1867.] 253

CHRONICLE OE MICROLOGY.

By J. p. Streatfeild, F.R.C.S., sistant-Surgeon to the Uoyal London Ophthalmic Hospital, and to the Eye Infirmary of

University College Hospital, &c.

Part I.?Physiological Miceology. $ /?

gland^ Secretion.?Schliiter, in the secretion of the submaxillary numero? Stained by nervous irritation, found, besides

""?0"04GUS reflecting, acetic acid resisting, droplets of 0'003 pale ai j"111- ^ian?eter, two different forms of saliva-corpuscles, one

and'dra\- m.ovlI1S in the manner of the amoeba, processes pushed out within1

U

H'/11' ^le other globular and granular with molecular motion by adl'f author could change the corpuscles of the first kind Second I

-1?n own sP^tle or distilled water into those of the and co \i

^le ^am^iar saliva-corpuscles out of the mingled saliva, Proton]

S re<^ these changes as following a coagulation of the living the n,asrna- Then the saliva discharged at the commencement of irritati^68^ligation contained but few corpuscles, but, during the rives th**' ? ?um^er ?f the latter continually increased, so he de- shall fir t .0r]gin of the corpuscles from the nerve excitation ; this

divisionS f )n? a^?ut increase of the nuclei (by division), and then ^ass wl u ? Pr?t?pl^sma (by contraction). A granular shapeless

cons' 1 18 ^oun<^ the first place in the discharged secretion,

SaHva-o (erS as a detritus proceeding from the accumulated destroyed

Xxvii v, rI)USe'es.?Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medicin, 3rd series, vol. lj Part 1, p. 16.

this suh^if ^ovements of the Spermatozoa.?G-rohe, in investigating tozoa i'

ma(^e observations, in the first place, on human sperma- PuHetu

11C W6re contained in the fluid of a hydrocele evacuated by t?2oa e was able, later on, to corroborate them in the sperma- ?nly ^ different mammals, especially in those of the guinea-pig ; c?Htraot" Ves*cular elevations at the upper end of the tail during the

finals 10It Were uo^ again discoverable in the spermatozoa of the the un

' a^ cases the movement first began in the head and in "k?coiri f^ ?^" an(^ thence extended to the free extremity. ai1 osci]/"^1 ^?^0We(i if the first excitation was strong enough?only end ofte

11 .or contraction in a weaker degree?whereas the free

revived n r?maiBed quite passive. The spermatozoa after drying up

Oient irf^-v!11 sllSar or salt solutions; thus, a contracted move-

place as p 6 J1 ea(^ au(^ the upper part of the tail occurs in the first

the ?yjnt,Q ?

a/ever, whilst the lower part of the tail yet holds fast to

The a fi *S a^?Sether immovable. fore -10r ^n(^s a confirmation of his view in the fact that, be-

staff.iik Uri^J' the seminal elements of the liana temporaria?the ve ano cylindrical heads without tail or with imperfectly

254 Chronicle of Medical Science. [Jan.,

developed tail, which may be stripped off from the section surface of the testicle?show by addition of distilled water the most hetero- geneous conditions of contraction ; they bend themselves in differ- ent degrees into a horse-shoe, sausage, or hook shape, and roll thereat, ever according to the intensity of contraction, at one time more quickly, at another more slowly, according to the different directions. The spiral windings of the head of the spermatozoa of the bird the author reduces to similar contractions, and the manifold nuclei of the so-called cysts, out of which, according to "Wagner's and Kolliker's statements, the spermatozoa are said to proceed, are to him also only particles of contractile substance, which he thinks he must separate from ordinary cell-nuclei, "

on account of their uniform fatty lustre and their superfluous nature." The cross streaks in the head of many spermatozoa he considers to be the

expression of an unequal distribution of the contractile substance. As to the chemical analogies which the relation of the substance of the spermatozoa shows to the muscular substance, and which cer-

tainly among albuminous bodies never is wanting, the author him- self seems to lay no great stress. He has taken trouble to find some

way to make plainer the hardly perceptible division of the envelope and the contents of the spermatozoa, and for this purpose he recom- mends oblique illumination and colouring with aniline. Then, not

only the head, but the tail also appears, surrounded by a brig^ colourless zone, after the aniline colouring, whilst in the axis of

the tail the contractile substance passes off as a dark red streak.-" Zeitsclirift fur rationelle Medicin, 3rd series, vol. xxvii, part 1, pP' 18, 19.

The Movements, called Amoeboid, observed particularly in the Blood- ?MM. Hayem and Henocque contribute several papers on

tin3

subject, which are very much too extensive for a summary notice- They remark that

" Blood and lymph do not only exhibit element9 endowed with the amoeboid movements, which may be observed

m

different secretions, such as mucus, normal or pathological serositie3' but the elements in which it exists have almost always the cha- racter of leucocytes ; yet in some cases we see that other element9 appear to be endowed with the same properties." The authors ad

particular observations of the movements and changes of forms mucus of the nose, and of the neck of the uterus, in ovules, ma and female, and in the elements of different tissues.?Arch'iVe Generates de Medecine, July, 1866, p. 61.

A new Kind of Amoeboid Cells.?La Yallette St. Greorge obtained from the seminal canaliculi of full-grown mammals and embryos

0

birds and amphibia, and also from the testicle of a water palmer? contractile cells, which were round, oval, or irregular in the rest, contained one or more nuclei, and a number of granules in

^

circumference of the latter, and changed their form in many s

They extended short and broad or thin knob-shaped processes, o

little button-like projections, provided with threads of variou

1^67.] Chronicle of Micrology.

lengths, which moved themselves to and fro, as if feeling, drawn out

and i't, ?? p m again. No considerable changes o P

continued for fought about. In suitable fluid the move? eT)aration showed hours, in the frog even for twenty-six hours; o p P

animal, them to he still lively thirty-two hours after the induce the AVater abolishes them instantaneously. Experim without re- sells to imbibe particles of colouring matter remamed^ou^ ̂ suit,?Zeitschrift fur rcitionelle Medicin, 3rd sen ,

development of " Connective " and Fibrous Tissl<_es- t^g's3jiect:' as thus abridged the results of a prolonged study of this suDj !? The stellate corpuscles, called equally plasma-cells and

tive-tiaaiT-> -? connec-

?^-tisaue-corpuscles, are not permanent elements properly belon

^8 to fibrillary tissue?connective?but really transitory e emen s

Pr?per to elastic tissue, and in which the existence of a cavity can

ynotneans be demonstrated. . , ,

2- The primitive fibrils of fibrillary tissue, called connective,

J* n<?t possess a central canal, of which there is no means of demon-

nation. Nor are the elastic fibres channeled.?Robin's Journal

de

*?atomie, &c., No. 5, 1866, p. 503.

Muscular Fibre. ?Mr. Macnamara, of the Calcutta Ophthalmic

hakP^' maintains that the crystalline lens is " a muse e, an Pr?

y the most complex arrangement of the contractilc 1SS^

v, Wlth." On the general structure of muscular

fibie ,

E 68 contents of the sarcolemma to " a ladder of c0.n f

gn-U?' the steps or horizontal bars of the ladder being, i

,

'

flaf l bands, whereas its side pieces or perpendicular SUPP

2 bands> inning continuously from one end of the as

6nd ' horizontal bars connect the perpendicu a above stated, are curled upon themselves

like a spiral Bpr .

^author believes the contractile tissue to be an homogeneous sub-

"WUICe 1 /I "L " * "JLI.*? LUUIIUUUIC tiOOUO

IV

~ ?

eXamp'l n

p . unstriped muscle is one

of the least complicated

Serif- if this contractile tissue.?The Indian Medical Gazette,

P * l8t> 1866, p. 237.

^ie Heart.?MM. Eberth and BelajefF have inves-

In inVesf-? ,ai'ts of man, of the calf, horse, pig, dog, rabbit and cat.

Uusatigf 1fatmS the human heart the results have been generally

and freef*7' because the specimens were seldom sufficiently fresh

Picture rom Pathological changes. Injections were made

either by

Pended " ?r rectly by the lymphatic trunks.

Prussian blue sus-

silver \ypU water, the solution of Beale or a solution of

nitrate of

experimpr<f 1 use ?? With the latter solution, by imbibition,

G?t onlv tt 3

i no^ .Sive satisfactory

results. In some specimens

The n fif ymPhatics but also the blood-vessels were injected,

network UJ !ora 8ay they have verified the existence

of a very close

0 lymphatics, large and small, not only in the parietal and

256 Chronicle of Medical Science. [Jan.,

visceral pericardium, but just as much in the endocardium, which, in this matter, is not in any degree inferior to other organs, such as the mucous membranes. The lymphatics are especially abundant in the endocardium of the

auricles, and they are few in number in that of the auriculo-ventri- cular valves. The inner membranes of the great vascular trunks do not contain lymphatics. From the endocardium and pericardium the fine lymphatics, when

passing into the thickness of the muscular tissue, are given off; they can often be traced to a centimetre in depth. These lymphatics are, moreover, few in number, which is contrary to the opinion expressed by Luschka.

The distribution of the lymphatic capillaries is very variable- Beside somewhat varicose twigs, measuring O'Ol mm. and forming by their anastomoses, very large meshes, are found others, which* having a greater diameter, are compacted together, and which, at

the points at which they communicate, present ordinarily consider* able enlargements.

Their walls are made up of simple pavement-cells, furnished with few lateral prolongations.

It happens frequently that when the branches given off the

lymphatics are injected, the mass enters the cellular sheaths of the muscular trabeculte situated in the thickness of the endocardium. ^

network of many amastomoses is then seen, and may easily be con- founded with the lymphatic networks. These are distinguished by the almost uniform diameter of its passages and by the polyg0?a form of its meshes.

In most human hearts injection of the lymphatics of the endo- cardium has failed, or rather it has only entered some isolated ves- sels. It is probable that the lymphatics were obliterated, either by age or by effects of an endocarditis.?(Oentralilatt fur die medicM' ischen Wissenschaften, No. 19.) Archives Generates de Medecine> July, 1866, p. 101.'

Lymphatics of the Glans Penis.?Dr. Belajeff investigates subject as one of particular interest to syphilologists. He says,

"

lymphatics of the penis, in man, present a true network of separa *

closed tubes, the walls of which have an epithelial lining. The cb1? ot these capillary networks extend beneath the mucous body ?f1' f pig i, w ere it forms a layer of numerous ramifications and anas ,

moses. ore deeply, the lymphatic branches become larger a rarer; vertical sections show their very large gaping openings, wlt

'

g adherent internal epithelial wall; nearer the surface the tubes ** *

f aVfLjSaf A 1??er' smaller, and forming sometimes meshes m .

th^pIpilL 0t tim8S little closecl prolongations a

Tj!e fTn?er 0f the i U?est tymphaties is 1 to 2 mm.; that of*? smallest, 0 08 mm. Although this variation of size is cons.** ahle, it is yet always less than that of the blood-vessels. Asapr?Per

Chronicle of Microloyy. 257

to^acteristic of the lymphatics, I would mention their dilatations ^ ,e observed, either about the middle of the channels or towards j^_eir confluence; this dilatation is larger in man than in the rabbit. 1 niay be circular or total, or it may be unilateral. In these

as ? lfilc capillaries it does not indicate the presence of valves,

dilatat b'mpbatic trunks; it only bears reference to a simple

Poly10 slnS\? epithelial layer of the capillary tubes consists of oval, cells^?11^' ^us^'orm> or indented cells. The longitudinal axis of the is + Corresponds to that of the vessels. The nearer a capillary tube

lar ? ed* The terminal meshes, 011 the contrary, have tolerably

txxbQ a* rouuded cells. The flattening of the walls of a transparent anee-^fVeS ^ie ce^s> U7'der the microscope, a multiform appear- ed t'l ^16 C^ar'c ^nes ?fthe borders of the cells cross reciprocally, Pear

l0SG belong to one of the walls modify the normal ap- thp ^n6 ^10 cc^s of the wall beneath it. The average length of mm rp

*s ^ ̂ to mm., and their width is from 0-008 to 0020

?ut'n e greater abundance of lymphatic capillaries through- and t)16 ^ands auc^ the balano preputial furrow than in the penis than t',e Prepuce; but the terminal tubes of the prepuce are larger they 10Sf ?*' the glans. The epidermis-layer has no lymphatics; the ngf6 eneath tlie mucous body of Malpighi, whilst below them of Av?rlc of blood-capillaries is very abundant, even to the summit

Thei)apiIla- With0ut} luPhatic trunks of the penis have two important characters, varic0syreck?!^nS their considerable size, viz,, the frequency of their t if8 ^'"ph correspond to their valves, and the composition of ^terrnf ,which are formed of two or three layers. Above the

few- Cgii eP^thelial layer, cells and annular fibres, accompanied by

The ela S- Sa'^ ?^' the connective tissue, present themselves,

^hich p3'-10 an^' perhaps, muscular fibres are in the elongated spaces d^ctio^beU:een the rows of transverse or annular cells. Their dc I' a

11 ls s?nietimes rectilinear, sometimes zigzag.?Robin s Journal Womie, &c., No. 5, 18G6, pp. 4G9-70.

to $S? f fe'Ts ?f Filro -cartilage.?M. Sappey has presented ^vhiclx a fe?i ?^?cademy of Science some researches on this subject ginous'1? summed up by him :?" All fibrous and fibro-cartila- sPfead

S ru<r^Ures have vessels and nerves. In all of them they

^imberT ia Sreat abundance, but, at the same time, in unequal

fibro-cart'i point of view the ligaments and the peri-articular ?ec?nd ~ af*es ll0!d the first rank, the tendons and aponeuroses the

b t'lie r

^10 biter-articular fibro-cartilages the third. In all

Plicity of ̂ ,es?els and nerves are remarkable for the extreme multi- ISGGj p anastomoses."?Archives Generates deMedecine, July,

-Pet ^ledie'i"^0^ ^IC ^?rvcs.?M. llouget, at the French Academy

read a paper on this subject, in which his results are

258 Chronicle of Medical Science. [Jan.;

thus given:?Concerning the corpuscles of Pacchini, the nerve sur^ rounded by the envelope of Schwan penetrates a central substance the corpuscle described by Enghelraan.?1. The corpuscle is

H18?

tip of connective tissue, disposed as layers, which appear in sUCC

sion to the envelope of the nerve-fibre or envelope of Sch^a ?

2. The central substance of the corpuscle is not an amorphous su

stance, as Enghelman and Leydig thought, but a mass of connec tissue, disposed as lamina; and mixed up with nuclei. 3. 1^ie a

jl6 cylinder may be distinguished in the central substance. As to .

termination of the nerves in electric apparatus, M. Bougct that the nerves end as a fine interlacement, and he adds that

arrangement can only be well observed in living animals, i in:lj)a3 in the nerves of the skin of the tail of the tadpole the author ^ found the same arrangement of nerve endings as in the aPPalj\ 5; of electric fish.?Archives Generates cle Medecine, July, 18G0, p* and August, I860, p. 243.

Peripheral Termination of a Motor Nerve.?Dr. Moxon attention to the retractor antenna; of the larva of a gnat -a

about one thousandth of an inch wide, provided with sarcole ^ which itself has nuclei upon it.

" The transverse striation of the ^ is complete and regular. Prom the antennal lobe of the inSg-ze, cephalic ganglion comes the antennal nerve, a nerve of some which has a neurilemma sheath provided with nuclei; at

^3 distance from the base of the chitinous antenna the nerve eX|}',iieia to form a long spindle-shaped ganglion full of ganglion-cells, an^ in this ganglionic condition enters the antenna, the cells sti

^ cernible through the chitin. About two thirds of the distance the encephalon to the ganglion, the nerve gives at right angle3 ^ own course a branch smaller than itself; this proceeds at

0 ^

the outer edge of the antennal muscle and joins the outer ed&?1 jts motor nerve is just so long as to allow the play of the muscle ^ frequent contractions. At the point where the motor antenu? ^]1(3r leaves the sensory antennal nerve there is a corpuscle, ^ jeai' neurilemmar or 110 I cannot say; abo there are two sniaU

1

^0ji corpuscles close to the end of the nerve on the muscle. J-'1

of the neurilemma and sarcolemma is a direct continuity. ^ utifu^

_

"The muscle, in contracting,- preserves a straight border, bea

distinct from the sinuous folds into which the sarcolemma is jyto During extreme contraction the sarcolemma is gathered

1 to

wrinkle-like folds, and this to a very different extent on tne fa

which the nerve is attached. On the opposite side to thlS\jSsue> ment the sarcolemma fits at all times closely to the sarcous and it requires careful observation to see the wrinkles of tn

e 1=

brane during contraction, but on the side to which the ?

^0 attached this membrane is then raised in the most obvious J

J 0U

bulging folds. The inequality of the folding of the mein {eiai#' the two sides produces a puckered appearance of the

sarc ^ very striking during extreme contraction. What it is that ^^0 the space which is thus shown to exist between the sarcou

Chronicle of Micrology. 259

coul f10 sflrco^emina on the side whereto the nerve is attached I

the f n i cer^n- Nuclei appeared to exist at the'spots

where

ance?f ,ame most prominent, and these nuclei (or this appear-

arc visible at the same spots in the uncontracted or

very /,Contracted state. It should be said that these nuclei are

? ls';illct from the nuclei of the sarcolemma, both in its position

the n aRPearancc- -But it is not doubtful that the sarcolemma

and

their 611 m.ma ai'? simply continuous with each other,

and that

thpi>? le?l)ective contents become contiuuous at the point where

ThUi?U takeS Place- With n

0

|!erTous contents of the neurilemma are, then, continuous

tetwee^ fi material disposed along the same side of the fibre

In c n le sarcous substance and the sarcolemma.

eQdiuor?nCf> *on'^hc author says, " I would remark, the proof ofa direct

hold % i llerve upon striated muscle-fibre

in a siugle case must

that g /or cases alike, for I submit that no one can suppose

does nif ,,Imes the nerve does go into the muscle and sometimes it

18(]q p? 23^"Qcarterfy Journal of Microscopical Science, October,

-^erniination of the Nerves in the Organs of Generation.?

en<l-knolUSe Avr^tes' " It has been known for some time past that

^marS 0ccur. the clitoris, as in the penis, of the human and

"Wen* fiSPee.'es the hedgehog, in the pig, and in cattle),

in nerves f U ^ surprised me, that in comparison

to the richness

s? few e ^1 i the mucous membrane of the human clitoris, one found

into view' i bs' and that 'so large end-knobs apparently came

to .however, at that time, sufficiently fresh material and

"

By estiga.te the circumstances exactly were wanting.

c?niPanv1?r-<lireceu^ 0I'^ginal investigations, undertaken afresh, in

^UcOua vi i ^ found, first of all, that in

the vaginal

S?^ndrical? Jane ?* ^'ie ra,bbit the nerve-fibres terminated with

Vater>? end-knobs, whilst in the deeper parts were situated

''In tTrpUScles- aile^"see1C as the penis, of the human subject,

I have

?f about 0-or U^ar ^^-knobs in 110 very great

number. They were

?to 0-07 mm" ̂ ameter (accordiug to my more recent

estimate,

PUsc]es wl ^ut3 moreover, 1 found peculiar terminal cor-

CaUed the *

' *n re^crence to their indubitable function, may be

6ensitiVe COrPUscles of the genital nerves. In them by far the most

terminal fibre?"^^reS ^ie c^toris terminate, and certainly with pale

^enihrane01^"1^ nerve-corpuscles lie in the tissue of the mucous

atter itself nTr1'"'1 ^ie ^asis ?f the papillae, and removed from the

"

The foi'i> 7.? !nm- 011 perpendicular section.

i at they i^r ,

corpuscles is very various; but it is characteristic

V^ry-like olC 1Ca^e surface puckerings, whereby they get a mul-

v 5 the i ara.c^er* The number, of the puckerings amounts

to

lvisions iaj lmi^lve ^orm ?f the corpuscles thus separating into

^art- only l 10? y globular, ellipsoidal, bean-shaped. For the most

> seldom 3?4, double-contoured nerve-fibres enter

260 Chronicle of Medical Science. [Jan.;

into the genital nerve-corpuscles. The size of the latter varies; some are hardly larger than the before-mentioned end-knobs, from which they are distinguished by their puclcerings, others have up to 0-15?0'2 mm. thickness and length. They consist of a connective- tissue envelope, very firm, and full of nuclei and soft, fine, granular contents. In this relation they are, in the first place, joined to the end-knobs and the touch-corpuscles. The larger genital nerve-cor- puscles appear, however, in so complicated and multifarious figures that it would be hard to distinguish the simple primitive form* The colossal proportionate size of the genital nerve-corpuscles is, no doubt, the chief reason why they have not been sooner recognised. In the human penis quite similar forms appeal but the abundance of nerves is considerably less. It is known that L. Tick had previously described the same Vater's corpuscles, whil3^ Tomsa saw the nerve-fibres in the penis, as in the corpuscles o* touch, terminate in ganglion-cells, and partly in nerve-coils. T^ie latter are not to be mistaken for those of the conjunctiva bulbi de- scribed by me. Tomsa left his presumed ganglion-cells for twenty- four or forty-eight hours''long-continued digestion of the skin of the penis, in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and strong alcohol, and

a

prolonged washing with distilled water. By such a procedure eve? the resisting elastic tissue'becomes destroyed, as does also, as a mat- ter of course, the nerve-substance. It is not quite easily to he

ascertained exactly what Tomsa may have seen. Probably they were nerve-twigs torn off, and remains of nerve-substance projecting f?r' wards, which as

'

ganglion-granules' have been described, as, at

least, they appear in the representations of digested touch-cor- puscles.

" In the rabbit the nerve-fibres end in the clitoris in quite simile genital nerve-corpuscles, which measure up to 015 mm. The mucoa3 membrane of the whole vaginal opening of the labia only present end-knobs. Thus, it is known, in these animals, how the sensit^6 nerves in all parts of the female genital apparatus terminate, and fr?^ the anatomical arrangements we may certainly argue that the fema sexual feeling is altogether confined to the erectile clitoris. . ^ " Prom the proof of special microscopic sexual corpuscles, wm certainly are not reproduced when once they have been lost, it

W

lows that it must be barbarous to extirpate the clitoris of liea.it ;

young women on any ground whatever. ^ "lor the investigation of the genital nerve-corpuscles one ma '

with much care, make use of, in the first place, quite fresh (yet w ar*

preparations, without anything added. However, injection PrePa. tions well filled with size and Prussian blue, soaking the fresh oi 1 ,

jected glans in 3 per cent, of acetic acid, over saturation with abo 3 per cent, soda lye are also to be recommended.

In the rabbit the microscopical terminal nerve-end orgai>s a

very easily to be seen in horizontal sections of the mucous membra of the clitoris. Prom the inner surface the latter may bo best

ov

served; there the corpuscles, as brought into view on perpendicU^ sections, e beneath the papillae.

?^67.] Chronicle of Micrology. 261

co F^^emen^ary Note.?The nymphse of the human female also

air?7 ent^k?0^s' no genital nerve-corpuscles."?Zeitschrift fur wnelle Iledicin, 3rd series, vol. xxviii, part 1, pp. 86?8.

fibr erve,s.?f ̂ ie Intestine.?Dr. Auerbach says the number of nerve- ConeS;vhich Pass ̂ rom the mesentery to the intestine seems very in-

thfiS era^e'.W^eu considered in reference to those which make up pr- ?e.senteric plexus. Most of them arise in the plexus itself. The

UiPn -e c3r^n(lers which compose it are of extremely fine fibres, eacjiSurmS from O'OOOG to 00010 millimetres, of pale outline, and here rising from a ganglion-cell. No outer coat can be

jn dlscovered, and they are not furnished with proper nuclei; but ,an. and many animals the cylinders are grouped in bundles,

Verv two to eight, and the bundles are surrounded by

"

ate sheath, which contains a great number of nuclei. T

Com \ ve fibres are, besides, extremely

Thely ^^SS?1VC(1 iu distilled water. The

delicate, so that the}1, become

Whi 1 ^anS^i?n-cells may be considered as of two types?one, in

Xj)eC1 ^ey are rather large, the other in which they are very small. f0rmre always exist between the two extremes many transition

ivlaggS' hn the ganglia, which are principally formed of little cells, a ner

?* considerable cells exists at the level of the origin of the ttuin/' ach cell is enveloped in a sheath, furnished with sufficiently ^

rous nuclei.

frequ^Cl,^u number of the cells are evidently uni-polar, and they are off thr 8r?uped in pairs. Others of the cells are bi-polar, or give Tho^ Prolorigations in different directions.

Win,, ̂r(?uping of these different elements generally obeys the fol-

^dinai ̂ s :?^he network first in order is chiefly made up oflongi- Peudentl anc^es comiected transversely by ganglia, which, inde- are 0fv

^ these anastomoses, form transverse rows in which they arc of n?n- joined together ; but sometimes these series occupy the arid, re- Clr.cl? pretty long, parallel to the transverse muscular fibres, ?f tlle J?miug each other, surround sometimes all the circumference into a Ul^estino as i11 a ring- The muscular layer is thus divided of gan^les of zones circularly, of which each is traversed by a mass SaiMi0

?n ele?nts. The primitive cylinders given off from the

s?meti n"C0^s g? to the nearest longitudinal branch, which then mes traverses many (four, or more) transverse zones before

TheSl)enpkeral divisions. at the sSecondai7 plexuses, which have but few ganglia, are not all

P?sed aJne level as the principal plexus ; they are elongated, super- v*ded fi ^fferent heights. In all, the fibres are transversely

fibres 1 at is to say, iu a direction parallel to the circular muscular

The nrf ^UsculL fn cylinders, having penetrated the layer of transverse SotI1e ext 1!)res' Pursue a rectilinear course in the same direction to a ^elicit-ff11 ^"u the first half of this course they are enveloped in

therp iileath> furnished with nuclei, which disappear later. Here

ley may be seen to bifurcate at acute angles. M. Auer-<

262 Chronicle of Medical Science. 1 [Jan., bach lias not been able to follow in a sufficiently detailed manner the nerve-cylinders destined to the longitudinal muscular fibres. As to the mode of termination of the nerve-fibres, he has not been able to determine it.?{Berliner KlinischeWochenschrift, No. 5,1865.) Archives Qenerales de Medecine, February, 18G0.

Structure of the Lens.?Ilenle discovers a contradiction in the descriptions that have been given of the lens-fibres, of which it is said that they may be seen to grasp one another, whilst yet together, with the denticulation of their borders, as of the bones of the skull; that every fibre with its sharp edge is very evident in the interstice of every two neighbouring fibres. The appearance as if the fibres held one another with the denticulations can, in fact, only bo the result of an optical delusion. The denticulations rather advance from both sides into the space which borders the broad surfaces

oi the fibres ; many seem to be long enough to reach to the middle oi this space, and the author thinks that the fine cross streaking which may often be made out on the superficial aspect of ̂ the fibres may be the expression of those together mutually advancing denticu* lations.?Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medicin, 3rd series, vol. xxvHj

part 1, p. 27.