1. Phm-Vn-HiVin i-hc George WashingtonL-Vn-ngVin Vit-HcSa Li, in Ch Hn v Ch NmCh HnvTing Hn-Vit Chc Th Cc Thy Knh-yu: Gio-s Nguyn-Khc-Kham Gio-s Michael J McCaskeyQunh-AnhFalls Church, Virginia2005

2. Phm-Vn-HiVin i-hc George WashingtonL-Vn-ngVin Vit-HcSa Li, in Ch Hn v Ch NmCh HnvTing Hn-Vit Chc Th Cc Thy Knh-yu: Gio-s Nguyn-Khc-Kham Gio-s Michael J McCaskeyQunh-AnhFalls Church, Virginia2005 3. Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 4. Gio-s Nguyn-Khc-Kham v Gio-s Nguyn nh-Ho (1991) 5. Gio-s Michael J McCaskey (1992) 6. B Ti (1962) 7. M Ti (1962) 8. xi 9. xiiCopyright 2005 by Phm-Vn-HiAll rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United StatesCopyright Act of 1976 and except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, no part of thispublication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionin writing from the author.in Ch Hn:L-Vn-ng (Chng 4-8) Phm-Vn-Hi (Chng 9-10)in Ch Nm: L-Vn-ngSa Li: Phm-Vn-Hi L-Vn-ng L-Tin-Ph Trn-Huy-Bch Hunh-Th-Phng-Nhi Phm-Hi-T-Anh Onoe Yuki Liau Huei-shiuan Suejean Choi 10. Mc-lc_______________________________________________________________________Mc-lc xiiiLi Ni uxvChng 1 : Ting Hn-Vit L G?1Chng 2 : Ti sao C Ting Hn-Vit trong Ting Vit?7Chng 3 : Cch Nhn Mt Ting Hn-Vit17Chng 4 : Ch Hn 27Chng 5 : Ch Hn - Tm Ch 39Chng 6 : Hc Ch Hn 65Chng 7 : Chia Loi Ting Hn-Vit 123Chng 8 : Ch Vit ca Ngi Vit - Ch Nm143Chng 9 : Nhn Li nh-Hng Trung-hoa trong Ting Vit171Chng 10 : Mt S Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit Thng Thy185Ti-liu Tham-kho995 11. xiv 12. Li Ni u_____________________________________________________________________________________Cun sch ny c thnh-hnh nm 1970 v c dng lm ti-liugio-khoa lp Hn-vn nm d-b, trng i-hc Vn-khoa, vin i-hc-lt. Bao nhiu nm tri qua, nhiu phn b b bt, nhiu phn c thmln. Gn y, gio-s L-Vn-ng dnh nhiu th-gi qu-bu gip-chng ti sa li, in ch Hn, ch Nm v ch Nga vo cc chng 4, 5,6, 7 v 8. Dn-dn hc thm v k-thut. Li c c Onoe Yuki gip mt tay.Thi-gian , Yuki va vit xong tiu-lun cao-hc [ph-tin-s] v ngn-ng-hc tnh-ton. Ring hai chng 9 v 10, chng ti t lo ly. Cha lng cnh i bay bng, chc-chn th no cng mc nhiu li hn ccchng khc. Cng vic ny mt phn ln nh vo s ng-h tinh-thn canhm Hn-Vit do Ngc-Yn Nguyn-Dng ch-trng v cun Hn-VitT-in ca Thiu-Chu do nhm ng-Th-Kit, L-Vn-ng,Nguyn-Don-Vng thc-hin. Khng c ai hon-ton, vic sao i sao li lm cho bn c khc i, li thm nhiu li mi. Tuy-nhin, chng ti cthm mt s ti-liu khc tham-kho: Hn-Vit T-in caThiu-Chu, ti bn ln th hai, phn symbol trong Microsoft Word, TNguyn ( : , 1998), A Chinese-English Dictionaryca R. H. Mathews (Shanghai: China Inland Mission and PresbyterianMission Press, 1931) [Mathews Chinese-English Dictionary - RevisedAmerican Edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1944], T in Hn Vit - Hn ng C i v Hin i ca Trn Vn Chnh (Thnh ph H Ch Minh: Nh Xut bn Tr, 2001),Hn-Vit T-in ca Nguyn-Vn-Khn (Si-gn: Khai-tr,1960), Hn Vn ca Trn-Trng-San (Si-gn, 1963)... Cui cng,chng 7 c nh li cho ph-hp vi cc chng khc.Bn in ny c dng thay-th li chc th hai gio-s yu-qu: Gio-s Nguyn-Khc-Kham Gio-s Michael J McCaskey [Hai thy l i-din cc thy-c dy-d con] 13. xviv tng nh cng-n ca b m chng ti. Ni mt cch thnh-tht, cun sch ny ch l bn tho dng hng-dn nhng ngi mun bit qua-loa v ch Hn v ting Hn-Vit.Mi ln xem li li thy sai, mi ln m ra li thm dm by ch. Nginh my cn thy vy, hung-h nhng ngi hiu rng bit nhiu. c-mong c s gip- ca nhng bc c lng thnh hay cu-vt k sai-lc, ln in sau bt li hn, d hiu hn. Phm-Vn-Hin Thc, Bang Vin 29-4-2004 14. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit1 Ting Hn-Vit L G?1. Ngi Vit yu-thch ca-dao. l mt s tht, cha c ngi noph-nhn. Ti sao? C l v ca-dao va hay va mc-mc, li d thng, d hiu, d nh,v rt truyn-cm. Gn nh tt c nhng kinh-nghim trong cuc sng, gnnh tt c nhng ci hay ci p u thy trong ca-dao.Th-d nh bi:(1)Trong m g p bng sen. L xanh bng trng li chen nh vng. Nh vng bng trng l xanh. Gn bn m chng hi-tanh mi bn.Tng li tng cu u gin-d, n-gin, nghe ti u hiu ti ,chng khc g li ni hng ngy. l mt bi ht gm my cu ting Vit. Nn ngi Vit c th hiuc ngay.2. Ngoi nhng cu ht v nhng li ni ging-ging nh bi "Trongm G p Bng Sen", mt s ngi thuc s Vit cn bit bi th ca L-Thng-Kit:(2)Nam-quc sn-h Nam- c. Tit-nhin nh-phn ti thin-th. Nh h nghch-l lai xm-phm. Nh ng hnh-khan th-bi h. 1Trong bi th ny, c nhiu ch nhiu li rt quen-thuc d hiu nhnam (trong nc Vit-Nam, pha nam), quc (l nc, t-nc, trong quc-gia, quc-ni, quc-ngoi, quc-phng, phn-quc, i-quc), sn-h (lsng-ni, ni-sng, t-nc), c (l , trong tn-c, nh-c, c-ng)...1 Ni sng nc Nam, vua nc Nam . Sch Tri nh r nh vy. Ti sao l gic cp ti y xm-phm; chng my hy ch xem, th no cng s phi chuc ly tht-bi chua-cay. 15. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 2Tuy-nhin, nu khng c gii-thch, khng thy phn dch sang ting Vit,th khng th no hiu c c bi.3. Bn cu trong bi (1) l ting Vit. Ngi Vit hiu ca-dao v ca-daol ting Vit. Bn cu trong bi (2) l ting Hn-Vit. Ngi Vit khng hiu -ngha bn cu ca L-Thng-Kit, v bn cu ny l ting Hn-Vit - cln ngi Vit c th nhn ra mt s ting, mt s li quen-thuc, nhngkhng hiu c cu, c bi; ngi Hn (= ngi Tu, ngi Cht, ngiTrung-hoa, ngi Trung-quc) cng c th thy vi ting quen-quen, nhngkhng hiu. Ngy xa, nu c ghi chp li, bi (1) c vit bng ch Nm, bi(2) c vit bng ch Hn.. 24.Nh vy, ting Hn-Vit l g?Qua hai th-d trn, ting Hn-Vit c th tm hiu l li c ch Hnca ngi Vit.____________________________________2 Ngi bit ch Nm s c nh th ny: Trong m g p bng sen. L xanh bng trng li chen nh vng. Nh vng bng trng l xanh. Gn bn m chng hi-tanh mi bn. Ngi bit ch Hn (v Ting Hn-Vit) s c nh th ny: Nam-quc sn-h Nam- c. Tit-nhin nh-phn ti thin-th. Nh h nghch-l lai xm-phm. Nh ng hnh-khan th bi-h.[Nam-quc = nc Nam; sn-h = sng ni; Nam- = vua nc Nam; c = ; tit-nhin = r-rng, rnh-rnh, hon-ton, phn-bit r-rng u ra y; nh-phn = nh-phn,s-phn c xp-t nht-nh nh th; ti = ; thin-th = sch tri; nh h = ti sao,v sao, lm sao; nghch-l = gic, gic-cp; lai = li, ti; xm-phm = xm-phm, chimt-ai v vi-phm quyn-li ca ngi khc; nh ng = chng my; hnh-khan = ch xem,s thy, i m xem; th = chuc ly, chn ly, chu ly; bi-h = tht-bi chua-cay, tht-bihon-ton.] 16. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 3Ni tm li, ting ni ca ngi Vit, ting ni trong ca-dao, l tingVit.Ch Nm l th ch vit ghi li ting ni ca ngi Vit. (Ch Nml mt th ch vit ngy xa, trng ging ch Hn, nhng khng phi l chHn, cng khng phi th ch vit hin ang dng [Ch Quc-ng].) 2Ch Hn l th ch vit ca ngi Hn (Tu, Cht, Trung-hoa, Trung-quc)Ting Hn-Vit l li c ch Hn ca ngi Vit. y ch l mtnh-ngha. Ti chng 2, chng ta s thy nh-ngha ny cha .2 Xem phn ch-thch trang trc 17. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit4Bi Tp nh du vo cu tr li no ng.1. Trn tri c m my xanh. gia my trng, chung quanh my vng. c g anh ly c nng. Th anh mua gch Bt-trng v xy. Xy dc ri li xy ngang. Xy h bn nguyt cho nng ra chn. C ra th ra chn tay. Ch ra lng my, cht c ao anh.(Ca-dao) - Ting Vit - Ting Hn-Vit2. Hng, Hng, Tuyt, Tuyt, Mi ngy no cha bit ci chi chi. Mi lm nm thm-thot c xa g. Ngonh mt li n k t-liu. (Dng-Khu) - Ting Vit - Ting Hn-Vit3. Ng lng-du thi qun thng thiu. Qun kim ha gi ng thnh ng. (Dng-Khu) - Ting Vit - Ting Hn-Vit4. Ngy xa Tuyt mun ly ng. ng ch Tuyt b, Tuyt khng bit g. By gi Tuyt n th. ng mun ly Tuyt, Tuyt ch ng gi. (Dng-Khu) - Ting Vit - Ting Hn-Vit 18. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit55.Thng-minh nht nam-tYu vi thin-h k. (Nguyn-Cng-Tr)- Ting Vit- Ting Hn-Vit6.Ngi bun m trch ng xanh,Khi vui mun khc, bun tnh li ci.Kip sau xin ch lm ngi.Lm cy thng ng gia tri m reo.Gia tri, vch cheo-leo.Ai m chu rt th tro vi thng. (Nguyn-Cng-Tr)- Ting Vit- Ting Hn-Vit7.D i-ngha nhi thng hung-tn, d ch-nhn nhi dch cng-bo.- Ting Vit- Ting Hn-Vit8. Ly i-ngha thng hung-tn, ly ch-nhn lm thay-i cng-bo. - Ting Vit - Ting Hn-VitTr Li1. Ting Vit2. Ting Vit3. Ting Hn-Vit (Ng lng-du thi, qun thng thiu. Qun kim ha gi, ng thnh ng. = (1)Lc ta vui-chi y th em cn b lm. n nay, em ti tui ly chng, th ta thnh ng gi mt ri.(2) Lc ta tui chi-bi (cha ngh n chuyn v con) th em cn b lm. n nay, em sp-sa lychng, th ta thnh ng gi mt ri.)4. Ting Vit5. Ting Hn-Vit (Thng-minh nht nam-t yu vi thin-h k. = (1) Mt ngi con trai thng-minhphi lm nn ngi khc-thng trong thin-h. (2) Mt ngi con trai thng-minh phi lm nn vic khc-thng trong thin-h.)6. Ting Vit7. Ting Hn-Vit (D i-ngha nhi thng hung-tn, d ch-nhn nhi dch cng-bo. = Ly i-ngha thng hung-tn, ly ch-nhn lm thay-i cng-bo.)8. Ting Vit 19. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 6 20. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit7 2Ti sao C Ting Hn-Vit trong Ting Vit?1. chng 1, chng ta tm nh-ngha ting Hn-Vit l "li cch Hn ca ngi Vit". D ch l mt nh-ngha cha y-, nhng cth cn-c vo tm-hiu ngun-gc ca ting Hn-Vit.Chng ta cng bit ch Hn l ch vit ca ngi Tu. Trongnhng cu ton l ting Hn-Vit, chng ta khng hiu, nn bit ngay lting Hn-Vit. Tuy-nhin, trong cu ni hng ngy ca ngi Vit, cngnh trong th-vn c kh nhiu ting ting Hn-Vit. Th-d nh, "NgiVit khng cn phi hc ting Tu, khng cn phi hc ting Anh, tingPhp, vn c th ni c ting Vit rt gii." Trong cu ny, Vit, cn,hc, Anh, Php, th l ting Hn-Vit. Ti sao trong cu ni ca ngi Vit c ting Hn-Vit?2. n li lch-s gn nm nghn nm ca ngi Vit, chng ta thy ngiVit lc no cng phi ng-u vi ngi phng Bc, tc l ngi Tu(cn gi l Cht, Khch, Khch-tr, Hn, Hoa, Trung-hoa, Trung-quc), mtging ngi rt hung-bo v c-c. Chng ta cn phi chp-nhn nhng stht rt au lng. D rng ngi Vit c nhng ngy thng vinh-quang,nhng cng c nhng giy-pht v-cng nhc-nh. Triu-i u tin l nh Hng-Bng. Nh Hng-Bng ko di 2621nm (t nm 2879 n nm 258 trc dng-lch). Triu-i th hai l nh Thc (t nm 257 n nm 207 trc dng-lch). K tip l nh Triu. Nh Triu ko di gn mt trm nm (t nm207 n nm 111 trc dng-lch). Sau , nc Vit b l-thuc ngiphng Bc. Thi-k Bc-thuc ny ko di 150 nm (t nm 111 trc dng-lchn nm 39 dng-lch). K tip l ba nm oai-hng ca triu-i Hai B Trng (t nm 40 nnm 43). 21. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit8Sau Hai B Trng l thi-k Bc-thuc ln th hai. Trong thi-k ny,qun Tu d-man tn-bo hn trc rt nhiu, ngi Vit cng phi ko dithi-gian -nhc lu hn, t nm 43 n nm 544, tc l 501 nm.Tip theo l nh L Trc (cn gi l nh Tin-L, phn-bit vinh L Sau hay nh Hu-L (1009-1225)). Nh L Trc ko di gn sumi nm (t nm 544 n nm 602).Sau nh L Trc l thi-k Bc-thuc ln th ba. Thi-k ny bt unm 602. Ba trm nm sau, ngi Vit ni ln i t-tr (Nm 906, Khc-Tha-D, qu Hng-chu, Hi-dng c dn-chng tn lm tit--s),nh ng bn Tu cng phi chp-thun. Mi ti nm 939, vi ti lnh-oca Ng-Quyn, ngi Vit mi ginh li c hon-ton c-lp.Xem th, t ngy lp thnh mt t-nc c b-ci r-rng (nm 2879trc dng-lch) cho ti nm 939, ngi Vit b l-thuc ngi Tu (ngiHn) ba ln, ko di gn mt nghn nm.Trong ba thi-k au-kh ny, hng ngy ngi Vit phi tip-xc viqun Tu. Qun Tu l k thng-tr, l ngi nm quyn, c sc mnh, ckh-gii. V th, trong mi hot-ng, t giy t hnh-chnh cho n vichc-hnh u phi dng ch Tu v ting Tu. Dn-dn, trong ting Vitcng c mt s ting Tu c dng nh ting mn hay ting xen-k.(Cng ging-ging nh by gi, ngi Vit Php ni ting Vitthng chm thm ting Php, ngi Vit M ni ting Vit thng thm-k (okay, OK = c, bng lng, chp-nhn), ti-vi (TV, nh xem ti-vi =xem truyn-hnh), sp-pinh (shopping, nh i sp-pinh = i mua-sm), hai(hi, ting cho khi gp nhau)...)n khi c-lp, du vt ting Tu trong i sng ca ngi Vit vncn. n ngy nay cng vn tng-t nh vy.3. Nhng du vt ca s vay-mn ting Tu c th thy trong my loisau y:a. - Ch vit ngy xa mt, nn d ginh li c c-lp, ngiVit vn phi dng ch Hn trong vic hnh-chnh v hc-hnh (chng khcg lc b l-thuc Tu). C ngha l Tu trc y c th no, ngi Vitcng c ging-ging nh vy. (Nu c khc cng ch nh ngi Vit ni ting Tu v ngi Tu niting Tu, hay ngi Vit ni ting M v ngi M ni ting M... C ngha 22. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 9l khng ng mt trm phn trm, nhng vn l ting Tu, vn l ting M.[Ch khng phi l ting Vit - cng khng phi l c tri i]) l ting Hn-Vit hc, c sch. Nh vy, th ting Hn-Vit ny l ting Tu vo nhng nm cui cathi-k Bc-thuc ln th ba, tc l ting Tu vo cui i nh ng bnTu.. - Khi ni ting Vit, ngi Vit cng mn mt s ting Tu nh loitrn, nhng v trong cu ni nn i khi c Vit ho. Th-d: Ting Tu dng c sch v hc-hnh l "cm n". Trong cu nihng ngy dn-dn tr thnh "cm n". "n-ngha" dn-dn tr thnh "n-ngha". Nh vy, c th phn-bit nh sau: Cm-n, n-ngha, sai-khin, p, chch, ch... l ting Hn-Vit. Cm n, n-ngha, sai-khin, p, chic, cha... l ting Hn-Vit c Vit-ho hay ting Vit c ngun-gc l ting Hn-Vit; cng c th lmt th ting Tu ngy xa.. - Ngoi ra, cn mt s ting Hn-Vit m rt nhiu ngi Vit ctng l ting Vit. Th-d: u (trong u-c), qun-o, khng, tht, gi, gim, gian, h, tin(trong trc tin), tin (trong ng tin, b tin, c tin), in (trong in-khng), sai (trong sai-lm)...4. Xem th, ting Hn-Vit l mt th ting Tu c, ni ng hn lting Tu vo cui i nh ng bn Tu, ngi Vit dng c chHn, v dng lm ting mn trong cu ni hng ngy. Mt cu hi c th t ra: - Ting Hn-Vit v ting Tu vo cui i nh ng bn Tu cging nhau hon-ton khng? - Tt-nhin l khng ging nhau hon-ton, s khc bit cng tng-t nh ngi Vit ni ting Tu v ngi Tu ni ting Tu, hay ngi Vitni ting M v ngi M ni ting M. Nhng vo thi cn b l-thuc Tuv khi mi c-lp, ngi Vit c th dng ting Hn-Vit ni chuyn vingi Tu rt d-dng. Hn na, ting Hn-Vit cn c du-vt ca mt s ting khc nhting Ng (trong thi-gian di s cai-tr ca ng-Ng) 23. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit10 Thm vo , v king tn nhng nhn-vt quan-trng, c nhiu tingb i khc. Th-d: L phi i l li, v L l tn ca vua L-Thi-T; tngphi i thnh tn, v tn ca vua Thiu-Tr l Min-Tng v miu-hiu cavua T-c l Dc-Tng Anh-Hong-. V th, ngi Vit phi ni l li-ch, li-kh, li-dng, tn-gio, tn-ch... Cng c th v mi ngi c mt khc, mi a-phng ni mt li.Th-d: Lnh v lnh (trong lnh-t, lnh-o...) Nguyn v ngun (trong nguyn-n, nguyn-nhn...) Nhn v nhn (trong nhn-i, nhn-ngha...) Th v th (trong th-n, th-gio...) V cn nhiu l-do khc, k c vic ngi dy hc khng bit cchc ch Hn s mt mt vi ngi hi nn phi ba ra.5.- Ting Hn-Vit ngy xa v ngy nay c khc nhau khng?- C khc nhng khng khc lm. Ting Hn-Vit khng phi l sinh-ng nn khng thay-i, nu c thay i thng v hai l-do: (1) King tnnhng ngi quan-trng, nh tng phi c l tn. (2) c sai.- C g chng-minh l ting Hn-Vit t thay-i khng?- C ch. V ting Hn-Vit l ting Tu i nh ng bn Tu, nnngi bit ting Hn-Vit c th i nh ng vn thy hay; khng phich -ngha, m cn m-thanh. Tri li, bn Tu, ting Tu i nhng theo thi-gian i khc. (Theo s tm-hiu trong ngnh ngn-ng,mt ting ni sau mt nghn nm tr thnh mt ting ni khc.) V th,ngi Tu by gi c th ng khng cn thy hay v m-thanh na.6. Ni tm li, nh-ngha chng 1, "ting Hn-Vit l li c chHn ca ngi Vit", tuy khng hon-ton ng nhng cng khng sai. Khng hon-ton ng v ngi nghe c -ngh, ting Hn-Vit hayli c ch Hn ca ngi Vit l sn-phm ca ngi Vit, do ngi Vitt ra. Tht ra, li c ch Hn ca ngi Vit l mt th ting Tu ngyxa, m giai-on cht l u th-k th mi. Tuy-nhin, th ting Tu ngy nay khng cn na, vt-tch cn li l cch c ch Hn ca ngiVit. V ch l vt-tch, ch khng phi l mt sinh-ng nn thay-i rt t. Ngn-gn hn, c th ni: 24. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 11 "Ting Hn-Vit l mt li c ch Hn thy trong khi ngi niting Vit. Ting Hn-Vit cn thy trong ting Vit nh ting mn. Lic y, cc ting mn y c ngun-gc l mt th ting Tu vo cui th-kth chn, u th-k th mi."S-lc v Lch-s Vit-Nam1. Triu-i u tin l nh Hng-Bng, ko di 2621 nm (2879-258trc dng-lch), tn nc l Vn-Lang, kinh- l Phong-chu (nay thuc Vnh-yn).2. Triu-i th hai l nh Thc (257-207 trc dng-lch), tn nc lu-Lc, kinh- l Phong-kh (nay thuc Vnh-yn).3. K tip l nh Triu (207-111 trc dng-lch), tn nc l Nam-Vit,kinh- l Phin-ngung (ngy nay thuc tnh Qung-ng, pha nam nc Tu [Trung-quc]).4. Bc-thuc ln th nht, ko di 150 nm (111 trc dng-lch - 39dng-lch), t nc ca ngi Vit b chia thnh ba qun: Giao-ch, Cu-chn v Nht-nam.5. Hai B Trng ginh li c-lp (40-43), kinh- l M-linh (naythuc Phc-yn).6. Bc-thuc ln th hai, ko di 501 nm (43-544). M-Vin tiu-ditvn-ho Vit: tch-thu trng ng ca ngi Vit, bt dn Vit theo lut-l Tu; i Giao-ch thnh Giao-chu. Bao nhiu cuc ni dy tht-bi, b Triu (248) kh-th hng-mnh, cng b dp tan. Phi i ti L-Bn khi-ngha (541-544) mi ginh c c-lp.7. Nh L (trc) (544-602). L-Bn ln ngi vua, ly hiu l L-Nam-, ttn nc l Vn-Xun, kinh- l Long-bin. Nh Lng bn Tu em qun sang gychin, L-Nam- b Long-bin, lui v Khut-liu (Hng-ho), trao quyn cho Triu-Quang-Phc. Triu-Quang-Phc lp cn-c m D-trch (m Nht-d, ph Khoi-chu, Hng-yn). Khi L-Nam- mt, Triu-Quang-Phc thnh-cng, ln ngi, xng lTriu-Vit-Vng. Nm 571, L-Pht-T cp ngi ca Triu-Vit-Vng, xng l Hu-L-Nam-. Nm 602, qun Tu sang nh, L-Pht-T yu th, phi u-hng.8. Bc-thuc ln th ba, ko di 337 nm (602-939). Trong thi-k nyngi Tu rt khc-nghit. Nhng cng b bc-lt bao nhiu, ngi Vit cng ni dy Nm 939, Ng-Quyn dp tan qun Nam-Hn trnmnh-m by nhiu.sng Bch-ng, ginh li hon-ton c-lp cho ngi Vit.9. Nh Ng (939-965) 25. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit1210. Mi Hai S-qun (945-967). inh-B-Lnh, ngi Hoa-l (Ninh-bnh),chm dt mi hai s-qun nm 967.11. Nh inh (968-980), tn nc l i-C-Vit, kinh- l Hoa-l.12. Nh L (trc) (980-1009). Nm 980, tng L-Hon c triu-thntn ln lm vua chng ngoi-xm. Qun Tng b nh tan Chi-Lng.13. Nh L (sau) (1009-1225).L-Cng-Un (L-Thi-T) di kinh- vthnh i-la (H-ni), sau i tn l Thng-long. n nm 1054, L-Thnh-Tng i tnnc l i-Vit.14. Nh Trn (1225-1400), Nguyn-Thuyn t nn tng cho vn Nm. Baln chin-thng i qun Mng-c (1257, 1284 v 1287).15. Nh H (1400-1407). H-Qu-Li di kinh- v Ty- (Thanh-ho), itn nc l i-Ngu, dng ch Nm, in tin giy.16. Nh Trn (sau) khng-chin chng Tu (1407-1413)17. Nh Minh (Tu) -h (1414-1427) L-Li khng-chin phc-quc (1418-1427)18. Nh L (sau) (1428-1788). Tn nc vn l i-Vit, kinh- l Thng-long.L-Thnh-Tng (1460-1497) ban-hnh lut Hng-c, khuyn-khch vic hc, m-mangb ci.. Nh L nh Mc tranh quyn (1527-1592). Nh L trung-hng (1592-1788) - Cha Trnh (1570-1786) v Cha Nguyn (1600-1777) - Trnh Nguyn phn-tranh (1627-1672).19. Nh Nguyn Ty-sn (1788-1802). Vua Quang-Trung (Nguyn-Hu)ph tan 20 vn qun Thanh (Tu) (1788-1789). Dng ch Nm thay th ch Hn.20. Nh Nguyn (1802-1955),tn nc l Vit-nam, kinh- l Ph-xun(Hu).21- Php xm-chim Vit-nam (1858-1945)Xm-lc (1858-1884)Mt ba tnh min ng Nam-k (Gia-nh, Bin-ho, nh-tng) nm 1862, vba tnh min ty Nam-k (Vnh-long, An-giang, H-tin) nm 1867.-h (1884-1945)Ngy 9-3-1945, Nht lt Php, ginh quyn cai-tr. Ngy 11-3-1945, vua Bo-i tuyn-b hu-b ho-c Vit-Php nm 1884, cuc -h ca Php chm dt. Trn-Trng-Kim thnh-lp chnh-ph. Nht v Php hp-tc tiu-hu thc-phm, gy nn ivo thng 3 nm 1945, lm 2 triu ngi Vit b cht. Nht u hng ngy 15-8-1945.Vit-Minh di quyn lnh-o ca H-Ch-Minh cp chnh-quyn Trn-Trng-Kimngy 25-8-1945. Vua Bo-i thoi-v. 26. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 13 Chin-tranh Vit-Php ko di gn mi nm (1946-1954). Nm 1954, trong trnin-bin-ph, qun Php u hng v-iu-kin.22. t nc b chia i (1954-1975). Min Bc ly tn nc l Vit-NamDn-ch Cng-ho, th- l H-ni. Min Nam ly tn nc l Vit-Nam Cng-ho,th- l Si-gn. Nm 1954, Ng-nh-Dim lm th-tng, hn mt triu ngi min Bc di-cvo min Nam. Nm 1955, Ng-nh-Dim trut-ph vua Bo-i. Nh Nguyn bchm dt.23. Cng-ho X-hi Ch-ngha Vit-nam (1975- ) 27. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 14 Bi Tpnh du vo cu tr li no ng.1.Mnh ni vi ta mnh hy cn son.Ta i qua ng thy con mnh b.Con mnh nhng tru cng tro.Ta i xch nc ra cho con mnh.Con mnh va p va xinh.Mt na ging mnh, na li ging ta.(Ca-dao)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Mt (s mt) l ting Hn-Vit.2.Hng, Hng, Tuyt, Tuyt,Mi ngy no cha bit ci chi chi.Mi lm nm thm-thot c xa g.Ngonh mt li n k t-liu.(Dng-Khu)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Hng, Tuyt, chi chi, k, liu l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u khng ng. Ting Hn-Vit trong bncu ny l: ______________________________________________________________________________________3.Khn ba nm di mt gi.Ba nm gi c, mt gi th khng. (Tc-ng)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Khng l ting Hn-Vit b Vit-ho.4.My vng lng-ng bay i.Nh li c-hn: "Em i s v!"Em i! i mi! Chng v!Ngy i th c, ngy v ch m.Ngy i nc chy v b;Ngy v ch thy m-m sng ri.Ngy i tnh thm y vi;Ngy v em l ngi ch-mong. 28. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 15(Hi-Vn Phm-Vn-Hi)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. c, ch, tnh l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u khng ng. Ting Hn-Vit trong tmcu ny l: ______________________________________________________________________________________5.Ngi ta i cy ly cng.Ti nay i cy cn trng nhiu b.Trng tri, trng t, trng my.Trng ma, trng gi, trng ngy, trng m. (Ca-dao)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Cng, ti l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u khng ng. Ting Hn-Vit trong bncu ny l: ______________________________________________________________________________________6.Nhp th-cc bt kh v vn-t.Chng hay-ho cng mt vi bi. (Trn-T-Xng)a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Cu th nht (Nhp th-cc bt kh v vn-t) l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u khng ng. Ting Hn-Vit trong haicu ny l: _____________________________________________________________________________________7.Ting Hn-Vit l mt li c ch Hn thy trong khi ngi niting Vit. Ting Hn-Vit cn thy trong ting Vit nh ting mn. Lic y, cc ting mn y c ngun-gc l mt th ting Tu vo cui th-kth chn, u th-k th mi.a. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.. Hn-Vit, Hn, khi, Vit, nh, th, th-k, u l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u khng ng. Nhng ting Hn-Vit trongon ny l: _______________________________________________________________________________________8.Ch Nng-nc l ch vit ca ngi Vit vo thi Hng-Bng. Theos Tu, chnh-xc hn l cun Thng Ch do Trnh-Tiu ch-bin, vo th-k24 trc dng-lch, tc l vo khong u triu-i Hng-Bng, bn Tul i o-ng di quyn cai-tr ca Vua Nghiu, mt s-on ngiVit t Vit-Thng biu vua Nghiu mt con ra thn sng hn mt 29. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit16nghn nm, ln hn ba thc. Trn mu ra c ch trng ging nh nng-nc.Vua Nghiu ra lnh cho ghi-chp li. T gi l lch ra. (o ng chith Vit-thng quc hin thn-quy, ci thin tu, phng tam xch d, bihu khoa-u vn, k khai tch d lai. Nghiu mnh lc chi, v chi quy-lch.Vo i o ng, nc Vit-thng biu ra thn, sng hn mt nghnnm, ln hn ba thc, trn mu c ch nng-nc, ghi li t tha mi c vsau. Nghiu ra lnh sao li, v gi l lch ra.) a. "o ng chi th Vit-thng quc hin thn-quy, ci thin tu,phng tam xch d, bi hu khoa-u vn, k khai tch d lai. Nghiu mnhlc chi, v chi quy-lch." l ting Hn-Vit. . "Vo i o ng, nc Vit-thng biu ra thn, sng hnmt nghn nm, ln hn ba thc, trn mu c ch nng-nc, ghi li t thami c v sau. Nghiu ra lnh sao li, v gi l lch ra." l ting Vit. . C hai cu tr li trn u ng. 30. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit173 Cch Nhn Mt Ting Hn-VitA. Ting Vit cng nh cc th ting khc c rt nhiu ting mn.Ngoi ting Hn-Vit mn ting Tu tha xa-xa, ting Vit cn mnnhiu th ting khc, nh mn ca ting Php, ting Anh, ting Thi... Th-d (1): Nc Vit-Nam u? (Vit-Nam l ting Hn-Vit.) Th-d (2): Ai ly cc x-phng nh tm th tr li i. (X-phng lting mn t ting Php [savon "xa-vng"].) Th-d (3): Vo u ma thu nm 1945, gn nh ngy no cng cmt cuc mt-tinh ln cng-trng nh ht ln H-ni. (Mt-tinh l tingmn t ting Anh, ting M [meeting "mt-tinh"]. Khi l ting mn, mt-tinh l "mt cuc t-tp ng ngi biu-l mt thi- no ".) Th-d (4): N l mt thng ch-m. V bn n, n cng khng tha.(M l ting mn ting Thi. M c ngha l ch, khi m ng sau ch,ch-m c ngha l "u-cng, by-b, xu-xa, gh-tm [nh ch]".) .... Lm th no c th nhn mt c ting Hn-Vit? y l tr p sen. (Tr l ting Hn-Vit.) y l c-ph Php. (C-ph l ting mn t ting Php (caf).Php l ting Hn-Vit.) Lm th no bit c tr, Php l ting Hn-Vit; c-ph l tingmn t ting Php? Nu bit ting Hn-Vit c th nhn ra ngay tr l ting Hn-Vit.Nu bit ting Php c th nhn ra ngay c-ph l ting mn t ting Php. Sau y l vi ba li nhn mt ting Hn-Vit.1. Nu thy li no quen-quen (ging-ging nh mi li khc trong tingVit) m khng hiu ngha th c th on li l ting Hn-Vit.Hm nay l ngy rm thng ging nm dn.Hm nay hiu c d-dng, l cng d, ngy rm (ngy mi lm)cng d. Tt c u d tr c dn. Dn l g? Dn l cp. Nh vy, dn l 31. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit18ting Hn-Vit? Mun chc-chn, m t-in Hn-Vit s thy dn l mttrong mi hai con gip (mi hai chi = thp nh chi). Triu- c mt on qun bch chin bch thng. Tt c u l ting Hn-Vit, tr c v mt. Ni thng m chng thng. i u m bung hng lnh-lng. (Ca-dao) Ch c hng l ting Hn-Vit.2. Cn-c vo kinh-nghim. Thng-thng, vo nhng nm gn y,ting Hn-Vit l:- Ting chuyn-mn- Tn ring (rt nhiu tn ngi v tn a-phng)Anh ta l chuyn-vin v in-t.Chuyn-vin v in-t l ting Hn-Vit.Tn ti l Phm-Vn-Hi.Phm-Vn-Hi l ting Hn-Vit.Ti ngi lng Dng-im, huyn Kim-sn, tnh Ninh-bnh.Dng-im, huyn, Kim-sn, tnh, Ninh-bnh l ting Hn-Vit. Tuy-nhin, phi : khng phi ting chuyn-mn no cng l tingHn-Vit; khng phi tn ring no cng l ting Hn-Vit. Ch y l mt nh th ni ting. Tn l o-Thm-Ti. Ngi lngV. Khng c mt ting Hn-Vit no.3. m-h ting Vit v m-h ting Hn-Vit khng hon-ton ging. Cmt s m km v m chnh c trong ting Vit, nhng khng c trong tingHn-Vit. Loi m Ting Hn-VitTing Vit1. m chnha (a-tng)a (A! M v.)2. m chnh (cn-bn) (n cm cha?)3. m chnh (chn-tht, cn) (chn tay, mt)4. m kmb (ba-o)b (mt, hai, ba)5. m kmc (c-phn, c-ng)c (c tay, ci c) k (k, kim, kim, kin) k (km, kt, kia, km) 32. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit19q (qu, quyn, qu)q (qun, quen-bit, qut)m km sau-c (p-bc, c, mc) -c (bc, lc-cc, sc)m km sau (khp i) -c (mc, c, ngc)-c (c, nc, c, khc)6.m kmd (gin-d, dng)d (d-dng, d, dng)7.m km (in, im, ) (n, m, m)8.m chnhe [rt t] (ho) e (hoe, ho, khen)9.m chnh (th, th, ch, ) (kh-kh, nght, m)+10.m km[khng c g-]g (g, gn, g, gm, g)+ [khng c gh-] gh (ghi, ghe, gh, gh)+11a. m km[khng c g-]g (g, gn, ging, git)11.gi (gia, gin, giang)gi (gic, gin, gi, gi)12. m kmh (hi, h, hoa, hung)h (hi-hi, h, hon, hng)13. m chnhi- [rt t] (ch)i- (im, in, inh, t, u)-i (hi, nhi, vi, chi, tr) -i (ch, h-h, kh, l-nh)-i- (tn, nh, minh)-i- (tin, vn, kht, mnh)y (y, , )y (, , )14. m na-i (li, i, khi, i) -i (li, khi, i, tri)+ [khng c m na -y] -y (y, my, may, vy)15. m chnhia [t] (a, ngha) ia (a, ba, pha, ma)-i- (nghin, tin, tit)-i- (nghin, thing, git)+ [khng c ya]-ya (khuya, git-ga)y (yn, yn, khuyn)y (yn-lnh, khuyn)5.m kmk (k, kim, kim, kin)k (km, kt, kia, km)16. m kmkh (khi, khi, kh) kh (khi, kh-kh, kht)17. m kml (li, lim, lin)l (lim, li, lt)18. m km trcm- (m, min, m)m- (mi, m, m, mi)m km sau-m (am, ym, thim)-m (mm, mm, lm)19. m km trcn- (nim, nin, nam) n- (nn, nn, nem, nng)m km sau-n (lin, thn, quan)-n (chn, mn, chn, len)20. m km trcng- (nga, ng, ngu)ng- (ng-ng, ng-ngn)m km sau-ng (lang, thng)-ng (ng, vng, trng)m km sau (khp i) -ng (tng, mng, vng) -ng (lng, sng, trng)m km trcngh- (ngh, ngha) ngh- (ngh, nghe, ngho)21. m km trcnh- (nhi, nhan, nhu) nh- (nh, nh, nh, nh)m km sau-nh (vinh, thanh)-nh (vnh-vo, xanh) 33. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 2022.m chnh o [t] (hc, ngc) o (om, nhn-nh, trn)23.m na sau -o (o, o, to)-o (theo, lo-nho, cho) m na trc o- (khoa, kho)o- (o, kho, khoc)24. m chnh (b, h, n, hn) (m, mm, bn, trng)25. m chnh (s, tr, n, sn) (s, trn, mm, sn)+26. m km trc [khng c p-]p- (Sa-pa, png-png) m km sau -p (p, thp, ip, lp) -p (p, dp, p, p)27. m kmph (php, phc, phin) ph (pht, php, phn)5. m km q (qu, quyn, qu)q (qun, quen-bit, qut)+28. m km [khng c r-]r (ra, rt, rt, rt-r)29. m kms (s, s, s, sa, sn)s (sen, sng, st, sa)30. m km trct- (tm, t, t, t, t) t- (tn, tin, tm, tm, tia) m km sau -t (t, tht, nht, nhit) -t (t, tht, vt, ct, nht)31. m kmth (thi, thin, thu, th)th (thm, tht, thm)32. m chnhu (tu, thu, ngu, chung)u (ng, b, mng, t)33. m na sau-u (u, khu, su, nu) -u (nu, hu, mu, nu) m na trc u- (uy, khuyn, xun)u- (hut, qun, quen)+34. m chnh [khng c ua]ua (ba, ca, cha, mua)u (cuc, mun, thuc) u (buc, uc, guc)35.m chnh (ng, s, th, lc) (ch, mc, ngc, ngi)36.m chnh a [rt t] (tha) a (cha, a, ma) (c, vng, thng) (m, ln, vn)37.m km v (vt, vi, v, vng) v (v, vng, vt, vn)38.m km x (xa, x, x, xuyn)x (xua, xung, xa)13.m chnh y (y, , )y (, , )+14. m na [khng c m na -y] -y (y, my, may, vy)+15. m chnh [khng c ya]-ya (khuya, git-ga)y (yn, yn, khuyn)y (yn-lnh, khuyn) Nhn li, chng ta thy c nhiu m c trong ting Vit nhng khng ctrong ting Hn-Vit 3 .3 Trong cun i-chiu Ting Hn-Vit v Ting Bc-kinh (Si-gn, 1970), ting Hn-Vit c 101 vn: a, ac, ach, ai,am, an, ang, anh, ao, ap, at; c, n, ng, t, m, n, p, t, u, y; , nh, t; i, ich, im, in, inh; ia, ic, im,in, ip, it, iu; o, oc, ong; oa, oai, oan, oach, oang, oanh, oat, oc, ong, oe; , c, i, n, ng, t; , i,n, p; u, uc, ui, um, un, ung, ut; uc, ui, un, ung; ua, uach, uai, uan, uang, uanh, uat, uc, ung, un,ut, u, uch, uy, uych, uynh, uyn, uyt; , c, ng, t (ting a-phng), u; a, c, ng; y; ym, yn,yp, yt. (Phn in nghing bt u bng m na chm o, u. B ua (m chnh), thm t.) 34. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 211. Ting Hn-Vit khng c m km g v gh. Tt c cc ting cc li btu bng g hay gh u l ting Vit:g g, g, g, g, g (ga l ting mn gc Php) gc (gc trong i gc, canh-gc l ting mn gc Php) gam (gam l ting mn gc Php) gch, gai, gi, gi, gi, gi, gan, gn, gn, gn, ganh, gnh, gn, gn,gng, gng, gt, gt, gm-g, gn, gn, gp, gt, g, gm, gng, gng, g,guc, gy-guc, g, g, gom...gh ghi, gh, gh, gh, ghnh, ghnh, ghe, gh, gh, ghen-ght, ghn...2. Ting Hn-Vit c m km gi (gin-d, giang-sn...) nhng khng cm km g. Tt c cc ting g, g, g, gn, gp (ting mn t ting M),ging, ging, ging, git, giu... u l ting Vit.3. Ting Hn-Vit khng c m km r. Tt c cc ting, cc li bt ubng r u l ting Vit: ra, r, r, r, r, r, rng, rng, rng, rung, rng,rt, rt, rung, rng... Trong sch v v trn giy t i khi c mt s tn ngi nh Rt,Ruy... l cc ting Hn-Vit ghi li theo ting a-phng. cc a-phng khc pht-m l "dt, duy", a-phng pht-m l "rt, ruy" rivit l Rt, Ruy...4. Ting Hn-Vit khng c m km trc p. Cng t thy trong tingVit. Tt c ch l tn a-phng m gc khng phi l ting Vit. C khi lting phin-m. Th-d: Sa-pa (tn a-phng pha bc Vit-Nam), Pa-ri(phin-m ting Php Paris), png-png (ting bt chc m-thanh, tingsng n), pin (ting mn t ting Php), pinh-png (phin-m ting Php)5. Ting Hn-Vit c m chnh y (nhiu hn ting Vit), nhng khngc m chnh ya.y Ting Hn-Vit: ym-th, yn-ba, i-yn, yu-nhn, khuyn-co,khuyn-m, nguyn, truyn, truyn, chuyn, chuyn, tuyn, tuyt... Ting Vit: yn-lnh, khuyn-rn, chuyn-tr, nguyn-ra...ya Tt c cc ting cc li m khuya, khuya-khot, git-ga u l tingVit.6. Ting Hn-Vit khng c m chnh ua. Cc ting cc li nh ba,ba, ba, cua, ca, chua, cha, cha, la, la, la, mua, ma, ta, thua...u l ting Vit. 35. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 22 C ngi cho rng cha l ting Hn-Vit. (K c cun i-chiuTing Hn-Vit v Ting Bc-kinh ca Phm-Vn-Hi (1967).) Nhng cngi li cho rng ch mi l ting Hn-Vit, cn cha l ting Vit cngun-gc l ting Hn-Vit hay mt th ting c no . V th, Thin-Cha, cng-cha, cha-cng, cha trong cha nh, Cha Trnh, ChaNguyn... l ting Vit. Thin-ch, cng-ch, ch-cng, ch trong chnh... l ting Hn-Vit.7. Ting Hn-Vit khng c m na sau y. Ni khc i, m na sau ych thy trong ting Vit. Th-d: ay-nghin, may-mn, vay mn, thay-i, ny n, lc ny, thy dy hc, chy, my, ly, chy, y, chy, my,my, y, ngy, vy... (Ch-: Trong huy, quy, qu, thu, thu... u l m natrc, y l m chnh. V th, cn c huynh, qunh, khuynh... [Sau m chnh ycn c th c m km sau (hay m na sau).])8. Ting Hn-Vit c rt t m chnh i ng trc m km hoc mna, nh hu-ch, ch-li. Trong khi , ting Vit c nhiu hn: im-lng, in,inh-i, t, u...9. Ting Hn-Vit c t m chnh a, nh tha. (ng l ra ch Hn mc ngi c l tha (i tha, tiu tha) phi c l thng (i thng, tiuthng). Trong khi , ting Vit c rt nhiu a: a, a, a, ba, ba, ba,ba, cha, cha, cha, cha, cha, a, a, la, la, la, la, la, ma,ma, na, na, na, na, nga, nga, nga, sa, sa, tra, xa, xa...10. Ting Hn-Vit c t m chnh ia, nh a, ngha. Trong khi , tingVit c rt nhiu: a, a, a, a, da, bia, ba, ba, pha, chia, lia, la, la,la, ma, ma, ngm-ngha, pha, ria, ra, ra, ra, tia, ta, ta, a...11. Ting Hn-Vit c t m chnh o, nh hc, ngc. Trong khi , tingVit c rt nhiu: c, om, t, bc, bong, bong-bng, cc, cong, cng, cng,chong-chng, lng-ngng, lng, lng, lng, mong, nong, nng, nng, trn,trong, vng, vng, xong....Nhng li va trnh-by c th gip chng ta c mt khi-nim vting Hn-Vit v nhn mt ting Hn-Vit. Dn-dn, vi kinh-nghim,chng ta s c th nhn ra ngay tru b l ting Vit v chu-ngc l tingHn-Vit, l-nh l ting Vit v hu-l l ting Hn-Vit... 36. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 23B Tuy-nhin, cho d c nhiu kinh-nghim v ting Hn-Vit n myi chng na i khi cng b lm. Mun cho chc nn xem mt vi cun t-in Hn-Vit cn-nhc. Th-d nh cun Hn-Vit T-in (Gin-yu)ca o-Duy-Anh (bin-son) v Hn-mn-t (hiu-nh). Hn-Vit T-inca Thiu-Chu. Hn-Vit T-in ca Nguyn-Vn-Khn. Nam-Hoa T-in ca Nguyn-Trn-M. Hn-Vit T-in ca Trn-Trng-San... (Thmmt "tuy-nhin" na: T-in Hn-Vit cng c rt nhiu li-lm, c v li-lm ca cng vic in ln s hiu-bit gii-hn ca ngi bin-son. "Khngc cun sch no hon-ton, khng c ngi no hon-ton.") 37. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 24Bi Tp nh du vo cu tr li no ng.1. L-s. (N l ngi hay l-s.) L-nh. (Ni l-nh nh th ai m nghe thy c.) a. L-s l ting Hn-Vit, l-nh l ting Vit. . L-s l ting Vit, l-nh l ting Hn-Vit.2. Chn-tht. (ng ta l ngi chn-tht.) Chn tay. (Chn tay bng ci que ci m dm nh nhau vi ai!?) a. Chn-tht l ting Hn-Vit, chn tay l ting Vit. . Chn-tht l ting Vit, chn tay l ting Hn-Vit.3. Gia-nh. (Gia-nh chng ti m-m lm.) Da-d. (Da-d hng-ho nh th, th chc-chn l ngi kho-mnh.) a. Gia-nh l ting Hn-Vit, da-d l ting Vit. . Gia-nh l ting Vit, da-d l ting Hn-Vit.4.Da-t. (Ngy xa, ngi Vit gi Cha Cu-th l Da-t, gi oThin-Cha l o Da-t hay Da-t-gio.)D-man. (Git ngi l mt hnh-ng d-man, v-nhn-o.)a. Da-t l ting Hn-Vit. D-man l ting Vit.. Da-t l ting Vit. D-man l ting Hn-Vit.. C Da-t ln d-man u l ting Hn-Vit.b. C Da-t ln d-man u l ting Vit.5. 1. Tin hc l, hu hc vn. 2. Hc l-php trc, hc vn-chng ch ngha sau. a. Cu th nht ting Hn-Vit. Cu th hai l ting Vit. . Cu th nht l ting Vit. Cu th hai l ting Hn-Vit.6.6.1. Tham sinh u t. (My l tham sinh u t.)6.2. Tham sng s cht. (Con ngi ta, ai m chng tham sng scht!?)a. Tham sinh u t l ting Vit.. Tham sng s cht l ting Hn-Vit.. C hai cu tr li trn u sai.b. C hai cu tr li trn u ng. 38. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit257.1. Ni. (Con kin cn mun sng, ni g n con ngi.)2. a ngn a qu. (Con ! Ngi xa ni "a ngn a qu", ninhiu th li nhiu. Tt hn ht l nhng li cho ngi khc.)a. Ni l ting Hn-Vit.. a ngn a qu l ting Hn-Vit.8. 1. Tri tc tin tc, i tc h thi tc? (= Bit th , ch baogi mi ?) (Nguyn-Cng-Tr) 2. C coi nh l ri th s thy , cn ch cho ti lc mnh thy th bao gi mi y!? a. Cu th nht l ting Vit. . Cu th hai l ting Vit.9. 1. C coi nh l mnh nhn-ri th s thy mnh nhn-ri, cn ch choti lc mnh thc-s nhn-ri th bao gi mi c nhn-ri y!? 2. Tri nhn tin nhn, i nhn h thi nhn? (= Bit nhn th nhn,ch nhn bao gi mi nhn?) (Nguyn-Cng-Tr) a. Cu th nht l ting Vit. . Cu th hai l ting Vit.10. 1. Mt ngi con trai thng-minh, phi lm nn ngi khc-thngtrong thin-h. 2. Mt ngi con trai thng-minh, phi lm nn s-nghip khc-thng trong thin-h. 3. Thng-minh nht nam-t, yu vi thin-h k. (Nguyn-Cng-Tr) a. Cu th nht l ting Vit. . Cu th hai l ting Vit. . Cu th ba l ting Vit.11. 1. C thiu g ngi ni mt cch ngng-cung: Thng-minh nht lcon trai, cn ngoi ra u thng ht. 2. Thng-minh nht nam-t, yu vi thin-h k. (Nguyn-Cng-Tr) a. Cu th nht l ting Vit. . Cu th hai l ting Vit. 39. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 26 40. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit27 4 Ch HnMun ni ting Vit mun vit ch Vit cho ng cho hay cn phi bit cch dngcc ting mn mt cch chng-mc v kho-lo. Khng r ting no, li no, ch noc th m t-in hay t-in tra-cu. Tuy-nhin, nu mun tm-hiu k-lng hn,mun hiu r hn v ting Hn-Vit, th phi bit ch Hn. Ngoi ra, ch Hn v tingHn-Vit cn gip vic hc ch Nm d-dng hn, mau-chng hn.1. Trong cc bn vn vit bng ch Nm (th ch ghi li ting ni ca ngi Vit c trcch Quc-ng), ting Hn-Vit c vit bng ch Hn.2. Lc u, ch Hn l th ch mc-mc ca con ngi c c thc-t, thy s vt th noc ghi li nh vy. V th, c nhiu ch trng nh hnh v. Dn-dn tr thnh mt h-thngtinh-vi.2.1.1. Trng thy mt trng li lim cong-cong , vit l. Hai nt nho-nh bn trong l nh sng. l ch nguyt.2.1.2. Trng thy ni v thnh ; ri vit thnh . l ch sn.2.1.3. Ging-ging nh vy l:hnh vch Hnting Hn-Vit nhn nht thumngnghangi mt trinc nga c2.1.4. Cc ch trng th no v li ging-ging nh vy thng c gi lch tng-hnh .2.2.0. V mi cng ht cch, nh phi ngh ra li vit khng v ra c.2.2.1. Th-d, ly mt nt ngang lm mc phn-chia trn di, vit thnh hai ch thng(= trn) v h (= di):ch Hnting Hn-Vit thng hngha trn di 41. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 282.2.2. Cc ch ging-ging nh thng v h (trn v di) gi l ch tng-s(Cn gi l ch s hay x s .) Th-d nh,ch Hnting Hn-Vit nhtnh tamvinghamt haibavy quanh2.3.1. Mt th d (nht), hai cng d (nh ), ba cng d (tam ).Ngi c nhn ra ngay.Mt cy th v c (mc ), nhng lm sao v c c mt rng cy?Chng l v mi cy, hai mi cy? Thi th nh phi nhn vi nhau (t ra quy-c.)Khi no v hai cy gn nhau c ngha l rng (lm). Khi no vit ba ch mc thc ngha l cy-ci rm-rp (sm ).ch Hnting Hn-Vitmclmsmngha cyrng cy-ci rm-rp2.3.2. Cch to ch ging-ging nh lm, sm gi l tng- hay hi-.2.4.1. n nhng ch c m ging nhau, th-d nh H l tn mt ging ngi pha bcnc Tu v h l mt vng nc ln hn ao.H l tn mt ging ngi c ri.H l vng nc ln hn ao cha c .Hai ting cng m, ch vit cng vit ging nhau. Mun phn-bit h l vngnc ln tht ln, cho thm ch thu (= nc) trc . Va tin va d c, d phn-bit.ch Hn (+)ting Hn-VitH h (thu + h) nghatn mt ging ngi vng nc ln hn ao2.4.2. Cch to ch ging-ging nh H-h thng c gi l ch tng-thanh(hay hnh-thanh , hi-thanh).2.5.1. Cn c nhiu ch, m khc nhau, ch vit khc nhau, nhng c cng mt ngha.Cc ch ny c xp vo loi chuyn-ch . Khi ni v khi vit, ngi ta ly chny chua ngha ch kia.2.5.2. Th-d 1: Ai, cng , iu, lng , vu c ngha l thng,thng-xt, thng-tic. Ngi ta thng ly ch ai chua ngha cc ch kia.2.5.3. Th-d 2: Khov lou c ngha l gi, c th ly ch ny chuangha ch kia. 42. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit292.6.1. Loi th su c tn l gi-t.Gi-t c ngha mn sai, ly mt ch c sn lm thnh mt ch khc.2.6.2. C hai li gi-t:A. Mn ch c cng thanh vit mt ch khc. Tc l hai ch vit y ht nhau nhngc ngha khc nhau: Th-d 1: l con qu, c mn lm ch trong -h . -h c ngha l than i [c khi vit l ]. Th-d 2: L l mi ngc, gia ngc, c mn lm ch l trong ngha-l. Th-d 3: ol ng, c mn lm ch o trong o-c, o-l.. Mn ch vit mt ch khc c thanh hi khc v ngha cng i khc. Th d: trng = ditrng = ln, ln ln h = di h = xung y = o = mc o2.7. Ni tm li, t xa ti ngay, ngi ta thng ni ti su cch cu-to ch Hn. 1. Tng-hnh 2. Tng-s (hay ch-s, x-s) 3. Tng- (hay hi-) 4. Tng-thanh (hay hnh-thanh, hi-thanh) 5. Chuyn-ch 6. Gi-t.2.8. Ch Hn c t bao gi? Ti-liu xa nht l cc ch vit trn nhng mnh xng trinh-bc tm thy tnhH-nam. Nhiu nh kho-c cho l thuc i Thng(cn gi l nh n ) (vokhong 1756-1123 trc dng-lch). Nh vy, ch Hn c th thnh-hnh trc .Ni tm li, cha bit r ch Hn c t bao gi. Nhng c th ni chc l vo i nhThng c ch Hn ri.2.9. Hnh-thc ca ch Hn. Hnh-thc ca ch Hn thay-i nhiu ln. Ngi ta thng nhc ti tn caThng Hitv L T . Cho ti nay, su kiu ch trin, l, chn, tho,hnh-th v ch n-gin vn cn c dng. 43. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 302.9.1. TrinGm hai loi:i trindo thi-s Trui Chu Tuyn-Vng lm ra.Tiu trindo L Ti Tn lm ra.2.9.2. Ldo Trnh Mc i Tn lm ra.2.9.3. Chn l li vit nt, u ra y, r-rng, d xem. Cn gi l khi (khi-th ).2.9.4. Tho l li ch vit n-gin vit cho nhanh.2.9.5. Hnh-thNgoi bn li trn, cn mt li na chn na tho (hay c th ni l ch chn tho) c gi l hnh-th.2.9.6. Ch n-ginTi u th-k 20, li ch n-gin c dng trong mi vic, t hnh-chnh ngio-dc. Ngi i hc thng ch bit ch n-gin gp rt nhiu tr-ngi khi muntra-cu sch-v ca ngi xa.3. Nguyn-tc vit ch Hn3.0. Ni mt cch phng-tng, mun vit th no cng c min sao ngi vit va ,thy p v ngi khc c th c c.3.1. Theo kinh-nghim ca ngi i trc, mun vit p cn phi theo my nguyn-tcsau y: Tri trc, phi sau. Trn trc, di sau. Ngang trc, dc sau. Gia trc, hai bn sau. Ngoi trc, trong sau. Nt khp kn vit sau cng.3.2. c th ng-dng nhng nguyn-tc trn, cn phi bit qua cc nt ch.3.2.1. Nt chm a. Nt chm trn( trong cc b min u) 44. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit31 Th-d: tngdic . Hai nt chm trnTh-d: thng ng . Nt chm diTh-d:diclng b. Nt chm xc Th-d: tm n c. Nt chm giaTh-d: tho ti3.2.2. Nt ngang a. Nt ngang diTh-d: bttam . Nt ngang ngnTh-d:ng trng hoa hunbttho3.2.3. Nt x a. Nt x thng: di ngnTh-d: tnh hong . Trn lnTh-d:thntrungt . Trn nh Th-d: trnb3.2.4. Nt phy a. NhTh-d:tn quatrng nhnquc tho 45. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 32 . LnTh-d:nguytimc phong trng ng3.2.5. Nt xc Th-d: thanh tip l th iu3.2.6. Nt mc Th-d: tc nhp o thn th huto phc phn dn3.2.7. Nt mca. Mc thngTh-d:nglng sy hnhtrng inh . Mc gy qucmn nhiotrnphong ngvn v di bkh cvn thng tohng . Mc congTh-d:hhanh phmliu b. Mc ngangTh-d:minh tr 46. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 33 c. Mc ngaTh-d: lonnguynnh d ch. Mc nghing Th-d: dc, dctm qua n3.2.8. Nt gya.Nt gy phiTh-d: nhtkinNhiu ngi thch vit nt gy phi c mc:.Nt gy triTh-d: hm snkhung htxutvong tng.Nt gy xinTh-d: nsoiHo tun huyn3.3. Tr li th-t cc nt khi vitTri trc, phi sau.Trn trc, di sau.Ngang trc, dc sau.Gia trc, hai bn sau.Ngoi trc, trong sau.Nt khp kn vit sau cng.3.3.1. Tri trc, phi sau.Th-d: nhtxuyn tn3.3.2. Trn trc, di sau.Th-d:nhbnhhuyn3.3.3. Ngang trc, dc sau.Th-d: thps 47. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit343.3.4. Gia trc, hai bn sau.Th-d: tiu chhc3.3.5. Ngoi trc, trong sau.Th-d:vn nguyt3.3.6. Nt khp kn vit sau cng.Th-d:hi t quc3.3.7. Tuy-nhin, c kh nhiu ch ngoi-l (khng theo nhng cch trn). Th-d: onh3.4. Khi tp vit cn phi nh:3.4.1. Vit trong vungTh-d:tam nhn tiu thin liu3.4.2. Ngang bng x thngTh-d: thp s3.4.3. Nt ngang nh hn nt dcTh-d: thp s3.4.4. Ch t nt phi vit m hn ch nhiu ntTh-d: khuquc3.4.5. Hai phn tri v phi phi ngang nhau.Th-d:thc bin Trng-hp c-bit:a. Ngang u, nu phn trc t nt.Th-d: hngkhu . Ngang chn, nu phn sau t nt. Th-d:hng 48. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit35 Tp VitI. Vit mi ch mi ln. Bt u t nt s 1, ri n s 2, 3...II. m Hn-Vit v ch Hn: 11. nguyt12. xuyn 13. thng 14. trung 21. to 22. nhn23. ch24. i 31. d32. tha 33. hu34. ng 41. lo 42. kho43. trng 44. n 51. thng52. n 53. l 54. trng 61. ch 62. b63. o64. 71. th 72. nam 73. quc 74. hc 49. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 36 50. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit37 Bi TpI. Vit mi ch nm ln. Bt u t nt 1, ri n 2, 3...II. m Hn-Vit v ch Hn:11. lc 12. t 13. ty14. vn1.5. tiu21. ti 22. ho23. ph24. sinh 2.5. lai31. tinh32. cn33. cnh 34. tri3.5. m41. cp 42. hc43. c44. tp4.5. bi51. vi52. trng 53. trng 54. lc5.5. ng61. thc62. th63. m64. hun 6.5. nhn71. thun 72. khn 73. tn74. l 7.5. ngIII. Vit nm cu hay nm nhm li hay nm li c mt trong nhng chva tp vit. Th-d:1. T c v thn. (12) [Ngonh li nhn bn pha khng c (ai l) ngithn (ngi gn-gi thn-thuc).]2. Thunv thun chng, tt bin ng cng cn. (71)3. Khn -gi l ngi xem. (72)IV. Tm nm ch bit ngha, vit thm mt vi ngha khc (ch Hn vitging nh th hoc vit khc) hoc vit nh vy nhng c m hi khc nghakhc. Th-d:1. Lc (54) l ghi chp. Cng m vit khc, lc (11) l su.2. Vi (51) l lm. Khi c l v c ngha l v (v-k = v mnh).3. Ph (33) l b, cha, ba. Cng m vit khc, phl da vo, thmvo, km vo (vng ph-cn - ph-cn l st bn, k bn, gn k). 51. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 38 52. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit395 Ch Hn - Tm Ch5.1. Ngi hc vit ch Hn khng trc th sau cng phi bit m nt. Nt no vittrc m trc, nt no vit sau m sau. Khng k nhng ch n-gin v d m,nhng ch nhiu nt v kh vit, mi ngi m mt li, c th khc nhau vi ba nt. Khi bit m nt v bit b, c th tm ch d-dng.5.2.Tm ch u? Tm trong cc t-in v t-in Hn-Vit xp theo b. Nu c mt s vn kha-kh v ch Hn c th tm ch v tm ngha trong cc t-in Tu.Th-d:1. Thiu-Chu, Hn-Vit T-in. H-ni: Nh In uc Tu, 1942.Hin nay cc tim sch c cun ti-bn ln th hai (c thm mc-lc 92 trang tratheo mu t). trn mng c th mhttp://perso.wanadoo.fr/dang.tk/langues/hanviet.htm hoc l http://www.vnet.org/vanlangsj/nomtool/ 2. Nguyn-Trn-M, Nam Hoa T in (In ln th nht). H-ni: Th-Hng,194?. (Bi ta vit nm 1940). 3. Trn-Trng-San, Hn-Vit T-in. Scarborough (Ontario, Canada): Bc u,1997. 4. Trn Vn Chnh, T in Hn Vit - Hn ng C i v Hin i. Thnh phH Ch Minh: Nh Xut bn Tr, 2001.5.3.Th no l b:Ngy nay, cc t-in ting Vit c xp theo th-t a b c... Cc t-inAnh, Php, M cng xp theo a b c.Th-d ting Vit:Am, m, an, ang, ng... c xp vo mc A.m, m, n, n... c xp vo mc .Ba, b, ban, bn, bang, bng... c xp vo mc B.A b c ch d e ... thng c gi l ch ci.Bt u bng ch ci no th xp vo ch ci . Ch Hn cng c nhng ch ci nh th, nhng khng gi l ch ci m gi l bhay b th. Ch no thuc b no th xp vo b . Nh vy, c th ni b l nhng ch ci ca ch Hn. Th-d: 1. Nhtinhtht tam thngh thu c ch nht c xp vo b nht . 53. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit40 2. Khu c c chkh danhqunchu u c ch khu c xp vo b khu. 3. T khng ttnmnh hi tnhcu c ch tc xp vo b t . 4. Tm ttnhn chvongtrungnt on khngu c ch tm c xp vo b tm. 5. Ngn nh phktho ngoa tngha bnhu c ch ngn c xp vo b ngn. 6. ...Nh vy, nu bit m nt v c mt -nim v b, ngi hc ch Hn c thm mt cun t-in hay t-in xp theo b tm ch v tm ngha.Tuy-nhin, tm ch theo b kh hn tm ch theo ch ci. Th nht v ch ci tht cn b th qu nhiu. Cc t-in v t-in ln c ti 214 b. Th hai, nhiu khi tngl b ny nhng s tht li l b khc. Lm lc khng nhn ra b.5.4. Trc khi tm-hiu cn-k hn, chng ta nhn qua b mt ca 214 b ch Hn, btu bng b nht ch c mt nt, cho ti b dc c ti 17 nt.1. nht2. cn3. ch 4. phit5. t6. quyt7. nh 8. u9. nhn , 10. nhn 11. nhp12. bt13. quynh14. mch15. bng 16. k17. khm18. ao,19. lc20. bao 21. chu22. phng 23. h24. thp25. bc26. tit27. hn28. t29. hu 30. khu31. vi 32. th 33. s 34. truy, tri 35. suy [Thiu Chu bb 34. truy, tri cn li 213 b] 36. tch 37. i 38. n39. t40. min41. thn 42. tiu 43. ung44. thi 45. trit46. san 47. xuyn , 48. cng49. k50. cn 51. can52. yu 53. nghim54. dn 55. cng56. dc 57. cung58. k59. sam60. xch 61. tm, 62. qua63. h64. th, 65. chi66. phc67. vn 68. u 69. cn70. phng 71. v72. nht 73. vit74. nguyt 75. mc76. khim 77. ch78. i79. th 80. v81. t82. mao 83. th 84. kh 85. thu, 86. ho, 87. tro88. ph 89. ho90. tng91. phin 92. nha 93. ngu94. khuyn ,95. huyn 96. ngc ,97. qua 98. ngo99. cam 100. sinh101. dng102. in 103. s 104. nch105. bt106. bch107. b108. mnh 109. mc110. mu111. th 112. thch113. th, 114. nhu115. ho116. huyt117. lp118. trc119. m 120. mch121. phu122. vng ,123. dng124. v125. lo 126. nhi127. li128. nh 54. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 41129. dut 130. nhc , 131. thn132. t 133. ch134. cu135. thit136. suyn 137. chu138. cn 139. sc 140. tho,141. h 142. trng 143. huyt144. hnh 145. y , 146. ,147. kin 148. gic149. ngn 150. cc151. u 152. th153. tr154. bi 155. xch 156. tu157. tc 158. thn159. xa 160. tn 161. thn 162. sc,163. p ,164. du165. bin166. l 167. kim168. trng 169. mn170. ph , 171. i172. chuy 173. v 174. thanh 175. phi176. din 177. cch178. vi 179. cu180. m181. hit182. phong 183. phi184. thc 185. th186. hng 187. m188. ct189. cao 190. tiu 191. u192. sng 193. cch194. qu195. ng 196. iu 197. l 198. lc 199. mch200. ma 201. hong 202. th203. hc204. tr 205. mnh206. nh 207. c208. th209. t 210. t211. x212. long 213. quy 214. dc5.5. 214 b ch Hn v mt vi th-d1. 1 nt c 6 b: nht cn ch phit t quyt1.1. nhttht (by) (mt) thng (trn)1.2. cn trung (gia, trong) xuyn (sut, x qua, xu (tin))1.3. ch hon (vin) ch (ngi gi quyn, ngi c quyn)1.4. phit ni (bn)(du phy) h(vy, )1.5. tcu(chn [9])(can th hai kht(xin)trong 10 can)nh (v)1.6. quyt liu (xong)(nt s c mc)s (vic) 55. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 422. 2 nt c 23 b: nhbngh ukthp nhn (nhn)khmbc nhn (nhn)ao tit nhp lc hn btbao t quynhchuhu mch phng2.7. nhng (nm) (hai)(tn mt chu; th nh, th hai)2.8. uvong(mt)giao (i li vi nhau, chi vi nhau)2.9. nhn (nhn)nhn (yu ngi, thng ngi) (ngi)kim(nay)2.10. nhn (nhn) nguyn(mi u, bt u, ng u) (ngi)huynh(anh)2.11. nhpni (trong, v) (vo)lng (hai); lng, lng (mi ng cn)2.12. bt binh(lnh) (tm)in (sch [quan-trng])2.13. quynh sch(bn vn ca vua cho ai ci g; sch) (t xa) mo (hp-tp, l-mng, lm ba, lm gi)2.14. mchquan(m, nn); qun (i, ng u) (trm ln) minh (m-mt, ngu-ti)2.15. bngng(mt trong bn ma) (nc )bng(nc ; lnh, lnh-lng; lm mi)2.16. kphm(h, gm tt-c; hn, khc vi tin) (gh)hong(con phng ci)2.17. khmhung (d; git ngi) (h ming) xut(ra, sinh ra, hn)2.18. ao phn(chia, chia-li); phn (phn, phn) (dao)vn (m vo c)2.19. lc cng(vic) (sc)lit(km, yu, hn-mn)2.20. bao vt(ch, ng) (bc)bao(bc)2.21. chu, truho(i, tr nn) (ci tha) bc (tn mt phng, ngc li vi nam) 56. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 432.22. phngph(khng ng, gic c)( ng)qu(hm, rng)2.23. h, hbin (tm vn vit ch)(che y)khu (ci, vng)2.24. thpthin (nghn, ngn)(mi, mi)thng (ln)2.25. bc chim(xem, coi im on tt xu)(bi ra) qui (qu)2.26. titmo(tn mt chi trong 12 chi)nguy (cao, cao n mun , khng yn-lnh)2.27. hn hu (dy, i-x tt) (sn ni) nguyn (ch bng-phng, ch gia c nc)2.28. t, kh kh (i, b, tn mt thanh [thinh] ln cao)tham (xen vo, d vo); sm (mt th c qu)2.29. hu cp(kp) (li)hu (bn)1. 3 ntc 31 b: khuthn can vitiu yu th ung nghim sthidn truy, tri tritcng suysan, sn dc tchxuyncung i cng k nk sam tcnxch min3.30. khuc (xa) (ming, mm) c(cu)vn(hi)3.31. vit(ngi b nht)nhn(gc-r, ci gy ra ci khc)3.32. th a (t) (t)qun( u, bng, khng hn khng km)to (ngi)3.33. strng(mnh, kho) (hc tr)th (lu di, sng lu, chc mng) 57. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit443.34. truy, tri Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu khng c b ny.(theo, theo sau m n)3.35. suy (i chm) h (h)3.36. tch ngoi (ngoi, v pha m)(bui ti) d (m, v m)3.37. ithin (tri, Tri)(ln)phu (n ng, chng)3.38. n n(ngi )(n b con gi) ho (tt, hay), hiu (thch, yu-thch) nga (p, tt-p)3.39. t t (ch)(con)qu (ma, cui)3.40. min th(gi); th (xem-xt ni mnh gi)(mi nh)an (yn, yn-lnh, yn)3.41. thn t (cha, ni s )(tc)tm (tm)3.42. tiu thiu(t); thiu (tr)(nh)tim(nhn, ci g c mi nhn)3.43. ung vu (l-lng, l-thng)(king chn) tu(nn, ti)3.44. thic (, ngi n ng nh tu theo Pht)(thy, xc)c(nh )3.45. trittrun(kh)(cy c mi mc) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 2 ch.3.46. san (sn)ngn (b)(ni)bng(l, ni l, mt; vua cht)3.47. xuyntun (i xem-xt)(sng) so(t, )3.48. cng t (tri)(kho, lm kho) xo (kho)3.49. k t(tn mt chi trong 12 chi) (tn mt can, mnh) hng (ng)3.50. cnb(vi)(khn) bch(la)3.51. cancan (lm li nng, ci mc tn n, can)(ci mc n) nin (nm) hnh(may)3.52. yuu(b nh) (nh) k (my) 58. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 453.53. nghim, ym (y) (mi nh) kh(kho)3.54. dnnh(ch vua quan bn vic nc) (bc di)kin (dng nn)3.55. cng chp, nhp (hai mi) (chp tay)lng (thi, a bn)3.56. dcthc (khun php) (bn) th (ngi di git ngi trn)3.57. cung iu (thm-ving ngi cht) (mt th kh-gii)nhc(yu, yu-ui) cng (mnh)3.58. k tu(chi) (u nhm)v, vng(xp tng loi vi nhau, loi)3.59. samhnh(dng) (lng di)nh (bng)3.60. xch, sch vng(i) hu(sau)4. 4 nt c 34 b: tmnguytho quamc tro h khim ph thch ho chii tng phc th phin vnvnha utngu cnmao khuyn , phng th v kh nht (nht)thu vit4.61. tmch ( vo vic g v mun lm cho c) (tim, ch ngh)t(ngh, ngh n) c(ghi nh, nh)4.62. quathnh(nn, tr nn) (ci mc) ng(ta, ca ta, mnh)4.63. h phng (bung) (ca mt cnh)s (ch, ni; thuc v ) 59. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 464.64. thti(tht gii v ci g, va mi) (tay) ma(xoa, xt, mi) m(khun, no; bt chc)4.65. chikhi (nghing, lch) (ngnh, nhnh; t su dn mo thn t ng mi thn du tut hi l 12 chi)4.66. phc, phc thu(gp nht)(nh kh) cng (nh, vy nh)4.67. vnvn(v, v p; gom-gp nhi u li thnh bi...)4.68. uliu (ci g c th dng lm ci khc)(ci u, tn sao) t (lch, vo)4.69. cntn (mi)(ci ru)on (dt, cht t)4.70. phng thi(by ra, t ra, a ra)(vung)l(tr, tr; tn mt n-v trong qun-i)4.71. v(khng)k(, qua)4.72. nht (nht)to (sm, thi-gian u ca mt ngy)(mt tri, ngy) minh(sng) hn(ti)4.73. vit khc (cong, ch cong)(ni rng, rng) th(sch)4.74. nguyt hu(c)(mt trng, thng) bng(bn, bn-b)4.75. mcv(cha) [nt trn cng ngn hn](cy [to], g) mt (ngn) [nt trn cng di hn] bn, bn(gc, vn, ting ch loi cho bi-v, tranh-nh)4.76. khimth(ln-lt, xp theo ln-lt)(thiu, ngp)hn(mng, mng-r, hn-h) hoan (vui, vui-mng, hn-h)4.77. chchnh, chnh (phi, khng sai, ngay-ngn)(ngng li, dng)b (khong gia hai chn khi i, mt bc)4.78. i, ngttun(cht treo, cht v treo c)(sng tn, ti) tn (d, cn tha, gn ht, thiu)4.79. thst(git)(mt th binh-kh) hu (lm cho mt i)4.80. v mu (m)(ch, ng)mi (tng n-v, thng-thng)4.81. t, b (so-snh) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 3 ch.4.82. maocu(qu bng, tri bng)(lng) thm (ci m lng) 60. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit474.83. th (nn, gc) [sch Thi u-Chu in thiu 1 nt] (h) dn (ngi dn, con dn ca lng, ca nc)4.84. kh kh(hi, th hi) (hi)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 5 ch.4.85. thucu (tm) (nc) mt(chm, m, mt, cht, ht)4.86. ho thn (than) (la)pho(sng ln)chiu(soi-sng, bn nhau m xem-xt)4.87. trotranh (ginh)(mng)vi (lm); v (v)4.88. ph (cha, b) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 3 ch.4.89. ho nh (my, ngi, nh ngi)(1/6 ca qu) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 3 ch.4.90. tng sng (ging)(tm vn) tng (vch , vch gch)4.91. phin bi(th, c bi)(mnh)bng (tm vn dng vit hay dn ln)4.92. nha sanh (chng-)(rng)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thi u-Chu ch c 2 ch.4.93. ngumc(ngi chn, chn-nui)(tru)vt(cc loi trong tri t)4.94. khuyn ,trng(dng, tnh-hnh, n kin)(ch) ch (tn ging ngi pha bc nc Tu [vi coithng])5 nt c 23 b:huy n s thngc , nch thchquabtthngo bch nhucamb hosinh (sanh)mnh huytdng mclpi nmu 61. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 485.95. huynxut (hp-tp) (mu en)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3-4 ch.5.96. ngc vng(vua) ( bu, qu)ngon(chi, vui-chi, bn, vn)5.97. quah(bu, cy bu) (da) biu (bu ng nc, ng ru)5.98. ngo bnh(l, ng nh) (ngi)u(ci bn nh)5.99. camthm(rt; no) (ngt)im (ngt)5.100. sinh (sanh) sn (, ch ) (sng) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 5 ch.5.101. dng(dng) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.5.102. indo (bi, t) (rung) nam (con trai)5.103. ss (xa, khng gn, tha, t) (chn)nghi (ng)5.104. nchtt (mnh my khng c d chu; vt) (tt-bnh)bnh (m, au-m) thng (au-n, au-xt)5.105. bt ng (ln)(ging chn, xoc cng) ) htp(bn ra, m ra, n ra, bt ra, ln hn)5.106. bchbch (trm)(trng)giai (u)5.107. b (da) c (trng) [thng vit vi b chi ]5.108. mnhminh (th)( ng) tn (ht)5.109. mc trc(thng)(mt)tng(cng, nhau, cng nhau) cao (m-mng, nhn bng)5.110. mu cng(xt-thng)(ci gio)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.5.111. th tri (bit, hiu-bit)(ci tn)on (ngn)5.112. thch ph(lm v, lm cho ht b-mt)() nghin(nghin, nghin-ngm)5.113. k, th t(ng, b ca b)(k = thn t)tng (im tt)(th = mch bo) phc (iu tt-lnh Tri cho)5.114. nhucm (loi chim) 62. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit49 (vt ngn chn ca th-vt) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.5.115. ho t (p) (la) thu(mt ma trong 4 ma)5.116. huyt khng(rng) (hang, l)cng (ch su nht, xa nht, n l ht)5.117. lp chng (v p, iu, mc) ng (tr th, con nt, tr con) kit(ht)6. 6 nt c 29 b: trc nh cn m dutsc mch nhc tho phu thnh vngttrng dngch huyt v cu hnh lothit y nhisuyn lichu6.118. trctiu(ci) (tre) p (tr li, tr li li, tr n)6.119. mphn(bt go, bt lm cho p da...) (go) h(keo dn)6.120. mchh(buc, treo; mi ni lin) (si t nh)hng ()6.121. phu, phukhuyt (khng trn-vn; cn trng) ( snh) khnh(ht nhn, ht sch, chng cn g)6.122. vng vng (li) (li)hn(t) m(mng, chi) bi (b, thi, ngh, b thi)6.123. dng m(p) (d)nhung(mt th vi rt mn) [cng vit l ] qun(by, n)6.124. vng (ting gi ngi n ng vi tn-knh) (lng chim) tp (lm cho quen, lm i lm li cho quen)6.125. lo lo (gi by mi tui) kho(gi, gi-nua) k(gi su mi tui) 63. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit506.126. nhi ni (chu nhn) (m, vy, bn) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3-5 ch.6.127. licanh (cy, cy) (ci cy)ngu (hai ngi cng cy, cng lm vi nhau)6.128. nhthnh (ngi hon-ton tt bc) (tai)vn (nghe, nghe thy6.129. dut tc(ngay-ngn ng-hong) (bn)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 5 ch.6.130. nhc can(gan) (tht) c (i v)chi(chn tay)v (d dy, d dy)bi(lng)6.131. thn ngo (nm) (by ti)lm (ti)6.132. t x (mi hi-thi; ting xu) (t, bi, do)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.6.133. chtr(suy-xt cho ti ht) (n)i(nh xy ch cao thy t mi pha)6.134. cucu(cu) (ci ci)d (cng)hng (dy, ni ln, lm nn)6.135. thitx(nh , qun tr) (li) th (dui ra, m ra)6.136. suynv(ma) (ngang tri) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.6.137. chuhng(thuyn, vt qua) (thuyn) nh(thuyn nh m di)6.138. cnlng (lnh, tt)(mt qu trong 8 qu) gian(kh-khn, ngn-tr)6.139. scdim (p, ti p, rc-r) [cng vit l] (v, bng-dng)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2-3 ch.6.140. tho kh (ng) (c) tho (c)h(sen)6.141. h h(cp) (vn cp)x(, li n-, t- cho ng); x (ni, ch)6.142. trngvn(mui) (su b) x (rn)6.143. huyt (mu)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 5-7 ch. 64. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit516.144. hnh thut (ngh ring, ng-li do m ngh ra) (i) v(gi, gi-gn)6.145. y biu( ngoi, t r) (o) ti(may ct; bt i)qun ( mc che pha di; vy c hai ng)6.146. ty(mt trong 4 hng; oi) (che, trm ln)yu(ng l); yu (i, mong-mun)7. 7 nt c 20 b: kinbithn gicxch sc ngntup cc tcdu u thn bin th xa l tr tn7.147. kin quy (ci khun) (thy) th(nhn k, trng, dm; trng-coi)gic(bit r nhng iu cha tng bit)7.148. gic gii (ba ra, b ra, ca ra, m ra) (sng) xc(hc, m; chm st vo nhau)7.149. ngn nh(bn-bc k vi nhau) (ni)ha(hn)thi(th)7.150. cckh(khe) (hang, sui) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.7.151. uphong (khm-kh mau, tt-ti, c ma) () dim (p, ti p, rc-r) [cng vit l ]7.152. thtng(voi) (ln, heo) tr(con ln con, heo nh)7.153. trbo(beo) (su khng chn) mo(mt)7.154. bitrinh(ngi n b cha tht-tit) (con s) l(t lt)7.155. xch x (tha) () hch(ni gin, r-rt)7.156. tusiu(nhy qua, vt qua; ti-tr hn ngi) (chy) vit(vt qua, qua); Vit (tn ging ngi)7.157. tcch (chn, ngn chn) (chn) tch(vt chn) 65. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit52v(qu ng)7.158. thn cung(ci mnh xung vi) (mnh) th(ni chung mnh-my; ci g u ra y)[cn vit l hay ]7.159. xa qun(lnh, lnh-trng)(xe)ti (ch)7.160. tnbin (xt s vt ri chia xu tt phi tri)(cay) t(li)7.161. thn nhc(nhn, chu thp-hn xu h)(thn [7-9 gi sng]) nng (ngh lm rung, ngi lm rung)7.162. sc trun(vng-vt khng bc i c)(cht i cht ng) nghinh, nghnh(n)7.163. p (k ch, ni rng-ln ngi ng-c)(ni nhiu ngi ) ng (tn h)ln(lng-ging)7.164. duchc (rt ru, chuc ru)(mt chi trong 10 chi)tu (ru)7.165. bin thi, thi(hi, ngt, b bng my ngn tay)(mt li vit ca ) thch(ci ra, ni ra, ni ra cho r)7.166. l trng(nng) (lng) d (cnh ng, ngi qu-ma)8. 8 nt c 9 b: kim phv trngithanh mn chuy phi8.167. kiminh (anh) (vng) minh (khc, ghi nh)to (ci vng, che lp)8.168. trng trng(di); trng (ln, ln ln)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 1 ch.8.169. mnb (ng ca, ng kn) (ca)khai(m ca, m ra, n ra, ba ra, phanh ra)8.170. phNguyn(tn h) (ni t, to ln)lc (t lin, ng b)8.171. il(thuc v, ngi sai bo) (i)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2-3 ch.8.172. chuy chch (chic, mt mnh, mt ci) (chim ui ngn) tc (chim s)k (g) 66. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 538.173. v vn (my) (ma)sng(mc, sng)8.174. thanhtnh (yn, yn-lng) (xanh) tnh(yn, yn-lng; vng)8.175. phiph (ting ghi m ting mn ca php c-ph) (tri)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.9.9 nt c 11 b:din m thccch hit thvi phonghngcuphi9.176. din (mt)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3-5 ch.9.177. cchhi (giy, giy)(da) an(yn nga)9.178. viHn(tn nc ngy xa)(da thuc)thao(ti ng gm, cung; php dng binh)9.179. cu (h)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3 ch.9.180. mthiu (tt-p)(ting cao thp c trong) vn (vn)9.181. hitthun (theo)(u)tu (nn)9.182. phong tp(ting gi thi mnh)(gi)phiu (thi nh-nhng, nh-nhng)9.183. phi (bay) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2 ch.9.184. thcc(i)(n, n)bo (no)9.185. th quc(tai ct ra)(u, trc ht) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2 ch.9.186. hng phc (thm ngo-ngt)(mi thm) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3 ch.10.10 nt c 8 b: mtiu cch ct uqu cao sng10.187. mhi (git mnh) (nga) kinh(s)10.188. ct tu (m trong xng) (xng)th (ni chung mnh-my; ci g u ra y) 67. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 54[cn vit l]10.189. cao cao (ngc li vi thp)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 1 ch.10.190. tiu, bu phng-pht (nh l-m; thy khng r; (tc di lt-tht) ging-ging) [Cn vit l ]th(ct tc)10.191. u no, nho (n-o, rm-r)(nh nhau) u (nh nhau)10.192. sng ut(bun-b, tc)(ru np)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2 ch.10.193. cchchc (cho) [cng vit l ] (tn nc ngy xa)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.10.194. qu hn(hn)(qu) phch (va)11.11 nt c 6 b: nglmch iu lc ma11.195. ngtin (c ti) (c)l(c chp)11.196. iu minh (ht) nga(ngng)11.197. l dim(mui) (t mn) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4-5 ch.11.198. lcl (p) (hu)th (khng c mn) [cng vit l ]11.199. mch min (bt go, mt th bn) (la t) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 5-8 ch.11.200. mahuy(vy) (cy gai)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3 ch.12.12 nt c 4 b: hong, hunh hc thch12.201. hong, hunh (mu vng)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2 ch.12.202. thl(en, dn en); L (tn h) (la) nim(dnh)12.203. hcmc (yn-lng) 68. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit55 (en) im (chm, im)12.204. ch, tr Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3 ch. (ch may v thu-tha)chm-ch (kim v ch).13.13 nt c 4 b: mnh, mn c nhth13.205. mnh, mnmnh(con chu-chuc, con nhi); mn (gng-gi, c-gng)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 6-7 ch.13.206. nh (vc)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4-5 ch.13.207. c (trng)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 3-4 ch.13.208. th Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 9-11 ch. (chut)14.14 nt c 2 b:tt14.209. t(mi) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4 ch.14.210. ttrai (cm khng tht c ru) (u)Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 5 ch.15.15 nt ch c 1 b: x15.211. xngn (chn rng, li, nu) (rng) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 18 ch.16.16 nt ch c 1 b: long16.212. longBng (tn h) (rng) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 4-5 ch.17.17 nt c 2 b:quydc17.213. quy(ra) Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 1-3 ch.17.214. dc, thcHn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu ch c 2-3 ch. 69. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit565.6. Trong 214 b ch Hn, c nhiu b c rt nhiu ch, c nhiu b chc dm ba ch. Trong Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu, b trng(trang 723) chc mt ch. Nhng kh-khn trong vic tm ch theo b. Nhng kh-khn ca vic tm ch theo b c ba loi chnh: (1) S b qu nhiu. Kh hn na, c nhng ch c nhiu thnh-phn l b th hay trng ging b th, nn phi on. (2) Cc b khng phi ch ng pha bn tay tri nh ch ci, m c khi trn, c khi di... (3) C rt nhiu ch khng nhn ra c b.Th-d:5.6.1. B pha tay triph(ThCh248) thuc b th(ThCh268 = Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu, trang 248.)minh(ThCh269) b nhtch (ThCh622) b ngntrn(ThCh737) b ph(B ph bn tri, b ptrng ging nh vy, nhng bn phi.)5.6.2. B pha tay tri m trnchp (ThCh 111) b thbo (ThCh112) b th5.6.3. B pha trnu(ThCh405) b int(ThCh445) b hophng (ThCh787) b tiu5.3.4. B pha bn phihn(ThCh791) b quthun(ThCh761) b hitliu (ThCh261) b ut (ThCh694) b p(B p bn phi, b ph trng ging nh vy, nhng lun-lun bn tri.)5.6.5. B pha dithng (ThCh 172) b cnt(ThCh481) b mchl(ThCh 622) b ngn5.6.6. B pha tay phi m diti (ThCh 106) b tht (ThCh 167) b cng5.6.7. B pha tay tri m dikh(ThCh 79) b khu 70. Phm-Vn-Hi- Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit57h(ThCh 97) b khuti (ThCh605) b y5.6.8. B trong hay giani (ThCh41) b nhpvn (ThCh92) b khuu(ThCh176) b yu5.6.9. B ngoi hay c trn ln dit(ThCh102) b vinhim (ThCh44) b quynhhung (ThCh48) b khmhiu(ThCh101) b khu5.6.10. B vit hai bnthut(ThCh600) b hnhduyt(ThCh728) b mnhng (ThCh789) b u5.6.11. B bt ntkho (ThCh511) b logi(ThCh791) b lohoang (ThCh598) b huyt[thng vit thiu 1 nt]5.6.12. B vit hi khc vi ch vit bnh-thnga(ThCh107) b thtr(ThCh535) b chch (ThCh657) b tc5.6.13. B vit khc vi ch vit bnh-thngbt (ThCh461) b trc (Ch trc bnh-thng)mt (ThCh335) b thu (Ch thu bnh-thng )tnh(ThCh207) b tm(Ch tm bnh-thng )t(ThCh694) b p (Ch p bnh-thng )5.6.14. Mt s b c nhiu cch vit khc nhautm ch vit bnh-thngb tm on (ThCh202) khip(ThCh203)thuch vit bnh-thngb thuvnh (ThCh332) p(ThCh335) mt(ThCh335)nhn ch vit bnh-thngb nhngii (ThCh15) trc(ThCh15) nhn(ThCh15) 71. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit58 tch vit bnh-thngb t kht(ThCh9)cu (ThCh9)nh (ThCh9)5.6.15. B vit hai ba lnsch(ThCh44) b quynhchung(ThCh592) b trngc (ThCh596) b trngphn (ThCh304) b mc5.6.16. B vit hai ba ln ging nhaulm(ThCh288) b mcsm (ThCh303) b mcgian (ThCh129) b n5.6.17. Phi on blai (ThCh23) b nhnmo (ThCh44) b quynhtn(ThCh103) b vic(ThCh167) b cngcc (ThCh302) b mccu (ThCh333) b thuchi (ThCh7) b phit5.6.18. Nhng kh-khn trong vic tm ch Hn cn nhiu hn na. Tuy-nhin, nu chukh v kin-nhn, vic tm ch s cng ngy cng nhanh-chng hn v d-dng hn.5.7.Bt tay vo vic:Mun tra mt ch trong t-in hay t-in xp theo b, phi lm ba vic:(1) on b.(2) Cn-c vo phn lit-k cc b xem b trang no.(3) Nu khng thy ch mun tm, m phn lit-k cc ch kh on b.Khi bt tay vo vic, c th theo th-t sau y:a. Xem ch mun tm thuc b no. Nu c nhiu thnh-phn l b, c th mt b, bt-cb no.1. Tm phn lit-k cc b xem b trang no.2. Lt trang tng-ng.3. m s nt cn li, khng k b.4. Tm ch phn c s nt mi m.. Nu khng thy1. m nt c ch.2. Tm phn lit-k cc ch kh on b. Xem ch trang no. (S trang ghi di mi ch.) 72. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit59Th-d (Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu.)1.a. Ch ny thuc b mcbn nt (?). [Ch on, khng bit c ng hay khng.]. Tm phn Tng Mc, trang VII, di ch 4 nt l s 282.. Lt trang 282. m s nt cn li (khng k b mc): 5 nt.b. Tm phn 5 nt, trang 289, thyKh 1: Kh ho ...2.a. Ch ny thuc b tmbn nt (?).. Tm phn Tng Mc, trang VII, di ch4 nt l s 198.. Lt trang 198. m s nt cn li (khng k b tm): 9 nt.b. Tm phn 9 nt, t trang 209 n trang 211: khng thy. Tm ln mt nt (8 nt): khng thy. Tm xung mt nt (10 nt), thy trang 212 t 1: Lnh, yu rt mc...3.a. Ch ny thuc b qua bn nt (?).. Tm phn Tng Mc, trang VII, di ch 4 nt l s 219.. Lt trang 219. m s nt cn li (khng k b qua): 4 nt.b. Tm phn 4 nt, trang 220, thy:Hoc 1: Hoc, l li ni cn ng,...4.a. Ch ny thuc b quabn nt (?).. Tm phn Tng Mc, trang VII, di ch4 nt l s 219.. Lt trang 219. m s nt cn li (khng k b qua): 5 nt.b. Tm phn 5 nt, trang 220: khng c. Tm ln mt nt (4 nt): khng thy. Tm xung mt nt (6 nt): khng thy.c. m nt c ch: 9 nt. Lt Mc Tra Ch trang IX, phn 9 nt (trang XI) thy trang 89. Lt trang 89, thy: Hm 1: Khp c. 2. u,... Ch hm thuc b khuch khng phi b qua nh on.5.a. Khng bit thuc b no. [Khng on c.]c. m nt c ch: 5 nt. 73. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit60 Lt Mc Tra Ch trang IX, phn 5 nt (trang X): khng thy. Tm ln mt nt (4 nt - trang IX) thy trang 2. Lt trang 2, thy:Ci 1: xin, nh kht ci... Ch ci thuc b nht . m c ch ch c 4 nt.6.a. Ch ny gm ba ch nht , nht-nh thuc b nht (?).. Tm phn Tng Mc, trang VII, di ch4 nt l s 267.. Lt trang 267. m s nt cn li: 8 nt.b. Tm phn 8 nt, trang 273 v trang 274, thy:tinh 1: Trong xut... Ngy nay thng vit l trong sut.7.a. Ch ny c 3 thnh-phn vit ging nhau, b th l mt trong ba thnh-phn hoc l trong mt thnh-phn (?).. Tm phn Tng Mc, phn 8 nt, khng thy, phn 7 nt, khng thy, phn 9 ntcng khng thy.. B th nht-nh phi trong mt thnh-phn (?). Chc l b mc . B mc 5 nt trang 425. m s nt cn li ca c ch: 19 nt.b. Tm phn 19 nt, trang 431, thy:Sc 1: Sc nhin...5.8.Trng-hp nghe ni m khng hiu ngha hoc mun hiu r hn, th-d imyu v yu-im ging nhau khc nhau th no, m phn Mc lc - Tra theo vn A, B,C... hay m nhng cun t-in Hn-Vit (hay Hn-Vit t-in) xp theo a b c. Munchc-chn hn na, m thm t-in ting Vit. 74. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit61 Bi Tp 11. Vit mi ch trong phn 5.5. nm ln.2.1. Li b nht hay b khu?2.2. Hnh b thp b th hay b can ?2.3. K b ihay b khu?2.4. Ct b shay b khu ?2.5. Hp, hipb nhn hay b khu?2.6. ng b quynh , b nhthay b khu ?2.7. b nhn, i hay b khu?2.8. Bnhb quynh, b nhnhay b nht ?2.9. Xuynb khu hay b cn ?2.10. H b quyt hay b phit ?Hng dn tm gii pC th m Hn-Vit T-in ca Thiu-Chu:2.1. Li (trang 83)2.6. ng(81)2.2. Hnh(175) 2.7. (28)2.3. K(123) 2.8. Bnh (4)2.4. Ct(81) 2.9. Xuyn(5)2.5. Hp, hip(81) 2.10. H(7) 75. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit62 Bi Tp 21.1. Vit li v phin m tng ch. Cn gip-, xem 1.2. 1.3. l phn gii-p.5.1. 5.2.5.3. 5.4.5.5. 5.6.5.7. 5.8.5.9. 5.10.5.11.5.12.5.13.5.14.5.15. ( )5.16.5.17.5.18.5.19.5.20.5.21.5.22.5.23.5.24.5.25.5.26.5.27.5.28.5.29.5.30.1.2.B5.1. (b th)(b tm) 5.2.(b can)(b thanh )5.3. (b m )(b k ) 5.4.(b phc ) (b nhn)5.5. (b in )(b nht ) 5.6. (b th ) (b can)5.7. (b nhn) (b lp) 5.8. (b ph ) (b xch )5.9. (b nhn)(b cung ) 5.10.(b tch ) (b nhn)5.11.(b tch )(b lp) 5.12. (b thanh)(b can )5.13. (b bi)(b nhn ) 5.14.(b huyt)5.15. (b thu ) (b bng ) 5.16. (b can )(b sinh )5.17. (b khu) (b nhc ) 5.18.(b ch )(b khu )5.19.(b san ) (b th) 5.20.(b thu)5.21. (b nht )(b nhn ) 5.22. (b nhn ) (b mch )5.23.(b nhn ) (b nhn ) 5.24.(b nhn ) (b tm)5.25. (b s) (b tm ) 5.26. (b n) (b nhn)5.27. (b mc) (b tho ) 5.28. (b trc ) (b nhn )5.29. (b nhn ) (b chuy) 5.30.(b can)(b k) 76. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit631.3.5.8. A-tng (a-tng)5.21. bt-nhn5.16. bnh-sinh 5.2. bnh-tnh [dp yn]5.13. bi-thng5.4. c-nhn5.14. cng-qun 5.11. a-oan5.17. ng-bo5.5. ng-thi5.22. gii-thiu5.30. hnh-phc5.9. huynh- 5.1. kin-nhn5.18. lch-s 5.10. mng-triu5.25. nghi-hoc 5.24. ngng-m5.7. nhi-ng 5.29. nho-nh5.6. qun-bnh5.19. sng-bi5.28. tit-kim 5.3. tinh-thn5.23. tha-nhn5.12. thanh-nin5.20. thao-thao 5.15. th-lng ( )5.26. uy-nghi 5.27. vinh-hoa2. Vit ngha tng ch v vit ngha c li.Th-d: tha = khc; nhn = ngitha-nhn = ngi khc. 77. Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 64 78. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit65 6 Hc Ch Hn6.1. Bit mnh cha , chng ta cn phi bit ngi. V th, khi hc-hi v ch vit vting ni ca ngi Vit, chng ta khng th khng bit v nhng th ting m chng ta mn. C ngi ni Ngi xung bng sau m khng h bit bng l ting mn caPhp. Nu bit, c th h ni Ngi xung hng gh sau. C nhiu ngi v ngcxng mnh l nhng bc ho-hn. Nu h bit Hn l ngi Tu, chc-chn h khngni nh vy. Nhng ting mn ca Php, ca Anh, ca Thi... khng nhiu bng nhngting mn ca ting Tu ngy xa, m ngy nay ngi Vit thng gi l ting Hn-Vit. Mun hiu thu-o ting Hn-Vit, phi bit ting Tu vo th-k th chn thmi. Mun bit ting Tu vo th-k th chn th mi, cn phi bit ch Hn. Hc chHn v ting Hn-Vit l iu thit-yu i vi nhng ngi mun bit r v ting Hn-Vit v mun dng ting Hn-Vit cho ng v va .Tt-nhin, chng ta khng hc ch Hn nh ngi xa. Xa kia, mt ngi bnh-thng phi hc hn mi nm mi sc i thi. C thi mi c lm quan. C lmquan c h mi c nh. D khng hc nh vy, chng ta cng khng th ph-nhn c nhiu cu, nhiu li trong sch-v xa vn cn trong nhng cu ni hng ngy, th-dnh, Nhn chi s, tnh bn thin. u bt hc, lo h vi.6.2. Ngy xa hc nh th no? Lc mi i hc, d nh hay ln vn phi hc y nh nhau. Bt u thng-thngl cun Nht Thin T (mt nghn ch). Sut ngy phi -a cho ti khi thuclng Thin tri, a t, vn my. V ma, phong gi, tr ngy, d m. Tinh sao, lmc, tng im. Hu lnh, khnh phc, tng thm, a nhiu...V c vn theo th su-tm (lc-bt) nn d nh. Tng hai ch mt, ch th nhtl ch Hn m Hn-Vit, ch th hai l ting Vit. (Thin = tri, a = t, vn = my...)C hc nh con vt, khng cn bit cch t cu ca ch Hn ging hay l khc tingVit nh th no.Ngoi Nht Thin T cn c Tam Thin T (ba nghn ch), Ng ThinT(nm nghn ch), S Hc Vn Tn (bt u hc hi bn), uHc Ng Ngn Thi(th nm ch [ cho] tr con hc). l nhng sch ca ngi Vit.Sch ca Tu c Thin T Vn, Tam T Kinh , Hiu Kinh , Minh-tm Bo-gim , Minh-o Gia-hun.Khi c mt s vn kha-kh v ch Hn mi c hc t th, ng kinh. T thl bn cun i-hc , Trung-dung, Lun-ng v Mnh-t.Ng kinh l Thi , Th, Dch, L-kv Xun-thu . Tt c chncun gio-khoa nng-ct ny u l ca Tu. Ngoi ra cn phi hc s Tu (Bc-s) vs ta (Nam-s). Ngi i hc trong nhiu triu-i l nhng ngi theo Khng-t v btbuc phi th Khng-t. 79. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 666.3.Ngy nay hc ch Hn ra sao?Ti th-k 20, ch Hn ch cn l mt mn ph cc trng trung-hc. i-hc,ch Hn c dy trng i-hc vn-khoa, ban Hn-Vit. Cc sch nh Tam T Kinh,i-hc, Trung-dung, Mnh-t... cng c in i in li. Ngoi ra, cn mt s sch t-hcch Hn c xut-bn.6.4.-ngh mt li hc ch HnNgy nay, chng ta hc ch Hn bit cc ting Hn-Vit trong ting Vit, hiu nhng cu th mn ca Tu trong sch-v ca ngi Vit v i vi mt s ngithch th ng, thng-thc nhng cu th ng (ca Tu) m v m-thanh chthy hay khi c bng ting Hn-Vit. Th ch Hn ny khng phi l ch Hn cbo Tu, cng khng phi ni chuyn vi Tu. Tt-nhin, mun hiu thu-o v chHn v ting Tu, ngi hc cn phi bit c ting Bc-kinh, cn gi l ting ph-thnghay quan-thoi, bch-thoi. Bin hc mnh-mng, hc khng bao gi ht.ng-li ny gm c ba phn:- Tm-hiu -ngha cc ting Hn-Vit thng dng.- Tm-hiu mt s cu ch Hn trong i sng hng ngy v trong sch-v xa.- Tm-hiu dm ba bi th ni ting.6.4.1. Ting Hn-Vit thng-dngA. C mt nhm li tn rt d nhn l ting Hn-Vit v cch xp-t khc vi ting Vit.Th-d:Thiu-nin = tui tr(thiu (ThCh154) [tr] b tiu , nin (175) [nm, tui] b can)thanh-nin= tui xanh, ngi tr(thanh (753) [xanh] b thanh , nin (175) [nm, tui] b can)thanh-xun = xun xanh, tr(thanh b thanh, xun (270) [ma xun] b nht )thanh-sn= ni xanh(thanh b thanh, sn (160) [ni] b san, sn)hng-nhan= mt , ngi (n b con gi) p(hng (479) [] b mch , nhan (765) [mt] b hit)lin-t = li ni (li [ng ra l ting] dng ni hai li, hai nhm li,hai dy li hay hai cu, nh v, vi, nhng)(lin (684) [lin, ni lin] b sc, t (623) [li, ni] b ngn )tiu-nhn = ngi nh-mn hp-hi(tiu (153) [nh, hp-hi] b tiu, nhn (14) [ngi] b nhn )ph-vn = my ni(ph (345) [ni] b thu , vn (748) [my] b v )c-nhn = ngi xa(c (256) [c, xa] b phc , nhn (14) [ngi] b nhn ) 80. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 67 c-hng = qu xa, qu c, lng xa (qu cha t t) (c (256) [c, xa] b phc , hng (697) [lng] b p ) ln-quc= nc lng-ging (ln (698) [lng-ging] b p, quc (105) [nc] b vi ) hi-ng= n bin (hi (346) [bin, b] b thu, ng (375) [n] b ho )Xt v cch xp-t, trong ting Vit, ting dng ch-nh ng sau: mt ,mt en, da trng, da ngm-ngm, n du, n in, n pin...Ting c ch nh v ting dng ch-nh lm thnh mt nhm li tn (nhm danh-t, danh-t). Nu l tn, tn nc, tn ni, tn sng... (nc Anh, nc Tu, nc M, niNon-nc, ni Cnh-diu) cng nh vy. Ting Hn-Vit, ngc li, theo li xp-t cating Tu. Ting Hn-Vit Ting Vitnhm li tnnhm li tn ______________________________________ _____________________________________ ting ch-nh + li tn li tn + ting ch-nh thanh nintui xanh ln qucnc lng-ging Mqucnc MLoi ting Hn-Vit ny c rt nhiu:hng-s, quc-s, quc-thu-im, khuyt-im, nhc-im,trng-sn, trng-tc,gia-trng, hiu-trng, th-trng, quc-trng,i-o, i-ca, i-huynh, i-ngha, i-mtin-, tin-nh, tin-nh, tin-nhn,tiu-mui, tiu-tit,thiu-ph, thiu-n, thiu-nin, qu-ph,hu-vn, hu-qu, hu-th,hi-tc, khng-tc, thuyn-nhn, gia-ch,lit-s, lit-n,Anh-quc, Trung-quc, M-quc,Thi-sn, Honh-sn, Trng-sn, Hng-h, -giang... 81. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit68 Ngoi ra cn nhiu loi khc, thng-thng cch xp-t khng tri ngc viting Vit. Th-d: ng-hng= cng qu (cng lng, cng tnh)(ng (81) [cng] b khu , hng (697) [lng] b p ) hon-hng= v qu (tr li lng, tr li tnh)(hon (691) [v, tr li] b sc , hng (697) [lng] b p) can-m= (gan v mt) khng s-st, gan-l, gan-gc(can (519) [gan] b nhc , m (530) [mt] b nhc) i-din= thay mt(i (16) [thay] b nhn, din (755) [mt] b din) u-tranh = nh nhau ginh ly (ci mnh mun)(u (789) [nh nhau] b u, tranh (378) [ginh ly] b tro ) Loi ny cng khng t. Bi tp 11. Vit 10 li Hn-Vit m cch xp-t ngc li vi ting Vit. Th-d nh: tiu-nhn= ngi nh-mn hp-hi (tiu (ThCh153) [nh, hp-hi] b tiu , nhn (14) [ngi] b nhn )2. Vit 10 li Hn-Vit m cch xp-t khng khc ting Vit. Th-d nh: i-din = thay mt (i (ThCh16) [thay] b nhn , din (755) [mt] b din )(C th dng bt-c cun t-in hay t-in no.) 82. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit696.4.2. Ting Hn-Vit trong i sng hng ngy v trong sch-vA. Ting Hn-Vit trong i sng hng ngy Cho ti nay, con chu nhng ngi bit ch Hn cn nhiu nn hng ngy cnthy nhiu cu ch Hn trong sch-v xa. Th-d: 1. u bt hc, lo h vi? 2. u thng, lit bi. 3. Bch chin bch thng. 4. Bn-cng sinh o-tc. 5. Nht nht ti t, thin-thu ti ngoi. 6. c bt thng tht. 7. Dng nhi v mu, h tc th d. 8. Ngc bt trc bt thnh kh;Nhn bt hc bt tri l. 9. Qu nhi bt ci th v qu h. 10. Nhn v vin l, tt hu cn u. 11. Tch cc phng c; tch y phng hn. 12. N vt tham ti; nam vt tham sc. 13. Tin trch k, hu trch nhn. 14. Tch thin phng thin, tch c phng c. 15. Nht nht bt nim thin, Ch c giai t khi. 16. Tng thin nh ng, tng c nh bng. 17. Kin ngha bt vi v dng d. 18. Nhu thng cng, nhc thng cng. 19. Tri nhi bt vi bt nh vt tri. 20. Ng knh nhn, tc nhn dic knh ng. 21. Thin-h s hu nan d h? Bt vi, tc d gi dic nan h. Vi chi, tc nan gi dic d h. 22. Vt d c tiu nhi vi chi. Vt d thin tiu nhi bt vi. 23. Thi lai -iu thnh-cng d, Vn kh anh-hng m-hn a. 24. Hu tin thng k v tin nht. 25. Hu tin thng b v tin nht; An-lc tu phng hon-nn thi. 83. Phm-Vn-Hi -Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit701A. u bt hc, lo h vi? (Tam T Kinh) () u (ThCh176) (b yu ) = nh, b bt(2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, g u, khng hc(139) (b t) = hc, bt chc, bt chic, nghe theo li dy bo lo(511) (b lo ) = gi, gi by mi tui (k = gi su mi) h (21) (b nhn ) = g, sao (ng trc mt li hi) vi (378) (b tro ) = lm [Nu c l v th c ngha l v]u bt hc, lo h vi? = B khng hc, gi lm g? (Lc cn nh khng hc, lc gi lmg?) c thi ngi Vit i thnh B khng hc, ln lm th-tng.Ngy xa, ng-Dung cng than-th: Thi lai -iu thnh-cng d, Vn kh anh-hng m-hn a. (Xem 23A.)2A. u thng, lit bi.u (36) (b nhn ) = hn, (mnh) hn, (nhiu tin) hn...thng(60) (b lc ) = clit (58) (b lc ) = km, yu, yu-kmbi(258) (b phc ) = thuau thng, lit bi. = Mnh c, yu thua.3A. Bch chin bch thng.bch(419) (b bch ) = mt trm, nhiuchin (222) (b qua ) = nh, nh nhauthng (60) (b lc ) = cBch chin bch thng. = Trm trn nh trm trn c.4A. Bn-cng sinh o-tc.bn (644) (b bi ) = nghocng (455) (b huyt ) = n l ht, n th l ht bn-cng = ngho qu; ngho n ni khng th ngho hn c na.sinh, sanh (402) (b sanh ) = ra, ny ra, m ra, ny-n rao(423) (b mnh) = k cp, k cp k trm ni chung; n trm, n cp.tc(648) (b bi ) = k trm, gic.Bn-cng sinh o-tc. = Ngho-i qu m ra trm-cp. (Ngho-i qu m tr thnhn cp n trm.)5A. Nht nht ti t, thin-thu ti ngoi.nht(1) (b nht ) = mtnht(267) (b nht ) = ngy, mt ngy mt m 84. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 71 ti (106) (b th )= t(102) (b vi) = b t, ngi t, nh t, tri t thin (67) (b thp ) = nghn, ngn; nhiu lm-lm thu (446) (b ho ) = mt ma trong bn ma; nm thin-thu = mt nghn nm, mt thi-gian rt di, rt lu ngoi(120) (b tch ) = ngoi, ngoi, bn ngoiNht nht ti t, thin-thu ti ngoi. = Mt ngy trong t, mt nghn nm ngoi.(Nhng ng-cay kh-nhc ca mt ngy trong t bng [tt c nhng ng-cay kh-nhc ca] mt nghn nm ngoi.)6A. c bt thng tht.c(194) (b xch ) = cbt (2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, g u, khngthng (36) (b nhn ) = b, ntht (122) (b i ) = mt, thua, thua-thit, saic bt thng tht. = (1) c chng b vi mt. (2) S c chng b vi s mt.(c th t mt th nhiu.)7A. Dng nhi v mu, h tc th d.dng, dng (59) (b lc ) = mnh, mnh v gan-l hn nginhi(512) (b nhi ) = mv (371) (b ho ) = chng, ch, khng, chng cmu(631) (b ngn ) = toan-tnh, tnh trc, k-hochh (21) (b nhn ) = sao, g (ng trc mt li hi)h tc!? = sao !?h vi? = lm g?tc(657) (b tc ) = th(203) (b tm ) = nh-cy, nng-nhd (9) (b t) = vy, ting ng cui cu ch dt.Dng nhi v mu, h tc th d. = (1) Mnh v gan-l hn ngi m khng bit tnh trctnh sau, lm th no m nh-cy c!? (2) Mnh v gan-l hn ngi m khng bittnh trc tnh sau, cng khng nh-cy c. (3) C sc mnh v c m-lc m khngc mu-tr, lm sao m nh-cy c!? (4) C sc mnh v c m-lc m khng cmu-tr cng khng nh-cy c.8A. Ngc bt trc bt thnh kh;nhn bt hc bt tri l. (Tam T Kinh)()ngc (391) (b ngc ) = ngc, bu tht pbt(2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, g u, khngtrc(394) (b ngc ) = mi bu, mi-giathnh(219) (b qua ) = nn, tr nn 85. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 72 kh (99) (b khu ) = , dng, vt, trang-sc... nhn(14) (b nhn ) = ngi hc (139) (b t ) = hc, bt chc, bt chic, nghe theo li dy bo tri(432) (b th ) = bit, nhn-bit, c bit, ghi nh l(393) (b ngc ) = l, ci g c trc c sau, c gc c ngn, u ra y.Ngc bt trc bt thnh kh; nhn bt hc bt tri l. = Ngc m khng mi-gia (cngkhng thy v p ca n, cng) khng thnh dng hay trang-sc c; con ngi(cng vy, nu) khng nghe theo li dy-bo th khng (phi l con ngi) bit l-l(khng bit trc bit sau, bit tri bit phi).Cho n nay, vn cn nhiu cu trong Tam T Kinh thng c dng trong isng hng ngy.Th-d:Dng bt gio, ph chi qu.(Nui m chng dy l li ca ngi lm cha.)hay:Gio bt nghim, s chi no.(Dy m khng nghim l v ci sai-quy li-bing ca ng thy.)(Dy hc m khng nghim-chnh l v thy li-bing.) : ph chi qu[ting Hn-Vit] (cha ca li)li ca cha [ting Vit - xp-t khc ting Hn-Vit]9A. Qu nhi bt ci th v qu h. (Khng-t) ()qu (686) (b sc ) li, qua [khc vi ng (685) = gp]nhi(512) (b nhi ) = mbt(2) (b nht) = chng, ch, g u, khngci (255) (b phc ) = i, sa, sa-i, lm lith (271) (b nht ) = thv(631) (b ngn) = gi l, bo l, ni lh(432) (b th) = vyQu nhi bt ci th v qu h. = [Li m khng sa th gi l li.] C li, lm li mkhng sa-i mi thc s gi l li vy.10A. Nhn v vin l, tt hu cn u. nhn (14) (b nhn) = ngi v (371) (b ho) = chng, ch vin (688) (b sc) = xa l (213) (b tm) = lo, lo-ngh, ngh-ngi lo-lngvin l = lo xa tt (199) (b tm) = t, t hn 86. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 73 hu (280) (b nguyt ) = c cn(678) (b sc ) = gn u(214) (b tm) = lo, bun, lo-bun, bun-rucn u = bun gnNhn v vin l, tt hu cn u. = [Ngi khng lo xa, t c bun gn.] Ngi (no)khng bit lo xa th t hn s gp phi chuyn bun-ru trong mt thi-gian rt gn.11A. Tch cc phng c; tch y phng hn. (Minh-o Gia-hun) () tch (451) (b ho) = cha, gp cc(450) (b ho) = thc, go, la phng(733) (b ph ) = sp sn, -phng, phng-b c (775) (b thc ) = i [Cng vit l(770)] y(602) (b y ) = o, mc che pha trn hn (147) (b min ) = lnh, rt, rt-mt, lnh-loTch cc phng c; tch y phng hn. = Cha thc-go phng lc i-kht, gi sn o phng lc lnh-lo.12A. N vt tham ti; nam vt tham sc. (Minh-o Gia-hun)()n(125) (b n ) = con givt (63) (b bao) = ch, ng, chng nn, ch ctham(645) (b bi ) = tham, ham-mun qu ngti (644) (b bi ) = ca, ca-ci, tin-bc rung-vnnam (404) (b in ) = con trai, con giaisc(543) (b sc ) = v p bn ngoi (ca n b con gi)N vt tham ti; nam vt tham sc. (1) Gi ch ham ca; trai ch ham v p b ngoi.(2) Lm con gi, ch c ham ca-ci tin-bc; lm con trai, ch c ham v p b ngoi(ca n b con gi).13A. Tin trch k, hu trch nhn. tin(39) (b nhn) = trc trch (645) (b bi) = trch-mng, trch k(168) (b k ) = mnh (Khc vi k (48) (b k ) = gh) hu (193) (b xch ) = sau nhn(14) (b nhn ) = ngiTin trch k, hu trch nhn. = Trch mnh trc, trch ngi sau.Cu ny cng l mt cu trong Minh-o Gia-hun (T tin trch k, nhi hu trch nhn)b bt hai ch t v nhicho hp vi cu ni hng ngy. (T trch k = mnh trchmnh.) 87. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit74Cng c cu v g vo khun-kh 4 ch nn ngha khng c r, ngi ni thm-thtcho d hiu hn. Th-d: Nhn tham ti t; iu tham thc vong Nhn tham ti tc t; iu tham thc tc vong. [(1) Ngi ham ca t cht. Chim ham n t mt mng.(2) Ngi ham ca th cht; chim ham n th mt mng.)Cng c khi tc(= t, th, thi) c thay-th bng nhi (= m).]14A. Tch thin phng thin, tch c phng c. (Minh-o Gia-hun)() tch(451) (b ho ) = cha, gp, gp nht tng t mt thin (94) (b khu ) = lnh, tt-lnh, vic lnh, vic tt, vic phi phng (683) (b sc) = gp c (208) (b tm ) = gy au-kh cho ngi hay vt, c-cMinh-o Gia-hun([Sch] Dy trong Nh ca Minh-o) l mt cunsch dy lun-l trong gia-nh ca Trnh-Hiu , vo th-k 11, i nh Tng bnTu. Trnh-Hiu vit nhiu sch, lc cht, c mt ngi bn gi l Minh-o tin-sinh.15A. Nht nht bt nim thin, ch c giai t khi. (Trang-t)( ) nht (1) (b nht ) = mt nht (267) (b nht ) = ngy, mt ngy mt m bt(2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, khng nim (200) (b tm ) = ngh ti, nh ti, c thin (94) (b khu) = lnh, tt-lnh, vic lnh, vic tt, vic phi ch (630) (b ngn ) = mi, tt c c(208) (b tm) = gy au-kh cho ngi hay vt, c-c, d giai(420) (b bch ) = u, cng t (534) (b t ) = chnh mnh, chnh n khi (655) (b tu ) = dy, tri dy, ng dy, ni ln, bt u m raNht nht bt nim thin, ch c giai t khi. = Mt ngy khng ngh n iu lnh, miiu d u ni dy.16A. Tng thin nh ng; tng c nh bng. tng, tng (195) (b xch ) = theo thin (94) (b khu ) = lnh, tt-lnh, vic lnh, vic tt, vic phi nh (126) (b n) = nh, ging nh, khng khc g ng (418) (b bt) = ln cao c (208) (b tm ) = gy au-kh cho ngi hay vt, c-c bng (163) (b san ) = l, xung, ni l, ni st 88. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit75Tng thin nh ng; tng c nh bng. = Theo vic tt-lnh (kh-khn vt-v) nh lncao; theo vic d (nhanh chng) nh ni l (hay i xung ch thp).17A. Kin ngha bt vi v dng d. (Khng-t) () kin (612) (b kin ) = thy, trng thy ngha(506) (b dng ) = ngha, hi-sinh lm cho ngi khc bt(2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, khng vi(378) (b tro) = lm v(371) (b ho ) = chng phi l, khng phi l, khng c dng, dng(59) (b lc ) = mnh, mnh v gan-l hn ngi d (9) (b t ) = vy, ting ng cui cu ch dt.Kin ngha bt vi v dng d. = Thy vic ngha (m) chng lm (th) khng (phi lngi) dng-cm.18A. Nhu thng cng, nhc thng cng. (Lo-t)() nhu (291) (b mc ) = mm, mm-yu, mm-mi thng (60) (b lc ) = c, hn cng(55) (b ao ) = cng nhc(187) (b cung ) = yu cng(189) (b cung ) = mnh, d scNhu thng cng, nhc thng cng. = Mm hn cng, yu c mnh.19A. Tri nhi bt vi bt nh vt tri. (Khng-t) ( )tri(432) (b th) = bitnhi (512) (b nhi ) = mbt (2) (b nht) = chng, ch, khngvi (378) (b tro ) = lmnh(126) (b n ) = nh, ging nh, khng khc g, bngvt(63) (b bao ) = ch, ng, chng nn, ch cTri nhi bt vi bt nh vt tri. = Bit m khng lm chng bng ng bit.Cu ny thng i cng vi cu:Thn nhi bt tn bt nh vt thn. Thn (nhau) m khng tin (nhau) chng bng ng thn.20A. Ng knh nhn, tc nhn dic knh ng. ng (220) (b qua ) = ta, mnh knh(259) (b phc) = n, trong lng khng mt cht lo-lu nhn (14) (b nhn ) = ngi tc(53) (b ao) = th, thi dic(13) (b u ) = cngNg knh nhn, tc nhn dic knh ng. = Mnh n ngi ta th ngi ta (cng) n mnh. 89. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit76 21A. Thin-h s hu nan d h? Bt vi, tc d gi dic nan h. Vi chi, tc nan gi dic d h. thin(121) (b i ) = Tri, tri h (2) (b nht ) = di thin-h = di tri, c th-gii, mi ngi s (10) (b quyt) = victhin-h s = vic i hu (280) (b nguyt ) = c nan (748) (b chuy ) = kh [Cn mt m l nn = tai-nn.] d (270) (b nht+ 4 nt) = d h (7) (b phit ) = sao, (ting hi hay t v ng-vc, nghi-hoc bt(2) (b nht) = chng, ch, khng vi (378) (b tro) = lm tc(53) (b ao) = th, thi gi(511) (b lo ) = ci, ngi, ynan gi = ci kh, vic kh dic(13) (b u) = cng h (432) (b th) = vy chi (7) (b phit ) = n [Ting thay-th cho mt li hay mt nhm li pha trc. Trong cu ny, chi thay-th cho thin-h s.]Thin-h s hu nan d h? Bt vi, tc d gi dic nan h. Vi chi, tc nan gi dic d h. =[Mi] vic i c kh c d hay sao? [Nu] khng lm th vic d cng thnh kh[vy]. [Cn nu] lm th vic [d] kh cng thnh d [vy].22A. Vt d c tiu nhi vi chi. Vt d thin tiu nhi bt vi.vt(63) (b bao) = ch, ng, chng nn, ch cd (17) (b nhn) = lyc (208) (b tm) = gy au-kh cho ngi hay vt, c-ctiu (53) (b tiu) = nhnhi(512) (b nhi ) = mbt (2) (b nht ) = chng, ch, khngvi(378) (b tro ) = lmchi (7) (b phit ) = n, ci , ci y [Ting thay-th cho mt li hay mt nhm li pha trc. Trong cu ny, chi thay-th cho c tiu.]thin(94) (b khu ) = lnh, tt-lnh, vic lnh, vic tt, vic phiVt d c tiu nhi vi chi. Vt d thin tiu nhi bt vi. = ng thy vic c-c nh m lm.(Cng) ng thy vic lnh nh m khng lm. 90. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 7723A. Thi lai -iu thnh-cng d, Vn kh anh-hng m-hn a. thi(272) (b nht ) = thi, lc, dp, c-hi lai(23) (b nhn) = li, n, ti (158) (b thi) = m, git; ngi lm ngh git sc-vt iu (708) (b kim ) = cu c, ngi cu c thnh(219) (b qua ) = nn, vic lm lm cho ti xong, vic nh cng (58) (b lc ) = vic, kt-qu ca vic lm, ci g lm tt v kho d (270) (b nht+ 4 nt) = d vn(686) (b sc ) = s may-ri, dp tt hay xu c (Tri) nh sn,con ngi khng th thay-i, vn s tt hay xu, s xoay-vn bin-ho kh(76) (b kh ) = i, qua i anh(550) (b tho ) = ci tt p hay-ho nht, ngi ti-gii nht hng (745) (b chuy ) = con c, mnh anh-hng = ngi n ng ti-gii, c ch-kh hn ngi v lm nns-nghip khc thng. [Ngi n b ti-gii, c ch-kh... l anh-th ] m (771) (b thc ) = ung, ngm nut hn(204) (b tm) = gin, on-ginm-hn = nut hn, nut gin a (120) (b tch ) = nhiu, lm Thi lai -iu thnh-cng d, Vn kh anh-hng m-hn a.= Gp dp (gp thi, gp c-hi tt) th (d l) nhng k tm-thng nh -t hay dncu c thnh-cng cng d-dng. (Cn) vn (ca mnh) qua i ri th (d l) bc anh-hng cng nh phi nut hn. Trng-hp y nhiu lm.24A. Hu tin thng k v tin nht. hu(280) (b nguyt ) = c tin (715) (b kim ) = tin, vt c bng cht kim hay in bng giy donh nc pht-hnh, dng tiu thng (172) (b cn ) = thng, thng-thng, mi-mi nh vy, hay k (620) (b ngn ) = nh, nh k, khng qun c v (371) (b ho ) = chng phi l, khng phi l, khng c nht (267) (b nht ) = ngyHu tin thng k v tin nht. = Lc c tin c ca thng nh ti nhng ngy ngho-kh, mt cc cng khng c. [khng c mt ng xu dnh ti.]25A. Hu tin thng b v tin nht; An-lc tu phng hon-nn thi. hu (280) (b nguyt ) = c tin(715) (b kim ) = tin 91. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit78 thng(172) (b cn ) = thng, thng-thng, lun-lun, hay b(32) (b nhn ) = sn v(371) (b ho ) = chng phi l, khng phi l, khng c nht (267) (b nht ) = ngy an (140) (b min ) = yn lc(310) (b mc ) = vui, thch [Cn mt m l nhc = (m) nhc.] tu(761) (b hit) = nn phng (733) (b ph ) = sp sn, -phng, phng-b hon (206) (b tm ) = v, tai-v; lo nn(748) (b chuy ) = tai-nn, ci g nguy-him lm cho mnh lo-s, ci ggy hi ln cho mnh [Cn mt m l nan = kh.] thi (272) (b nht ) = thi, lcHu tin thng b v tin nht = Lc c tin c ca lun-lun phi phng-b nhng ngykhng c mt ng xu dnh ti.An-lc tu phng hon-nn thi = Lc yn-vui phi phng-b lc hon-nn.. Kim-im vn-ling Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit Ti y, nhng ngi tm-hiu ch Hn v ting Hn-Vit t giai-on cha bitg m c th vit c v hiu c trn 300 ch Hn, bit tra t-in hay t-in, vdch c t nht 10 cu trong nhng cu sau y, th c th tip-tc sang phn k-tip.Nu khng dch c 10 cu, nn n li chng 5 v phn u ca chng 6. Th-d:26. ( )Hng-nhan a trun. = C nhan-sc th gp nhiu kh-khn vt-v.(hng-nhan = mt , c nhan-sc, ngi p)27.( )St nht nhn, vn nhn c. =st = gitst nht nhn = git mt ngivn = mun, mi nghn, mi ngn, vnc = s, s-hi28.H nht qun ti lai? = h nht? = ngy no? qun = anh, chng (ngi th hai/tn-knh) ti = mt ln na lai = li ti lai = tr li ln na, tr li 92. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit7929.C u vng minh nguyt. = c = ngng ln, ct ln u = u, mt phn ca thn-th con ngi gm c mt, mi, ming... vng = nhn, trng minh = sng nguyt = trng30. Qun tri thip hu phu,Tng thip song minh-chu. qun = anh, ng, chng (ngi th hai/tn-knh) tri = bit thip = ti, em (ngi th nht/nhn-nhng) phu = chng song = hai, mt i__________________________________________________________31. Qun t c-hng lai, ng tri c-hng s. qun = anh, ng, bn (ngi th hai/tn-knh) t = t lai = li, n y ng = chc l, hn l s = vic, chuyn__________________________________________________________32. Qun hng Tiu-tng, ng hng Tn. hng = hng v pha, nhm v pha, i v pha Tiu-tng = sng Tiu-tng Tn = t Tn__________________________________________________________33. Bt hiu hu tam, v hu vi i. v-hu = khng c con ni-di v hu vi i = khng con ni-di l [ti] ln nht__________________________________________________________34.Hng-nhan bc mnh. = 93. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 80 bc = mng mnh = mng, s-phn35.H-ip song-song, phi-v hoa gian; sc thm m-l. h-ip = bm-bm song-song = tng i phi = bay v = ma gian = trong thm = rt, rt l__________________________________________________________36.Hu ch cnh thnh. = ch = ch cnh = th thnh = nn37.L-Li vi vng, Nguyn-Tri vi thn. = vi = l vng = vua thn = by ti38.Mnh h nan ch qun h. = mnh = mnh h = cp, hm, ng ba mi nan = kh ch = chng-c qun = by, n (t 3 tr ln) h = co, chn39.Nhp gia tu tc. = nhp = vo gia = nh tu = lm theo, theo sau, theo sau chn ngi. tc = tp-tc, tc-l, phong-tc 94. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 8140.Phu xng ph tu. = phu = chng xng = ging ln trc, lm trc ph = v tu = lm theo, theo sau, thun theo41.Nht ngh tinh, nht thn vinh. = ngh = ngh tinh = tht gii, nm vng, thnh-tho, bit tng-tn42.Nht nht bt kin nh tam thu h. = kin = thy mt, gp h = ting km (h-t) cui mt dy li lm cho d c, d nghe hay l mt thi quen ca ngi vit, cho hp vi mt li vit, mt th vn [Nu b i, -ngha cng khng thay-i.]43.Nguyn-n nht, huynh d , tn y, tp ng tin, hng ph-mu h tn-nin. nguyn-n nht = ngy nguyn-n, ngy u nm m-lch d = cng, v, vi = mc [o] tp = t-hp ng = bung ln, bung ln nht trong mt nh hng = quay v, ngonh v h = chc-tng, chc (tt)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________44. Ng lng-du thi, qun thng thiu.Qun kim ha gi, ng thnh ng. lng-du thi = thi lng-du, lc i y i thng = cn thiu = tr kim = nay ha = hn, nghe theo, bng lng theo gi = ly chng____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 95. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 8245.Vn s khi u nan. = khi = bt u m ra, bt u khi-u = bt u46. Mc su tin l v tri-k.Thin-h h nhn bt thc qun!? mc = ng su = bun tin-l = ng trc, ng pha trc, con ng sp i h nhn = ngi no____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________47. Tin bt kin c-nhn.Hu bt kin lai-gi. tin = trc, pha trc, ci trc, i trc hu = sau____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________48. Tu ngo sa-trng qun mc tiu. C lai chinh-chin k nhn hi!? tu = say ngo = nm sa-trng = bi ct, ni nh nhau mc = ng tiu = ci____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________49. V v kim-to nng lu khch;Sc bt ba-o d nch nhn. v = ma v = khng kim = ci kho to = ci kho nng = c th lu = gi li (khng cho i) khch = khch, ngi n chi vi mnh, ngi n thm mnh 96. Phm-Vn-Hi - Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 83 ba = sng o = sng ln, sng c, sng to nch = chm-m, say-m n khng cn tnh-to c na____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________50. Xun du phng-tho a. H thng lc-h tr. Thu m hong-hoa tu. ng ngm bch-tuyt thi. phng-tho = c thm, c qu thng = thng-thc, ngm-ngha, xem m = ung tu = ru thi = th, mt li vn din-t tnh- con ngi, thng-thng c vn v rt truyn- cm________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________51. D i-ngha nhi thng hung-tn,D ch-nhn nhi dch cng-bo. d = ly dch = lm thay-i____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________52.