;&J@ trnfpm&if;udk rJjym;ay:rSm az:jyxm;& ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 5 OD;a&G;cs,fay;&rJh rJqENe,fwckrSm udk,f pm;vS,favmif; 15 a,muf ,SOfòydifta&G;cHyHkudk Oyrmtjzpf avhvm-uygpdk@? om reftm;jzifhpOf;pm;,if udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; rJqENe,f wckvHk;rStwnfðyEdkifwJh pkk aygif;rJ&J@ ig;yHkwyHk&&Sd,if udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ta&G;cH&zdk@vdktyfwJh rJta&twGuf jy!fhrSDwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh rJay;wJhtcg rJqEN&SifawGu tJ'Dvdk rJ ig;yHkwyHk tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; twdtus&atmifay;vdkufwmrsKd;r[kwfygbl;? wcsKd@uaxmuf cHrJig;yHkwyHkatmuf av#mheJ&Edkifovdk wcsKd@uvnf;ydk_yD;&aewmrsKd; jzpfaerSmuawmh aocsmygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ocsFmoabmt& taotcsm pOf;pm;zdk@vdkygw,f? ig;yHk wyHkausmf axmufcHrJ&olawG[m b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS ig;a,muf rjy!fhEdkifygbl;? 'g a-umifh rJig;yHkwyHkausmfolawGudkom a&G;cs,fr,fqdk,if b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,favmif; ig;a,mufa&G;EdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? ig;a,mufjy!fhatmif rJig;yHkwyHk atmuf av#mhenf;axmufcHr+&wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk a&G;cs,fjyef,ifvnf; w&m;r#wr+&Sw,fvdk@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;EdkifwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyp epf[m tJ'Dvdk tajctaersKd;rSm udk,fpm;vS,fig;a,mufudk w&m;r#wr+&SdpGmeJ@ a&G;cs,fEdkifatmif pDrHxm;wmjzpfygw,f? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu rJa&wGufjcif;vkyfief;pOfudk atmufygt wdkif;aqmif&Gufygw,f? OD;pm;ay;tqifhowfrSwfum rJay;jcif; rJqEN&SifawGtaejzifh rJjym;ay:rSmaz:jyxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;teuf rS rdrdwdk@ ESpfouf&m udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJay;a&G;cs,f&ygw,f?rJqENe,fudk udk,fpm;ðyrJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&rnfr#yif&Sdygap rJqEN&SifawGtaeeJ@ rJwjym;omay; cGifh-uygw,f? odk@aomf rJqEN&Sifwdkif; ‚if;wdk@ay;vdkufwJh rJjym;wdkif;rSm yxrOD;pm;ay;/ 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;/ wwd,OD;pm;ay;/ pwkxWOD;pm;ay; ponfjzifh xdkrJqENe,frS a&G;cs,fay;&r!fh pkpkaygif; udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ESifhnDr#wJh OD;a&udk OD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwfaz:jyay;&ygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,favmif; rnfr#yifrsm;apumrl OD;pm;ay;



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tqifhowfrSwfay;&wJh OD;a&uawmh a&G;cs,fay;&r!fh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&xuf rydkap&ygbl;? ydk_yD; 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;_yD; qENðyxm;,if y,frJjzpfygw,f? OD;a&t wdtusay; OD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwfxm;ygrS twnfðyEdkifwJh rJjym;tjzpf owf rSwfygw,f? Oyrm udkf,fpm;vS,favmif; ig;OD;a&G;cs,f&rJh qENe,fwckrSm rJqEN&Sif wOD;[m 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifta&G;cHwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJu yxrOD;pm;ay;/ 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;/ wwd,OD;pm;ay;/ pwkxWOD;pm;ay;/ yOPrOD;pm;ay; ig;a,muf owfrSwfrJay;&ygw,f? rJqEN&Sifwdkif;u tJ'DvdkOD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwfrJay;xm;wmrdk@ ,SOfòydifta&G;cHwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wdkif;[mvnf; rJay;yGJ_yD;vdk@rJa& wGufwJhtcg yxrOD;pm;ay;rJjym;/ 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;rJjym;/ wwd,OD;pm;ay;rJjym;/ p wkxWOD;pm;ay;rJjym;/ yOPrOD;pm;ay;rJjym; pojzifh OD;pm;ay;tqifhwdkif;twGuf rJt a&twGuf pm&if;ay:xGufvmrSmjzpfygw,f? OD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwf&jcif;[m rJ jym;awGudk vdktyfovdk v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifatmif jzpfygw,f? axmufcHrJta&twGuf wGufcsufjcif; rJay;yGJ_yD;_yDqdkwmeJ@ yxrOD;qHk;vkyf&wJh tvkyfuawmh twnfðyEdkifwJh rJjym; ta&twGuf wGufcsufjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtwnfðyEdkifwJh rJjym;ta&twGuft ay:rSm rlwnf_yD; udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;ta&G;cH&zdk@ vdktyfwJh axmufcHrJta&twGuf udk atmufygyHkaoenf;t& wGufcsuf&ygw,f? tJ'DvdkwGufcsufwmudk t*Fvdyfvdk ynm&SifawGu "Droop Quota" vdk@ac:ygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;&&Sd&r!fh rJta&twGuf ] {V / (S+1) }+ 1

V= vote= pkpkaygif;twnfðyEdkifaom rJta&twGuf S= seats = a&G;cs,fay;&r!fh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& Oyrm udk,fpm;vS,f 5 ODF;a&G;cs,fay;&rJh rJqENe,fajrwckvHk;rS twnfðyEdkif aom rJta&twGuf (120000)&&Sdw,fqdkygpdk@? txufyg yHkaoenf;t& ta&G;cH& rJh udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; &&Sd&rJh rJta&twGufudk wGufcsufwJhtcg tckvdk jzpfygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;&&Sd&r!fh rJta&twGuf = [V / (S+1) ]+ 1 = [120000/(5 + 1)] + 1] = 20001 yHkaoenf;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;zdk@ vdktyfygw,f? ta&G;cH&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; &&Sd&rJh rJta&twGufudkwGuf&mrSm twnfðyEdkifwJh rJtm;vHk;udk a&G;cs,f&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&eJ@ pm;wmrsKd;r[kwfyJ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& ta&t wGufudk 1 aygif;_yD;rSpm;wmawG@&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk 1 aygif;&wm[m rJpm&if;&v'fudk pDrHcef@cGJ&mrSm udk,fpm;vS,fae&mtwdtuseJ@ pm;vdk@&wJh rJpm&if;&v'frsKd;qdk,if

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


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tcuftcJ&SdEdkifwJhtwGuf 1 aygif;_yD;rS pm;&wmjzpfygwf? wcg tJ'Dvdk 1 aygif;_yD;pm;vdkufvdk@&vmwJh rJcGJwrf;twdkif;qdk,if &Hzef&Hcg &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; udk,fpm;vS,favmif; ajcmufa,muf tJ'DrJcGJwrf;&&Sdaewmrdk@ vdktyfwJh ig;a,mufxufydk_yD; ajcmuf a,mufa&G;cs,f&wmrsKd; jzpfaewwfygw,f? tJ'grsKd;rjzpf&atmif 1 aygif;_yD;pm;vdk@ &vmwJh &v'fudk aemufxyfwcg 1 aygif;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? ocsFmoabmt& aocsmpOf;pm;,if aemufqHk;&v'ft&qdk,if twnfðyEdkifwJh rJ 120000 &SdwJh rJ qENe,frSm b,fawmhrS udk,fpm;vS,favmif;ajcmufa,mufu 20001 rJxufydk_yD; &wmrsKd;rjzpf awmhygbl;? rJjym;a&wGufjcif; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif odk@r[kwf tm%mydkiftzGJ@[m twnfðyEdkifwJh qENrJ jym;wdkif;&J@ yxrOD;pm;ay;tqifh rJjym;rsm;udk yxr a&wGuf&ygw,f?yxrOD;pm;ay;rJjym;pm&if;rSm (20001)rJeJ@ txuf&&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk ta&G;cH &oltjzpf owfrSwfygw,f? ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD; ta&G;cH&zdk@vdktyfwJh rJta&t wGufxuf ausmfvGef&&Sdxm;olawG&J@ ydkaewJhrJjym;awGudk tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awGudk vGJajymif;ay;&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdkv$Jajymif;ay;wm[m rJqEN&SifawG rJ ay;pOfu yxrOD;pm;ay;/ 'kwd,OD;pm;ay; tqifhowfrSwf rJay;xm;vdk@jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk v$Jajymif;ay;&mrSm rJjym;ausmfvGef&&SdolawG&J@ rJjym;rsm;pkpkaygif; (tm;vHk; aygif;)rSmyg&SdwJh 'kwd,OD;pm;ay; tqifhaz:jyxm;wJh tcsKd;tpm;tay:rlwnf_yD; ydk aewJhrJjym;awGudk cGJwrf;cs&ygw,f? Oyrm udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;[m yxrOD;pm;ay;rJ jym;pkpkaygif; 45001 &&Sdw,fqdkygpdk@? xdkudk,fpm;vS,favmif; ta&G;cH&zdk@ vdktyfwJh rJjym;u 20001 rJomjzpfwmrdk@ rJ 25000 ydkaeygw,f? tJ'DrJydk 25000 udk wjcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxH v$Jajymif;ay;&ygw,f? b,fvdktcskKd;tpm;eJ@ v$Jajymif; ay;rvJqdkwm wGufcsufzdk@ vdkjyefygw,f? tJ'Dtcgus,if rJydk&xm;ol udk,fpm; vS,favmif;&&SdwJh rJtm;vHk; 45001 rJudk jyef-u!fh&ygw,f? rJ 45001 jym;rSm 'k wd,OD;pm;ay;tqifhtjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&olawGuawmh trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifygw,f? Oyrm rJ 45001 rJ&&SdwJh OD;pdrf;&J@ rJjym;awGrSm 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;tjzpfowfrSwfwJhrJ jym;awGu OD;jzLudk 50 &mEH+;/ OD;rJudk 30 &mEH+;/ OD;0gudk 20 &mEH+; jzpfaeEdkifygw,f? 'g a-umifhrJydk 25000 udk OD;jzL/ OD;rJeJ@ OD;0g wdk@xHudk tqdkyg tcsKd;tpm; 50&mEH+;/ 30 &mEH+;/ 20 &mEH+;twdkif; v$Jajymif;ay;&ygw,f? aemufw}udrfrJjym;rsm; v$Jajymif;ay;jcif; tJ'Dvdk rJjym;awG vGJajymif;ay;vdkufwJhtwGuf rlvu yxrOD;pm;ay;tqifhrSm 20001 rJr&&SdwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGrSm rJydkvm_yD; 20001 rJ jy!fhvmwmrskd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? tJ'Dvdk jy!fhoGm;,if jy!hfoGm;oludk ta&G;cH&oltjzpf owfrSwf vdkufygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;r+udk ta&G;cH&rJhol igOD;jy!fhwJhtxd vkyf&rSm



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jzpfygw,f? yxrOD;pm;ay;/ 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;/ wwd,OD;pm;ay;/ pwkxWOD;pm;ay;/ yOPrOD;pm;ay;/ tqifhqifh&SdaewJhtwGuf v$Jajymif;r+udk t}udrf}udrfvkyfEdkifygw,f? 'D vdkrJydk&xm;olawG&J@rJjym;tm;vHk; v$Jajymif;_yD;wJhtcgrSm udk,fpm;vS,f ig;OD;ta&G;cH &wJh tajzvnf;&Edkifovdk ig;OD;rjy!hfao;wmrsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? rJydkvnf; v$J ajymif;ay;p&mr&Sd/ ta&G;cH&oluvnf; ig;OD;rjy!fhao;bl;qdk,if t}udrf}udrf v$J ajymif;xm;_yD;vdk@ &vmwJhrJpm&if;rSm rJtenf;qHk;&xm;ol&J@rJjym;awGudk v$Jajymif;ay;&ygw,f? rJtenf;qHk;&xm;olwOD;&J@ rJjym;awGudk wjcm;olawGxH v$Jajymif;ay;vdk@rS wjcm;olawGrSm 20001 rJr&vmao;bl;qdk,if 'kwd,aemufwcg rJt enf;qHk;jzpfaewJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;&J@rJjym;udk xyfrHv$Jajymif;ay;&ygw,f? 'Dvdk eJ@ aemufqHk;awmh ta&G;cH&ol ig;OD;awmh &&SdvmrSm aocsmygw,f?

ydwf

qdk

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rJay;pepf

tcktcsdeftxd wifjycJh_yD;jzpfwJh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepftrsKd;rsKd;udk t-urf; zsOf; tkyfpk}uD;ESpfck cGJjcm;Edkifygw,f? yxrtkyfpku rJtrsm;pk pepfrsm; (plurality-

majority systems) tkyfpkjzpf_yD; 'kwd,uawmh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepftrskd;rsKd; jzpfygw,f? rJtrsm;pkpepfawGudk rJqENe,fxJu udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;wnf;udkom a&G;cs,f ay;&wJh udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rJqENe,fajrpepf (single-member constituency)eJ@ wGJ zufusifhoHk;_yD; tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfawGudkawmh udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym;a&G;cs,fay;&wJh udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,fajrpepf (multimember constituency)

awGeJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;w,fvdk@ t,ifu wifjycJhwmawGudk rSwfrdOD;r,fvdk@ ,lqyg w,f? udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; rJqENe,fajrvm;/ udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,fajrvm;qdk wmudk -u!fh_yD; rJtrsm;pkpepfvm;/ tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfvm;qkdwmudk cGJjcm;Edkif w,fvdk@vnf; t-urf;zsOf; ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh urBmhEdkifiHwcsKd@rSm rJtrsm;pkpepf udk udk,fpm;vS,fpHkpepfeJ@ wGJzuf usifhoHk;aewmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dudk,fpm; vS,fpHkpepfeJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;wJh rJtrsm;pkpepfudk t*Fvdyfvdk Block Vote vdk@ac:_yD; jrefrmbmomtm;jzifhawmh ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfvdk@ bmomjyef ac:qdkEdkifygw,f? ydwf qdk@rJay;pepfrSm usifhoHk;aewJh EdkifiHawGxJrSm puFmyl/ zdvpfydkif/ ygvufpwdkif;/ zD*sD/ vmtdk@(p)/ ul0dwfeJ@ arm&pf&S (p)EdkifiHawG yg0ifygw,f? ydwfqdk@ rJay;pepf (Block Vote)udk ri,fvGef;/ r}uD;vGef;wJh rJqENe,fajrpepf eJ@ usifhoHk;wmrdk@ EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm jynfe,ftwdkif;twm udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,f ajrpepfeJ@ wGJzuf usifhoHk;-uygw,f? EdkifiHa&; ygwDtoD;oD;oD;[m rJqENe,fajrt wGif;ta&G;cH&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&eJ@ nDr#wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG wifjy-uyg w,f? rJqEN&SifawGu rJay;wJhtcg ygwDtoD;oD;u wifjyxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;pm&if;udk-u!hf_yD; rJay;&wmrdk@ 'Dpepfudk ygwDtajccH ydwfqdk@rJay;pepf

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


14

(Party Block Vote)vdk@vnf; ynm&SifawGu ac:a0:-uygw,f? rJqEN&SifawGu rJ ay;wJhtcg udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;wnf;udkaomfvnf;aumif; wOD;xufydk_yD;aomfvnf;aumif; ay;Edkif-uygw,f? trsm;qHk;uawmh tJ'DrJqENe,fajru a&G;cs,fay;&rJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& ta&twGufeJ@tnDtr# jzpfygw,f? Oyrm udk,f pm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufa&G;cs,fay;&rJh u&ifjynfe,frJqENe,frSm rJqEN&Sifw OD;[m tenf;qHk; wrJwnf;ay;Edkifovdk trsm;qHk;rJjym; 14 jym;txdvnf; ay;Edkif ygw,f? 'ga-umifh udk,fpm;vS,f 14 a,muftwGuf rJay;wJh u&ifjynfe,fu rJq EN&SifwOD;[m EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckwnf;u udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 14 a,mufudk rJay;wmrsKd;jzpfEdkifovdk 14 a,mufjy!fhatmif ygwDaygif;pHku udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG udk a&maESm rJay;wmrsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ_yD;vdk@ rJawGa&wGufwJhtcg udk,fpm;vS,favmif; toD; oD;&&SdwJh rJpm&if; yxr &&Sdygw,f? tJ'Daemuf ygwDwlwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; toDoD; &&SdwJhrJawGudk aygif;vdkufwJhtcg EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;u &&SdwJh rJpm&if; xGufay:vmygw,f? rJtrsm;qHk;&xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD[m tJ'DrJqENe,fwckvHk;u udk,fpm;vS,favmif;ae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&&Sdygw,f? Oyrm 1990 jy!fhESpf a&G; cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm ygwDtajccHydwfqdk@rJay;pepfudk usifhoHk;cJhw,fqdk,if u&ifjynf e,frJqENe,frSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHku 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&mrSm trsKd;om;'Drdk ua& pDtzGJ@csKyfu rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdw,fqdk,if u&ifjynfe,fu udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 14 ae&mpvHk;udk tEdkif&rSmjzpfygw,f? ta&G;cH&rJholawGuawmh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; pm&if;rSm wifjyxm;wJh olawGjzpf ygw,f? 'DpepfrSm ESmwjzm;omwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDu rJqENe,fwckvHk;u udk,fpm;vS,f ae&mtm;vHk;udk tEdkif&&Sdatmif pDpOfxm;jcif;[m wjcm;ygwDawGudk udk,fpm;ðycGifh vHk;0r&awmhatmif ydwfqdk@wm;qD;ovdk jzpfaewmrdk@ ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfvdk@ ac:wm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'DpepfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;awGudk tm;ay;_yD; ygwDi,fawGtwGuf t a&G;cH&zdk@tvm;tvm r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? 'ga-umifh 'Dpepf [m wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pHkaexdkifwJh EdkifiHawGrSmusifhoHk;,if wvlrsKd; wrsKd;wnf;v$rf; rdk;wJh ygwDawGt_rJwrf;vdkvdk tEdkif&aejcif;rsKd;r&Sdatmif wm;qD;wJhoabmeJ@ ygwD awGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wifjy&mrSm wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk yg0if&r,fvdk@ a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufyGJOya' 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;Oya'awGrSm uef@owfcsufvkyfxm;wwfygw,f? Oyrm puFmylEdkifiHrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;xJrSm tenf;qHk; r av;wdkif;&if;om;/ odk@r[kwf/ tdENd,wdkif;&if;om;/ odk@r[kwf w&kwfwdkif;&if;om; wOD;yg0if&r,fvdk@ uef@owfxm;wmrdk@ vlrsKd;wrsKd;wnf;u v$rf;rdk;wmrsKd;rjzpf atmif wm;qD;xm;wD;r+ vkyfxm;wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? puFmylEdkifiHpepfrSm xl;jcm;r+wck&Sdaewmu rJqENe,ftm;vHk;[m udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,fawGr[kwfyJ wcsKd@u udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; rJqENe,fajrawGjzpf_yD; wcsKd@u udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqEN e,fawGjzpfaewJhtcsufyg? udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,fawGrSm ygwDtajccH ydwfqdk@rJ ay;pepfudk usifhoHk;wmjzpfygw,f? ydwfqdk@rJay;pepf[m wu,fawmh rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfwrsKd;jzpfygw,f?



15

'gayrJh jcm;em;r+ wckawmh &Sdygw,f? tJ'gu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;udk a&G;cs,f&jcif; eJ@ ygwDudk a&G;cs,f&jcif;jzpfygw,f? rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;epf[m 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifta&G; cHwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGxJu axmufcHrJtrsm;qHk;&wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;udk a&G;cs,fwJhpepf jzpfygw,f? ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfrSmu rJtrsm;qHk;&wJh udk,fpm; vS,favmif;udk a&G;wmr[kwfyJ rJtrsm;qHk;&xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk a&G;wmjzpfyg w,f? rJtrsm;qHk;&wJh ygwD[m tJ'DrJqENe,fajru udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&ygwDtjzpf owfrSwfcH&ygw,f? rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfrSmu udk,fpm;vS,fw OD;rJqENajrjzpf_yD; ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfrSmu udk,fpm;vS,fpHk rJqENe,fajrpepfjzpfyg w,f?

rJjym;

v$Jajymif;p&mrvdkaom tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf

ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfrSmvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; tm;enf;csufawG&Sdygw,f? ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfudk udk,fpm;vS,fpHkrJqENe,fajrpepfeJ@ rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;&mrSm rJqENe,fajrwckrSm rJtrsm;qHk;tEdkif&xm;wJh ygwD[m tJ'DrJqENe,fajrwck vHk;u udk,fpm;vS,fae&m tm;vHk;udk tEdkif&ygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& 14 ae&m a&G;cs,fay;&rJh u&ifjynfe,f rJqENe,fajrrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD 5ck 0ifa&muf,SOfòydift a&G;cs,fcH-uw,fvdk@ OyrmtaeeJ@ owfrSwfavhvm-u!fh-u&atmif? ygwDrsm;wJh twGuf vlxkqENrJawG[m ygwDtoD;oD;udk jyef@ESH@oGm;ygw,f? ygwD wckupkpk aygif;rJ&J@ 40 &mEH+;eJ@ rJtrsm;qHk;&&SdwJh ygwDjzpfaew,fqdkygpdk@? tJ'D rJav;q,f&mEH+;&ygwD[m udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 14 ae&mpvHk;udk tEdkif&wJh ygwDjzpfoGm;ygw,f? t rsm;pk}uD;jzpfwJh usef 60 &mEH+;aomrJawG[m udk,fpm;ðycGifhr&awmhwm awG@Edkifyg w,f? tEdkif&ygwDtjzpf owfrSwffcH&wJh ygwDuvnf; rwefwq}uD; &&SdwJhrJxuf ydk_yD;udk,fpm;ðyoGm;wmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ydwfqdk@rJay;pepfrSm &&SdwJh axmufcHrJeJ@ udk,fpm;ðyr+ tcsKd;rnDwJhtm; enf;csufudk ðyjyif,if;ay:vmwJh pepfuawmh Signal Non-Transferable Vote

(SNTV)qdkwJh pepfjzpfygw,f? SNTV rSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&wJh rJta&twGufeJ@ udk,fpm;ðyr+ tcsKd;tpm;nDr#atmif pDrHxm;wmrdk@ SNTV [m tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyr+ pepftkyfpk0if a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHk pepfwrsKd;jzpfw,fvdk@ owfrSwfygw,f? tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfawGta-umif; wifjycJhpOfu Single Transferable Vote qdkwmudk rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;EdkifwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfvdk@ jrefrmvdk jyefqdkcJhygw,f? 'g a-umifh Single Non-Transferable Vote udk rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&mrvdkwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfvdk@ bmomjyefqdkcsifygw,f? rJjym;vGJajymif; ay;p&mrvdkwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepf (Single Non-

Transferable Vote)udk udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym; a&G;cs,fay;&wJh udk,fpm;vS,f pHk rJqENe,fajrpepf (multimember constituency) eJ@ wGJzufusifhoHk;ygw,f? ygwD

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


16

awGu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGa&m woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGyg 0if a&muf,SOfòydif ta&G;cH-uygw,f? ygwDwcku trnfpm&if; wifoGif;EdkifwJh udk,fpm; vS,favmif;ta&twGufuawmh pkpkaygif; a&G;cs,f&rJh udk,fpm;vS,f OD;a&eJ@tnD tr# jzpfygw,f? avsmhenf; wifjyvdk@vnf;&ygw,f? rJqEN&SifawGuawmh vlw udk,f rJwjym;pDyJ ay;cGifh&Sdygw,f? rJay;yGJ_yD;vdk@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu rJ awGa&wGufwJhtcg ygwDwckjcif;pD &&SdwJhpm&if; xGufay:vmygw,f? ygwDudk,fpm;ðy r+r&SdwJh woD;yk*~vdu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG0ifa&muf ta&G;cHw,fqdk,if vnf; olwdk@&&SdwJh rJpm&if;vnf; xGufay: vmygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,f av;a,muf a&G;cs,fay;&rJh rJqENe,fajrwckrSm rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&m rvdkwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudkoHk;_yD; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ usif;yyHkudk Oyrmtjzpf avhvm-u!fh-u& atmif? ocsFmoabmt& ajym&,if rJqENe,fwckvHk;u pkpkaygif;rJ&J@ av;yHkwyHk &,if udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD; a&G;cs,fcH&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh av;yHkwyHktwd tus owfrSwfxm;,if rJcGJwrf;cs wGufcsufzdk@ cufcJwJhtwGuf ig;yHkwyHk owfrSwf ygw,f? 'ga-umifh ig;yHkwyHktxuf axmufcHr+&wJh ygwDwdkif;/ 'grSr[kwf udk,fpm; vS,favmif;wdkif; tEdkif&rSmjzpfygw,f? pkpkaygif;rJ 70 &mEH+;avmuf axmufcHr+&wJh ygwDqdk,ifawmh oHk;ae&m tEdkif&rSmjzpfygw,f? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;EdkifwJhtcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepf Single Transferable Vote rSm ta&G;cH&zdk@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;&&Sd&rJh rJta&twGuf b,favmufvJqdk wmudk rJqENe,fwckvHk;u twnfðyEdkifwJh rJjym;awGtay:rlwnf_yD; wGufcsuf& a-umif;/ tJ'D rJta&twGuf jy!fhrSDwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG ta&G;cH&a-umif;/ wu,f vdk@ udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;OD;[m tJ'DrJta&twGufxuf ausmfvGefae,if w jcm;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk vGJay;&a-umif; usaemf wifjycJhygw,f? rJjym;v$J ajymif;ay;EdkifwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf[m udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,f&wJh pepfjzpfvdk@ wOD;OD;u ydkrdk&&SdwJh rJjym;awGudk wjcm;udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;awGxH v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&mrvdkwJht csKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf Single Non-Transferable Vote rSmu ygwDawGudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD; 0ifa&mufta&G;cHwJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGudk ygwDtaeeJ@yJ pOf;pm;ygw,f? tapmydkif;u usaemf wifjycJhwJh OyrmrSm ygwDwcku udk,fpm;vS,foHk;ae&m tEdkif &w,fqdk,if tJ'DoHk;OD;t-um;rSm rJjym;ydk&wm/ r&wmudk x!fhoGif;rpOf;pm;awmh yJ oHk;OD;pvHk;udk ygwDwckwnf;taeeJ@ pOf;pm;ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu ygwDudkudk,fpm; ðy_yD; ta&G;cH&rJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGt-um;rSm rJjym;ydk&oleJ@ avsmh&olawG t-um; rJjym;v$Jajymif;r+ vkyfp&m rvdkawmhygbl;? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;oHk;OD;udk yg wDudk udk,fpm;ðy_yD;tEdkif&oltjzpf owfrSwf vdkuf&HkygyJ? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;r+ rvdk ygvl;? 'ga-umifh 'Dpepfudk rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&mrvdkwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfvdk@ ac:wmjzpfygEdkifygw,f? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&mrvdkwJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfrSm tm;enf;csufawG&Sd ayrJh ynm&SifawGu tm;omcsufawGu ydkrsm;w,fvdk@ynm&SifawGu jrif-uyg w,f? yxrtm;omcsufuawmh ygwD}uD;wckwnf;u a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJawGrSm



17

tompD;,laewmudk wm;qD;_yD; ygwDi,fawGeJ@ woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,favmif; awGudkyg tcGifhtvrf;ay;wJhtcsufjzpfygw,f? 'kwd,tm;omcsufuawmh &&SdwJh rJ ta&twGufeJ@ tEdkfif&&SdrJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ta&twGuf twdkif;twmwcktxd tcsKd;usnDwJhtwGuf r#wr+&SdwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? wwd, tm;omcsufuawmh rJqEN&SifawGrJay;&mrSm &+wfaxG;r+r&SdyJ tvG,fwul rJay;Edkifjcif;jzpfygw,f? rJjym;v$Jajymif;ay;p&m rvdkwJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfudk usifhoHk;wJhEdkifiHawGxJ rSm a*smf'ef/ wdkif0rfeJ@ 1993 ckESpftxd *syefEdkifiHawG yg0ifygw,f?

pepfrsm;a&maESmusifhoHk;jcif;

b,fa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepfrqdk EdkifiHwcktwGuf tm;aumif;csuf &mEH+;jy!fh ray;Edkifovdk b,fpepfurSvnf; oHk;r&atmif tm;enf;aewmrsKd;r[kwfygbl;? o abmu pepfwdkif;rSm tm;omcsuftm;enf;csufawGu &Sdae_rJyg? 'ga-umifh 'kwd,urRmppft_yD; EdkifiHawGrSm a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepfudk owfrSwf&mrSm EdkifiHtawmf rsm;rsm;[m pepfwrsKd;wnf;udk owfrSwfjcif;xuf pepfESpfrsKd;udk yl;wGJowfrSwfwm rsKd;awG vkyfvmwm/ tJ'grsKd; ESpfrsKd;wGJpepfawGu ydkacwfpm;vmwm awG@&ygw,f? jynfaxmifpk orRw *smreDEdkifiH[mqdk,if tJ'grsKd; ESpfrsKd;aygif; pepfusifhoHk; wJhEdkifiH awGxJrSm pHjyEdkifiHvdk@ ac:Edkifygw,f? *smreDrSm atmufv$wfawmfxJu trwfae &mxJu 50 &meH+;udk rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@a&G;cs,f_yD; usef 50 &mEH+;udkawmh udk,f pm;vS,favmif;udkrJay;&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðypepfeJ@ a&G;cs,fygw,f? tvm;wlyJ wjcm;urBmhEdkifiH 20 avmufrSmvnf; pepfESpfrsKd;udk a&maESmusifhoHk;aewm awG@& ygw,f? a&maESmwJh pepfESpfrsKd;rSm wrsKd;urJrsm;olEdkifpwrf; rJtrsm;pkpepf tkyfpk zufu wrsKd;rsKd;jzpf_yD; tjcm;wrsKd;uawmh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepf tkyfpkzufu jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm a&mpyfr+tcsKd;tpm; uGmwmvnf;awG@Edkifyg w,f? *smreDeJ@ &k&Sm;vdkEdkifiHawGrSm w0ufpDa&mpyfygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm atmuf v$wfawmf trwfae&m 80 &mEH+;udk rJrsm;olEdkifpwrf;pepfeJ@a&G;_yD; 20 &mEH+;udk udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if; wifjy&wJh tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðypepfeJ@ a&G;cs,fygw,f? 'g a-umifh xdkif;EdkifiHrSm pepfESpfrsKd;udk 80=20 &mEH+;eJ@ a&mpyfw,fvdk@ajym&rSmjzpfyg w,f? *syefrSmu atmufv$wfawmftrwfawGxJu 60 &mEH+;udk rJtrsm;pkpepfeJ@ a&G;cs,f_yD; usefwJh 40 &mEH+;udk udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wifjy&wJh tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðy pepfeJ@ a&G;cs,fygw,f? ? (qufvufaz:jyygrnf?) t,f'DwmhrSwfcsuf? ? 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrS pma&;olxkwfv$ifhcJhaom t oHv$ifhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifpmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;twGuf tydkif;cGJI jyefvnf wifjyjcif;jzpfonf? tydkif;(1)udk Zefe0g&Dv/ 2002 ckESpfxkwf tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif trSwf(12) wGif az:jycJhygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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aersm;aumifpD


18

vlŒtcGifhta&;

EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;

-

rdwfquf

pkdif;pdk;0if;vwf

r-umcifumvtwGif; urBmay:wGif EdkifiHwumESifhqdkifaom aemufxyfw&m;&Hk;topfwpfck ay:aygufvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdygonf// vuf&SdumvwGif EdkifiHESpf EkdifiHt-um; tjiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;r!fh International Court of Justice

(ICJ)[kac:aom urBmhw&m;&Hk;tjyif oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;twGufom xlaxmif xm;aom International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ac: ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHqdkif&m &mZ0wf txl;cHk&Hk;ESifh International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)ac: &0rf'gEdkifiHqdkif&m &mZ0wftxl;cHk&Hk;uJhodk@ aom EdkifiHqdkif&m&Hk;rsm; [lI&Sdygonf// ,ckay:aygufvmrnfhurBmhw&m;&Hk;rSm vlt pkvdkuftòyHvdkufowfjzwfr+/ vlrsdK;oef@pifo!fhtaejzifh usL;vGefr+/ vlrsdK;wHk;owf jzwfr+/ vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay:usL;vGefr+ po!fh tr+rsm;usL;vGefolwdk@tay: w&m;pGJ qdkEdkifr!fh EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk; (International Criminal Court - ICC) jzpfonf// xdkw&m;&Hk;ESifhywfoufaom a,bk,sod&Sdxm;oifhaomtcsufrsm;udk jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfrsm;od&Sd xm;Edkif&ef rdwfqufwifjyay;vdkuf ygonf// EdkkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;onf urBmhjypfr+usL;vGefr+rsm;tay: wm0ef&Sdol rsm;tm; wpfOD;csif;pDtvdkuf w&m;pGJqdkoGm;r!fh EdkifiHwumt_rJwrf;txl;cHk&Hk;}uD;jzpfonf// urBmhjypfr+qdkonfrSm vltpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr+/ vlrsdK;oef@pif o!fhtaejzifhusL;vGefr+/ vlrsdK;wHk;owfjzwfr+/ vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay:usL;vGefr+ponf wdk@udkqdkvdkonf// xdkw&m;&Hk;xlaxmifa&; oabmwlnDcsuftm; rl-urf;a&;qGJ&ef tDwvDEdkifiH a&mrjrdK@wGif 1998 ckESpfu ukvor*~u uruxðyI nDvmcHwpf &yfusif;ycJh&m EdkifiHaygif; 160 rS udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;wufa&mufcJhygonf// &ufowW ywf 5 ywfwm t}udwfte,faqG;aEG;-ujyD;aemuf xdkrl-urf;tm;EdkifiH 120 u axmufcHrJay;cJh-uonf// odk@aomfw&kwf/ vpfjAm;/ tD&ufESifhtar&duefjynfaxmif



19

pktygt0if EdkifiH 7 EdkifiHuqef@usifcJhjyD; 21 EdkifiHu -um;aecJhygonf// vuf&Sdumv txd xdkw&m;&Hk;tm; w&m;0ifzGJ@pnf; xlaxmifEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;ay// ta-umif;rSm xdkoabmwlnDcsuftm; EdkifiH 60 u twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xdk;rSom w&m;0ifzGJ@ pnf;xlaxmifEdkifrnfjzpfaoma-umifh jzpfonf// EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;oabmwlnDcsufwGif pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;taejzifh t jypfr&Sda-umif;,lqcGifh/ a&S@aeiSm;&rf;cGifh/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjycGifh/ ar;cGef;rsm;tm;rajzyJaecGifh po!fh tcGifhta&;rsm;tygt0if pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;. cHpm; cGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk pm&if;ðypkxm;&Sdonf// EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;wGif oabmwlnDcsuftm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;o!fhEdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHom;rsm; odk@r[kwf vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;o!fh tpdk;&ydkife,fed rdwftwGif; txufaz:jyyg jypfr+usL;vGefol rnfol@udkrqdk w&m;pD&if&eftcGifhtm%m&Sdrnfjzpfonf// xdkw&m;&Hk;onf t&yfom;/ ppfzuft&m&Sd / tpdk;&t&m&Sd po jzifh cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdyJ woD;yk*~v jypfr+usL;vGefolrSefor#tm; w&m;pGJqdkrnfjzpfonf// EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtwGif;YusL;vGefcJhaom tqdkygjypfr+rsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumrS0if a&mufta&;,lonf[kqdk&mwGif EdkifiHwumw&m;&Hk;onf ‚if;pdwfóuduf0ifa&muf udkifwG,fEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay// qdkvdkonfrSm urBmhjypfr+usL;vGefcJh-uolrsm;tm; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;u OD;pGmyxr w&m;pD&ifa&;udpPaqmif&Guf&rnf// tu,fI xdkEdkifiHrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif; odk@r[kwf oifhavsmfaomw&m;&Hk;wifjcif;rsm;tm; w&m;r#wpGmaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufvmrSomv#if EdkifiHwumw&m;&Hk;u0if a&mufudkifwG,frnf jzpfonf// EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;onf w&m;cHrsm;tm; ‚if;[email protected]&mEdkifiH rsm;wGifom w&m;pGJqdkvdkonf[lo!fhEdkifiHrsm;udk vrf;!Gefr+rsm;ESifh rufvHk;rsm;ay;oGm;rnfjzpfouJhodk@ t-urf;zufr+rsm;/ _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;a-umifhvnf;aumif;/ w &m;pGJqdkEdkif&efvdktyfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;qENrsm; vdktyfr+rsm;a-umifh vnf;aumif; ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif w&m;pGJqdkEdkifjcif; odk@r[kwf w&m;pGJvdkjcif;r&Sdo!fh EdkifiHrsm;tm; w&m;pD&ifEdkifa&;twGuf axmufyHhulnDoGm;rnfjzpfonf// xdk@a-umifh tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif ,ciftpdk;&u jypfr+rsm;usL;vGefoGm;cJhaomfvnf; ta-umif;t rsdK;rsdK;a-umifh usL;vGefcJholrsm;tm; w&m;pGJqdkvdkjcif;r&Sd-uawmh[laomtajctae rsdK;qufvuf&Sdaeawmhrnf r[kwfay// w&m;cHrsm;tm;w&m;pGJqdka&;wGif y%mr wm0ef&SdolrSm oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;. w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfomv#ifjzpfjyD; EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;taejzifh oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;.w&m;&Hk;rsm;odk@ rnfodk@rS tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay// odk@&Sd&m jypfr+usL;vGefr+rsm;tay: trSefw&m;&SmazG jcif;wGif w&m;r#wpGm/ &dk;om;rSefuefpGmESifh [email protected]&Sdr+tay: rSefuefwdus pGmaqmif&Guf-ujcif;jzifh EdkifiHwum&m Z0wfw&m;&Hk;rygyJ oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;u w&m;cHrsm;tm; rdrdwdk@bmomrdrdwdk@ w&m;pD&ifEdkifayvdrfhrnf// urBmay:wGif EdkifiHwumESifhqdkifo!fh tjcm;w&m;&Hk;rsm;&Sd_yD;jzpfaomfvnf; T EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;xlaxmif&ef tb,fa-umifhóud;yrf;ae-uoenf;[k ar;cGef;xkwfp&m&Sdygonf// tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;r#wa&;w&m;&Hk; (International

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Court of Justice - ICJ) (odk@)urBmhw&m;&Hk; (World Court)[kac:aomw&m;&Hk; onf EdkifiHESpfEdkifiHt-um;jzpfyGm;o!fh tjiif;yGm;r+rsm;tm; vufcH-um;emppfaq;o!fh w&m;r w&m;&Hk;jzpfonf// ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum&mZ0wftxl;cHk&Hk;[kac:aom (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia -

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w&m;&Hk;oabmwlnDcsufwGif w&m;&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;tm; a&G;cs,f&mY *k%foduQm&Sdr+/ pdwfaeoabmxm;/ vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifr+ ponfwdk@ tygt0if pHE+ef;rsm;tm; wif;-uyfpGmowfrSwfxm; ygonf// ‚if;wdk@tm; w&m;&Hk;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; ‚if;wdk@. vGwfvyfpGmppfaq;aqmif&GufEdkifr+udk xdcdkufapr!fhvkyf&yfrsm;rS wm;jrpfonf// xdk@tjyif bufvdkufonf[laom tjiif;yGm;r+rsm;&Sdvmygu oufqdkif&mtr+wGif xdkw&m;ol}uD;yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhtm; wm;jrpfEdkifonf// tu,fI ‚if;wdk@onf vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyygu t a&;,ljcif;yifcH&rnfjzpfonf// ICC w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;a&G;cs,f&ef w&m;&Hk;tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwdkif;onf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;. trnfpm&if;wifoGif;Edkifonf// odk@&mwGif w&m;ol}uD;trnfpm&if; wifoGif;jcif;cH&aomolonf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;Y tjrifhqHk;w &m;&Hk;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; omjzpf&rnf// w&m;&H k;oabmwl nDcsuftm; EdkifiH 60 u vufrSwfa&;xdk;jyD;ygu xdkw&m;&Hk;udk pwifzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifEdkifrnfjzpfjyD; ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;u w&m;&Hktm; 2002 ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;cef@wGif zGJ@pnf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;-uonf// EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;oabmwlnDcsuftm; atmufygEdkifiHrsm;u twnfðyvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jyD;jzpfonf// pOf EdkifiH vufrSwfxdk;o!fhae@(&uf/ v/ ckESpf)

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(20) jyifopf 09 / 06 / 2000 (21)*gbGef 20 / 09 / 2000 (22)*smr%D 11 / 12 / 2000 (23)*gem 20 / 12 / 1999 (24)[efa*&D 20 / 11 / 2001 (25)tdkif;pfvef; 25 / 05 / 2000 (26)tDwvD 26 / 07 / 1999 (27)vufqdkwdk 06 / 09 / 2000 (28)vpfcsfwefpwdef; 02 / 10 / 2001 (29)vlpifbwf 08 / 09 / 2000 (30)rmvD 16 / 08 / 2000 (31)rm&S,fuéef;pkrsm;EdkifiH 07 / 11 / 2000 (32)rl&Dwufpf 05/ 03 / 2002 (33)El&l 12 / 11 / 2001 (34)e,fomvef 17 / 06 / 2001 (35)e,l;ZDvef 07 / 09 / 2000 (36)Edkif*sD;&D;,m; 27 / 09 / 2001 (37)aemfa0 16 / 02 / 2000 (38)yem;rm; 21 / 03 / 2002 (39)yg&ma*G; 14 / 05 / 2001 (40)yD&l; 10/ 11 / 2001 (41)ydkvef 12 / 11 / 2001 (42)ay:wl*D 05 / 02 / 2002 (43)qef rm&DEdk 31 / 05 / 1999 (44)qDeD*g 02 / 02 / 1999 (45)qD&D&m vD,Gef; 15 / 09 / 2000 (46)qvdkaA;eD;,m; 31 / 12 / 2001 (47)awmiftar&du 27 / 11 / 2000 (48)pydef 24 / 10 / 2000 (49)qDG'if 28 / 06 / 2001 (50)qGpfZvef 12 / 10 / 2001 (51)wm*sDupfpwef 05 / 05 / 2000 (52)rufqD'dk;eD;,m; 06 / 03 / 2002 (53)'&dkifeD;'ufESifh wdkbmudk 06 / 04 / 1999 (54)t*FvefESifhajrmufydkif;tdkif,mvef 04 / 10 / 2001 (55)AifeDZGJvm; 07 / 06 / 2000 (56),l*dkpvm;AD;,m; 06 / 09 / 2001



23

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a&;xdk;vdkuf&ygw,f? 'gayrJh bk&if*|efu r*~empmcsKyfudk olvufcH&wm[m ol@udk baron ac:bk&if eJ@eD;pyf_yD; ynmwwfvl*k%fxHawGu zdtm;ay;cH&vdk@jzpfa-umif;ajymum r*~emum wmpmcsKyfudk y,fzsufay;zdk@ a&mròrd@rSm&SdwJh ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;xH wdkifwef;cJhygao;w,f? vl@tcGifhta&;qdkwJh a0g[m&rsKd; r*~emumwmpmcsKyfrSm ac:a0:toHk;ðyjcif;r&Sd ayrJh ttkyfcsKyfcHjynifhawG&J@ oabmqENt&om tkyfcsKyfzdk@ pmcsKyfygpmykd'f 63 ydk'f u yHkaz:xm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufydkif;rSm t*FvefrSmxGef;um;vmwJh tcGifhta&;v+yf&Sm;r+awGeJ@ urBmhvl@tcGifhta&; v+yf&Sm;r+awGtwGuf r*~emumwmpmcsKyf}uD; [m udk;um;p&mpmcsKyf}uD; jzpfcJhygw,f? 'ga-umifh r*~emumwm pmcsKyf}uD;[m urBmhvl@tcGihfta&;v+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;rSm yxrOD;qHk;ay:xGufvmwJh pmeJ@a&;om;rSwf wrf;wifcJhwhJ vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfjzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufudkawmh tjiif;rygG;-uyJ tm;vHk;u wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHxm;-uygw,f? r*~emumwm pmcsKyf}uD;rSm ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifhudk tumtuG,fay;wJh jy Xmef;csufawG/ w&m;pD&ifr+udk pepfwusjzpfaprJh jyXmef;csufawGygaewmrdk@ tJ'D acwftwGufawmh tawmfudkacwfrSDwJh pmcsKyf}uD;vdk@ ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh r*~em umwmpmcsKyf[m t*FvefrSm aexdkifolawGtm;vHk;&J@ tcGifhta&;udk tumt uG,fay;wmrsKd;awmh r[kwfygbl;? vl*k%fxHawGtwGufom r*~emumwmpmcsKyf u tumuG,fay;_yD; omrefvlwef;pm;awG/ atmufwef;pm; vlwef;pm;awGt wGuf tumuG,fray;wJhtwGuf 'Duae@ ajymqdkaewJhvlom;tm;vHk; nDr#r+&Sda&; (equality) qdk wJhrleJ@awmh rudkufnDygbl;? r*~emumwm pmcsKyf}uD; (1215)



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r*~emumwm pmcsKyfrSm rjy!fhrpHkjzpfaewJh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;udk ydkrdkjy!fhjy!fhpHkpHk az:jyxm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfwckuawmh 1689 ckESpfujyXmef; wJh t*Fvdyfvl@tcGifhta&; Oya'vdk@ vltrsm;uowfrSwfwJh Bill of Rights (1689) jzpfygw,f? t*Fvdyfvl@tcGihfta&; Oya'ay:vm&jcif;&J@ ta-umif;t&if;uvnf; jynfolawG&J@ awmfvSefa&;a-umifh jzpfygw,f? 17 &mpktwGif; t*FvefrSm bk&ifudk awmfvSefwJh awmfvSefa&; ESpf}udrfjzpfygw,f? 1640 jy!hfvGefESpfawGrSmjzpfcJhwJh yxrawmfvSefa&;u aoG;xGufoH,dkr+awGrsm;cJhygw,f? t*Fvef/ paumhwvefeJ@ tdkif,mvef vefoHk;vefbk&ifjzpfwJh csm;bk&iftrSwf=1 (Charles I, 1625-1649 )

[mtm%m&Sifqefw,f/ jynfolawGudk owfjzwfw,f/ wdkif;jynf&J@ &efoljzpfw,f qdkwJhpGJcsufeJ@ awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifolawGu 1649 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm w&m;pD&if uGwfrsufcJhjcif;[m yxrawmfvSefa&;&J@ xl;jcm;wJhjzpf&yfwckyg? 'kwd,awmfvSef a&;u *sdrf;bk&iftrSwf=2(James II, 1633-1701)udk ðzwfcs_yD; 0DvD,Hbk&iftrSwf=3 (William III, 1650-1702)udkeef;wifay;cJhwJh aoG;xGufoH,dkr+wpHkw&mr&SdyJ atmif jrif_yD;qHk;cJhvdk@ ordkif;ynm&SifawGu uwDygawmfvSefa&; (glorious revolution)vdk@ wifpm;wJh 1689 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;jzpfygw,f? 0DvsHbk&if eef;wufvmcsdefrSm t wnfðyay;wJh 1689 ckESpf t*Fvdyfvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'[m vlxkawmfvSefa&;&J@ & v'fvnf;jzpfygw,f? t*Fvdyf vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rSm vlrqefwJh tjypf'%fay;cH&jcif;rS uif;vGwf cGifh/ rw&m; tcGefaumufcH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh/ EdkifiHom;awGrw&m;tvkyfcH&,if w&m;pGJqdkcGifh pwJhtcGifhta&;rsKd;awG omrefEdkifiHom;awGyg cHpm;cGifh&Sda-umif; jy Xmef;xm;ygw,f? 1689 ckESpf t*Fvdyfvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'[m t*FveftajccHOy a'pepf (English constitutional law)rSm tvGefta&;ygwJh tkwfjrpfwckjzpfyg w,f? tJ'Dvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'jyXmef;csufawGudk tajccHum wjcm;Oya'awGudkjy Xmef;_yD; tpdk;&tm%mudk uef@owf_yD; vlxktcGifhta&;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkifcJhygw,f? t*Fvefordkif;a-umif;udk jyef-u!fh,if jynfolawG awmif;qdkwkdufyGJ0ifr+[m vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfawGay:vm&jcif;&J@ t"duta-umif;t&if;jzpfwm awG@&yg w,f?

tar&duef

vlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;

vl@tcGifhta&;udk pmcsKyfpmwrf; Oya'pmom;awGeJ@ urBmrSm 'kwd,ajrmufjy Xmef;wJh EdkifiHuawmh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jzpfygw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktjzpfray:aygufrSDtcsdeftxd ajrmuftar&duwdkufu jynfe,f 13ck[m t*FvdyfudkvdkeD jzpfcJh&ygw,f? 1776 ckESpfrSm tJ'Djynfe,f 13 cku vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf; (Declaration of Independence-1776)wck xkwfjyefa-unmygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf;rSm tJ'Dtcsdefu t*FvefrSm

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bk&ifjzpfaewJh a*smhtrSwf=3 (George III, 1738-1820)udk tHcHwJha-unmcsuf/ t*FvdyfudkawmfvSefwJh awmfvSefa&;[mw&m;0ifa-umif; a-unmcsufeJ@jynfe,f 13 ckvGwfvyfa&;wnfaxmifa-umif; a-unmcsufawG yg0ifygw,f? tJ'Daemuf t*FvdyfudkawmfvSefwJh awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk 1776 ckESpfrSmpwifqifE$JcJhygw,f? t*FvdyfawG ta&;edrfh_yD; 1783 ckESpf yJ&pfrSm oabmwlnDcsufw&yfudk vufrSwf a&;xdk;vdkuf&_yD; tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfðy vdkuf&ygawmhw,f? tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;v+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;rSm tqdkyg vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpm wrf;[m xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Duae@ vl@tcGifhta&;v+yf&Sm;r+rSm tajymrsm;aewJh vl wdkif;wlnDpGm arG;zGhg;vm-uonf (All men are created equal)qdkwJh pmom;awG[m tar&duefvGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf; tzGifhpmom;awG jzpfygw,f? aom rwf= *sufzgqGef (Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826)tygt0if vGwfvyfa&;a-unm pmwrf; a&;om;&mrSm yg0ifwJh tar&duefawG[m t*FvdyftawG;tac:ynm&Sif *|efavmh (John Locke, 1632-1704)&J@ tawG;tac:udk tm;usolawGjzpfygw,f? t*FvdyfrSm vl@tcGifhta&; Oya'a-unm_yD;wESpft-um 1690 ckESpfrSm *|efavmh a&;om;xkwfa0wJh (Two Treatises of Government)ac: tpdk;&tay:oHk;oyfcsuf pmwrf;ESpfapmifxJrSm touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh (life)/ vGwfvyfcGifh (liberty) eJ@ ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh (the right to property) awG[m vlom;awGrSm arG;uwnf;u &&Sd ydkifqdkif wJhobm0tcGifhta&;awG (natural rights) jzpfa-umif; cdkifcdkifrmrm &Sif;jy xm;ygw,f? tJ'DtawG;tac:udktajccH_yD; touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;awGta-umif; tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpm wrf;rSm az:usL;cJh-uygw,f? tJ'DtcGifhta&;awG[m 'Duae@txd tar&duefvl@ tzGJ@tpnf;rSm wefzdk;xm;wJh tcGifhta&;awGjzpfaeovdk *|efavmh [mvnf; tar &duef awGav;pm;*k%fðywJh tawG;tac:ynm&Sif jzpfaeqJygyJ? 'gayrJh tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf;[m vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ awmfvSef a&;qdkif&m jyXmef;csufawG-um;rSm vlom;awG&J@ vGwfvyfr+tcGifhta&; t,ltq udktajccHoabmr#om jyXmef;EdkifcJh ygw,f? jy!fhpHkwJh vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsKd;awmh r[kwfygbl;? 'Duae@ vlodrsm;wJh tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;Oya' (Bill of Rights) uawmh tar&duef zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'eJ@twl arG;zGg;vmwmjzpfygw,f? t ar&duefjynfe,f 13 ck[mt,ifu oD;oef@pDaexdkifvm&muae wpkwpnf;wnf; z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifzdk@ awmfvSefa&;atmifjrif_yD;aemufrSm usKd;yrf;vm-uygw,f? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'udk 1789 ckESpfrSmt_yD;owfa&;qGJ_yD; twnfðyay;zdk@ jynfe,fawGudkay;ydk@wJhtcg vl@tcGifhta&;jyXmef;csufawGryg 0ifwJhtwGuf jynfe,fawGu tJ'DtajccHOya'udk twnfðyzdk@jiif;qefcJh-uygw,f? 'ga-umifh tajccHOya'udk jyifqifjz!fhpGufcsuf 10 ckðyvkyf_yD; vl@tcGifhta&;jyXmef; csufawGudk x!fhoGif;vdkufawmhrS jynfe,f 13 ckpvHk; 1791 ckESpfrSm zuf'&,fjynf axmifpk tajccHOya'udk twnfðyvdkuf-uygw,f? tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;Oy a'qdkwm tajccHOya'jz!fhpGufcsuf 10 csuf (10 Amendments)udk ajymwmjzpfyg



27

w,f? tJ'Djz!fhpGufcsuf 10 ckta-umif; twdkcsKyfwifjy&r,fqdk,if yxrjz!fhpGuf csufu vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh/ owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaxmifcGifheJ@ bmoma&; vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk xdcdkufrJh b,fvdk Oya'rsKd;udkrS rjyXmef;zdk@wm;jrpf xm;ygw,f? 'kwd, jz!hfpGufcsufrSm ckcHumuG,f a&;twGuf vufeufudkifaqmifcGifhudk tmrcHxm;_yD;/ wwd,jz!fhpGufcsufrSm ppf om;awG vlaetdrfawGxJ 0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? pwkxWjz!fh pGufcsufrSmu tpdk;&t&m&SdawG ta-umif;jycsuf cdkifcdkifrmrmr&SdyJ vlaetdrfawGrSm 0ifa&muf&SmazGjcif; rðyzdk@ wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? yOPrjz!fhpGufcsufrSm rw&m;zrf;qD;w&m;pGJ axmifcsjcif;rsKd;vdk EdkifiHom;awGudk tpdk;&u rw&m;vkyfcGifhr&Sda-umif; wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? qXrjz!fhpGufcsufrSm tr+tcif;awGudk r#wpGmeJ@ jrefjrefxuf xufpD&ifqHk;jzwf &rJhta-umif;jyXmef;xm;_yD;/ owWrjz!fhpGufcsufrSm zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpktqifhrSm jzpfyGg;wJhw&m;rr+wcsKd@rSm *sL&Dvl}uD;awGeJ@pD&if&rJhta-umif; jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tXrjz!fhpGufcsufrSmawmh tmrcH&,lcGifheJ@ vlrqefwJhtjypf ay;jcif;rsKd;rvkyfzdk@ wm;jrpfcsufjyXmef;xm;ygw,f? e0rjz!fhpGufcsufrSm tajccHOy a'rSm az:jyrxm;wJh tcGifhta&;awGudkvnf; tJ'Dvdk raz:jyxm;wJhtwGuf tJ'Dt cGifhta&;usifhoHk;r+udk jiif;qdkcGifhr&Sda-umif; jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? '\reJ@ aemufqHk;jz!fhpGufcsufrSmawmh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'rSm az:jyrxm;wJh tcGifh tm%mawGudk jynfe,fawGeJ@ jynfolawGu usifhoHk;cGifh&Sda-umif; jyXmef;xm;yg w,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tpdk;&yJjzpfjzpf jynfe,ftpdk;&awGyJjzpfjzpf vl@tcGifht a&; Oya'jyXmef;csufawGeJ@ uGJvGJqef@usifwJh Oya'awGudk jyXmef;cGifhr&Sdygbl;? tJ'D vdk jyXmef;vm,ifvnf; topfjyXmef;wJhOya'[m w&m;r0ifwJhOya'tjzpf owf rSwfcH&ygw,f? tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf;eJ@ tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'yg tcGifhta&;awG[m tcktcsdefrSm urBmhvl@tcGifhta&; v+yf&Sm;r+rSmajymaewJh vl@t cGifhta&;awG jzpfaeygw,f? tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'[m urBmrSmtcdkifcef@ qHk; vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'jzpfw,fvdk@ tar&duef w&m;&Hk;csKyf t"dyg,fzGifhqdkr+wckrSm az:jybl;ygw,f? ordkif;udkjyefaumuf,ifawmh tar&duef vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'[mvnf; awmf vSefa&;u arG;xkwfay;vdkufwJh vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;jzpfaewmudk awG@&yg w,f?

jyifopfvlŒtcGifhta&; pmcsKyfrsm;

awmfvSefa&;uae vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfarG;xkwfay;vdkufwJh EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm jyifopfEdkifiHvnf; ygygw,f? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;[m tºuGif;rJhoufOD;qHydkifpepf

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(absolute monarchy) eJ@tkyfcsKyfaewJh vl0Dbk&if trSwf=16 (Louise XVI, 1754-

1793)udk jyifopfvlxku awmfvSefykefuef_yD; EdkifiHom;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;udk wdkuf,l EdkifcJhwJh awmfvSefa&; jzpfygw,f? 1770 jy!fhESpfawGrSm jyifopfpD;ygG;a&;usqif;vm_yD; aygifrkef@aps;EH+;jrifhwufvm ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm bmomrwl olawGudk ESdyfuGwfr+/ EdkifiHom;awG&J@ yk*~vdu b0rSm 0ifa&mufpGufzufvmr+/ tcGefwdk;jr‡ifh aumufcHvmr+/ tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;!hH zsif;r+/ w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf bufvdfkufr+ pwmawGvnf; wdk;wufjzpfay:vmwmrdk@ bk &ifudk jyifopfvlxku rausreyfjzpf aeygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu Estates-General ac: bk&if&J@tcGefawmfudpPawGudk aqG;aEG;wdkif yifwJh twdkifyifcHv$wfawmfrSm bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawG&J@ udk,fpm;vS,ftkyfpk/ rif;rsKd;rif;EG,ftkyfpkeJ@ vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftkyfpkqdk_yD; tkyfpkoHk;ck yg0ifygw,f? tJ'D v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f a&G;cs,fr+rSm vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f rsm;rsm;yg0ifcGifh&atmif wifjywmudk y,fcswJhtcsuf[m awmfvSefa&;pwif&jcif;&J@ vwfwavmta-umif;t&if;jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD; vlxktHkºuGr+eJ@twl 1789 ckESpf Zl vdkifvqef;ydkif;rSm pwifcJhygw,f?

jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ta-umif; ajymwJhtcg ta&;}uDD;ordkif;0if taqmuftOD wckta-umif;u ygp_rJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh 1370 ckESpfuwnf;u yJ&pfòrd@t a&S@òrd@&dk;ay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;wJh bufpwD;(Bastille) tusOf;axmif}uD;jzpfyg w,f? tJ'DtusOf;axmifrSm 17 &mpkupvdk@ awmfvSefa&;jzpfygG;csdeftxd EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk csKyfaESmifxm;avh&Sdygw,f? bk&ifhbufawmfom;awG&J@ zrf;qD; jcif;cHvdkuf&wJh jyifopfEdkifiHu tv$maygif;pHku b,folrqdk tJ'DtusOf;axmifxJrSm

jyifopftwdkifyifcHv$wfawmf Estate-General

tpnf;ta0;usif;yyHkjrifuGif;/ twdkifyifcHv$wfawmfudk 1302 ckESpfrSm pwifwnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1789 jyifopfawmfvSefa&; t_yD;rSmawmh trsKd;om;v$wfawmf (National Assembly) tjzpfajymif;vJcJhygw,f?



29

tr+ppfaq;r+r&SdyJ tcsdeftuef@towfrJh xdef;odrf;cH&avh&Sdygw,f? jyifopfu buf pwD; tusOf;axmifeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHu tif;pdefaxmifwdk@ Ed+if;,SOfEdkifr,fxifygw,f? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;pwifwJhtcg vlxkw&yfvHk;u tHk;tHk;u|ufu|ufeJ@ bk&if udktmcHwJhbufu yg0ifvmygw,f? bk&ifhppfom;awGrSmu vufeuftjy!fhtpHk&Sd aeygw,f? vufeufr&SdwJh vlxku vufeuf&Sm,if; bufpwD;tusOf;axmifudk Zl vdkifv 14 &ufae@rSm 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJhygw,f? tJ'DvdkpD;eif;&mrSm bk&ifhppfom;w csKd@vnf;yg0if ulnDcJhygw,f? aemufESpf&uft-umrSmawmhbufpwD;tusOf; axmif}uD;udk vlxku òzdcszsufqD;cJhygw,f? tckcsdefrSmawmh tJ'DtusOf;axmif}uD;udk vltrsm;avhvm-u!fh&+p&m bufpwD;&ifjyiftjzpfowfrSwfxm;_yD; bufpwD;axmifudk awmfvSefa&;orm;awG 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wJhae@ Zlvdkif 14 &ufudkawmhESpf pOf EdkfifiHawmf tm;vyf&uftjzpf owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? bufpwD;tusOf;axmifudk òzdcszsufqD;_yD;aemufrSm oufOD;qHydkifEdkifiHa&;pepf udk qufvufòzdcszsufqD;ypf_yD; vlxk&J@tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHrJh EdkifiHa&;pepfeJ@tpm; xdk;rJh vkyfief;pOfwoDwwef;}uD;udk vkyfvmcJhygw,f? wcsdefu rif;rsKd;rif;EG,fawG v$rf;rdk;xm;wJh twdkifyifcHv$wfawmfudk jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;xm;wJh trsKd;om;v$wfawmf(National Assembly) eJ@ tpm;xdk;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DtrsKd;om;v$wfawmfu 1789 -o*kwfvrSm EdkifiHom;eJ@vlom;tcGifhta&; a-unmpm wrf; (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen)udktwnfðyjyXmef; vdkufwJhtwGuf jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;}uD; aygufzGm;vm&ygw,ff? jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;udk awmfvSefa&;uaygufzgG;ay;vdkufw,fqdk wm &Sif;vif;vSygw,f? tJ'D jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;rSmykd'f 17 ckeJ@a&;om; jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? toufvHkòcHr+cHpm;ydkifcGifh/ ypPnf;ydkifqdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh tygt0if EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;pD&J@ tcGifhta&;trsm;tjym; yg0ifygw,f? ydk'f (1)rSm awmhtar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf;u tzGifhpmom;vdkyJ vlom;wdkif; vGwfvyfInDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzifh arG;zGm;vm_yD;/ xdktwdkif;&yfwnfvsuf&Sd onf (Men are born and remain free and equal in rights) vdk@ az:jyxm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'ga-umifh okawoDawGu tar&duefawmfvSefa&;eJ@ vGwfvyfa&; a-unmpmwrf;[m jyifopfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;tay: rsm;pGmv$rf;rdk;r+&Sda-umif; axmufjywm jzpfygw,f? tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m w EdkfifiHvHk; vlxku ydkifqdkifwJht&mjzpf_yD; vlxkutm%mtyfESif;cH&jcif;r&SdyJ b,folrS tcsKyftjcmtm%musifhoHk;cGifhr&Sdvdk@ tydk'foHk;rSmaz:jyxm;wma-umifh bk&if&J@tm%m[m bk&m;utyfESif;xm;wJh tcGifhtm%m(divine right) jzpfvdk@ t_rJwrf;tkyf csKyfcGifh&Sdw,fqdkwJh t,ltqudk &dkufcsKd;zsufqD;cJh_yD; vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufwJh tpdk;&eJ@ tpm;xdk;&r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac:udk az:xkwfEdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf[m vlxk&J@qEN[m tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf tajccHjzpfap&r,fqdkwJh 1948 ckESpfrS jyXmef;wJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; tydk'f (21)jyXmef;csuf eJ@vnf; wlaeygw,f?

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jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;[m jyifopfrSmom-oZmwduUr }uD;rm;wmr[kwfygbl;? 19 &mpkESpftwGif; Oa&mywcGifu EdkfifiHawGrSmjyXmef;wJh vl@tcGifh ta&; Oya'awGrSm jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;jyXmef;csufawGu v$rf; rdk;cJhygw,f? jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; tydk'f 17 jzpfwJhypPnf;OpPmydkif qdkifcGifh[m tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;u tydk'f 17 ypPnf; OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh jyXmef;csufeJ@ tydk'f eHygwfa&m tESpfom&yg wlaewmudk-u!fhjcif; tm;jzifh jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; -oZmwduUr }uD;rm;yHkudkvnf; t vG,fwul od&SdEdkifygw,f?

tjynfjynfqdkif&mvlŒtcGifhta&;a

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unmpmwrf;

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;_yD;qHk;wJhtcgrSm ppfEdkifr[mrdwftkyfpku emZD*smrefppf acgif;aqmifawGudk w&m;pD&iftjypfay;cJhygw,f? *smreDEdkifiH Ek&ifbwfòrd@rSm cHk&Hk;zGifh _yD; *smrefemZDacgif;aqmifeJ@ wm0ef&SdwJht&yfom; 200 avmufudkvlom;jzpfr+udk qef@usifusL;vGefwJhjypfr+(crime against humanity)/ trsKd;ðyef;vlowfr+ (geno-

cide)eJ@ ppfOya'csKd;azgufr+awGtwGuf w&m;pGJqdkcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? w&m;cHwcsKd@ ao'%fcsrSwfcH&_yD; wcsKd@uaxmif'%ftjypfay;cH-u&ygw,f? Ek&ifbwf ppfcHk&Hk;vdk rsKd; wdkusKdrSmvnf; ppfcHk&Hk;zGifh_yD; zufqpf*syef ppfacgif;aqmifawGudkw&m;pGJqdktjypf ay;cJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf_yD;vdk@ urBmhukvor*~ wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm tvm;wlurBm ppfrsKdd; ray:aygufatmif wm;qD;zdk@/ vlom;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;tumt uG,fay;zdk@/ urBmh_idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzdk@qdkwmawG[m ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpm wrf;&J@ tajccHrlawGjzpfvmygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fjr‡ifhwifa&;qdkwm urBmhukvor*~&J@ t"du&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifawGxJu wckjzpfvmygw,f? ukv or*~vlr+a&;eJ@pD;ygG;a&;aumifpD (ECOSOC)ucef@tyfwJh vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;wcka&;qGJzdk@ wm0eftyfESif;yg w,f? vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; a&;qGJa&;aumfr&Sifudk OD;aqmifoluawmh t ar&dueforRwa[mif; &dkpAJh &J@usef&pfolZeD; t,fvDaem=&kpAJh (Eleanor Roose-

velt) jzpfygw,f? a-unmpmwrf;udk OD;aqmifa&;qGJolawGxJrSm t"duusolwOD;uawmh 1968 urBmh_idrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqk&SifwOD;jzpfol jyifopfw&m;ol}uD; &DeD=um qif (René Cassin 1887-1976) jzpfygw,f? Ek&ifbwf ppfcHk&Hk;rSm tr+-um;empOfu t"duppfaq;cJh&wJh *sL;vlrsKd;awGtay: enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ usL;vGefcsKd;azgufcHcJh&wJh tcGifhta&;awG[m tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifh ta&;a-unmpmwrf;rSm t"duxm; tumtuG,fay;&rJh vl@tcGifhta&;awGt jzpf az:jyvmygw,f? Oyrm *sL;awGudk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfr+vkyfcJhwmrsKd; [m vlom;awG&J@ touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk csKd;azgufwmjzpfvdk@ tJ



31

'DtcGifhta&;awGudk tumtuG,fay;wJhtaeeJ@ tjynfjynfqdkkf&m vl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf; tydk'f (3)rSmvlom;wdkif; touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ vl yk*~dKvfvHkòcHcGifh&Sd&r,fvdk@ jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-u nmpmwrf; xGufay:vmatmif wGef;tm;ay;wJhvwfwavm ta-umif;t&if;awG xJrSm [dkvdkaumh (Holocaust) vdk@vlodrsm;wJh *sL; ajcmufoef;udk zufqpfemZD*sm refawG owfjzwfcJhr+u t"dujzpfw,fvdk@ axmufjyygw,f? [dkvdkaumhqdkwm *&d pum; Holo eJ@ Caustos wdk@ aygif;pyfxm;wmjzpf_yD; vHk;0acsr+ef;zsufqD;jcif;vdk@ t "dyg,f&ygw,f? [dkvdkaumh vlowfr+[m ,ae@tcsdeftxd urBmrSmt}uD;rm;qHk; trsKd;ðyef;vlowfr+jzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifhvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;qdkwm csKd;azgufcHvdkuf &rS umuG,f&aumif;rSef;odwJh tcGifhta&;rsKd;vdk@vnf; ynm&SifwcsKd@u ajymwm jzpfygw,f? a-unmpmwrf; tydk'f (1)rSm vlom;wdkif;vGyfvyfr+eJ@ *k%foduQmt&mrSm arG; zGg;uwnf;u nDwlnDr#ydkifqdkifvm-ua-umif; jyXmef;xm;wJhtcsuf[m 1776ckESpf tar&duefvGwfvyfa&;a-unmpmwrf;eJ@ 1789 ckESpf jyifopfvl@tcGifhta&;a-u nmpmwrf;awGeJ@ wlaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-u nmpmwrf; OD;aqmifa&;qGJolawG[m tar&duefeJ@ jyifopfawG jzpfaevdk@tJ'Dvkd wlaewmvdk@ avhvmolawGu axmufjyygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;udk yJ&pfòrd@rSm 1948ckESpf 'D Zifbmv (10)&ufae@uusif;ywJh ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;rSm wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfðycJhygw,f? 'gayrJh qdkAD,uftkyfpkajcmufEdkifiH/ aqmf'D tm;a&;AD,m;eJ@ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHawGu oabmxm;ray;yJ a&iHkE+wfydfwfaecJhyg w,f? usefwJh ukvor*~tzGJ@0if EdkifiHtm;vHk;uawmh axmufcHa-umif; oabm xm;ay;cJh-uygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;[m EdkfifiHawGt-um;csKyfqdk wJh oabmwlnDcsufrsKd;vdk Oya'tmedoifr&Sdygbl;? EdkifiHawGt-um;csKyfqdkwJh pm csKyfawGu vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkuf_yD qdkwmeJ@ tJ'DEdkifiHawGtay: Oya'oabmt& pnf;aESmifr+&SdoGm;_yD; vdkufemzdk@ ysufuGufwJhEdkifiHawGudk tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;&Hk; rSm w&m;pGJqdkjcif;tygt0if xdkufoifhwJhta&;,lr+awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? tjynfjynf qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrSm twnf ðy&mrSm rJcGJqHk;jzwfr+vnf;r&Sd/ oabmwla-umif;vnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;p&mrvdkwJh enf;eJ@ twnfðycJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'grsKd;a-unmcsufawG[m Oya'oabmt& csnfaESmifr+r&SdyJ EdkfifiHawGu vdkufemoifhwJhvrf;!$efr+ oabmr#omjzpfygw,f? 'g a-umifhtjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;yg jyXmef;csufawGudkvdkuf emzdk@ wm0efr&Sda-umif; wcsKd@EdkifiHawGu apm'u wuf-uwmyg? tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'[m jynfwGif;Oya'awGvdk Oya'ðytm%mydkiftzGJ@u a&;qGJjyXmef;wmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'&J@ t&if;tjrpfawG trsKd; rsKd;&SdwJhteuf ,Ofaus;wJhEdkifiHawGu vdkufemavh&SdwJh "avhxHk;wrf;[mtjynf jynfqdkif&mOya'&J@ t&if;tjrpf wckjzpfygw,f? tJ'gudk tjynfjynfqdkif&m"avhxHk;

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wrf;Oya' (international customary law)vdk@ac:ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m " avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk urBmhEdkifiHtm;vHk;vdkufemzdk@ wm0ef&Sdvmygw,f? tjynfjynf qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;[m ,Ofaus;_yD; vl@tcGifhta&;udkav;pm;vdkufemvdkwJh urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pku udk;um;p&mpmwrf;tjzpf vufcHumjynfwGif; vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'awGrSm x!fhoGif;jyXmef;aewmrdk@ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifht a&;a-unmpmwrf;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'tjzpf tcktcg urBmh EdkifiHtm;vHk;u vufcHxm;ygw,f? 'ga-umifh tJ'gudk rvdkufemEdkifbl;vdk@ qifajcay;wm[m vufcHEdkifwJh qifajcr[kwfovdk/ vdkufemzdk@ysufuGufwm[mvnf; t jynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'udk csKd;azgufjcif;wrsKfd; jzpfygw,f?

vlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfESpfck

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; a&;qGJcJhpOfutjiif;ygG;r+t rsm;tjym; jzpfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dpmwrf;a&;qGJcsdefrSm urBm}uD;rSm t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;tkyf pkeJ@ uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpk ESpfcku cdkifcdkifrmrmay:xGef;ae_yD; ppfat;wdkufyGJ pwif wJhumvjzpfygw,f? ukvor*~tygt0if urBmhta&;udpPtm;vHk;rSm ppfat;wdkuf yGJ&J@t&dyftaiG@awG/ wenf;tm;jzifh tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh aps;uGufpD;ygG;a&;pepf usifhoHk;wJh taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGeJ@ qdkAD,ufOD;aqmifwJh uGefjrLepfEdkifiH awGt-um; EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: jcm;em;r+a-umifh jzpf&wJhjy\emawGu v$rf;rdk;cJh ygw,f? tJ'Djy\emawG[m tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;a&;qGJ&mrSmvnf; v$rf;rdk;vmcJhygw,f? OD;aqmifa&;qGJolawGu aps;uGuf pD;ygG;a&;pepfudkusifhoHk;wJh taemufwdkif; 'Drdk ua&pDEdkifiHawGu udk,fpm;vS,fawGjzpfygw,f? olwdk@u EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;tcGifht a&; (individual rights)awGudkom vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;rSm az:jyvdkyg w,f? EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;tcGifhta&;udk t-urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHom;eJ@EdkfifiHa&;tcGifh ta&; (civil and political rights)vdk@ ac:ygw,f? Oyrm touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh/ bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh/ EdkifiH a&;rSm yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh/ rJay;cGifh pwJhtcGifhta&;awG[m EdkifiHom;eJ@EdkifiHa&;t cGifhta&; awGjzpfygw,f? tJ'grsKd;tcGifhta&;awGudkom vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpm wrf;rSm x!fhoGif;az:jywm[m t&if;&SifpD;ygG;a&;pepfudkom taxmuftulðy a-umif; uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGu ,Hk-uygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufrSm tmrcHxm;wJhynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr+zlvH+a&; pwJhtcGifhta&;awG[m EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;t cGifhta&;xuf ta&;}uD;wJh pkaygif;tcGifhta&; (collective rights)jzpfa-umif; uGef jrLepftkyfpkuajym_yD; vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;rSmx!fhzdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f? tJ'grsKd; tcGifhta&;awGudk pD;ygG;a&;/ vlr+a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r+tcGifhta&; (economic,

social and cultural rights)vdk@ urBmhvl@tcGifhta&; v+yf&Sm;r+rSm vlodrsm;ygw,f?



33

vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;wck a&;om;xkwfjyefwmudk urBmhEdkfifiHtm;vHk; u wnDw!Gwfwnf;axmufcH-uayrJh bmtcGifhta&;awG x!hfrvJqdkwmeJ@ywf oufvdk@awmh uGJjym;r+jzpfcJh&ygw,f? taemuftkyfpku EdkifiHom;eJ@EdkifiHa&;tcGifht a&;awGudk OD;pm;ay;az:jyvdk_yD;/ uGefjrLepftkyfpku pD;ygG;a&;/ vlr+a&;eJ@,Ofaus;r+ t cGifhta&;awGudk OD;pm;ay;az:jyvdkygw,f? a&;qGJr+vkyfief;pOftwGif; zdtm;ay;r+/ awmif;qdkr+trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ jy\emawGudk ausmfv$m;_yD; aemufqHk;awmh tydk'f 30 yg0ifwJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;xGufay: vmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtydk'f 30 xJrSm tydk'f (1)uae (21) txd EdkifiHom;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;eJ@qdkifwJh vl@tcGifhta&;awGudk az:jyxm;_yD;/ tydk'f (22)uae (27)txdu pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr+a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r+ tcGifhta&;awGudk az:jyxm;ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;[m EdkifiHwdkif;uvrf;!$efr+ awGtaeeJ@ vufcHoifhwJh jyXmef;wcsKd@udkom az:jyxm;wmuwa-umif;/ a-unm pmwrf;a&;qGJpOfujzpfcJhwJh uGJjym;jcm;em;r+awGtwGuftajz&Smzdk@ vdkwmuw a-umif;wdk@a-umifh aemufqufwGJ vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfawGudk jyXmef;zdk@vdktyfvmyg w,f? tJ'Dvdkvkyf&mrSm vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;a&;qGJpOfu jzpfcJhwJhjy\em awGrsKd; xyfróuH&atmif owdxm;vkyfaqmif&ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGihfta&;a-unmpmwrf;rSm rjy!fhrpHkjzpfaewJh tcGifhta&;awGudk t"dupm csKyf}uD;ESpfcka&;qGJ_yD; jyXmef;vdkufygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh EdkifiHom;eJ@ EdkfifiHa&;tcGifh ta&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf (International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights-ICCPR) eJ@ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr+a&;eJ@,Ofaus;r+tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf (International Covenant on Eco-

nomic, Social and Cultural Rights-ICESCR) awGjzpfygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf;a&;qGJpOfu tjiif;ygG;r+jzpfcJh& wJh tcGifhta&;tkyfpkESpfckudk oD;jcm;pDcGJxkwf_yD; pmcsKyfwckpDtjzpf oD;oef@jyXmef; jcif;/ pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk; 1966 ckESpfujyXmef;_yD; 1976 ckESpfrSm twlwl touf0ifvm jcif;wdk@a-umifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a-unmpmwrf; a&;qGJpOfuvdk t jiif;ygG;zG,f rjzpfawmhygbl;? tJ'DpmcsKyfESpfck[m 'Duae@ ajymae-uwJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oy a' (International Bill of Human Rights)rSm t"duuswJh pmcsKyfESpfckjzpfygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; a-unmpmwrf;[mvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@ tcGifhta&;Oya'&J@ tpdwftydkif; jzpfygw,f? tJ'DpmcsKyfESpfck[m vufrSwfa&;xdk; twnfðyxm;wJh EdkifiHawGtwGufom tusKd;oufa&mufr+ &Sdygw,f? aps;uGufpD;ygG; a&;pepfusifhoHk;wJh taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtrsm;pku EdkfifiHom;eJ@EdkfifiHa&; tcGifh ta&;oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;twnfðy_yD;/ qdk&S,fvpf uGefjrLepfEdkfifiH trsm;pku pD;ygG;a&;/ vlr+a&;eJ@,Ofaus;r+ oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;t wnfðy-uygw,f? pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk;udk vwfrSwfa&;xdk;twnfðywJh EdkifiHawGxJrSm puF'Dae;AD;,m;EdkifiHtm;vHk;/ Oa&myEdkifiHwcsKd@eJ@ wwd,urBmEdkifiHwcsKd@ ygygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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34

pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk;udk vufrSwfra&;xdk;wJh EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH yg0ifygw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ xdkif;EdkifiHawGu EdkifiHom;eJ@EdkifiHa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfw ckudkom vufrSwfa&;xdk; twnfðywJh EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm ygygw,f? pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk; udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;twnfðy_yD; vufawG@rSmvnf;pmcsKyfjyXmef;csufyg tcGifhta&;awGudk taumif;qHk; tumtuG,fay;aewJh EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm puF'Dae;AD;,m;Edkif iHawGu xdyfqHk;ujzpfygw,f? pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk;udk vwfrSwfa&;xdk;twnfðyxm;_yD; pmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fay;zdk@tysufuGufqHk; EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm tmz *efepPwefeJ@ uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHawGu xdyfqHk;ujzpfygw,f? pmcsKyfESpfckpvHk;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;vnf;r&Sd/ vufawG@rSmvnf; tcGifhta&;tcsKd;azgufqHk;jzpfwJh EdkifiHawGpm&if;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHu xdyfqHk;u jzpfygw,f? ?



35

zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpka&;&m

jynfaxmifpktzJGŒ0ifrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD

jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifhowfrSwfjcif;

jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudk tzJG@0ifrsm;jzifhpkaygif;zJG@pnf;xm;onf? xdkjynfaxmifpkt

zJG@0ifrsm;udk urBmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;

wGif tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;/ tac:ta0:trsKd;

rsKd; owfrSwf=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh urBm@jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom jynf

axmifpktzJG@0i

frsm;rSm

-

(u) orRwEdkifiHrsm; (Republics)

(c ) jynfe,frsm; (States)

(* ) uefwGefrsm; (Cantons)

(C) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;c&dkifr

sm; (Autonomous Provinces)

(i ) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm; (Autonomous Regions)

(p ) jynfaxmifpktxl;a'orsm; (Union Territories)

(q) vlrsKd;pk{&d,mrsm; (National Areas)

ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

txufygwdk@rSm jynfaxmifpkwGifwdkuf&kdufyl;aygif;aom odk@r[kwf vdkt

yfcsuf

t& xl;jcm;zJG@pnf;xm;&aom (Oyrm

-

vlrsKd;pk{&d,mrsm;)jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;.

tqifhowfrSwfcsufrsm; jzpfonf?

‚

if;jynfaxmifpk

tzJG@0ifrsm;atmufwGif a'oEW&

t& tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;csrSwfEdkif&ef xyfrHcGJjcrf;pdwf jzmxm;&onf? aumifwD (County)

ðrd@e,f (Township)

/ ðrd@jy/ &yfuGuf (Word)

ponfjzifhtrsKd;rsKd;jzpf=u

onf?

‚

if;wdk@udkjyefvnf pkpnf;jcif;onf jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if wckjzpfvmon

f?

urBm@jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;udk tqifhuJGjym;pGm

owfrSwfjcif;onf rdrdEkdifiH. vdktyfcsuft& owfrSwf

jcif;jzpfonf? rnfo!fhjynf

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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36

axmifpkEdkifiHrqdk jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if tqifhowfrSwf&mwGif atmufygpepfESpf&yf

teuf rdrdEdkifiHESifhoifhawmfaompepfudk tajccHtoHk

;ðy=uonf?

(u) yx0Dtaexm;udktajccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifowfrSwfjcif;

Tpepft& jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifhowfrSwfjcif;udk vlrsKd;a&;jy

\em

r&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;wGifom usifhoHk;Edkifonf? EdkifiHwcktwGif;&Sd yx0Dtae

xm;tav#mufwnf&Sdaeaom ajrjyef@vGifjyifrsm;/ awmifuk

ef;awmifwef;

rsm;/ jrpf/ acsmif;tif;tdkifrsm;/ ðrd@rsm;udktpGJðyaom trnfrsm;rS!fhac:jcif;

ESifh

‚

if;wdk@udk e,fedrdwfowfrSwfjcif;ð

yv#if jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifjzpfvm

onf? Tpepf usifhoHk;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifhrSm

vnf; trsm;tm;jzifh wqifhodk@r

[kwfESpfqifhom &Sdwwfonf? tar&d

uefjynfaxmifpk/ jynfaxmifpkorRw *smreDEdkifiH/ =opa=w;vspo!fhEdkif

iHrsm;wGif yx0Dtaetxm;udk taj

ccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifjynfe,f

rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfonf?

(c) vlrsKd;a&;udktajccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifowfrSwfjcif;

urBm@jynfaxmifpk

EdkifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif Tpepft& jynfaxmifpktzJG@

0ifowfrSwfjcif;udk usifhoHk;=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pHk a&mjyGef;aexdkif

aom EdkifiHrsm;wGifusifhoHk;aompepfjzpf+yD; cufcJpGmowfrSwf&onf? jynf

axmifpktzJG@0if tqifhrSmvnf; yx0Dtaexm;udktajccHaom pepfx

uf

ydkIrsm;wwfonf? vlrsKd;rsm;pkaygif;aexdkifaom A[k0k'fvl@tzJG@tpnf; (plural society)

&Sdo!fh EdkifiHwckwGif rwluGJjym;aom vlrs

Kd;rsm;.pnf;

vHk;nD!Gwfr_ (unity in diversity)

&&Sdap&eftwGuf vlrsKd;udktajccHaomrl

t& jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm; owfrSwf=uonf? xdkEd

kifiHrsm;wGif jynf

a

x

mifpktzJG@0ifrsm;. trnfrsm;tjzpf vlrsKd;trnfudk tpGJðyIac:a0:=u

onf? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ tdENd,/ csufudkpvdkAu

f

uD;,m; paomEdkifiHrsm;onf vlrsKd;rsm;udktajccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if

rsm; owfrSwfaomEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if

tqifhqdk

onfrSm jynfaxmifpkwGifpkaygif;zJG@pnf;r!fh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsKd;t

pm;rsm;xJrS tqifhudkqdkvdkonf?

jynfaxmifpktzJG@

0ifowfrSwf&eftajctae

txufwGifaz:jycJhaom jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf&efatmufyg

tajctaersm;ESifh nD!Gwf&efvdktyfonf? o

d k@aomf Ttajctaersm;onf a,

bk,stajctaersm;om jzpfonf? xdktajctaeay:rlwnfI tao;pdwfowfrSwf

csufrsm;jzifh rdrdEdkifiHrsm;ESifhudkuf

nDatmif zefwD;,l=u&onf? tenf;qHk; atmufyg

tcsufrsm;udk x!fhoGif; pOf;pm;&onf?



37

(u) vlrsKd;ESifhvlOD;a&

EdkifiHwcktwGif; trsKd;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk pkaygif;aexdkif=uv#if xdktrsKd;

om;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf

‚

if;wdk@.

arG;&myg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk az:aqmifcGifhðy

&efESifh

‚

if;[email protected];om;a&;vuQ%mrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfaom vlrsKd;a&;t

ajccHuGJjym;csufrs

m;udk trsm;tusKd;ESihfqef@usifjcif;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm

az:aqmifcGifh&&eftwGuf xdktrsKd;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&ma'oudk jynf

axmif

pktzJG@0iftjzpf owfrSwf &efvdktyfonf? odk@&mwGifvlOD;a&tm;

jzifh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifhwckck owfrSwfEdkifo!fh vlOD;a&&Sd&rnf?

xdk@tjyif trsKd;om;vuQ%m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh nD!GwfaomtrsKd;

om;vlrsKd;jzpf&efvnf; vdktyfayonf? tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfaxmif

pkt

zJG@0ifowfrSwfa&;twGuf vdktyfaomvlOD;a& owfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sd=u

onf? vlrsKd;a&;tajccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifowfrSwfaom EdkifiH r[

kwf

v#if yx0Dtaetxm;t& tus,ft0ef;wcktwGif; aexdkif=uaom

owfrSwfvlOD;a&&Sdv#ifvnf; jynfaxmifpk tzJG@0iftqifhwrsKd;rsKd;udk owf

rSwfEdkifonf?

(c) yx0Dtaetxm;

yx0Dtaetxm;udktajccHI jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifowfrSwfjcif; pepfwGif

jzpfap/ vlrsKd;udktajccHI jynfaxm

ifpktzJG@0if tqifhowfrSwfjcif;jzpfap

jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifh wckckowfrSwf&eftwGuf yx0Dtaetxm;

tus,ft0ef;owfrSwfcsuf&Sd&ef vdkty

fonf? vlrsKd;a&;udktajccHaom

jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if owfrSwfjcif;pepfjzpfv#if xdkvlrsKd;rsm;onf vlOD;a&

tm;jzifhrsm;jym;aomfvnf; yx0

Dtaetxm;t& pkpnf;aexdkifjcif;r

[kwfbJ a0;uGmaom a'otoD;oD;Y jyef@usJpGmaexdkifv#if tkyfcsKyfa&;cs

rSwftaumiftxnfaz:&ef tcuftcJ&Sd

ojzifh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifowf

rSwfjcif;wGif tav;teufpOf;pm;& wwfygonf? Oyrm (u)vlrsKd;rsm;

onf wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmESifh vlOD;a

&tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ift

qifhwckck owfrSwfEdkifzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; xdkvlrsKd;onf wEdkifiHvHk;ae&mt

ESH@tjym;Y jyef@usJpGmaexdk

ifv#if tm;vHk;udkpkpnf;ygrS jynfaxmifpkt zJG@0if

tqifh wck&Edkifr!fhtajctae&Sd&m xdktajctaersKd;wGif (u)vlrsKd;pk

tm;vHk;udk jyn

faxmifpktzJG@0ifwckwnf; owfrSwf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs?

jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifh wckckowfrSwf&ef tjcm;tajcaersm;tm;vHk;

ESifh jy!fhpH

kaomfvnf; xdktzJG@0ifjzpfr!fhe,fedrdwfonf tqifhwltjcm;

jynfaxmifpk tzJG@0ifwck. e,fedrdwftv,fwGif &Sdaev#ifvnf; jynf

axmifpktzJG@

0ifowfrSwfa&;wGif pOf;pm;&r!fhtcsuf wcsufjzpfonf? t

jzpfoifhqHk;rSm tqifhwl jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifwck. e,fedrdwftwGif; vHk;

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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38

vHk;vsm;vsm;usa&mufaejcif; r[kwfbJ e,fedrdwfjcif; qufpyfv#ufom

&Sdoifhonf? Oyrm (u)jynfe,fonf (c)jynfe,f.tv,fwGif &Sdrae

oifhyg

? (c)jynfe,f/ (*)jynfe,frsm; odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf.

e,fedrdwfrsm;ESifhom qufpyfIwnf&Sdaev#if jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifwck

owfrSwfa&;udk taxmuftulðyygonf?

(*) pD;yGg;a&;ausmaxmufaemufcH

jynfaxmifpktzJG@0iftqifhwckck owfrSwf&eftwGuf oifhwifhaompD;yGg

;

a&; ausmaxmuf aemufcH&Sd&rnf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS

jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;vrf;wckckjzifhjzpfap pD;yGg;a&;t& taxmuftyHhwc

k

wnf;ay:wGif t"du&yfwnfjcif;r[kwfbJ rdrde,fajrtwGif;wGif oifhwifh

aompD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmif Edkif&rnf?

jynfaxmifpkE

dkifiHwckwGif wrsKd;wpm;wnf;aom jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;jzifhzJG@

pnf;xm;onfcsnf; r[kwfay? tjrifhtedrfh&Sdaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifh

tcGifhta&;rsm;jcm;

em;aomtqifhrsm; owfrSwfxm;jyD; jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfaxmifpkudk

zJG@pnf;xm;&onf? ?



39

a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJavhvmapmifh

-

unfha&;

a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJESifh EdkifiHa&;t&_yftaxG;rsm;

rm'g*gpum orRw a&G;cs,fwifa

jr‡mufyGJ

tmz&duu|ef;EdkifiHav;wckjzpfwJh rm'g*gpumrSmjzpfaewJh orRwae&mvkr+o wif;awG 2002 ckESpfqef;ydkif;u urBmhowif; acgif}uD;ydkif;rSm ae&m,lvmwm o wif;ywf twef-umcJhygw,f? rm'g*gpum vGwfvyfa&; tESpfav;q,fausmfum vtwGif;rSm orRwtajymif;tvJvkyf&mrSm 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfcJhwm&Sdovdk orRwae&mtwif;wufvk_yD; t"rRajymif;vJcJh&wmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? rm'g*gpum[m jyifopfudkvdkeDjzpfcJh_yD; 1960ckESpfZGefvrSm rmvm*gqDorRw EdkifiH (Malagasy Republic) qdkwJh emrnfeJ@ vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHjzpfvmygw,f? tJ'DESpf pufwifbmvrSm ukvor*~tzGJ@0if jzpfvmygw,f? 1972ckESpfrSm jzpfygG;wJhausmif; om;qENjyyGJawGa-umifh tJ'DtcsdefrSm orRwjzpfaewJh zDvpfbmh=qD&efemem [m wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; *gbvD&,f=&efrefeefqdk0g xH tm%mv$Jay;cJh&yg w,f? tJ'DppfOD;pD;csKyfudk 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf 'dkif'D,m=&ufqD&mum u 1975 ckESpf rSmz,f&Sm;um &mqD&mum udk,fwdkif orRwvkyfcJhygw,f? wdkif;jynfemrnfudk vnf; rm'g*gpum'Drdku&ufwpf orRwEdkifiH (Democratic Republic of Madagas-

car) tjzpf jyefajymif;cJhygw,f? 1990 ckESpfrSm ppfwyftiftm;pkwcku tm%modrf;zdk@}uHpnfwmudk &ufqD&m um atmifatmifjrifjrif ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkr+awGtm;aumif;vmwJhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyfay;cJh&_yD;/ &ufqDum&mvnf; 1993 ckESpf orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm ta&;edrf;cJh ygw,f? 'gayrJh 1997ckESpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm &ufqDum&m orRwtjzpf jyefta&G; cH&ygw,f? av;ESpfw}udrfðyvkyfae-u orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJudk ,refESpf 'DZifbmv (16)&ufae@u usif;ycJhygw,f? twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif rmh (c)&mbmvdkrmem;em; [m tjcm;orRwavmif;awGeJ@twl vuf&SdorRw &ufqDum&mudk 0ifa&muf,SOf

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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45

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47

cJhygw,f? &Sm&D,m tpPvrfOya'u tdrfaxmifrðyyJ vdifqufqHwmudk wm;jrpf xm;wmrdk@ trsKd;orD;awG tdrfaxmifrðycif udk,f0ef&vmw,f/ cav;arG;w,fqdk wmawG[m vlr+a&;azgufjyefa-umif; &Sm&D,m Oya't& xif&Sm;apwJhtcsufjzpfyg w,f? omref vlr+a&;azgufjyefr+awGeJ@rwl Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;trsKd;orD;awG&J@ vlr+a&;azgufjyefr+awGu xl;uJvdk@ urBmhowif;acgif;}uD;ydkif;rSm ae&m,lvm&wJh t"dut a-umif;t&if;uawmh tJ'Dtr+awG[m vlr+a&;zgufjyefr+qdkayrJh urBmhvl@tcGifhta&; v+yf&Sm;r+eJ@ xdyfwdkufawG@vm&wJh tprf;oyfcH tr+awGjzpfaevdk@ygyJ? qmzD,m&J@ tr+ udkvGefcJhwJh atmufwdkbmvu qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcsdefupvdk@ tar&duefjynfaxmif pk/ tD;Oa&myor*~eJ@ tjynfjynfqdkif&m vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@vdk tjynfjynfqdkif &m vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@awGu w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ a0zefajym-um;_yD; olrudk tjypf'%fuv$wfay;zdk@ pnf;&Hk;vH+@aqmfum zdtm;ay;cJhygw,f? qmzD,m[m olreJ@tdrfeD;csif; tdrfaxmif&Sda,mufsm;wa,mufeJ@ arSmufrSm;rd cJh_yD; tckvdk cav;arG;zGg;vmwmvdk@ tr+pJqdka&;rª;awGu ajymayrJh olruawmht,if vifa,musFm;eJ@ &cJhwJhudk,f0efu arG;vmwJh cav;vdk@ jiif;cJhygao;w,f? aemufawmh vnf; olr rk'def;usifhcH&wmygvdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh olrudk rk'def;usifhw,fvdk@ pGwf pGJoludkawmh oufaorcdkifvHkvdk@qdkum tr+u yvyfvdkufygw,f? trsKd;orD;awGudk usawmh tvG,fwultjypfay;Edkif_yD;/ vdifqufqHbufa,musFm;awGudk typfay;zdk@ usawmh rvG,fulvSygbl;? tenf;qHk; oufaoav;a,mufu tcdkiftrmwifjyrS a,musFm;udk tjypfay;Edkifw,fvdk@ qdkxm;wmrdk@ a,musFm;awGu tjypfuvGwf wm rsm;ygw,f? wdwfwdwfykef; vdifqufqHwJhudpPudk w&m;&Hk;rSm ajymjyay;EdkifrJh oufao av;a,muf &Sdzdk@qdkwm vG,fwJhudpPrS r[kwfyJ? 'gayrJh qmzD,mvnf; uHaumif;oGm;ygw,f? qmzD,m[molrtr+eJ@ ywf oufvdk@ txufw&m;&Hk;rSm t,lcH0ifwJhtcg qmzD,mudk tjypfay;EdkifavmufwJh oufaotaxmuftxm;r&Sda-umif; wevFmae@ (rwfv 25&uf)u w&m;&Hk;u qHk;jzwf_yD; ol@rudkw&m;ao v$wfvdkufygw,f? trsKd;orD;wa,muf aoab;u vGwf ajrmufvmvdk@ 0rf;om&rSm jzpfovdk trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; wdkufyGJatmifyGJw&yfvdk@ ajym&rSmvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh urBmhEdkifiHawGeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@awGu w &m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufudk aumif;csD;-obmay;cJh-u ygw,f? 'gayrJh vifeJ@uGm&Sif;_yD; udk;vausmft-umrSm aemufxyf tdrfaxmifr&SdyJ cav;arG;zGg;cJhwJh tjcm;trsKd;orD;wOD;jzpfol tmrDem=avmf0,f=ul&mrD (Amina Lawal

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49

onfawGudk tumtuG,fay;a&;&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ qGpfvlrsKd; vlr+apwemh0efxrf; *sdrf;=[ife&D='l;eef@ (Jean Henri Dunant)pwifpnf;&Hk;v+yfaqmfr+awG t&Sdef&vm wJhtwGuf ppfajrjyifrSm '%f&m&aewJh ppfom;awGeJ@ zsm;emaewJhppfom;awGudk t umtuG,fay;a&; jyXmef;xm;wJhyxrOD;qHk; *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufw&yf 1864 ckESpfrSm xGufay:vmygw,f? aemufawmh EdkifiHawGt-um;jzpfyGg;wJh ppfyGJawGrSm tumuG,f ay;&rJholawG[m '%f&mzsm;em ppfom;awGomru &efolzufu zrf;rdoGm;wJh 'grSr[kwf vufeufcs_yD;wJhppfoH@kyef;awGeJ@ t&yfom;awGyg yg0ifoifhw,f vdk@vufcHvm-u_yD; 1868/ 1929 ckESpfeJ@ 1949 ckESpfawGrSm aemufxyf *sDeDAmo abmwlnDcsufoHk;ck jyXmef;vdkufygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft_yD;rSm jynfwGif;vufeuf udkifyÉdyuQawG tjzpfrsm;vmwmrdk@ tJ'DyÉdyuQawGygtusKH;0ifatmifqdk_yD; aemuf qufwGJ oabmwlnDcsufESpf&yfudk 1977 ckESpfrSm jyXmef;cJhygw,f? *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufawG[m vlom;jzpfr+udk umuG,fay;wJh tjynfjynf qdkif&mOya' international humanitarian law jzpfowfrSwfcH&_yD; tjynfjynf qdkif&m -uufajceDtzGJ@ International Committee of the Red Cross udk arG;xkwf ay;cJhwJh oabmwlnDcsufawGvnf;jzpfygw,f? vlr+apwemh0efxrf; [ifeD=&D'l;eef@ udkvnf; ol@vkyf&yfawGtwGuf *k%fðywJhtaeeJ@ yxrOD;qHk; urBmh_idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,f qk csD;jr‡ifhcH&ygw,f? xdk@twl *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufawGudk *k%fðywJhtaeeJ@ *sDeD Amòrd@wnf&Sd&m qGpfZmvefEdkifiH&J@ tvHawmfu -uufajccwf trSwftom;udk urBmh-uufajceDtzGJ@&J@ oauFw trSwftom;tjzpf owfrSwfvkduf-uygw,f? *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuft& ppfoHk@yef;wa,muf &&Sd&rJhtumtuG,fawGxJ rSm pdwfydkif;eJ@ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh/ usef;rma&; t jy!fht0 apmifha&SmufcH,lydkifcGifh/ *k%foduQmxdyg;aprJh tquftqHðycH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh/ trsKd;orD;ppfoHk@yef;awG vdift-urf;zufr+ uif;vGwfcGifh awG yg0ifygw,f? ppfoHk@yef;awGudk tumtuG,fay;a&;qdkwJh vlom;jzpfr+udk umuG,fay;wJh Oy a't,ltq tajccdkifvmatmif ay;qyfcJh&wJh vlom;awG&J@ toufawG[m r enf;vSygbl;? tapmydkif;umvu urBmhEdkifiHawGt-um; jzpfyGg;wJhppfyGJawGrSm ppfoHk@

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yef;awGudk vlvdk qufqHwmr[kwfygbl;? *&dacwf wHk;uqdk,if olwdk@0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufcJhwJh EdkifiHawGu t&G,fa&mufa,musFm;tm;vHk;udk okwfoifavh&Sdygw,f? atmfwdkrefppfom;awGuvnf; c&pf,ef ppfoHk@yef; oHk;aomif; owfjzwfcJhwJh rSwf wrf;awG&Sdygw,f? t*FvefrSmvnf; ppfoHk@yef;awGudk ausmufacwfu vl&dkifa;wGvdk rn‡mrwm owfjzpfcJhbl;wJh ordkif;&SdcJhygw,f? 1929 *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf xGuf ay:vm_yD;tcsdefrSm ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHawGeJ@ pnf;urf;&SdwJh ppfwyfawGu ppfoHk@yef;awGudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f/ vlom;qefqef ðyrlusifh}uH&r,fqdkwJh t,ltqudk vufcHvm-uygw,f? 'gayrJh yxrurBmppfeJ@ 'kwdurBmppf -um;umvrSm ay:xGef;cJhwJh zufqpfemZD*smreDppfwyfeJ@ zufqpf*syefppfwyfawGu *sDeDAmoabm wlnD csufudk OyauQmðycJh-uwmudkvnf; txift&Sm;awG@&ygw,f? *syefppfwyfvufxJ us a&mufcJhwJh ppfoHk@yef;awGudk aorif;wref&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf&mrSm twif;t"rRapcdkif;cJhwmeJ@ vlrqefpGmqufqHcJhr+awG[m *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufudk ajymif ajymifwif;wif; csKd;azgufwJhvkyf&yf awGjzpfygw,f? xdk@twl 1950=53 udk;&D;,m; ppfyGJtwGif; uGefjrLepf udk;&D;,m; ppfwyfvufxJ usa&mufcJhwJh ppfoHk@yef;awGufdk *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufrlawGtwdkif; rqufqHcJhygblk;? AD,uferf ppfyGJtwGif; tar &duefppfwyfawG jyef&kwfatmifzdtm;ay;wJhtaeeJ@ AD,uferfu zrf;qD;xm;wJh t ar&duefppfom; &maygif;rsm;pGmudk "g;pm;cHawGvdk ckwHk;vkyftoHk;cswm[m *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufudk csKd;azgufr+wrsKd;jzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf t& ppfoHk@yef;awGudk tumtuG,fay;a&;qdkwmudk awmif;qdkaewmeJ@ wòydifeuf wnf;rSm csKd;azgufolawGuvnf; csKd;azgufae_rJ jzpfygw,f? zrf;qD;cHxm;&wJh wmvDbefawGeJ@ t,fauG'gppfom;awG[m *sDeDAm oabm wlnDr+t& tusHK;0ifwJh ppfoHk@yef;awGr[kwfbl;vdk@ajymxm;ayrJh olwdk@udk *sDeDAm o abmwlnDcsufyg rlawGeJ@tnD qufqHa-umif;udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ ol@&J@r[mrdwf,lEdkifwufuif;'rf;u ajymygw,f? xdk@twl tJ'DtusOf;om;awG&Sd&m *Grf wmemrdk tusOf;pcef;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m -uufajceDtzGJ@awGudk oGm;a&mufppf aq;cGif;ay;xm;ygw,f? wmvDbefeJ@ t,fauG'g tusOf;om;awGudk zrf;qD;xm;wmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@awGeJ@ Oya'ynm&SifawGu pdefac:cJhygw,f? zrf;qD;cHxm;&olawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ owif;tcsuftvufxkwfjyefay;zdk@ awmif;qdkwJhh habeas corpus ac: ta&S@awmfoGif;pmc|efawmftrdef@ av#mufxm;csufudk vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@awGu avmhp=tdef*svd (p)òrd@ jynfaxmifpkw&m;&Hk;rSm av#mufxm;cJhygao;w,f? tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh t-urf;zufr+ ESdrf;eif;a&;ppfqdkwmudk axmufcHr+ay;cJh olawGuawmif wmvDbefeJ@ t,fauG'g ppfokH@yef;udpPrSm a0zefaewmudk axmuf &+,if w&m;aomppfudkaxmufcHwm[m ppfyGJtwGif; rw&m;vkyfwmudk axmufcH wmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? tpPa&;wyfawG ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrawGrSm qifEGJaewJhppf[m usL;ausmfppfvdk@ wcsKd@ujrif&Hkru *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufawGudk azgufzsufjcif;jzifh vlom;jzpfr+udk umuG,fwJhOya'udk csKd;azgufaew,fvdk@vnf; ,l



51

q-uygw,f? ppfyGJtwGif; rw&m;vkyfjcif; [kwfr[kwf qdkwmudkwdkif;wmwJh pHawG uawmh t&yfom;eJ@ppfokH@yef;awGudk tumuG,fay;xm;wJh *sDeDAm oabmwlnD csufawGyJjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHtcsif;csif;t-um;jzpfyGg;wJh ppfyGJrSmjzpfjzpf EdkifiHtwGif;jzpf ygG;wJh vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrSmjzpfjzpf t&yfom;eJ@ ppfoHk@yef;awGudk tumtuG,f ay;zdk@ ysufuGufolawG[m *sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsuf csKd;azgufjcif;jzpf_yD;/ vlom;jzpf r+udkumuG,fay;wJh tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'udkcsKd;azgufjcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f? ?

wrD;usm;olykefeJ@ od&dvuFm +idrf;csrf;a&

;tvm;tvm

{_yDv(11)&ufae@u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwufa&muf pum;ajym-um;&mrSm oD &dvuFmEdkifiHu wrD;usm;olykefvdk@vlodrsm;wJh (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ee-

lam - LTTE) tzGJ@acgif;aqmif ADGvlyDvdkif=z&mzum&efu tpdk;&eJ@wGJ_yD;_idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzdk@ oabmxm;&Sda-umif;xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhwJhtwGuf vlajcmufaomif; cGJcef@toufqHk;&H+;cJh&_yD;jzpfwJh 18 ESpf-um oD&dvuFmjynfwGif;ppf qHk;cef;wdkifrJh t vm;tvm&Sdae_yDvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? vlOD;a& 19 oef;eD;yg;r#&SdwJh oD&dvuFmEdkifiHrSm qif[m;vD (Singhalese) vlrsKd;awGu 74 &mEH+;avmuf&Sd_yD; 18 &mEH+;avmufuawmh wrD;vlrsKd;(Tamil) awGjzpfyg w,f? usef 8&mEH+;avmufuawmh tm&yfeJ@rav;vlrsKd;tygt0if wjcm;tEG,f0if awGjzpfygw,f? wrD;vlrsKd;awG[m oD&fdvuFmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;eJ@ta&S@ydkif;jynfe,ff awGrSmaexdkifwJhtwGuf wrD;vlrsKd;oef; 60 avmufaexdkifwJh tdENd,EdkifiHawmif ydkif;u wrD;em'l;jynfe,feJ@teD;pyfqHk; oD&dvuFme,fajrawGrSm aexdkifolawGjzpfyg w,f? oD&dvuFmwrD;awGu oD;oef@wrD;EdkifiHawmf wnfaxmifa&;&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ wrD;usm;ajymufusm;wyfwnfaxmif_yD; 1983ckESpfuwnf;u oD&dvuFumtpdk;& udk awmfvSefvmcJhygw,f? tiftm; 5000 eJ@ 10000 -um;&Sdw,fvdk@cef@rSef;&wJh wrD;usm;olykeftzGJ@[m ppfa&;t&wdkufcdkuf&mrSm vufoHajymifvSovdk/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGudk vkyf}uH &mrSmvnf; ausmf-um;ygw,f? wrD;wdkif;um;awGvkyf}uHcH&wJh xdyfwef;tpdk;&acgif; aqmifawGxJrSm oD&dvuFmorwwOD;eJ@ tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; &m*spf*ENDvnf; yg0ifygw,f? &m*spf*ENDudk vkyf}uHcJhjcif;&J@ t"duta-umif;t&if;uawmh &m*spf*END 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfaecsdef tdENd,tpdk;&u wrD;usm;olykefawG vufeufjzKwfodrf;a&;rSm yg0ifywfoufcJhvdk@jzpfygw,f? wrD;usm;olykefawG awmfvSefa&;pwifpOfu tdENd, ppfwyfu ppfoifwef;awGay;cJhwJhtcsufudk-unfh,ifyJ wrD;olykefawGudk tdENd,u axmufcHw,fqdkwmay:vGifygw,f? 'gayrJh &m*spf*ENDvufxuf oD&dvuFeJ@ 1987 ckESpfrSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;wJhoabmwlpmcsKyft& wrD;olykefawG vufeufjzKwfodrf;a&;rSm oD&dvuFmtpdk;&udk ulnDay;wJhtaeeJ@ tdENdppfom; av;aomif;cGJ wrD;e,f

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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52

ajrxJapv$wfcJhygw,f? wrD;usm;olykefawGuvnf; jyefvnfwdkufcdkufcJh-uygw,f? tdENd,t}uHtpnfratmifrjrifjzpf_yD; aemufqHk; tdENd,ppfwyfawG jyefvnf&kwf odrf;cJh&ygw,f? &m*spf*END 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ujyKwfus_yD; twdkuftcHygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;taeeJ@ wrDem'l;jynfe,f a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufyGJpnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;twGif; w rD;trsKd;orD;wOD;&J@ yefpnf;qufor+cH,lpOf trsKd;orD;u tao;cHAHk;cGJwdkufcdkfufwJh twGuf yGJjcif;_yD;aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f? 'ga-umifh wrD;olykefxr+udkajym,if oD&dvuFm jynfwGif;a&;oufoufomru tdENd&J@ywfoufr+udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;-u&ygw,f? &m*spf*ENDudk vkyf}uHowf jzwfcJhrdwm[m 0rf;enf;ausuGJzG,f jzpf&yfwckvdk@ {_yDv(11)&uf owif;pm&Sif; vif;yGJtwGif; wrD;olykefacgif;aqmifu xkwfaz:ajymqdk_yD; tdENd,eJ@ a&&SnfrSmajy vnfr+&vdkwJh oabmzGifh[cJhygw,f? ,cifu wrD;usm;olykefawGeJ@ tpdk;&t-um; _idrf;csrf;a&; ysufjym;cJhbl;wJh om "uawG&SdaeayrJh tckwcgrSmawmh _idrf;csrf;a&;wnfvdrfhr,fvdk@ tuJcwfawGu taumif;jrifae-uygw,f? wrD;usm;olykeftzGJ@eJ@tpdk;&wdk@ tckvdk_idrf;csrf;urf;vSrf; csufawGjzpfvm&atmif wGef;ydk@wJhaemufcHta-umif;t&if;awG&Sdygw,f? yxrt csufu wrD;usm;olykefjyoemudk aqG;aEG;wJhenf;eJ@ tajz&Smr,fvdk@a-uG;ausmfxm;wJh United National Party (UNP) ygwD ,refESpf'DZifbm a&G;cs,fwifjr‡mufyGJrSm tEdkif&vm_yD; ygwDacgif;aqmif &efae;=0Du&Drefqif*D 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmjcif;/ aemf a0;_idrf;csrf;a&;wrefawmfawGu atmifatmifjrifjrif -um;0ifnSdEd+if;ay;Edkifjcif;/ t ar&duefjynfaxmifpku urBmht-urf;zuftzGJ@awGudk vdkufvH&Sif;vif;aejcif;/ pwJh ta-umif;t&if;awGjzpfygw,f? wrD;usm;tzGJ@[m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ ,lEdkuf wuf'if;'rf;/ uae'g/ -opa-w;vseJ@ tdENd,EdkifiHawGu t-urf;zuftzGJ@vdk@ owf rSwfwmudkcHxm;&ygw,f? wrD;awGvdkcsifwJh vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHwnfaxmifa&;udk ppf a&;t&vkyfaqmifzdk@vufawG@rusrSef; wrD;usm;tzGJ@uodvmvdk@jzpfEdkifovdk urBmh EdkifiHa&;tajctae tajymif;tvJawGa-umifh tpdk;&eJ@_idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufum vkdcsifwJhEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf&&Sdatmif aqG;aEG;zdk@jyifvmwmvdk@vnf; tuJcwfawG u oHk;oyffygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@ wrD;usm; olykef ESpfzufpvHk;u _idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajymae-uayrJh _idrf;csrf;a&;c&D;pOfu tckxufxd rp&ao;ygbl;? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm aqG;aEG;yGJawG qufvkyfzdk@ oabmwlxm;;-uygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@ aqG;aEG;wJhvrf;udk a&G;cs,fayrJh wrD;EdkifiHwnf axmifa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk tav#mhray;ao;a-umif; wrD;usm;acgif;aqmif ADGvl yDvdkif=z&mzum&ef u ajymxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tpdk;&zufuvnf; wrD;EdkifiHwnf axmifa&;qdkwmudkvufcHzdk@xuf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhjrifhrm;wJh a'oEW&tpdk;&yHkpHudk om urf;vSrf;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ tuJcwfawGu ,lqaeygw,f? bmyJajymajym urBmh vufoHtajymifqHk;pm&if;0if ajymufusm;olykeftzGJ@wckeJ@ oD&dvuFmtpdk;&wdk@[m urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm vkyfae-utwdkif; aqG;aEG;wJhenf;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;uGm[r+awGudk n‡d E+dif;-uwmudkawmh urBmhtodkif;t0dkif;u aumif;csD;-obmay;aerSmuawmh trSef ygyJ? ?



53

tajccHOya'a&;&m

oD&dvuFmtajccHOya'ESifh

taumiftxnfaz:r_avsmh&Jjcif;

0if;armif

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf 1978 ckESpftajccHOya

' jyXmef;vdkufuwnf;u rif;rJhp

epfqDokd@OD;wnfvmcJhonf? xkdokd@ OD;wnfvmcJhjcif;rSm xl;qef;aomtajctaet&

jzpf&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/

edrdwfqkd;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&jcif;r[kwfbJ

tajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;t& ,kwWdwefaom tpkd;&pepf aysmufuG,foGm;

apo!fh t

wGufa=umifhjzpfonf? xkdtajccHOya'ukd tajccHOya'qkdif&m&_@a'gifhESifh

EkdifiHa&;odyHqkdif&m&_@a'gifhrsm;rS a0zefr_tawmftwef&SdcJ

honf? Taqmif;yg;onf

Oya'taumiftxnfaz:ay;&o!fh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; 1978 ckESpf tajccHOya'

u rnfokd@tcuftcJjzpfapcJhonfukd az:jy&ef

&nf&G,fonf?

1978 ckESpf tajccHOya'onf wufvmaom orRwukdtºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sdap

+yD; Oya'ukd taumift xnfaz:ay;&o!fh ta&;tygqkH;aom t

zGJ@tpnf;}uD;

2ck .tm%mukd arS;rSdefoGm;apcJhonf? xkdtzGJ@tpnf; 2ckrSm oD&dvuFmEkdifiH. w

&m;pGJqkdjcif;udpPukd t"duaqmif&Gufay

;&aom a&S@aecsKyfXmeESifh ykvdyfXmewkd@jzpf

onf? xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf orRw. =oZmatmufokd@a&muf&SdoGm;cJh&m xkdtzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;. v

Gwfvyfr_ xdckdufcHcJh=u&onf? a&[email protected]&m;pGJjcif;vGwfvyf

r_ESifh ykvdyfXme. pkHprf;axmufvSrf;jcif; vGwfvyfr_wkd@rSm orRw.

qENESifh !$ef=um;

csufrsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;vm&onf? Ttaetxm;ukd tcGifhaumif;,lvsuf =oZm&Sd

aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; xkdXmersm;tay:

wkduf&kdufaomfvnf;aumif;/

orRwrS wqifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdef;csKyfpðyvmawmhonf? &mZ0wfr_cif;rsm; pkH

prf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh w&m;pGJq

kdjcif; qkdif&mqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onfvnf; Oya'ESifhtnD

[laom rlrsm;tay:tajccHo!fh vkyfief;pOftjzpf r&Sdawmhay? rlpnf;urf;rsm;

tpm; jy

ifyrS=oZmvGrf;r_rsm;ukd vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

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54

w&m;pGJqkdr+vkyfief;rsm;

w&m;vkda&S@aersm;. wm0efrSm 4if;wkd@tm;tyfESif;xm;o!fh wm0efay:tajc

cHvsuf Oya'ESifhtnDjzpfap jcif;w

nf;[laomrlukd xdef;odrf;&efjzpfonf? tpkd;&a&S@

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taxmuftxm;r

sm;ukd ppfaq;&rnf/ ypfr_usL;vGefonf[k ckdifvkHaomoufaot

axmuftxm;rsm;&&Sdv#if w&m;pGJwif&rnf? xkdokd@aqmif&GufEkdif&ef a&S@aewGi

f Oy

a'qkdif&mtm%mrsm; omru vufawG@vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;yg &Sd&ayonf?

oD&dvuFmEkdifiH. 1978 ckESpftajccHOya'onf a&[email protected]

qmif&GufykdifcGifht

ay: Oya'qkdif&mtm%m tajymif;tvJr&Sday? okd@aomfvnf; a&[email protected]

awG@usifhokH;r_tm%mukd ajymif;vJapcJhonf

? tajccHOya't& orRwwGif tm%m

tjy!fht0 &SdaponfjzpfI orRwonf XmetzGJ@tpnf; (Institutions)

rsm;. t

rnfcHOD;aqmifol r[kwfawmhbJ vufa

wG@OD;aqmifoljzpfvmonf? xkd@a=umifh orR

wonf w&m;pGJqkda&;Xme (prosecution branch)

wGifvnf; OD;aqmifoljzpfvmcJh

onf? okd@jzifh or

Rw ua&S@aecsKyf. vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;tay: =oZmvGrf;Ekdif

vm cJhonf?

a&S@aecsKyfonf vufawG@tm;jzifh Xme.t}uD;tuJr[kwfawm

hbJ oabmw

&m;tm;jzifhom t}uD;tuJ jzpfonf[kqkdEkdif ygonf? xkd@a=umifh4if;tm; t}uD;t

uJtjzpfvnf; rjrif=uawmhay? 4if;.vufatmufcH X

meESifhvlxkuvnf; a&S@ae

csKyf. tm%mtppftrSef rnfo!fhhtqifhwGif&Sdonf/ rnfo!fhtqifhwGifr&Sd

a=umif;oabmaygufvm=uonf? okd@aomf vu

fawG@wGiforRwonf a&S@aecskKyf

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&Sdonf? orRwonf

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etxm; rSm

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bufY vufawG@wGif

tm%m&Sdaeaom orRwonf a&S@aecsKyfwm0efrsm;ukd tm&kHpkdufxrf;aqmifEkdif

aom taetxm;r&Sday? xkd@a=umifh EkdifiHawm

ftwGif; a&[email protected];vnfywf

r_ ysufjym;vmo!fh tusdK;qufjzpfvm& awmhonf? w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;twGuf

wkdif;jynfwGif r&Sdrjzp

fvkdtyfaom TXmetwGif; [muGufwck}uD;xGm;vmawmh

onf?

ykvdyfXmewGifvnf; tqkdygtwkdif;jzpfcJh&onf? w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;r_&Sda&;twGuf

pHjyykvdyfXmetwGif; aemufqkH;tqkH;tjzwfay;&aom taxGaxG!$ef=um;a&;rSL;

wGifvufawG@tm%mr&Sdawmhay? 4if;tm;axmuftulðy&onfh vufaxmu

f!$ef

=um;a&;rSL;rsm;onfvnf; Xme.t"duwm0ef xrf;aqmif&olrsm;r[kwfawmhay?

ykvdyfXme. trSefwu,f tqkH;tjzwfay;&aom vkyfief;pOfwGifv

nf; [muGuf



55

w&yf }uD;xGm;vmawmhonf? okd@jzpfI w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;ukdaz:aqmifo!fh t

jcm;Xmewckjzpfaom ykvdyfXmewGifvnf; vkyfief;vnfywfr_acsm

ar$@apo!fh OD;

aqmifr_u¾ aysmufqkH;vmawmhonf?

1978 ckESpf tajccHOya'ESifh Oya'uif;rJhr+

Oya'ukd taumiftxnfvkdufvHaz:ay;&aom t

a&;}uD;o!fhXmersm;jzpf

aom a&S@aecsKyfXmeESifh ykvdyfXme [email protected]@tm;jzifh OD;aqmifr_aysmufvm

onfhtcg jzpfEkdifaomtusdK;qufrS

m Oya'uif;rJhjcif; jzpfayrnf? oD&dvuFmEkdifiHw

0Srf;wGif TtusdK;qufpdrfh0ifr_ jzpfay:vmaeonf? ykvdyfXmeESifh a&S@aecsKyfwkd@u

vkyfief;pOfwcsdK@Y wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdae=uaomfvnf; 4if;wkd@wGifvufawG@

tm%mr&Sdo!fhtwGuf Oya'taumiftxnfaz:r_ukd t+rJ'kuQay;ww

faom t

ajccHjy\emrsm;ukd wifjyEkdif=ujcif;r&Sday?

TonfrSm 1978 ckESpftajccHOya'. wkduf&kduf tusdK;oufa&mufr_jzpfonf?

aumif;rGef

aom tajccHOya'atmufYyif tajccHOya'ukd taumiftxnfraz:

=uonfholrsm;a=umifh tajctaeqkd;rsm;jzpfay: wwfonf? 1978 ck tajccHOya'

taqmuf

ttkHtwGif; Oya'rJhjzpfaer_ukd taumif;qkH;olrsm;onfyifv#if um

uG,faqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&Sday? TonfrSm 4if;wkd@onf 4if;[email protected]

rsm;ukd rSef

uefpGm xrf;aqmif&eftvkd@iSm jzpfEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif; jrif=uonf? xkda=umifh xkd

wm0efrsm;,lvkdjcif; r&SdI jzpf[efwlo

nf?

1978 ckESpf tajccHOya'onf Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;ukdxdef;odrf;&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyf

onfhXmersm;ukd &_wfaxG;apaom t"dyg,frJho!fh taj

ccHOya'omjzpfonf? 1948

tajccHOya'uawmh 1978 tajccHOya'ESifh qef@usifbuf jzpfonf? 1948 ckt

ajccHOya'onf vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDpepftwGu

f tajccHtaqmufttkHukd tuef@

towfrsm;jzifh jyXmef;ay;cJhonf? tem*wfzGH@òzd;a&twGuf tvkHtavmufr[kwf

aomfvnf; w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;

ukdtajcðyonfhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf ,kwWdaA'

qkdif&mESifh tajccHOya'qkdif&m aqmufttkHukd jyXmef;ay;o!fh tajccHtkwfjrpfukd

1948 ckESp

ftajccHOya'u csay;cJhonf? w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkd

tyfaom taqmufttkHukd jyXmef;ay;o!fh 1948 ckESpfESifh 1972 ckESp

ftajccHOy

a'rsm;udk z,f&Sm;vkduf=uonfh 1978 ckESpftajccHOya' a&;qGJjyXmef;olrsm;onf

cskdK@,Gif;csufwpkHw&m&Sdaeaom em&DwvkH;ukd

jyif&eftwGuf em&DwvkH;vkH;ukd zsuf

qD;ypfvkdufaom em&Djyiform;ESifhwlaeayonf?

1978 ckESpfrS tajccHOya' qkdif&mt=uyftwnf;rsm;ay

:vmcJhonf? wkdif;jynf

twGif; uarmufrjzpfapo!fh TtajccHOya'jyXmef;+yD;onfhaemufrS txufwGif

az:jyaom [muGufrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwf

ay? TtajccHOya'uom tqkdygt

jzpftysufrsm;ukd rv$JraoG jzpfay:apcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

›

aersm;aumifpD


56

TtajccHOya'atmufwGif w&m;Oya'jyefvnfpkd;rkd;a&; ajymqkd&efrSm rjzpf

Edkifay? w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;ukdaz:aqmif&mwGif tvGefta&;yg

aomtqkdyg Xme 2

cktm; trSefwu,ftm%mrsm;ay;xm;onfh tajccHOya'ukd tv#iftjrefzefwD;

&efomvkdtyf ygonf? tqkdygXmersm;. tm%mwv$JtokH;

csr_ukd oifhwifhavsmuf

yaom uef@owfr_rsm;jzifh wm;qD;Ekdifygonf? okd@aomf tm%mtv$JokH;onfjzpf

ap/ tv$JrokH;onfjzpfap xkdXmersm;w

Gif 4if;wkd@. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd trSef

wu,f aqmif&GufEkdifajc&Sdap&ef vkdtyfonf?

Oya'taumiftxnfaz:ay;&o!fhXmersm;tm;enf;c

suf

2001 ckESpf ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (UNCHR)

57 }udrfajr‡muf

nDvmcHwGif tm&Svl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifESifh nDtpfukdawmf

tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh

tm&SOya'a&;&mtzGJ@ (Asian Legal Resource Center, ALRC)

onf oD&dvuFm.

w&m;pGJqkdjcif;ESifh &mZ0wfr_cif;qkdif&m

pkHprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;pepfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;

aomtqkdukd wifoGif;cJhygonf? xkdnDvmcHY txufwGifaz:jyaomudpP&yfrsm;ukd

pwifaqG;ae

G; cJh=uonf?

xkdokd@aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD; r=umrDwGif ALRC

tm;oD&dvuFm tqifhjrifhoHt&m&Sd

wOD;u ac:,laqG;aEG;cJhygonf? xkdoHt&m&Sdu

ALRC

.wifjycsufukd tav;t

eufavhvm+yD; qufvufpOf;pm;xdkufaom tcsufrsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhonf? ALRC

taejzifh rnfo!fhtpkd;&at*sifpD okd@r

[kwf tpkd;&wGif;rnfo!fh yk*~dKvfutxuf

yg tqkdðywifjycsufrsm; pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf[k xifygovJ[k tqdkyg t&m&Sduar;cGef;

xkwfcJhygonf? ALRC

ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;taejzifh tpkd;&twGif;rnfonfhtkyfpk/

rnfonfhat*sifpDur# tqkdygwifjycsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;rnf[k rjrifrda=umif; 0ef

cHcJh

ygonf? 4if;wkd@u oD&dvuFm tpkd;&tzGJ@xJwGif okawoetzGJ@rsm;/ t}uHay;tzGJ@

rsm;r&Sdjcif;onf t"ducsdK@,Gif;csufjzpfa=umif; a

xmufjy=uygonf? jynfolrsm;u

4if;wkd@jzpfapjcifo!fh rnfo!fht}uHukdrqkday;=uonf? okd@aomf xkdt}uHay;csuf

rsm;ukd x!fhoGif;pOf;pm;r!

fh olu r&Sday? t}uHðywifjycsufrsm;ukd tusdK;oifht

a=umif;oifhpOf;pm;+yD;rS y,fcs=uonfqkdv#ifrl ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom tqkdðycsufrsm

;

ay;vmEdkifp&m tvm;tvm&Sday ao;onf? okd@aomf rnfolr#yifpOf;pm;xJrxnfh

ygu wkd;wufr_tvm;tvmrSm &Sdawmhrnfr[kwfay? Tokd@qkdygu wO

D;csif;aomf

vnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh aomfvnf;aumif; wpkHwckjzpfay:ap&efar#mfvifhcsuf

rxm;bJ tqkdðywifjyjcif;rSm pdwfykdif;qkd

if&m0wW&m;ukd aqmif&Gufjcif;r#omjzpfay

rnf? wckck tusdK;oufa&mufvmap&efrSmrl tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdk;wuf apr!fhenf;

vrf;rsm;ukd pOf;p

m;pDpOfvkyfaqmif &rnfom?

w&m;pGJqkdjcif;ESifh &mZ0wfr_cif;qkdif&m pkHprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;pepfrsm; wkd;wuf

vmap&ef tqkdðywifjycsu

frsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;pGmaqmif&Gufay;r!fh wufºuGo!fht



57

zGJ@tpnf; rsm;uif;rJhoGm;jcif;rSmvnf; txufuaz:jycJho!fhenf;wl 1978 ckESpf t

ajccHOya'. oufa&mufr_yifjzpfonf?

ykHpHysufjcif;o

nf okcbkHaysmufqkH;jcif;r[kw

f

1978 ckESpftajccHOya'onf tm%mvpf[m r_udkjzpfapcJhonf? xkdOya'jy

Xmef;+yD;aemufwGif vlrsm;pGmwkd@

u xkdtajccHOya'onf vlwOD;.vufxJwGiftm

%mrsm;pkòyHxm;o!fhtjyif pnf;rsOf;cH tm%m&Sifpepfukd zefwD;ay;o!fhtajccHOy

a'jzpfa=umif; a0z

efajymqkd=uonf? okd@aomf tjcm;olrsm;. tapmykdif;u tokH;

ðycGifh&aeaom tm%mrsm;ukd z,f&Sm;cJhaomfvnf;/ orRw vufxJwGif tqkdygtm

%mt

m;vkH; a&muf&SddroGm;a=umif; tawG@tóuHrsm;rS oufaojyv#uf&Sdonf? o

rRwonf tm%mtm;vkH;ukd ukdifwG,fEdkifavmufatmif vufvSrf;rrDay?

xkd

a=umifhjzpfay:vmaom tusdK;qufrSm tm%mtrsm;tjym;okH;pGJ&efwm0efonf

rnfolwOD;wa,mufxHwGifrS r&Sdawmhjcif;jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;

pepf.A[kdcsufr

wGif [muGuf}uD;jzpfcJh &onf? xdk@a=umifh 1978 ckESpf tajccHOya'ukd=u!fhv#if

4if;bmukdzefwD;vkdovJqkdwm omru bmuk

dz,f&Sm;vkdufovJqkdwmvnf; t

a&;}uD;o!fh tcsufjzpfonf? 4if;onf 1948 ckESpf tajccHOya'u az:aqmifcJh

o!fh vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pD tkyfcsK

yfa&;taqmufttkHtm; z,f&Sm;cJhonf?

EkdifiHwkdif;wGif 4if;[email protected]&;pepfukd 4if;wkd@qkH;jzwfEkdifcGifh&Sdonfqkdjcif;rSm

trSefyif tusKd;ta=umif; nD!Gwfr_&Sdygonf? TonfrSm tkyfcskyfa&;ukd rlvtajc

cHrS ykHpHajymif;vkdufjcif;ukd &nf!Gef;ygonf? tu,fI r

lvtajccHtkwfjrpftm;z,f

&Sm;ypf+yD;wpkHw&mjzifh tpm;jyefrxkd;v#if Tonfukd tjcm;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;

ykHo¿mefwck[k rqkdEdkifawmhy

g? rif;rJh0g'[komqkdEkdifygonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHo¿mef

wck&Sdjcif;onf rif;rJh0g'xufawmh ykdaumif;ygonf? tkyfcskKyfa&;vpf[mr_onf td

rf

wGif;jzpf ab;uyfqkd;wckjzpfI csD;rGrf;o!fhoabm ajymqkdjcif;rSm qDavsmfr_r&Sdyg?

tajccHOya'uzefwD;cJhaom tm%mvpf[mr_ukd rajy

mv#if 1978 ckESpfu

wnf;u jzpfyGm;cJho!fh oD&dvuFm jynfwGif;yÉdyuQukd em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif

rnfr[kwfay? awmifykdif;a&majrmufykdif;

wGifyg jzpfyGm;o!fhyÉdyuQrSm 1987 cktajc

cHOya'a=umifh jzpfyGm;&jcif;r[kwfbJ 4if;wkd@ukd,fwkdifY orkdif;a=umif;tjrpfwG,fr_&Sd

ae

cJhIjzpfonf? okd@aomfjim;vnf; 1978 tajccHOay'. txufaz:jyygta=umif;

tcsufrsm;a=umifh xkdyÉdyuQukdajz&Sif;Ekdifo!fh taetxm; ra&mufc

Jhay?

uH

-

urRmtajymif;tv

J

oD&dvuFmonf tm%mvpf[mr_ukd qDavsmfaomtm%m cGJa0usifhokH;o!fh

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S

›

aersm;aumifpD


58

pepfjzifhtpm;xkd;&ef vkdtyfaeayonf? xkdokd@tpm;xkd&efrSm 1978 ckESpf tajccHOy

a'tm; y,fzsufrSomv#ifjzpfEkdifonf? 1978 ck tajccH

Oya'onf EkdifiHawmftm;

ab;'kuQjzpfapcJha=umif; omreftm;jzifh oabmaygufem;vnf rd=uaomfvnf; t

xufwGifaz:jyaomta=umif;w&m;rsm;ukd

rnfo!fhEkdifiHa&;ygwD/ rnfo!fhacgif;

aqmifur# ,cktxd tav;xm;jcif; r&Sd=uay? Toabmaygufem;vnfr_onf

ykdrkdyDjyifvmaomtcgrSom tus

dK;jzpfxGef;apo!fh tpkd;&ykHpHw&yf jywfjywfom;

om;az:aqmifa&;tqifhudk wrsKd;om;vkH;. wlnDo!fhoabmxm;w&yf &&Sdvm

rnfjzpfonf? Tonfr

Sm ab;'kuQrSvGwfajrmufa&;jzpfI u|efyfwkd@cef@rSef;onf

xuf ykdapmpGm tpkd;&ykHpHopfw&yfay:aygufvmr!fh tvm;tvm&Sdayonf? t

jcm;udp

P&yfteuf jynfwGif;yÉdyuQ. tusKd;ta=umif;ESifh av#mfnDaomtajz&&ef

rSm tajccHOya'tm; jywfjywfom;om; ajymif;vJypfa&;tay: wGif rlwnf

ygonf?

tajccHOya'ajymif;vJo!fh tcsdeftxd Oya'taumiftxnfaz:a&;pepfonf r

=umao;rDu w&m;&kH;csKyftr_wckwGif w&m;ol}uD;okH;OD;wdk@ a

jymqkdcJho!fhtaet

xm;rsdK;Y &Sdaumif;&SdaeOD;rnfom? 4if; wkd@ajymcJhonfrSm

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'DekdifiH&J@ omrefEkdifiHom;awGukd tumtuG,fay;&r!fh

ykvdyfrsm;[m Oy

a'csdK;azgufolawGjzpf vmaewmjzifh 0rf;enf;p&maumif;wJhtcsufawGyg/

vkHòcHa&;tapmifhrsm;[m olwkd@udk,folwkd@ umuG

,fzkd@vm; qkdwmar;&

awmhrSmjzpfygw,f?

(Asian Legal Resource Center

ESifh Human Rights SOLIDARTY

wkd@yl;wGJxkwf

a0aom jynfjyn

fqkdif&m jynfola&;&mESifhEkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;pmcsKyf tykd'f 2 pm

apmif 2002 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv twGJ 1 trSwf 1 rS Basil Fernando

a

&;om;onfh Behold the Throne of Anarchy: The Sri Lankan Constitution and failure of law enforce-ment agencies

ukd bmomjyefaz:jyjcif;jzpfygonf?)



59

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tajccHOya

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&opfwGif ,ciftpd

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ycJhonfha&G;aumufyGJwGiftEdkif&&mrS 0ef=uD;csKyfjzpfvmaom vdkufpDeD,m

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. zD*sDtvkyform;ygwDyg

0ifjcif;onf wdkif;jynftwGuf a

umif;rGefr_r&Sda=umif;/ acsmif'&Dtaejzifh twdkuf

tcHtjzpfom&Sdoifha=umif;qdkum jiif;qefcJhonf//

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60

azaz:0g&Dv 16 &ufae@wGifawmh EdkifiHwumw&m;ol=uD; 5 OD;yg0ifonfh zD*sD

EdkifiHt,lcH&Hk;u 2001 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;zGJ@pnf;a

omtpdk;&onfh zD*sDEdkifiH.

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aemuf jzKwfcsjcif;

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xrOD;qHk;taejzifh 1996 ckESpfu jyXmef

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61

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Documents

cifarmif0if; · 2002-06-28 · trSwfpOf (13)/ {_yDv/ 2002