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Presentation made in CRS headquarters in Baltimore, on a special relationship that CIAT has with CRS.
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Research into Development: CIAT and CRS’s special relationship
www.ciat.cgiar.orgSince 1967 / Science to cultivate change
Andy Jarvis and Andre Zandstra9th April 2013
The greatest food security challenge ever in human history:
How to feed a growing population with scarce land and water, a fast-changing climate, and
inadequate investment in agricultural research!
CIAT: A partner in global research for a food secure future
• One of the 4 Centers that started the CGIAR, (founded in 1967) and currently operates from Kenya, Vietnam, and Colombia (HQ)
• Our mission is to reduce hunger and poverty, and improve human health in the tropics through research aimed at increasing the eco-efficiency of agriculture
• 400 professional staff, 200 scientists working across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Annual budget close to $100USM
CIAT is aligned with the CGIAR research portfolio
• CIAT is Lead Center of CCAFS and contributes to 11 other CGIAR Research Programs, including Genebanks
• About 90% of CIAT’s research agenda is fully integrated into the CGIAR Research Portfolio
• CIAT contributes to all four System Level Outcomes
• The focused diversity of CIAT’s research agenda enables the Center to position itself strongly within the CGIAR research portfolio
Improving agriculture and changing lives across the tropics
Since the 1980s, with activities now in China,
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand
Since the 1980s, with activities now in 11
African countries
Since the 1960s, with a current focus on Central America, Colombia, and
the Amazon
Cali,
Focus of CIAT’s research for development
Productivity
Bean
Tropical Forages
Cassava
Rice
Genetic Resources
Natural Resources
Soil Health & Productivity
Restoring Degraded Landscapes
Carbon Sequestration
Policy
Climate Change
Gender
Linking Farmers to Markets
Impact Assessment
• Over 5.3 million rural households in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted modern bean varieties over the last 17 years, generating benefits worth nearly US$200 million
• Adoption of improved cassava varieties in Thailand and Vietnam has nearly reached 90%, creating benefits worth almost $12 billion over the last 20 years
• Improved forages now cover an area estimated at 25.4 million hectares in tropical America, generating huge benefits through improved livestock production – estimated at $1 billion in Colombia, for example
• Nearly 60% of Latin America’s rice area is planted to improved rice, with benefits valued at $860 million from 1967 to 1995 alone
Examples of Impacts
• Staff rotation : CIAT -> CRS!• Joint projects:
• Tortillas on the Roaster• Learning Alliances• Borderlands• Green Water Initiative 2• Coffee Under Pressure• Carbon insetting• Seed systems, soils etc.
• Mutual leveraging of expertise, partners and approaches
CIAT and CRS: A Special Relationship
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
1 January 2013
CGIAR Research Program
Leb by
1 January 2013
Leb by
15 CG centers and ~70 regional offices
Global alliance
Lead center - CIAT
1 January 2013
Liderado por
Identify and develop pro-poor adaptation and mitigation practices, technologies and policies for agriculture and food systems.
Support the inclusion of agricultural issues in climate change policies, and of climate issues in agricultural policies, at all levels.
Commit to data availability, cross-centercooperation, and making an impact on both the global and regional level.
Objectives
1 January 2013
CCAFS Framework
Adapting Agriculture to
Climate Variability and Change
Technologies, practices, partnerships and
policies for:
1. Adaptation to Progressive Climate
Change
2. Adaptation through Managing
Climate Risk
3. Pro-poor Climate Change Mitigation
Improved
Environmental
HealthImproved
Rural
Livelihoods
Improved
Food
Security
Enhanced adaptive capacity
in agricultural, natural
resource management, and
food systems
4. Integration for Decision Making
• Linking Knowledge with Action
• Assembling Data and Tools for Analysis
and Planning
• Refining Frameworks for Policy Analysis
1 January 2013
Africa del Este
Lider Regional
James Kinyangi
Sur de Asia:
Lider Regional
Pramod Aggarwal
Africa del Oeste
Lider Regional
Robert Zougmoré
Latinoamerica:
Lider Regional
Ana Maria Loboguerrero
Place-based field work
ProgressiveAdaptation
THE VISION
To adapt farming systems, we need to:
• Close the production gap by effectively using current technologies, practices and policies
• Increase the bar: develop new ways to increase food production potential
• Enable policies and institutions,from the farm to national level
RiskManagement
THE VISION
• Climate-related
risk impedes
development,
leading to chronic
poverty and
dependency
• Actions taken
now can reduce
vulnerability in the
short term and
enhance resilience
in the long term
•Improving current
climate risk
management will
reduce obstacles
to making future
structural
adaptations.
Pro-poor
MitigationVISION
Short-term:
Identifying
options feasible
for smallholder
mitigation and
trade-offs with
other outcomes
Long-term:
Addressing
conflict between
achieving food
security and
agricultural
mitigation
IntegrationVISION
•Provide an
analytical and
diagnostic
framework,
grounded in the
policy context
• Synthesize
lessons learned
•Effectively
engage with rural
stakeholders and
decision makers
•Communicate
likely effects of
specific policies
and interventions
•Build partners’
capacity
Agriculture and Rural Development Day: Engaging world policy leaders in the climate change dialogue
•Agriculture and Rural Development Day 2011 + 2012 brought together several hundred policy-makers, farmers, scientists and development experts from around the world
•Recommendations to the UNFCC COP-17 conference in Durban, South Africa, Rio+20 and Qatar COP-18
•Organized by CCAFS and partners
The analysis What Next for Agriculture After Durban? was co-authored by a group that includes members of the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. It was covered by media outlets worldwide.
Analogue Tool: Finding Tomorrow’s agriculture today
Methodology development Regional trainings
http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/Analogues/• 15 countries • 70 local researchers
• WP:Climate Analogues: Finding
tomorrow's agriculture today
KatmanduDakar
Nairobi
LushotoMbuziiYamba
Morogoro
Mwitikilwa
Nyombo
Njombe
Mbinga
Kinole
FOTF in Tanzania
Analogue study Tour Villages visited Starting point
Sepukila Village: -Matengo pits: Traditional soil and
water conservation technique
-Coffee nursery
-Stoves
Masasi Village:-Water source
-Fish pond
-Biogas
Mtama Village: - Bee keeping
-Market value chain social
enterprise visit
- Input supply Stockists
-Weather station visit
- Bean trial visit
- Tree nursery visit
Farms of the futureJourney to Yamba’s plausible futures
1 January 2013
Leb by
Climate smart villages: Key agricultural activities for managing risks
CCAFS sites Main crops Main livestock
(forages)
Borana(ET)Maize
(96.6%)
Beans
(86.4%)
Wheat
(33.1%)
Beef cattle
(93.2%)
Goats
(77.8%)
Nyando (KE)Maize
(99.2%)
Sorghum
(73.3%)
Beans
(34.4%)
Goats
(66.9%)
Chicken/hens
(61.2%)
Usambara (TZ)Maize
(87.1%)
Beans
(75%)
Tomatoes
(29%)
Chicken/hens
(82.1%)
Dairy cows
(56.4%)
Albertine
Rift (UG)
Cassava
(78.6%)
Beans
(68.4%)
Sweet
potatoes
(59.8%)
Chicken/hens
(82.5%)Pigs (63.1%)
Where do we work?
1 January 2013
Leb by
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lushoto (Tanzania)
Weather reasons for adapting
a) More erratic rainfall
b) ↘ overall rainfall (88%)
c) ↗ amount of rainfall (39%)
d) more frequent droughts (71%)
e) earlier start of the rains 77%)
f) Later start of rains (65%)
Drivers
• Availability of high yielding varieties
more resistant to pest and diseases
• More profitable market prices.
• Less productive land
Lushoto (Tanzania)
Changes in land use and crop management
- introduction of new, higher yielding crop varieties of maize, beans
and tomatoes
- switching to disease resistant varieties of cassava, bananas and
maize
Gender Dimensions
• Why consider gender?
o To develop appropriate adaptation strategies for both male and female farmers (to ensure inclusion of female farmers)
• Findings (Context Specific)
o Gender division of labor
o Decision-making
o Control and Access of Resources
Gender Division of Labor
• Examples:– Spraying was reported as a men’s task, and – Weeding mainly as a women’s task
Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting
Men
Women
Boys
Girls
Overall, men and women tend to report that they themselves do most of the tasks
Decision-Making• Across all 4 sites:
– Women report that men make most decisions– Men report more decisions are taken jointly
– Example: Nyando, Kenya
Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting
Men
Women
Together
Playing out transformative climate smart adaptation in CCAFS benchmark sites in East Africa: When, where, how and with whom?
Persons and items distribution
Rash model (Campell, 1963): Attitude towards change = number + difficulty of change made
Determinants of the degree
of adaptation – Poisson
regression model
Variable Coefficient P-value
Lnage -0.259 0.034**
Help 0.281 0.019**
Years of schooling 0.025 0.014**
Ln total asset value 0.060 0.096*
Government influence 0.364 0.002***
Less land productivity 0.164 0.060*
Ability to hire farm labour 0.231 0.031**
Constant 2.135 0.002***
Wald chi2(20)=104.63; p=0.000
Alpha = 0.12
N=131
Dependent variable = number of adaptation strategies undertaken
Getting to grips with climate adaptation: The right choices
Evaluating varietal adaptationV
ar. C
ario
ca
Var
. Cal
ima
Var
. Jam
apa
Likely yield with different planting dates
Modelling potential losses from extreme events with different planting dates
Benefits of potential adaptation options: conservation agriculture
% y
ield
loss
% water deficit
Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climáticoy sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.
Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation
Un proyecto en colaboración con:
Cuales son las zonas que necesitan alta atención?
Áreas donde los sistemas de producción de los cultivos de fríjol pueden ser adaptadosAdaptation-Spots (mas del 25% perdida de producción)
Enfocarse en la adaptación de los sistemas de producción.
Áreas donde estos cultivos de fríjol ya no son una opciónHot-Spots (mas del 50% perdida de producción)Enfocarse en la diversificación de medios de subsistencia.
Nuevas áreas donde aumenta la producción de los cultivos.Pressure-SpotsMigración de agricultura– Riesgo de deforestación!
Results: Hot-spots for beans production areas in Central America
Se dedujeron cinco estrategias de adaptación a nivel de finca!
Intensificación Sostenible: Dirigido a aumentar la productividad física, preservando los recursos naturales (tierra y agua) en sistemas productivos (Eco-eficiencia)
Diversificación: Aumentar la cantidad de fuentes de consumo y los ingresos procedentes de la agricultura.
Expansión: Expandir las dotaciones de los diferentes tipos de capitales.Incremento de ingresos no agrícolas: incrementar las fuentes de ingresos diferentes a los que están ligados a la agricultura.
Abandonar la agricultura como estrategia de vida: La familia abandona la agricultura como fuente de consumo he ingresos.
Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climáticoy sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.
Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation
Un proyecto en colaboración con:
Rewarding for Ecosystem Servicesin watersheds
Different groups want different things
• Downstream
o Urban dwellers want clean, reliable water supplies o Lowland farmers want cheap, reliable irrigation water o Tourists want clean, attractive water
• Midstream
o Hydropower companies want reliable low-silt water without having to invest in large storage reservoirs
• Upstream
o Highland communities want to live better o Citizens want to preserve highland ecosystem services
Up
per b
asin(4
00
0-5
80
0
Ecosystem service provision (Water yield (mm))
1111-1507
Mid
dle b
asin(3
50
–4
00
0
51-256
Low
erb
asin
(0-3
50
)
0-50
Peruvian case study, Canete River watershed – Current situation
Up
per b
asin(4
00
0-5
80
0
River flow use (m3/s)
0 (mostly from springs)
Mid
dle b
asin(3
50
–4
00
0 250, 64
Low
erb
asin
(0-3
50
)U
pp
er b
asin(4
00
0-5
80
0
Water and land uses
Extensive degrading grazing, subsistence agriculture
Mid
dle b
asin(3
50
–4
00
0
Hydropower companyShrimp growers
Low
erb
asin
(0-3
50
)
Urban dwellersWater inefficient commercial agricultureTourists (rafting)
Desired situation
Up
per b
asin(4
00
0-5
80
0M
idd
le basin
(35
0–
40
00
Low
erb
asin
(0-3
50
)
Transfer part of their benefits
Investment in productive alternatives
Watershed’s socioeconomic asymmetries might be balanced by this benefit-sharing mechanism
Research outputs and intermediate project outcomes
• Conceptual approach: Adopted by MINAM …Is not only about paying for improving the delivery of the ESS but also aboutrewarding for ESS alreadybeing delivered (positive externalities)
Recently presented byVice-Ministry of Environment
(Nov, 2012)
Linking Farmers to Markets
Under what conditions can market linkages be an effective tool for rural poverty reduction for gender and socially differentiated actors?
Iterative process of design, testing and documentation of approaches for inclusive business models, R4D platforms and public policies in Latin America, E. Africa and S.E. Asia
Donors, business and civil society are in broad consensus on
benefits of linking smallholders to markets.
• Many islands of success but few cases of sustained, transformational
change that benefit women, minorities and the rural poor.
• The concept is clear but HOW to achieve beneficial and sustained
market access is not.
• Need to understand appropriate roles for public, private and civil society
actors
AMBITIOUS DESTINATIONS,
FEW ROADS
Supply chain policies in Colombia
Policy density (# chains) by Department
CUADRO 4 10 ORGANIZACIONES DE LAS CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS:
ANALISIS DE FOCALIZACIÓN FOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA
Aguacate Arroz Cacao Caucho Cítricos
Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI
% Población con NBI
% Población Rural con NBI
Índice Desarrollo Humano
Índice Gini de Tierras 2009
Índice Gini de Propietarios 2009
Núm. Intervenciones USAID (Programas MIDAS y ADAM)
Núm. Intervenciones MADR (Oportunidades Rurales y Alianzas Productivas)
FOCALIZACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA
Fique Fruticola Guayaba Mango Platano
Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI
% Población con NBI
% Población Rural con NBI
Índice Desarrollo Humano
Índice Gini de Tierras 2009
Índice Gini de Propietarios 2009
Núm. Intervenciones USAID (Programas MIDAS y ADAM)
Núm. Intervenciones MADR (Oportunidades Rurales y Alianzas Productivas)
Social performance by supply chain
Policy performance by Department
Quantitative macro analysis(policies & development outcomes)
Qualitative meso analysis (why does the policy work /fail?)
Household level surveys(what does it mean for the poor?)
Research
Incidence
Sustainable trading relationships
Common methods
Training & testing the approach(10 pilots in 5 countries)
Build data(Common metrics, tools, data)
Engage leverage points for outcomes(BiNGOs, MNCs, Donors, etc.)
Site-Specific Agriculture (SSA)
Farmers’ production experiences
Principles of operational
research
Modern information technology
SSA
Environmental characterization of the production system
Analysis of the Observations to optimize the system
Kg/Arbol Temperatura Edad
Observations made by farmers according to their particular circumstances
www.ciat.cgiar.org Agricultura Eco-Eficiente para Reducir la Pobreza
Site-specific Agriculture Based on Farmers Experiences (SSAFE)
•More than 3000 experiments characterized
•Providing insights on How, What and Where to grow through the SSAFE Informatic platform (optimal zones /crops, management practices)
• More than 3500 farmers enrolled in the program
•By implementing where and how to grow, estimated return on research investment : US 315 million /year
• Bridging the yield gap• Optimizing the production system
Opportunities for institutionalising the special relationship
• Use of our research products– You need solutions, and we need adoption of our “solutions”– Tell us what you need to know to better direct your efforts
• Continued and enhanced collaboration on a project basis:– Research backstopping– Joint learning approaches on development impact
• Joint project development– Second round of CGIAR Research programs: big projects co-designed
CIAT/CRS, co-funded, co-implemented– 20-21 June Montpellier major CGIAR partnership meeting to co-design
US$10-20m big projects– From the CRS side?
• To start with, a joint MOU CIAT-CRS– Focal points on both sides– Monitoring of progress, annual reflection on new opportunities
CIAT: Science to Cultivate Change
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