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Chronic Leukemia Marc J. Kahn, MD, MBA PetermanProsser Professor Sr. Associate Dean Tulane University School of Medicine

Chronic Leukemia - ACLI

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Page 1: Chronic Leukemia - ACLI

Chronic Leukemia

Marc J. Kahn, MD, MBAPeterman‐Prosser Professor

Sr. Associate DeanTulane University School of Medicine

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Chronic Leukemias

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia• Chronic myelogenous leukemia• Hairy cell leukemia

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Case

A 65 year old man reports to his PCP for a routine appointment.  His physician notices a 2 x 2 cm axillary lymph node.  The patient’s laboratory studies are significant for a WBC of 42,000.  90% of his white cells are reported as lymphocytes.  His peripheral smear is shown.

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CLL epidemiology

• Most common form of leukemia in adults in Western countries

• Very unusual in Asia• Often discovered incidentally• Occurs more often in men (1.7 : 1)• Occurs more often in Caucasians

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CLL signs and symptoms

• Enlarged lymph nodes 87%• Splenomegaly 50%• Hepatomegaly 15%• Petechiae• Pallor

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CLL diagnosis

• > 5,000 lymphocytes for over 3 months• Peripheral smear showing mature lymphocytes

• Flow cytometry: CD19, CD20, CD5, CD23• Clonality

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CLL molecular diagnostics

• +12; del(11q); del(13q)• del(17p) a POOR prognostic sign• del(11q) often with adenopathy and poorer prognosis

• IgVH unmutated and ZAP‐70 and CD38 also poorer prognosis

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Natural history of CLL

• Infections• Increased risk for solid tumors• DOES NOT progress to acute leukemia• Richter transformation

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Who requires treatment?

• Weight loss of over 10% in 6 months• Bothersome night sweats or fatigue• Progressive marrow failure• Autoimmune cytopenias• Massive adenopathy or organomegaly• Lymphocyte Increase of 50% in 2 months or doubling time less than 6 months

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Classic treatment for CLL

• Nucleoside analogues—fludarabine• Cyclophosphamide• Prednisone• Rituximab• Alemtuzumab (CD52)• Chlorambucil (inexpensive)• Combinations:  FCR, CVP, etc

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Monoclonal antibodies

• Rituximab CD20• Alemtuzumab CD52• Ofatumumab CD20• Obinutuzumab CD20

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New drugs used to treat CLL

• Ibrutinib (Imbruvica®)• Idelalisib (Zydelig®)• Venetoclax (Venclexta®)

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Ibrutinib

• FDA approved 2014 for CLL • 58% response rate (5.6 to 24.2 months)• del(17p)• Targets Bruton’s tyroxine kinase• Toxicity:  increased creatinine, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis

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Added Cost

• $268,788 per treated patient

J Oncol Practice.  2015;11:252.

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Idelalisib

• Approved 2014 for relapsed CLL in combination with rituximab

• Inhibits phosphoinositide 3 kinase• 10.7 months longer PFS than placebo• Adverse effects: diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia

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Added Cost

• $217,557 per treated patient

J Oncol Practice.  2015;11:252.

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Venetoclax

• Approved 2016 for patients with del(17p) and 1 prior therapy

• Bcl‐2 inhibitor• 80% response rate• Toxicity: diarrhea, tumor lysis, neutropenia

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Cost

• $109,500 per patient per year

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Is CLL now a Chronic Disease?

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Cost of CLL• Number of people in US with CLL increase from 128,000 to 199,000 by 2025

• Annual cost increase from $0.7b to $5.13b (590%)

• Per‐patient lifetime cost of CLL will increase from $147,000 to $604,000 (310%)

• Medicare out‐of‐pocket costs increase from $9,200 to $57,000 (520%)

• $189,000 per quality‐adjusted life year• J Clin Oncol.  2017

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Case

A 52 year old woman presents to her PCP complaining of several months of early satiety.  On exam, she is found to have an enlarged spleen without adenopathy.  Her WBC is 37,000 with 70% neutrophils, 5% bands, 5% myelocytes, 5% metamyelocytes, 5% basophils and 10% lymphs.

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CML epidemiology

• 15% adult leukemias• Male : Female = 1.1‐1.4 :  1• Median age = 66

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CML signs and symptoms

• Early satiety• Splenomegaly• Sweet syndrome (acute neutrophilicdermatitis)

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CML diagnosis

• Peripheral smear• Demonstration of t(9;22)

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Natural history of CML

• Chronic phase (may be asymptomatic)• Accelerated phase• Blastic phase

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“Old” treatment of CML

• Hydroxyurea• Interferon• Allogeneic transplant• Blast crisis= death

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Modern treatment of CML

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TKIs for CML

• Imatinib• Dasatinib• Nilotinib• Bosutinib• Ponatinib

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Side effects of TKIs

• Diarrhea• N/V• Edema• Pleural effusion• CHF

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T315I

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T315I

• Resistance to imatinib• Eliminates critical oxygen molecule needed for hydrogen binding of imatinib and abl kinase

• Steric hindrance of TKI binding• Up to two‐thirds of imatinib‐resistant patients have this mutation

• Ponatinib can overcome this resistance

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Cost of TKIs

• ~$125,000 per year

For CML, and for other cancers, we believe drug prices should reflect objective measures of benefit, but also should not exceed values that harm our patients and societies.

Blood.  2013;121:4439.

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TKI “Holiday”

• STOP 2G trial• On dasatinib or nilotinib for 3 years with complete molecular response for 2 years

• 43.3% molecular relapse• Treatment‐free remission at 12 and 48 months 63% and 54%

• All patients regained molecular remission after restarting TKI

• Blood 2017

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Case 

A 65 year old man presents to the hematologist complaining  of 6 months of fatigue and bleeding gums.  He has splenomegaly on exam. He underwent bone marrow aspiration which revealed a dry tap. His smear is shown: 

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Hairy cell leukemia epidemiology

• 2% of all leukemias in adults• Mean age at diagnosis 58• More common in Caucasians• Male : Female = 6:1

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Hairy cell signs and symptoms

• Splenomegaly• Pancytopenia

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Hairy cell diagnosis

• Peripheral smear• Bone marrow biopsy• Flow:  CD19, CD 20, CD22, CD11c, CD25, CD 103

• TRAP (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase)• BRAF mutation (vemurafenib)

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Hairy cell natural history

• Chronic disease• Increased incidence of lymphoma and thyroid cancer

• Cladrabine (2CDA) and pentostatin as single agents are first line therapies

• 95% response rate• Cladrabine cost = $3,500

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Vemurafenib

• BRAF inhibitor when V600E mutation in BRAFpresent

• Initially approved for melanoma• Skin lesions, arthralgia, hepatotoxicity• 96% response rate in hairy cell• Estimated cost $56,400

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Take home points

• Although not yet known to be “curable,” CLL has become a very chronic disease

• CML similarly has a long natural history with TKI usage

• TKI “holiday” may be possible• HCL remains a very treatable disease• Cost of therapy for chronic leukemia remains an issue