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Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Political Science
Master of Arts in International Development Studies
(M A I D S)
Thesis Format Requirements Updated November 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS...............................................................................................4
1.1 How to use this booklet..................................................................................................4
1.2 Using Word Processing Software ..................................................................................4
1.3 Safeguarding your work.................................................................................................4
2 GENERAL FORMAT GUIDELINES ......................................................................................5
2.1 Language.......................................................................................................................5
2.2 Thesis Sections .............................................................................................................5
2.3 Length............................................................................................................................5
2.4 Electronic version of your thesis ....................................................................................6
2.5 Font................................................................................................................................6
2.6 Paper .............................................................................................................................6
2.7 Margins ..........................................................................................................................6
2.8 Paragraph indentation ...................................................................................................6
2.9 Pagination......................................................................................................................6
2.10 Units of Measurement..................................................................................................7
2.11 Line Spacing ................................................................................................................7
3 SECTION PER SECTION GUIDELINES ..............................................................................8
3.1 Examples and Templates of each Thesis Section.........................................................8
3.2 Title Page in English ......................................................................................................8
3.3 Title Page in Thai...........................................................................................................8
3.4 Approval Page ...............................................................................................................8
3.5 Abstract in Thai..............................................................................................................9
3.6 Abstract in English .........................................................................................................9
3.7 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................9
3.8 Table of Contents & Headings.......................................................................................9
3.9 Thesis Chapters...........................................................................................................10
3.10 Tables, Figures, Charts, Graphs, Maps.....................................................................11
3.11 References ................................................................................................................11
3.12 Appendices ................................................................................................................12
3.13 Biography...................................................................................................................12
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4 THESIS SUBMISSION – FORMAT ISSUES ......................................................................13
4.1 Final Version................................................................................................................13
4.2 The Thesis Format Examination..................................................................................13
4.3 Thesis Title Change.....................................................................................................13
4.4 Submitting your final thesis..........................................................................................13
4.5 Summary of Thesis Submission Requirements:..........................................................14
A Note on Appendices to the Thesis Format Requirements..............................................15
APPENDICES
1. Title Page (in English)
2. Title Page (in Thai)
3. Approval page
4. Abstract (in Thai)
5. Abstract (in English)
6. Acknowledgements
7. Table of Contents
8. List of figures
9. Abbreviations
10. Body of the Thesis
11. References
12. Appendices
13. Biography
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1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Chulalongkorn University and the MAIDS programme require that all theses conform to the format specifications detailed in this booklet. Departure from these norms will render the thesis unacceptable, and will be returned to the student for correction. The time needed to format your thesis exactly as required should not be underestimated. Many aspects of the thesis format, such as referencing, can be addressed early on, even in the literature review and research stages. Failure to conform to the format guidelines will result in extra work for you in the last few days prior to the final submission, when you’d rather spend your energy on the content of your thesis.
1.1 How to use this booklet Read this whole booklet a first time early on in your thesis research. If any item is not clear, ask for clarifications from the MAIDS Office immediately; don’t wait a few days prior to thesis submission. You should dedicate at least two full days exclusively to formatting your thesis prior to the Thesis format examination. One day will probably be enough if your in-text citations and reference list already conforms to all the specifications of the APA style (see Section 3.11 References). During this period read each format specification one by one, and ensure that your whole thesis conforms to it. See Section 4.2 the Thesis Format Examination, and also the Thesis Guide for more information on all the steps involved in the thesis submission including the format examination.
1.2 Using Word Processing Software Graduate students must be familiar with word processing software such as Microsoft Word. To format your thesis you will need to use functions such as pagination, insertion of footnotes and references, margin modification, table and figure creation, etc. The programme encourages students who do not feel confident with the use of such software to remedy this situation early on in their studies, NOT the week prior to their thesis submission. Word processing software generally includes a detailed help section that should become your best friend. The MAIDS Office staff will not be able to assist students with the editing of the thesis format, except for specific instances mentioned in the guidelines below.
1.3 Safeguarding your work This should go without saying, but it is always worth a reminder: do multiple backups of your electronic files, to avoid any lost of data. USB memory sticks (also called Flash drives, Handy drives, pen drives, etc) and CD burning hardware now makes this process very quick and easy.
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2 GENERAL FORMAT GUIDELINES
2.1 Language Theses must be written in English. The MAIDS Programme expects the thesis to be expressed in good literate style, with clear sentence structure and appropriate vocabulary. The programme expects the same level of proficiency from students whose English is a second language than from native speakers. Students who find it difficult to write academic English should seek help early on in their studies. If you are a native English speaker, you should still get a friend to proofread your thesis for typos and other mistakes. For non-native speakers often you will need to get an editor to do this. The editor should fix up all grammatical and expression mistakes; they should not contribute in any way to the argument or ideas of the thesis. Please note that the supervisors and the MAIDS staff are not allowed to edit your thesis. You will need to find someone outside the programme.
2.2 Thesis Sections The thesis is comprised of several sections: 1. Title Page (in English) 2. Title Page (in Thai) 3. Approval page 4. Abstract (in Thai) 5. Abstract (in English) 6. Acknowledgements 7. Table of Contents 8. List of tables (if necessary) 9. List of figures, illustrations and graphs (if necessary) 10. Abbreviations (if necessary) 11. Body of the Thesis (comprising all of the thesis’ chapters) 12. References 13. Bibliography (if necessary) 14. Appendices 15. Biography Details on each of these sections are given in Section 3.
2.3 Length Masters' theses will normally not be under 10,000 words, nor will it exceed 20,000. The length is highly variable depending on the type of research you undertake: a thesis involving field work normally takes more pages, as primary data is presented; a theoretical paper relying only on secondary sources is generally more concise. You should consult with your supervisor to know what is exactly expected of you. Simply remember that a short, concise, meaningful and original thesis is worth much more than 100 pages of confused and pointless babble.
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2.4 Electronic version of your thesis The MAIDS Programme highly recommends that you save each section of your thesis as a separate file. Each chapter of your thesis should also be saved as a separate file. Working with multiple files may appear complicated at first, but it greatly eases content management. The Graduate Office is not strict as to the naming of your thesis files. However the programme recommends that you adopt the following nomenclature: File number – Student name – thesis section name E.g. 1. John Doe - Title Page (in English).doc
2.5 Font
• The font size is 12 points. • Times New Roman is the preferred font. • The same font should be used throughout the entire thesis.
2.6 Paper
• A4 is the mandatory paper size (width: 21cm, height: 29.7 cm). • Your thesis should be printed on good quality bond white A4. • Thesis should be printed on only one side of each page.
2.7 Margins
• The left-hand margin (the binding margin) and the top margin should be set at 3.81 cm (1.5 inches).
• The right-hand and bottom margins should be set at 2.54 cm (1 inch).
2.8 Paragraph indentation The first line of each paragraph should be indented using one tab.
2.9 Pagination
• Use small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, vii, ix, x) as page numbers in the parts of the thesis preceding the body of the thesis (start from ‘iv’ on English abstract page).
• From the first page of the first chapter to the last page of your thesis, use Arabic
numerals (1,2,3, etc), and follow a continuous page count.
• Page numbers should appear on every page’s upper right corner except for:
- Title Pages, - The Approval Page, - The first page of the Table of Contents, - The first page of every chapter, - The first page of references and first page of the appendix(ces) section.
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Please note that the above-mentioned page numbers are nevertheless included in the page count.
• All text, page numbers, or other markings must be contained completely within the area bounded by the margins. To ensure that page numbers are contained inside the bounded area, you will have to set the Header and Footer at 2.54 cm from the edge.
To do this in Microsoft Word:
1. select the “File” menu; 2. select the “Page setup” submenu; 3. Select the “Layout” submenu; In the “Headers and Footers” section, you will see a
“From edge” option. Set it at 2.54 cm. Here is a summary of pagination rules: 1. Title Page in English No page number 2. Title Page in Thai No page number 3. Approval Page No page number 4. Abstract in Thai iv 5. Abstract in English v 6. Acknowledgments vi 7. Table of Contents No page number on first page; roman numerals on subsequent
pages, following the page count. 8. List of Tables Roman numeral, following the page count 9. List of Figures Roman numeral, following the page count 10. Abbreviations Roman numeral, following the page count 11. Body of the Thesis Use Arabic numerals, starting with page 1, but first page of each
chapter are not numbered. 12. References/
Bibliography Use Arabic numerals, no page number on the first page but included in the page count
13. Appendices The first page of the Appendix/Appendices section should be a blank page with no page number and with the word “Appendix” (or “Appendices”) at the center (see Appendix A). The section’s remaining pages are numbered following the page count.
14. Biography This page should be numbered, and is the last page of your thesis.
2.10 Units of Measurement The use of SI (Système International) metric unit is mandatory. Where older or local measurement systems are used, the SI equivalent must be presented in parentheses or footnotes. Eg. On 16 September 2005 Khun Somboon bought 6.25 rai (1 ha) of farmland to grow rice.
2.11 Line Spacing The body of your thesis should have a line spacing of 1.5 or 2 (double). In addition, double spaces should be used between:
• chapter number and chapter title;
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• chapter title and the first paragraph of the chapter; • a major heading and subsequent text; • a major heading and preceding text; • a new paragraph and the preceding text.
3 SECTION PER SECTION GUIDELINES
3.1 Examples and Templates of each Thesis Section Appendix A of this document contains an example of each thesis section, taken from the theses of former MAIDS students. You should consult this example as you read the format specifications described below. Not all specifications are written here: some are illustrated directly in the example. Electronic templates of each thesis section (in Microsoft Word format) are also available at the MAIDS Office, and will be available on the MAIDS website. It will be much easier for you to work directly from these templates and fill in your specifications, rather than rewrite completely new files, with the possibility of missing some crucial detail.
3.2 Title Page in English Simply follow the template. Your thesis title should be in UPPERCASE. If the title spans two or more lines, it should be double-spaced, and the first title line should be longer than the second and the second longer than the third, etc. The academic year is the year you will submit your thesis and graduate, not the year you began your studies. ISBN number: After the thesis examination the Graduate Office will assign your thesis a unique ISBN number. This ISBN number will appear on the Title pages and the Abstract pages.
3.3 Title Page in Thai Your English language thesis title will be determined during your thesis proposal examination. Your thesis examination committee members will then translate your thesis title in Thai, and both titles will then be submitted to the Faculty of Political Science board for verification. Both your Thai thesis title and the Thai-script version of your name (for non-Thai students) will be kept at the MAIDS Office, and can be accessed at any time. You can request assistance from the MAIDS Office to help you format the Title page in Thai.
3.4 Approval Page The approval page is perhaps the most important in terms of format, as it must include original signatures of all your thesis examination committee members, and the Dean of the Faculty of Political Science. Any format errors on this page involve chasing all of these very busy people an additional time for their signature. The student has to make sure the committee members’ names are spelled correctly (double-check with the MAIDS Office). FOUR COPIES OF THE APPROVAL PAGE MUST BE PREPARED FOR THE THESIS EXAMINATION. After the exam, the committee members will sign on this approval page, and
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the supervisor (or the MAIDS Office) will keep it until you make all the required changes to your thesis. After your final version is approved, your supervisor will inform the MAIDS Office, which will then get the Approval Page signed by the Dean of the Faculty of Political Science.
3.5 Abstract in Thai It is the student’s responsibility to provide a Thai version of their thesis abstract. In the case of non-Thai students, it is recommended that they use the services of a professional translation firm, which abound in central Bangkok. These firms generally charge 300 – 500 baht per page. The MAIDS Office is not responsible for correcting errors that may have occurred in the translation of your abstract from English to Thai. The MAIDS Office will only accept the final abstract. The abstract in Thai is required by the Graduate Office for the thesis format examination. As this format examination precedes the final examination, where committee members may require changes to your abstract, students should be prepared to have their abstracts translated twice. The Graduate Office will also need the original signatures of both the student and the supervisor on the Thai abstract.
3.6 Abstract in English The abstract should not exceed one page in length, including all the required elements specified in the thesis template. Note that the entire heading section, prior to your abstract per se, should be in UPPERCASE. You are allowed to write your abstract single spaced.
3.7 Acknowledgements In this section the student is required to declare the extent to which assistance (paid or unpaid) has been given by members of staff, fellow students, technicians or others in the collection of materials and data, the design and construction of apparatus, the performance of experiments, the analysis of data, and the preparation of the thesis (including editorial help). In addition, it is customary for you to express gratitude to all of those who have helped you along the way, including supervisors, family and friends. The section should not exceed one page, and should follow the same line spacing as the body of your thesis (see section 2.11)
3.8 Table of Contents & Headings
• Students are free to design their own heading styles and number of levels. However, the heading levels must be systematically formatted throughout the thesis.
• Heading levels must be differentiated in the Table of Contents. • In the Table of Contents all headings must be followed by a dotted line (…….) leading
to the page number. • Numbers and letters can be used to number minor headings, and bold letters or line
can be used under major headings. • UPPERCASE should only be used for level 1 headings (thesis section titles, such as
Chapter, References, Biography, etc). • All headings of similar level must be included in the Table of Contents. For instance, if
level 3 headings in Chapter 2 are included, level 3 headings from all other chapters
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must be listed in the Table of Contents as well. In addition, headings must be worded identically in the Table of Contents and the text.
• Major headings should be flush left. • Do not strand a heading at the bottom of a page. Move the heading to the top of the
following page, even if it means leaving one or two blank lines at the bottom of the previous page.
The MAIDS Office has noticed a tendency to put a colon ( : ) between the Chapter number and the title of the chapter in the Table of Contents. This is WRONG. Wrong CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Correct CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Example 1: heading levels CHAPTER III TRANSVERSAL RESISTANCE AND POWER ..........……............... 29
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 29
3.2 Transversal Resistance And Biopower…………………………………………….. 29
3.3 Sites Of Transformation Within Transversal Resistance………………………… 33
(a) The realm of ‘dailiness’ …………………………………………………………. 34
(b) ‘Spaces’…………………………………………………………………………… 36
Example 2: heading levels Chapter II Literature Review…………………………………………………….. 5 2.1 Development and Poverty ……………………….. ………………………. 5 2.1.1 Conceptualizing Poverty………………........................................... 5 2.1.2 Measuring Poverty…………………………………………………….. 6 2.2 Development and Micro-credit………………….......................................... 8 2.3 Background of Micro-credit…………………………………………............... 10 2.3.1 Definitions of Micro-credit…………………………………………….. 11 2.3.2 Micro-credit Approaches……………………………………………… 12 2.3.2.1 Village banking………………………………………………... 13
3.9 Thesis Chapters
• Type “CHAPTER” followed by the chapter number on the new page (on the top and center of the sheet), whenever a new chapter starts.
• Number each chapter by using capital Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, etc). • The chapter name should be placed below the chapter number, with a double space
between them. • Use uppercase to title every new chapter number and chapter title. • Do not underline the chapter’s title, but use bold letter or bigger font. • Page numbers should not appear on the first page of each chapter. • New paragraphs should be double spaced, and the first line of each chapter indented. • Your thesis’ introduction should be labeled as “CHAPTER I” • The thesis’ conclusion should be labeled as the last chapter, e.g. “CHAPTER V”
The structure of the content will be determined by you and your supervisor. You may choose to adopt the traditional structure of Introduction, Literature Review, Research Methodology, Findings, Analysis, Conclusion. You may also choose to organise the structure around dominant issues and themes.
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3.10 Tables, Figures, Charts, Graphs, Maps The Concise Rules of APA Style, of which every MAIDS student is given a copy, contains detailed information on the purpose, construction and formatting of tables, figures, charts, graphs and maps. These guidelines should be read and used when including such features in your thesis. The following minimal guidelines should be observed:
• Each table or figure must be numbered and titled. The number and title of each table or figure must appear on top of the table or figure.
• Tables and figures must respect the margins specifications. • Information regarding abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure, copyright
information, and probability must be located in a “Note:” section below the table or figure.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, contains more detailed information on Tables and Figures. Copies of the Manual are available at the MAIDS Office and the Chulalongkorn Library.
3.11 References “Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher. An inaccurate or incomplete reference ‘will stand in print as an annoyance to future investigators and a monument to the writer’s carelessness’ (Bruner, 1942, p.68)” (American Psychological Association, 2001, p.216). Referencing is by far the most important and perhaps complex part of thesis editing. Proper referencing is an important academic skill that needs to be learned and mastered. Referencing is the part of thesis formatting that can be dealt with from the very beginning of your research. The MAIDS programme requires each student to use the reference style of the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style is widely used in the social sciences, and defines rules to references a wide range of sources. Each MAIDS student is given a copy of the Concise Rules of APA Style, which explains how do write in-text citations and build a reference list. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, is the most comprehensive and authoritative source of information on the APA style. Copies of the Manual are available at the MAIDS Office and the Chulalongkorn Library. The official website of the APA style is www.apastyle.org Several web sites also contain extensive information and examples on the use of APA style. Below are only a small selection: www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html http://www.lib.umd.edu/UES/citing_apa.html REMEMBER, EACH TIME YOU COME ACROSS A DOCUMENT YOU THINK IS RELEVANT TO YOUR THESIS, WRITE DOWN THE FULL CITATION IN THE APA STYLE.
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What’s the difference between the References and Bibliography section? The References section contains the list of sources cited throughout the thesis. The References section is mandatory in all theses. In other programmes and universities it is also known as the Reference List, Works Cited, Literature Cited, Sources Cited. However at the MAIDS programme this section should be titled “References”, plainly. As stated in the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, “references cited in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in text” (p.215). A Bibliography, also known as Bibliographical References, is a comprehensive list of sources related to a specific topic (in this case, your thesis topic), but that you may not have read or referred to in your work. It is often given as a list of sources “for further reading”. It is not necessary to include a Bibliography section in your thesis.
3.12 Appendices
• The appendices must be located after the reference section. • The first page of the Appendix/Appendices section should be a blank page containing
the word “APPENDIX” (or “APPENDICES”, if the section contains more than 1 appendix) in the centre of the page. This page should not be paginated, but is included in the page count.
• The appendices must be paginated continuously. Page numbers should appear in the upper-right corner of all pages.
• Materials in the appendices must be single-sided. Double-sided materials will have to be photocopied onto single-sided sheets.
• If there are more than one appendix, name the rest of appendices alphabetically as Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.
• Type “APPENDIX” followed by its letter (A, B, C, etc) at the top and center of the page whenever new appendix starts.
• The appendix name should be placed below the chapter number, with a double space between them.
• Use UPPERCASE to title every new appendix title.
3.13 Biography The biography should be written in paragraph form and should be no longer than 1 page. The biography should be paginated, and constitute the very last page of your thesis. The biography can include such information as your academic background, work experience, and personal interests. Don’t be shy to boast your scholarships, Olympic medals or Nobel Peace Prize: they always look good.
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4 THESIS SUBMISSION – FORMAT ISSUES
4.1 Final Version The final version of the thesis must be free from typographical, grammatical and other errors when submitted to the Graduate Office for binding. While this is the responsibility of the student, supervisors should not sign off on theses that are not as error free as possible.
4.2 The Thesis Format Examination The Graduate Office ensures that every student thesis conforms to all the format rules. Two weeks prior to your final thesis examination, you will be required to submit one hard copy of your thesis for format examination. The Graduate Office will take on average one week to review your thesis, and indicate which format rules you may have violated. You are then responsible to make the corrections. See the Thesis Guide for more information on the thesis format examination, and every other step involved in the thesis submission.
4.3 Thesis Title Change Your thesis title is first set during the thesis proposal examination, in the second semester. This title is then approved by the Faculty of Political Science, and the Graduate Office. As your research evolves is it quite possible that you wish to modify your thesis title. Please note however that any substantial change in your thesis title involves a substantial, lengthy and difficult process. In order to do so you must:
1. Write a new thesis proposal 2. Pass a new thesis proposal examination
However, if you only intend to make a minor change, you can ask for approval from your own committee members verbally, and inform the MAIDS Office about the new title. However, you must keep using the old title in all official copies (i.e. the draft submitted to the Graduate Office for format examination), until you pass your final thesis examination. The chairperson of your thesis examination committee will then sign on a letter prepared by the MAIDS Office. This letter, addressed to the Graduate Office, will inform them that the thesis examination committee agreed to have your title modified.
4.4 Submitting your final thesis After your final thesis examination, your thesis examination committee will most likely ask you to make some changes to the thesis content. WARNING: It can take a few days up to a few weeks to make all the changes requested by the thesis examination committee. Time must also be allowed for the supervisor to read the thesis again to ensure that all the requested changes have been made. Hence students should NOT plan to leave Bangkok and/or start full-time employment immediately after their thesis examination.
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Once you make corrections both to the content as requested by your committee, and to the format as requested by the Graduate Office, you will be ready to submit your final copies to the Graduate Office. The Graduate Office requires 4 hard copies and 1 electronic copy of your thesis. Please note that if the Graduate Office still finds important errors in the thesis format (errors that you have not corrected in the first place), they will return the copies to you a second time for correction. To avoid a waste of trees, the programme recommends that you first submit a single copy for a second, final format examination. Once the Graduate Office confirms that all is correct with your thesis format, you can submit the required number of copies. This procedure however necessitates that you complete your thesis a few days ahead of the deadline fixed by the Graduate Office. See the Thesis Guide for details. The MAIDS Office is NOT responsible for printing your thesis. The Graduate Office will bind the 4 copies of your thesis. The fee for thesis binding is 328 baht, and must be paid separately to the MAIDS Office upon submission of the final copies. You will be required to submit a CD with an electronic copy of your thesis in “.pdf” format. Recent versions of Microsoft Word allow you to “print” your “.doc” files in “.pdf”, effectively converting the file format, without you having to buy Adobe Acrobat. If you have no idea what preceding two sentences mean, don’t worry, you can request the assistance of the MAIDS Office to convert your electronic files to the required format.
4.5 Summary of Thesis Submission Requirements:
1. 4 hard copies, with original signatures on each of the following: a. Approval Page (Dean of the Faculty of Political Science, thesis examination
committee members) b. Abstract in Thai (student and supervisor) c. Abstract in English (student and supervisor)
2. 1 hard copy to the MAIDS office (no original signatures needed)
3. CD with “.pdf” files of your thesis
4. Thesis submission forms, signed by the student, the thesis supervisor, and the
chairman of the thesis examination committee. [These forms will be given to the student to the student when they receive their draft from the Graduate Office after the thesis format examination. You must ensure that you filled and signed these forms, gave them to your supervisor, who by her/his signature will approve of the final version of your thesis.]
5. 328 Thai baht thesis binding fee.
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A Note on Appendices to the Thesis Format Requirements The Appendices of the Thesis Format Requirements include examples of each thesis section, taken from theses of former MAIDS students. Due to the appendices’ nature, the page numbers appearing on them relate to the original thesis, not the present booklet. These appendices are also not titled as such. They should be consulted for format purposes, and no attention should be given to content. Please also note that the entries in the References section do not conform to the APA style, and should not be used as examples. The decision to make the APA referencing style mandatory was taken in September 2005, after the first cohort of MAIDS students submitted their thesis. Proper examples should be taken from the list of sources given in Section 3.11 References.
APPENDICES
TRANSVERSAL RESISTANCE AND POWER: AN INTERPRETATION
OF THE WORLD SOCIAL FORUM
Mrs. Rochelle Elena Jones
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in International Development Studies
Faculty of Political Science
Chulalongkorn University
Academic Year 2005
ISBN: 974-17-4616-4
Copyright of Chulalongkorn University
การขัดขืนแบบเปนเครือขายและอํานาจ: การตีความหมายเวทีสังคมโลก
นางโรแชล เอลเลนา โจนส
วิทยานิพนธนี้เปนสวนหนึง่ของการศึกษาตามหลกัสูตรปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต
สาขาวิชาการพัฒนาระหวางประเทศ
คณะรัฐศาสตร จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลยั
ปการศึกษา 2548
ISBN 974-17-4616-4
ลิขสิทธิ์ของจฬุาลงกรณมหาวทิยาลยั
Thesis title
TRANSVERSAL RESISTANCE AND POWER: AN
INTERPRETATION OF THE WORLD SOCIAL FORUM
By Mrs. Rochelle Jones
Field of Study International Development Studies
Thesis advisor Assistant Professor Soravis Jayanama
Accepted by the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s Degree.
_________________________ Dean of the Faculty of Political Science
(Professor Amara Pongsapich, Ph.D.)
THESIS COMMITTEE
_________________________ Chairperson
(Associate Professor Chantana Banpasirichote Wun’Gaeo, Ph.D.)
_________________________ Thesis Advisor
(Assistant Professor Soravis Jayanama)
__________________________Member
(Associate Professor Surichai Wun’Gaeo)
ivโรแชล โจนส: เวทีสังคมโลก: การขัดขืนแบบเปนเครือขายและอํานาจ: การตีความหมายเวทีสังคมโลก (TRANSVERSAL RESISTANCE AND POWER: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE WORLD SOCIAL
FORUM) อ.ที่ปรึกษา: ผศ.สรวิศ ชัยนาม 98 หนา ISBN 974-17-4616-4.
วาระการพัฒนาโลกซึ่งประกอบดวยนโยบายเสรีนิยมใหม และลัทธินิยมโลก นํามาซึ่งความสมดุลยต้ังแต
ตอนปลายสงครามเย็นที่คงไวอยางถาวร อีกทั้งยังไดรับการสงเสริมจากหลากหลายสถาบัน อันไดแก ธนาคารโลก องคการคาโลก และกองทุนการเงินระหวางประเทศ อยางไรก็ดี วาระการพัฒนาโลกมิไดจํากัดแตเพียงแคสถาบันเหลานี้ เทานั้น หากแตยังคอนขางที่จะอยูตางขั้วและเปนเรื่องชีวการเมือง ซึ่งไดเผยผานภายใตกรอบการวิเคราะหที่วา วาระการพัฒนาโลกถูกกําหนดและคงไวโดยสถาบันที่ถูกกอต้ังขึ้นในอดีต บรรทัดฐาน ประเภท และหลักฐาน ที่ประเทศทางเหนือมีบทบาทในการดํารงใหอยูอยางถาวร โดยเฉพาะอยางยิ่ง ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ในการขานรับวาระการพัฒนาโลก ความเคลื่อนไหวของสังคมโลกใหมที่กําลังตานทานตอความเชื่ออยางเปนเอกพันธของลัทธินายทุนและนโยบายเสรีนิยมใหม การพัฒนาและความชัดเจนของตรรกะใหมภายใตความหมายที่กําลังเปลี่ยนแปลงเงื่อนไขและประเภทของวาระการพัฒนาโลก การตานทานดังกลาวนี้มีลักษณะที่ขามกรอบเกณฑ เพราะไดขามขอบเขตของรัฐชาติ อีกทั้งยังไดต้ังคําถามตอตรรกะผานขอบเขตเหลานี้อันเปนสิ่งที่ต้ังกรอบการเมืองระหวางประเทศ
คําถามในการศึกษาวิจัยของวิทยานิพนธฉบับนี้คือ การตอตานอยางพนกรอบเกณฑดังกลาวไดทาทายวาระ
การพัฒนาโลกอยางไร โดยอาศัยการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพและการตีความในแบบหลังโครงสรางนิยมของอํานาจและการคัดคาน วิทยานิพนธฉบับนี้ไดศึกษาความสามารถที่เปลี่ยนรูปของการตอตานโดยอาศัยการเนื้อเรื่องกระแสหลัก (ทฤษฎีคัดคานตางขั้วของโรแลนด ไบลเคอร และ ชีวอํานาจของมิ-เชล ฟูโกต) บนฐานของการพิจารณาสภาสังคมโลก (WSF) ในดานการตานทานที่มีลักษณะขามกรอบเกณฑ วิทยานิพนธฉบับนี้ไดเพงพิจารณาไปที่การเปลี่ยนแปลงอยางมีศักยภาพใน 3 ดานอันไดแก มิติของ ‘ชีวิตประจําวัน’ พ้ืนที่ และ อัตลักษณ
สาขาวิชา การพัฒนาระหวางประเทศ………… ลายมือช่ือนิสิต …………………………… ปการศึกษา 2548………………………… ลายมือช่ืออาจารยที่ปรึกษา ……………………
v# # 4781186124: MAJOR: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES KEY WORD: RESISTANCE / BIOPOWER / WORLD SOCIAL FORUM
ROCHELLE JONES: TRANSVERSAL RESISTANCE AND POWER: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE WORLD SOCIAL FORUM. THESIS ADVISOR: ASST. PROF. SORAVIS JAYANAMA, 98 PP. ISBN 974-17-4616-4.
The global development agenda, encompassing neo-liberal policy convergence and global capitalism, has gained momentum since the end of the Cold War and has been perpetuated and upheld by the multilateral institutions of the World Bank, World Trade Organisation and International Monetary Fund. The global development agenda is not limited to these institutions, however, and is rather transversal and biopolitical, which is revealed through an analysis of how the global development agenda is regulated and maintained by historically constituted institutions, norms, categories and identities that are perpetuated by countries in the North, particularly the United States. In response to the global development agenda, new social movements are resisting the homogenising thrust of global capitalism and neo-liberal policy, and developing and articulating new logics of meaning that are challenging the terms and categories of the global development agenda. This resistance is transversal, because it transgresses national boundaries and questions the very logic through which these boundaries frame international politics. The research question of this paper is: How does transversal resistance challenge the global development agenda? Using qualitative methodology and post-structuralist interpretations of power and dissent, this paper explores the transformative capacity of transversal resistance in regards to dominant narratives. Using the World Social Forum (WSF) as a site of transversal resistance, the paper focuses on three sites of potential transformation: The realm of ‘dailiness’; spaces; and identity. The research reveals that values and norms play an important role in perpetuating dominant power, and that the WSF is a unique form of politics that challenges the terms and categories of the global development agenda and demonstrates the capacity to destabilise these dominant terms and categories. It does this via the creation of new logics of meaning and practice, by providing a platform for new forms of communication and collaboration, and by contributing to a process of reconstituting and transforming identities.
Field of study International Development
Studies……………………Student’s signature …………………………..
Academic year 2005……………….......... Advisor’s signature ………………………….
viACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis is a manifestation of so many elements. Books I have read, world events I
have witnessed, people who have touched me. Acknowledging all these moments in my
life that led me to this place in time is hence impossible. But I will mention a few…
First of all I want to thank all the people in the MAIDS program who have assisted,
challenged and informed me in a multiplicity of ways. Like an old dusty road that you are
not sure you should take, by the time I got to the end of it my hesitancy was replaced with
a sense of accomplishment and warmth – I never would have experienced so many
wonderful things had I taken a familiar road.
Secondly, thanks go to Ajarn Soravis for his wealth of knowledge and for giving this
thesis its depth.
I also want to thank my friends and family for their unwavering love and wisdom when I
needed it the most, and even to those ‘friends’ who taught me who my real friends are.
This thesis was not just about getting a Masters degree – it was about living here in
Thailand and learning about myself. Specifically I want to thank the people in my life
who anticipated my needs before even I knew them – Harp, Amanda, Glenda, Kim and
others… you know who you are.
Finally I want to thank the love of my life – Gunter. Without him, I would not be here in
Bangkok, this thesis would not exist, and my life would be incomplete.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
ABSTRACT (THAI) ............................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)……………………………………………………….. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………... vii
LIST OF FIGURES (APPENDIX A)………………………………………… ix
LIST OF CHARTS (APPENDIX B)……………………………………………. x
LIST OF MAPS (APPENDIX C)……………………………………………….. xi
ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………… xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study and Research Question……………………………… 5
1.3 Hypothesis…………..………………………………………………………… 6
1.4 Analytical Framework………………………………………………………… 7
1.5 Limitations…………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.6 Methodology………………………………………………………………….. 11
1.6.1 Site Selection…………………………………………………........ 11
1.6.2 Data Collection…………………………………………………… 12
1.6.3 Selection of Cases………………………………………………… 14
1.6.4 Scope of the Study……………………………………………….. 14
1.6.5 Ethical Considerations……………………………………………. 15
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………… 16
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 16
2.2 Women in War and Post Conflict Situations…………………………………. 16
2.3 History of the Border Situation 1984-2005…………………………………… 18
2.4 Refugee Women’s Needs……………………………………………………... 19
2.5 Burmese Women’s Experiences in Burma and Thailand……………………... 21
2.6 Refugee Camps in Thailand…………………………………………………... 24
2.7 Humanitarian Assistance in Karen Camps……………………………………. 26
2.8 Empowerment and Indicators of Empowerment……………………………… 28
viii CHAPTER III FINDINGS OF THE STUDY……………………………… 32
3.1 Mae La Camp……………………………………………………………… 32
3.2 Humanitarian Assistance in Mae La camp………………………………… 34
3.3 Relationship Between IOs and CBOs……………………………………… 36
3.4 KWO Structure……………………………………………………………. 39
3.5 Case studies………………………………………………………………... 40
3.5.1 Case Report 1 Eh Paw Htoo….……………………………… 40
3.5.2 Case Report 2 Ler Gow Myint………………………………. 43
3.5.3 Case Report 3 Toe Poe……………………………………… 46
3.5.4 Case Report 4 May Aye……………………………………... 48
3.5.5 Case Report 5 Naw Aung……………….…………………… 51
3.6 Humanitarian Organizations (UNHCR, ZOA, TOPS, SGBV)…………….. 54
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS………………………………………………... 57
4.1 Life in Mae La Camp……………………………………………………… 57
4.2 Analysis in Terms of Objectives of the Study……………………………... 59
4.2.1 Conditions in Refugee Women’s Lives……………………... 59
4.2.2 Empowerment Scheme of the Program………….…………... 61
4.2.3 Dealing with Conditions of Conflict and Camp...........……… 62
4.3 Analysis in Terms of Indicators of Empowerment………………………… 63
4.3.1 Access……………………………………………………… 64
4.3.2 Concientization……………………………………………… 66
4.3.3 Mobilization………………………………………………..... 67
4.3.4 Control……………………………………………………….. 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION……………………………………………... 71
5.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………......... 71
5.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….... 73
5.3 Implications of the Study……………………………….………………... 74
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….... 76
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 82
APPENDIX A: FIGURES………………………………………………......... 83
APPENDIX B: CHARTS……………………………………………….......... 85
BIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………. 90
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Children playing by the stream, Mae La Camp, Dec 2004
(Kimberly Brown)……………………………………………………………... 83
2. Karen Women’s Organization staff members, Mae La Camp, June 2005
(Kimberly Brown)……………………………………………………………... 83
5. Waiting for clean water in Mae La camp. Water is usually available for only one hour per day at each pump (Kimberly Brown)……………………
84
6. Daytime in Mae La camp (Kimberly Brown)………………………………..
84
xiv ABBREVIATIONS
AMDA Association of Medical Doctors of Asia CSG Credit and Savings Groups CSP Credit and Savings Promoter (Project staff) ECLOF Ecumenical Church Loan Fund FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GRAMEEN Village Bank (translated in Bangladeshi) GRET Group De Recherche Et D’echanges Technologiques HDI Human Development Initiative INGO International Non Governmental Organization Ks. Kyats (Myanmar Currency) MBC Myanmar Baptist Convention MCC Myanmar Council of Churches M-CRIL Micro-credit Ratings International Ltd MFIs Micro Finance Institutes MSE Micro and Small Enterprise Loan MWEA Myanmar Women Entrepreneur Association NFBE Non Formal Business Education NGO Non Governmental Organization PACT Private Agencies Acting Together PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SC/US Save the Children/United State SHG Self-Help Group (micro-credit model) UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UNDP United Nations Development Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services ViCO Village Credit Organizations WC World Concern WHO World Health Organization WV World Vision YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association YWCA Young Women’s Christian Association YWDP YWCA Holistic Development Project US$ 1 = Ks. 1,000 (Approximate equivalent during research period)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The standard of living for many people worldwide is affected by Globalization
(Global capitalism). It has also driven many into deepening poverty in developing
countries. Globalization creates tensions, especially within nations and companies,
between those who have the skills and resources to compete in the global market and
those who do not. Unable to compete with multinational firms and wealthy nations,
small businesses and third world countries are forced to limit their business as locally,
never growing and reaching their full potential.
Today World Bank, Asian Development Bank and other international lending
and funding organizations are giving lots of emphasis to address the issue of poverty,
and Micro-credit has become the fashionable idea with World Bank, Government and
NGOs as a means to alleviate poverty. With a majority of the world’s poor living in
developing countries and having a predominantly female face. Therefore, it is
observed that development concerns are getting more recognition especially in the
developing world.
As contained in the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Report (2000), the Micro-credit programs have the impact of increasing women’s
income levels and control over income, responsibility and promotion of a spirit of
self-confidence, mutual trust and close co-operation which results in greater economic
independence and thus help borrowers work their way out of poverty. So the World
Bank has set a target to reaching 100 million of the world’s poorest people with
micro-credit program by 2005. (Micro-credit Summit Campaign Report, 2004) And
they placed micro-credit at the centre of its global strategy for poverty reduction.
2
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Poverty has a stronger impact on rural poor and urban poor communities. The
main problem of poor people is they do not have enough money to purchase their
basic needs. They cannot start their own enterprise because they lack the amount of
money need to invest in small scale informal business. They have to borrow with high
interest from local money lender if they need emergency money, children education
fees, health care, etc. That is why they cannot break out from poverty.
Micro-credit programs sponsored by local non-government organizations and
International non-government organizations have created important influences on the
economic and social lives of poor people. But the magnitude of impact is different
based on the country situation. Many programs have both positive and negative
impacts on borrowers. Positive impacts on borrowers are empowerment, increased
income, initiate the small business, job creation, vocational skills, and so on. The
negative impacts are increase work loads for women, repayment pressures and
indebted because they must repay their loan on time by the program scheme. Amin
(1994) stated that rural women often complain that the credit programs increase
pressure for repayment and frustrations in the family for spending long time in the
credit centers.
Thus, the research will be analyzed whether the micro-credit program can give
more positive impact than negative to the communities.
The research questions will be
• How does the micro-credit program bring economic security and social changes
on women’s roles in the household and community?
• Is micro-credit program contributed to reduce poverty among low-income
communities?
.
REFERENCES
Adams, Dale W., Douglas Graham, and J.D. von Pischke (1997). Limitations of Cheap Credit in Promoting Rural Development. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Economic Development Institute. Amin, S., and Pebley, A. (1994). Gender Inequality within Households: The Impact of Women’s Development Program in 36 Bangladeshi Villages. The Bangladesh Development Studies, Special Issue on Women, Development and Change 22:121-155, Dhaka. Andreas, Fuglesang and Dale, Chandler. (1993). Participation as Process-Process as Growth. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Grameen Trust Publications. Binswanger, Hans P., and Pierre Landell-Mills. (1995). The World Bank’s Strategy
for Reducing Poverty and Hunger: A Report to the Development Community. World Bank Research Papers. Washington, D.C: World Bank Publications.
Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London, UK: Longman Scientific & Technical. CIRDAP. (1995). Report on Rural Development in CIRDAP member countries 1994/1995. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Author. Dale, R. (2000). Organisation and Development: Strategies, structures and Processes. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Dale, R. (2002). People’s development through people’s institutions: The Social Mobilizations Programme, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. Asian Institute of Technology Publication. Do Thithanh Huyen. (2003). Dao Women’s Contribution to Household Economy in Vietnam: A Case Study of Bavi Commune, Ha Tay Province. School of Environment, Resources and Development, AIT, Thailand. Gordon, D., and Spicker P. (1999). The International Glossary of Poverty. London:
Zed Books. Harper, M. (1998). Profit for the poor: Cases in Microfinance. London, UK: ITDG
Publications. Hoff, Karla, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. (1990). Introduction: Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Market: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives. Washington, D.C: The World Bank Economic Review. Holt, Sharon L., and Ribe, H. (1991). Developing Financial Institutions for the Poor and Reducing Barriers to Access for Women. Washington, D.C: World Bank Discussion Papers 117.
84 Hossain, M. (1988). Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty: The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Research Report, Washington D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, and Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Huppi, Monika, and Gershon Feder. (1990). The Role of Groups and Credit Cooperatives in Rural Lending. Washington D.C: The World Bank Research Observer 5: 187-204. Husain AMM. (1998). Poverty alleviation and empowerment: The second impact assessment study of BRAC’s Rural Development Programme. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC. Jonhson, S. and Rogaly, B. (1997). Microfinance and Poverty Reduction. Oxfam, UK and Ireland, ACTIONAID. Kabeer, N. (1998). Money Can’t Buy Me Love? Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and
Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh. IDS Discussion Paper 363. Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Ledgewood, J. (1999). Microfinance handbook: an institutional and financial perspective. Washington D.C.The World Bank publication, Meade, J. (2001). An Examination of Microcredit Movement. MA in IPE. M-CRIL, (2004). M-CRIL Microfinance Review 2003. Gurgaon. India: Author. Novib (Oxfam Netherlands). (1995). Structural Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Novib. Otero, M. (1989). Breaking Through: the Expansion of Micro-Enterprise Programs as a challenge for Non-profit Institutions. Cambridge. Otero, M. M. and E. Rhyne. (1994). The New World of Microenterprise Finance:
Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor. Hartford, USA: Kumarian Press.
Pinker, R. (1999). Do Poverty Definitions Matter? In D. Gordon and P. Spicker (Eds),
The International Glossary on Poverty. London: Zed Books. Pischke, V. (1997). Measuring the Trade-Off between Outreach and Sustainability of Micro enterprise Lenders. Journal of International Development, vol. 8, pp.225. Rutherford, S. (1995). ASA: The biography of an NGO. Dhaka: The Association for
Social Advancement.
APPENDICES
87
APPENDIX A
AN OVERVIEW OF MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAMS OF YWDP
AND PACT/MYANMAR
A.1 Introduction
This appendix illustrates the two micro-credit projects profile and the credit methods
they used in the study areas. YWDP project working for the development of urban
women and Pact/Myanmar has the largest micro-credit activities in rural dry zone
area. Although, they have some differences in implementing the activities in
communities, they have some common characteristics. These are:
Provide credit without collateral so poor member can borrow it.
Most of the members are women as high as 95%.
To get loan, poor members are mobilized in groups ranging from 5 to 30 members
by the particular loan giving organization.
Group members are organized by themselves to select their own group leaders and
taking loan procedure.
Members are usually meet weekly or bi-weekly and compose small savings
deposit, withdraw, take loan and repaying credit. After certain period, members
receive loan and taking collective responsibility for repaying the loan.
Procedure for getting loan has been greatly simplified making the program
attractive to the poor and illiterate people.
Group members are guarantee to each other to take loan and peer group support to
pressure to maintain the repayment.
Loans are recovered in weekly installments.
All the financial services are working out only in a group or village meeting time
by organizations staffs.
Loan is usually provided for petty trades, micro-business and other homestead
activities.
90
BIOGRAPHY
Kimberly Angela Yvonne Brown was born in Ottawa, Canada on 7 July 1979.
She later moved to Calgary, Alberta with her family where she completed high school
before moving to Vancouver, B.C. for her undergraduate degree. At the University of
British Columbia she completed a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in Psychology. After
three years of work and travel she was hired for a CIDA funded internship which
placed her in Bangkok, Thailand. After the completion of the internship she enrolled
in the Master of Arts in International Development Studies (MAIDS) program at
Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok.
