Ciencias Naturales 6th

PLAN DE CLASES DE CIENCIAS NATURALES 6°

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MY FIRST SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT

MONTESSORI SCHOOL

2013


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I. GENERAL COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE YEAR: The student will understand the basics of life such as how all organisms are interconnected, from a single cell, the world's largest biome to the universe allowing you to have a greater conception of itself and its relations with society and nature in harmony with the preservation of life on the planet.

II. COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. To understand that cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. 2. To understand the development of the cell theory. 3. To understand the level of organization of an organism. 4. To understand the function of various organelles in plant and animal cells. 5. To understand the different between unicellular and multicellular organisms. 6. To understand that organisms are separated into six kingdoms according to their cell structure and how they get food. 7. To understand that organisms within Earth´s biosphere interact with each other and the environment. 8. To understand the process of nutrition and respiration.

III. HOW ARE ORGANISMS GROUPED? WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ORGANELLES? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT TISSSUES?

WHY ARE THE PROCESSES OF NUTRITION AND RESPIRTATION IMPORTANT IN OUR LIVES?

IV. CONTENT AND SKILLS: 1. Vocabulary terms

2. Concept of cell 3. Level of organization 4. Plant and animal tissues 5. The six kingdoms 6. Process of nutrition and respiration

. V. CONNECTION WITH OTHER SUBJECTS: Science is everywhere in today’s world. It is part of our daily lives, from cooking and gardening, to recycling and comprehending the daily weather report, to reading a map and using a computer. The information we can get from other subjects, can help us to get a better comprehension of our world.

VI. RESOURCES: Spanish – English Dictionary, Science Assignment, Science Book and Workbook VII. DIDACTIC REFERENCES: - http://www.biology4kids.com www.discoveryschool.com

AREA

Science LENGHT Two months

SUBJECT Science PERIOD Fourth

GUIDE Ana Cepeda START DATE

GRADE Sixth DUE DATE

http://www.biology4kids.com/

http://www.discoveryschool.com/


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S.C. COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCES

LEARNING ACTIVITIES DATE EVALUATION CRITERIA

Ch. 20

Listen, understand and make a concept map about the information related to the presentation of your guide.

Your guide will show students the topic through an oral presentation. Students will be listening to her and then they will read the written presentation of the section.

Adequate attitude for reading. Answer to the questions your guide will make.

Ch. 20 Listen and understand the vocabulary related the cell.

Introduce the vocabulary related to the unit, so the students will get familiar to it. They will write it in their Science notebook.

Adequate attitude for listening, reading and writing. Write the vocabulary in your Science notebook.

Ch. 20 Get the main idea and the supporting details about the concept of cell.

Students will be listening to the reading and then they will read the written presentation about the cell.

Adequate attitude for listening and reading.

Ch. 20

Listen and understand the information related to the reading of the week, about the cell.

Students will do Workshop No.1. on Attachment Section No.1, No.2, No.3 and No.4 in your science notebook.

Adequate attitude for listening and reading. Complete the questions you will find at the attachment No.1


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Practice the vocabulary terms by writing them three times in your science notebook

1. Organism 2. Carbon Dioxide

3. Kingdom 4. Archaebacteria

5. Decomposer 6. Eubacteria

7. Producer 8. Fungi

9. Cell 10. Mushroom

11. Prokaryotic 12. Protist

13. Eukaryotic 14. Unicellular

15. Cellulose 16. Multicellular

17. Chloroplast 18. Autotrophs

19. Cell Wall 20. Heterotrophs

21. Vacuoles 22. Algae

23. Permeable 24. Scientist

25. Membrane 26. Biome

27. Impermeable 28. Habitat

29. Semipermeable 30. Biosphere

31. Cell membrane 32. Exchange

33. Nuclear membrane 34. Centrioles

35. Nucleus 36. Vesicle

37. Phospholipids 38. Chlorophyll

39. Plasmodesmata 40. Photosynthesis

41. Cytoplasm 42. Sugar

43. Chromatin 44. Rough ER

45. Chromosome 46. Lysosome

47. Nucleolus 48. Mitochondria

49. Ribosome 50. Oxygen

51. Smooth ER 52. Endoplasmatic Reticulum

53. Respiration


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ATTACHMENT SECTION No.1 WHAT IS A CELL? All living organisms, no matter how large or small, are made of units called: cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry out the activities of life. Cells ob tain nutrients and energy, remove wastes products, grow and reproduce. Cells: The Building Blocks of Life. Some organisms are made of only a single cell (Unicellular). Unicellular are too small to be seen without a microscope. Even though they are tiny, each cell is made of many parts that do a variety of jobs. Examples: Bacteria. Larger organisms are made of many cells. Another way to say this is that larger organisms are Multicellular. In multicellular organisms different cells can do

special tasks. Examples are: plants and animals. THE CELL THEORY: Today scientists know a lot about cells. But for much of history, people did not even know that cells existed. Because they are so small, cells were not discovered until the invention of the microscope. The first person to describe cells was ROBET HOOKE. Born in England in 1635, Hooke made a simple microscope. Over hundreds years, scientists learned more about cells. Scientists studying cells developed the cell theory that has three central ideas: a. All living things are made of one or more cells. b. Cells are the basic units of living things. c. All cells come from existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: a. Energy flow occurs within cells. b. Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. c. All cells have the same basic chemical composition Note: As you study the human biology in more detail, you will discover that there are exceptions to every rule. In the case of the cell theory, that exception is the virus. Viruses do not have a cellular structure or organization, and whether they are actually living organisms in a subject of debate. Workshop No.1

1. What is a cell? 2. What tasks do cells do? 3. What is a unicellular organism? Give an example 4. What is a multicellular organism? Give an example 5. Name something in nature that is made of cells and something that is not. 6. What do plants, animals and people have in common? 7. What was the first person that discovered the cell? 8. Why was the invention of the microscope so important? 9. What is a microscope? Explain in your own words. 10. What are the central ideas about the cell theory?

http://biology.about.com/od/biologysciencefair/a/aa102005a.htm


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THE COMPLEXITY OF LIVING THINGS:

Specialised cells Larger organisms are made of many cells. Different types of cell have a particular structure designed ti help them carry out different tasks and functions, they become specilalised. Som examples are: Red blood cells, muscle cells. Specialised cells combine to form tissues… Cells with similar structures and functions are massed together in tissues. Example: Connective tissue, blood or muscle tissues Tissues combine to forms organs… Several tissues may be combined to form an organ, a complex structure with a particular function, such as the small intestine or lungs. Organs combine to form organs system… In complex organisms, several organs work together to perform a particular task. These organs form an organ system or system that carry out life processes such as digestion, excretion and reproduction. Here is a short summary of the main systems in the human body:

The digestive system

The excretory system

The respiratory system

The circulatory system

The nervous system

The endocrine system Organs systems combine to form an organism. The highest level of organization is the organism. An organism is a complete living entity capable of independent existence. All complex organisms, including humans, are made up of several body systems that work together to sustain life. It is a living thing that can carry out all basic life processes. Meaning they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce.


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USING CELL STRUCTURE TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS: Organisms can be classified on the basis of the internal organization of their individual cells. With the exception of viruses, all organisms are either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.

A few billion years ago, the first living organisms to evolve on Earth were probably prokaryotes. The term literally means before the nucleus, because the genetic material of these organisms is not enclosed by a membrane, and therefore they do not have a true nucleus. They have been on Earth more than twice as long as eukaryotes, they are present in greater numbers (there are more bacteria living on your skin than there are people on Earth). Prokaryotic cells are simple; they have no separate nucleus and show little organization. All prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane surrounding the cell, cytoplasm where all of the metabolic processes happen, ribosome and a circular DNA molecule where the genetic information is held. They are unicellular. Bacteria are examples of these types of organisms. Eukaryotic cells are large. They are much more complex and show more internal organization. Like prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, and DNA. However, there are many more organelles within eukaryotic cells. These include a nucleus to house the DNA, a nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, a cytoskeleton, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum etc. Most eukaryotic organisms are multicellular. This allows the eukaryotic cells within the organism to become specialized. All eukaryotic organisms include all animals, plants, protists and fungi. They contain true nuclei in which chromosomes are compacted as chromatin and contain membrane-bound organelles

Workshop No.2: 1. What is the level of cellular organization? 2. List some structures in a eukaryotic cell that are not found in prokaryotic cells 3. Name four structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 4. Name three examples of organs. 5. Label the following organisms as eukaryotic or prokaryotic: Tiger, Human, Mushroom, Bacteria and Plants 6. Compare and contrast: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Characteristics Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Number of cells

Size

Nucleus

Number of Organelles

Cell membrane

DNA

Examples

Internal structure


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TYPES OF CELLS: There are three main types of cells: bacterial, plant, and animal. Bacterial cells were the first cells to appear on Earth and are very simple. Animal and plant cells are both types of eukaryotic cells. Cells share common features, but they also show huge differences. Each cell part performs a different job. The features (they are also known as organelles) of plant and animals cells allow these cells to carry out the basic processes of life. The differences between plant and animals cells are due to the differences in lifestyle, especially to their different methods of nutrition. Organelles re structures that perform specific functions within the cell. We are going to look at the detail structure of each individual organelle and find out how each type contributes to the function of the cell as a whole. Both animal and plant cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. In addition, plant cell have a cell wall, a large vacuole and chloroplasts. In animal cell we found centrioles, lysosomes and flagella.

The absence of the cell wall means that animal cells may be very irregular in shape and may be quite small. The presence of the cell wall means that plant cells tend to be regular in shape. The present of the vacuoles means that plant cells may be quite large.


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Workshop No.3:1. Compare and contrast: animal and plant cell.

2. Copy and compete this table by placing a tick if the structure is present and it is not.

Structure Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell

Cell membrane

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Nucleus

Large permanent vacuole

Centrioles

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

DNA

Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Look at these two types of cell and answer the following questions: a. Which is an animal cell? b. Who do you know which type of cell it is? Explain in your own words.


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Thoughts to Ponder: Are cells alive? Why do you think this? Where are cells located in your body? Where do the cells in your body get energy? How do your cells know what to do? What directs their functioning? Are prokaryotes simple and ancient? Did prokaryotes evolve before eukaryotes? Are bacteria prokaryotes? Are prokaryotes able to live in a variety of environments? WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANELLES? Cells are the Starting Point. All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that include proteins and organelles. A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions. The organelles are:

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_main.html


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1. Nucleus: it is the control center that direct cell activities and store information. Every nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It is usually spherical and it contains the cell´s DNA (genetic material). The DNA is spread throughout the nucleus as chromatin. You will also find the nucleolus inside of the nucleus. When you look through a microscope, it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. 2. Cell membrane: It is also known as plasma membrane. It maintains the internal environment of the cell. It is a boundary between the cell and its environment. When you think about a membrane, imagine it is like a big plastic bag with some tiny holes. That bag holds all of the cell pieces and fluids inside the cell and keeps any nasty things outside the cell. It is basically a double layer of phospholipids molecules, arranged tail to tail. It controls which materials pass in and out of the cell. 3. Cytoplasm: is the fluid substance containing the organelles, water and dissolve substances such as sugar. It lies between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Early on, they didn't know about the many different types of fluids in the cell. There is special fluid in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. The only two 'plasms' left are cytoplasm (the fluid in the cell also called cytosol) and nucleoplasm (the fluid in the nucleus). Each of those fluids has a very different composition.

The cytoplasm has many different molecules dissolved in solution. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell working. Waste products are also dissolved before they are taken in by vacuoles or sent out of the cell.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_mito.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_golgi.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html


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4. Cell wall: it is only found around plant cells. Cell walls are made of specialized sugars called cellulose. Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive. Cellulose is called a structural carbohydrate (complex sugar) because it is used in protection and support. They also help a plant keep its shape. While they do protect the cells, cell walls and cellulose also allow plants to grow to great heights. There are small holes in the wall that let nutrients, waste, and ions pass through. Those holes are called plasmodesmata.

5. Chloroplasts: organelles that contain the pigment chlorophyll. They are the food producers of the cell. They are only found in plant cells and some protists. Every green plant you see is working to convert the energy of the sun into sugars. Plants are the basis of all life on Earth. The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars and starches. They use a process called photosynthesis to get the job done. Photosynthesis is the process of a plant taking energy from the Sun and creating sugars. When the energy from the Sun hits a chloroplast, chlorophyll uses that energy to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The molecular reactions create sugar and oxygen (O2). Plants and animals then use the sugars (glucose) for food and energy. Animals also use the oxygen to breathe. Different Chlorophyll Molecules: Not all chlorophyll is the same. Three types of chlorophyll can complete photosynthesis. There are even molecules other than chlorophyll that are photosynthetic. One day you might hear about carotenoids, phycocyanin (bacteria), phycoerythrin (algae), and fucoxanthin (brown algae). While those compounds might complete photosynthesis, they are not all green or the same structure as chlorophyll. 6. Ribosome: begin the process of making protein. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains. Ribosomes are found in many places around the cell. You might find them floating in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_structure.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_protozoa.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_main.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_bacteria.html



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A ribosome is not just one piece. There are two pieces or subunits. Scientists named them 60-S (large) and 40-S (small). The 60-S/ 40-S model works fine for eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have ribosome made of 50-S and 30-S subunits. It's a small difference, but one of many you will find in the two different types of cells. Scientists have used this difference in ribosome size to develop drugs that can kill prokaryotic microorganisms that cause disease.

7. Mitochondria: (singular: Mitochondrion) they are relatively large, individual organelles. They are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They convert the chemical energy of food into a form that cell can use in other words their function is to make ATP (creates energy for the cell). Mitochondria Structure: they have two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times (cristae). The fluid inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix.

8. Vacuoles: contains fluid and its surrounded by a membrane. They are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles store food, water or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. Eventually, those waste products would be sent out of the cell. They can be permanent or temporary. Vacuoles also play an important role in plant structure. The size of that cell may still increase or decrease depending on how much water is present. Plant cells do not shrink because of changes in the amount of cytoplasm. Most of a plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles. The vacuoles gain and lose water depending on how much water is available to the plant. A drooping plant has lost much of its water and the vacuoles are shrinking. It still maintains its basic structure because of the cell walls. When the plant finds a new source of water, the vacuoles are refilled and the plant regains its structure.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_eukaryote.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_prokaryote.html



http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_cytoplasm.html


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9. Centrioles: Organizing Chromosomes. Every animal cell has two small organelles called centrioles. They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide. They are put to work in both the process of mitosis and the process of meiosis. You will usually find them near the nucleus but they cannot be seen when the cell is not dividing. And what are centrioles made of? Microtubules. The centriole Structure: It is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. 10. Endoplasmic reticulum: it is a network of folded membranes: it serves as the cell´s transportation and packing system. It also helps make proteins and other substances needed by the cell. It does not work alone. The ER works closely with the Golgi apparatus and ribosome. There are rough ER and smooth ER. They both have the same types of membranes but they have different shapes. Rough ER has ribosome attached. Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes while smooth ER looks more like tubes. Sometimes the ER looks like a flat balloon. Smooth ER acts as storage site of calcium, a site for synthesis of lipids steroids. Also contains enzymes that detoxify, or make harmless, a wide of organic substances. Rough ER acts as a storage unit of enzyme and other proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_mitosis.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_meiosis.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_microtubule.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_golgi.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html


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11. The Golgi body: is also known as Golgi apparatus is a tiny group of cavities or vesicles. It is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes and it is involved with the transportation of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The Golgi apparatus is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It was named after Camillo Golgi, an Italian biologist. The Golgi body gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. The vesicles are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell.

11. Lysosome: is basically a small vesicle that contains enzymes that were created by the cell. The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed. Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles. They contain a powerful chemical that break down complex molecules and also help to digest material taken into the cell. Why Don't They Digest the Cell? Here's something scientists are still trying to figure out. If the lysosome holds many types of enzymes, how can the lysosome survive? Lysosomes are designed to break down complex molecules and pieces of the cell. Why don't the enzymes break down the membrane that surrounds the lysosome?




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Workshop No.4: 1. Label the parts of an animal cell and plant cell.


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2. Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be use more than once

Structure/Function Organelles

1. Store water and other minerals

2. Contains Chlorophyll

3. Hold enzyme created by the cell

4. Produce energy for the cell

5. They are the food producer for the cell

6. Protects, supports and gives shape to the cells

7. Manages and control all the cell

8. Contain ribosome attached

9. Synthesis of proteins

10. Synthesis of lipids, steroids and phospholipids

11. They are the protein builders.

12. Small holes that let nutrients in and out

13. It contains chromatin

14. It is made of phospholipids and protein.

15. Control what goes in and out of the nucleus.

3. Answer the following questions:

a. What are the three types of cell membrane in a cell? b. Why are chloroplasts so important? c. Compare and contrast: Smooth ER and Rough ER. d. What besides organelles can be found in a cell? e. What would happen if a plant cell had no cell wall? f. What is the function of vacuoles in a plant cell? g. Where can we find ribosomes? h. What are vesicles? Explain in your own words. i. Why are mitochondria important in a cell?


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S.C.

COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCES


Ch.4 Listen, understand and make a concept map about the information related to the presentation of your guide.

Your guide will show students the topic through an oral presentation. Students will be listening to her and then they will read the written presentation and vocabulary of the section, practice, and do the activity found in the attachment 4

Answer to the questions your guide will make.

Ch.4 Get the main idea and 3 supporting details.

Read the text on Attachment Section No.2 and identify what are the plant and animal tissues with some examples.

Adequate attitude for reading and listening.

Ch.4 Listen and understand the instructions about the information related to the presentation of your guide.

Students will be listening to her and then they will complete the activity found in workshop No.5 and No.6

Adequate attitude for reading and complete the questions in your science notebook.


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ATTACHMENT SECTION No.2 ANIMAL TISSUE Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial.

Connective Tissue:

Muscle Tissue:

Nervous Tissue:

Epithelial tissues:

The main characteristics are: -Most abundant tissue in your body. -Binds structures together. -Provides support, protection, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection, and helps repair tissue. -Made up of a ground substance (fluid, semi-solid) and fibers -Most has a good blood supply -Cells can reproduce Some examples are: Bones, ligaments and tendons, blood, cartilage.

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. There are three types of muscle tissues

a. Skeletal: skeletal muscles: They are voluntary muscle. b. Smooth: in hollow organs, stomach - involuntary c. Cardiac: wall of the heart: they are involuntary.

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses. The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve cells.

They provide a barrier and protect the body from external environment. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. The cells in epithelial tissue are tightly packed together with very little intercellular matrix.

Workshop No.5:

a. What are the different types of animal tissues? b. Name three types of muscle tissues. c. Give three examples of connective tissues. d. Where are the nervous tissues found? What is the main function? e. What is the main function of the connective tissue? f. Name one characteristic of epithelial tissues.


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PLANT TISSUES: The tissues of a plant are organized into three tissue systems: the dermal tissue system, the ground tissue system, and the vascular tissue system.

Tissue System and Its Functions

Cell Types Location Example:

Dermal Tissue System: • protection • prevention of water loss

- Epidermis - Periderm (in older stems and roots)

Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves

Ground Tissue System: • photosynthesis • food storage • regeneration • support • protection

- Parenchyma tissue - Collenchyma tissue - Sclerenchyma tissue

Stems, leaves and roots.

Vascular Tissue System: • transport of water and minerals • transport of food

- Xylem - Phloem

In stems, leaves and roots.

Workshop No.6: 1. What are the plant tissues? 2. Where are dermal tissues located? 3. What is the function of the dermal tissue? 4. Name two examples of vascular tissues. 5. Name three tissues in the ground tissue system. 6. Do you think that plant tissues are made of cells? Explain your answer.


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S.C.



Ch.1


Your guide will show students the topic through an oral presentation. Students will be listening to her and then they will read the written presentation of the section.

Adequate attitude for reading. Answer to the questions your guide will make.

Ch.1 Listen and understand the vocabulary related the kingdoms.

Introduce the vocabulary related to the unit, so the students will get familiar to it. They will write it in their Science notebook.

Adequate attitude for listening, reading and writing. Write the vocabulary in your Science notebook.

Ch.1 Identify and represent through a chart the six kingdoms of organisms.

Listen and understand the presentation of the students the introduction about the six kingdoms. Students will complete the activity in class and answer the workshop No.7 in their science notebook.

Adequate attitude for listening. Write the chart and the answer of workshop No.7 in your science notebook.

Ch.1 Listen and understand the information related to the reading of the six kingdoms of organisms

Students will be listening to the reading and then they will do the workshop No.8 found in the attachment 3.

Adequate attitude for reading. Complete the questions you will find at the workshop No.8 in your science notebook.


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ATTACHMENT SECTION No.3 THE SIX KINGDOMS: Earth is home to millions of different living things. A large number of living things have not yet been discovered. The part of the Erath that can support living things is called the Biosphere. Scientists have discovered and named nearly two million different organisms in Earth´s Biosphere. Even so, scientists think that millions more organisms have not been discovered. Some parts of Earth have not been well studied. Earth´s deep oceans, polar areas, dense rain forest and vast deserts are just some of the areas about which we still have a lot to learn. Also, many of Earth’s organisms are very tiny and hard to find.

Scientists classified organisms into groups with similar characteristics. Grouping organisms makes studying them easier. Many scientists today divide all Earth´s organisms into groups called Kingdoms. Even today, scientists do not agree on a single system. However, most scientists use a system similar to the one developed by Carlos Linnaeus. When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful. Then for awhile, there have been five groups: Moneran, Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals but Nowadays Moneran kingdom is divided into two groups. Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals. How are organism placed into their kingdoms?

Cell type, complex or simple (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)

Mode of Nutrition: means organisms are Autotrophs, heterotrophs or decomposer

The number of cells in their body.(Unicellular or Multicellular)


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Activity in class: - Classify Organisms Based on Physical Features

What characteristics may have been used to group these people? 1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________

6. ___________________________________________________

7. ___________________________________________________

8. ___________________________________________________

Workshop No.7

1. What is the biosphere? 2. Why Haven not scientists identified all species that live on Earth? Explain your answer. 3. Why do scientists classify organisms? 4. How are organisms classified? 5. Define: What is Kingdom? Explain in your own words 6. Who was the first person that classified organisms into kingdoms? 7. What are the six kingdoms of organisms? Give an example of each. 8. What are the major levels of organization?


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THE KINGDOMS

Archaebacteria

They are unicellular, simple and very small. They are oldest organisms on Earth. They live where most other organisms cannot. In water that has a lot of salt, hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean from the Earth´s interior. They can lie in extreme environments under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments. They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Eubacteria

They are complex, unicellular and very small organisms. Most bacteria are in this kingdom. They are found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. Most bacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and food like yogurt. However a few can cause disease. Some bacteria are involved in nutrient cycles. They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Protists

Mostly unicellular and some are multicellular. They are complex organisms. They are divided in three types: animal like, plant like and fungus like. Some Protists are like animals. They get the energy by eating other organisms. The ameba and paramecium for example. Some Protists are like plants. They contain chlorophyll that use to make their own food during photosynthesis. Algae for example. Some Protists are like fungi. They grow in damp or watery, nutrient-rich environments. Example: water molds They can be autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposer.

Fungi

The fungi are a very large group of organisms. Mostly unicellular and some multicellular. Some examples are: mold, yeast and mildew They are heterotrophs (dead or decaying materials). They also feed by parasitic methods They live in moist and dark environment, so they can absorb the products of their food source. They do not require light since they do not rely on photosynthesis process for production of food. They do not have chlorophyll. They play a vital role in nutrient cycles. Their decomposer action may destroy materials. They may be agents of disease, as in athlete’s foot for example. They may be a source of food, for example mushroom.

Plants

They are multicellular and complex organisms. It is the second largest kingdom They are autotrophs (organisms that make their own food) by the process of photosynthesis. Plants can be divided into two groups: a. Vascular: they have tubes to transport substances. b. Non Vascular: do not have tubes to carry materials. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.

Animals

They are complex and multicellular organisms. Some examples are: dog, lion, cat, etc It is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. They get energy by eating other organisms.(heterotrophs) They are divided into two big groups: Vertebrates: animals with backbone and Invertebrates: animals without backbone. They can move from place to place.

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Workshop No.8 1. Complete the chart:

Characteristics Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

No. of cells

Type of cell

Mode of nutrition

Examples

2. Compare and contrast: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. 3. Why are bacteria not classified as plants or animals? 4. What are the three types of Protists and their characteristics? 5. Do you think you would find fungi growing in a desert? Why or why not? 6. Why are fungi not classified as plants? 7. Name three characteristics that plants and animals have in common. 8. Name two characteristics that animals and fungi have in common. 9. Why are Protists not classified as bacteria? 10. Name two differences between animals and plants. 11. Read the following terms and definition then classify each kingdom as: consumer, producer or decomposer. a. Producers: make their own food from the chemicals in their surroundings. b. Consumers: obtain energy by eating other organisms. c. Decomposers: break down other organisms or wastes.

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals


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S.C.


LEARNING ACTIVITIES

DATE

EVALUATION CRITERIA

Ch.4


Your guide will show students the topic through an oral presentation. Students will be listening to her.

Adequate attitude for reading. Complete sentences to the questions your guide will make.

Ch.4

Get the main idea and 3 supporting details.

Read the text on Attachment Section 5, to identify what systems are involved in the process of Breathing and Nutrition.

Adequate position for reading

Ch.4

Identify the different organs that are involved in the breathing process, recognizing their function.

The student will identify in a drawing the different organs that are part of the Breathing and Nutrition process then they will answer the workshop No.9 in their science notebook.

To do the activity in a proper way.


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ATTACHMENT SECTION No.4 BREATHING PROCESS: The cells of living organisms require a constant supply of oxygen to release energy. This is done by a process called breathing. Breathing refers to the mechanisms for obtaining oxygen from the air and delivering it to the tissues, while eliminating carbon dioxide from the body. Breathing is a repetitive process. The breath rate of human beings is 15 to 18 breaths a minute. The human respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity; throat, or pharynx; voice box, or larynx; windpipe, or trachea; bronchi; alveoli; and lungs. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle, which helps with breathing. The three parts of the breathing process are: Inhalation or breathing in, Exchange of Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide and Exhalation or breathing out. Mechanism of breathing: a. Inhalation process: is the process by which air rich in oxygen enters the lungs b. Exhalation process: is the process by which air carries carbon dioxide and water vapor comes out of the lungs. c. Exchange of gases in the two lungs: The lung consists of alveoli "air sacs "surrounded by blood capillaries - http://sciencewithme.com/learn-about-respiration/


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THE NUTRITION PROCESS: The function of the digestive system is to break down the food into smaller pieces that your body can use. The alimentary canal or gut is a muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the anus. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. The overall process of nutrition can be divided into several stages:

a. Ingestion this is taking in food. In human, food is put into the mouth and chewed. Mastication and Swallowing takes it down through the esophagus into the stomach. b. Mechanical breakdown the breaking up of food material into smaller pieces, mainly by the action of chewing o the churning action of the stomach. (Peristalsis movements) c. Digestion the chemical breakdown of complex food molecules such as proteins and fat into simpler ones. d. Absorption the passage into the blood stream of simple food molecules such as sugar, vitamins, minerals and water. e. Egestion the elimination of undigested food material from the body. Workshop No.9:

1. Make a concept map to explain the breathing and the digestive process. 2. Make a drawing to identify the different organs of the digestive system and respiratory. 3. Why is breathing process so important? 4. What are the three parts of the breathing process? 5. What is the big difference between the inhalation and exhalation? 6. Where does the process of nutrition star?


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Ciencias Naturales 6th